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1、PassageOneTheCausesofEuropeanSeparationin16thCenturyForathousandyearsandmore,thepeopleofEuropehadfoughtaboutmanythings,buttheyhadbeenunitedinbelievingonething:thatthereexistedasingle“Holy,CatholicandApostolicChurch”ofwhichtheBishopofRome,underthetitle
2、ofthePope,wasthevisibleandrecognizableheadinsuccessiontoSt.Peter.Butin1517aGermanmonk,MartinLuther,challengedcertainCatholicteachingsandrenouncedhisobediencetothepapacy.Othershadfollowedhim,includingHenryVIII.ThusEuropewasdividedineverywhichway,thesou
3、thernandeasterntwo-thirdsstillCatholic,thenorthernandwesternone-thirdwhatwascomingtobecalledProtestant,thoughEnglish-ruledIrelandsolidlyCatholicandtheSpanish-ruledNetherlands,particularlythenorthernpartapproximatingtomodernHolland,grewincreasinglyProt
4、estant;whileinvirtuallyeverycountry,whetherofficiallyCatholicorProtestant,thoseofthecontraryfaithfiercelyattemptedtoconverttheirneighborsandequallyfiercelyresistedtheirneighbor’sattemptstoconvertthem.Forthistherewasnosimple,friendlysolutiontobereached
5、ontheprincipleoflive-and-let-live.Eachpartybelievedthatithadholdofthetruth,theonlytruththatmattered,theonethatledtoeternalsalvation,anditsadversariesclungtofalsehoodwhichmustnecessarilyheadtoeternaldamnation:notonlyforthemselvesbutforallwhoshouldpermi
6、tthemtosurviveandinfectotherswiththeirerrors.Toleration,evenreasonablediscussion,wasimpossible.Godandthedevilcouldnotmix.JustasElizabethwastoardentCatholicsthatJezebel,sotoearnestProtestantsthePopewas“thatwolfishbloodsucker,”andtheirCatholicfellow-cre
7、aturesmaddogs,toadsandothersuchvermintobecleansedoffthefaceoftheearth.Thesefeelings,dangerousenoughinthemselves,weremademoresobyquestionsofgeographyandmoney.TheCatholiccountriesborderingontheMediterraneanwerebyfartherichest.FromthebeginningoftheMiddle
8、AgestheRepublicofVenicehadcontrolledthetraderoutestotheEast,bringingthewarescarriedoutofPersia,ChinaandtheIndiesbycameltoherdepotsinSyriaandreloadingtheminherhigh,gorgeouslypaintedvesselsfortransshipmenttoItalyandbeyond.Sincetheendofthefifteen
