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1、PassageOneTheCausesofEuropeanSeparationin16thCenturyForathousandyearsandmore,thepeopleofEuropehadfoughtaboutmanythings,buttheyhadbeenunitedinbelievingonething:thatthereexistedasingle“Holy,CatholicandApostolicChurch”ofwhichtheBishopofRome,underthetitleofthePope,wasthevisibleandrecognizableheadinsucc
2、essiontoSt.Peter.Butin1517aGermanmonk,MartinLuther,challengedcertainCatholicteachingsandrenouncedhisobediencetothepapacy.Othershadfollowedhim,includingHenryVIII.ThusEuropewasdividedineverywhichway,thesouthernandeasterntwo-thirdsstillCatholic,thenorthernandwesternone-thirdwhatwascomingtobecalledProt
3、estant,thoughEnglish-ruledIrelandsolidlyCatholicandtheSpanish-ruledNetherlands,particularlythenorthernpartapproximatingtomodernHolland,grewincreasinglyProtestant;whileinvirtuallyeverycountry,whetherofficiallyCatholicorProtestant,thoseofthecontraryfaithfiercelyattemptedtoconverttheirneighborsandequa
4、llyfiercelyresistedtheirneighbor’sattemptstoconvertthem.Forthistherewasnosimple,friendlysolutiontobereachedontheprincipleoflive-and-let-live.Eachpartybelievedthatithadholdofthetruth,theonlytruththatmattered,theonethatledtoeternalsalvation,anditsadversariesclungtofalsehoodwhichmustnecessarilyheadtoe
5、ternaldamnation:notonlyforthemselvesbutforallwhoshouldpermitthemtosurviveandinfectotherswiththeirerrors.Toleration,evenreasonablediscussion,wasimpossible.Godandthedevilcouldnotmix.JustasElizabethwastoardentCatholicsthatJezebel,sotoearnestProtestantsthePopewas“thatwolfishbloodsucker,”andtheirCatholi
6、cfellow-creaturesmaddogs,toadsandothersuchvermintobecleansedoffthefaceoftheearth.Thesefeelings,dangerousenoughinthemselves,weremademoresobyquestionsofgeographyandmoney.TheCatholiccountriesborderingontheMediterraneanwerebyfartherichest.FromthebeginningoftheMiddleAgestheRepublicofVenicehadcontrolledt
7、hetraderoutestotheEast,bringingthewarescarriedoutofPersia,ChinaandtheIndiesbycameltoherdepotsinSyriaandreloadingtheminherhigh,gorgeouslypaintedvesselsfortransshipmenttoItalyandbeyond.Sincetheendofthefifteen
