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时间:2018-05-02
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1、Chapter11.1Defineinyourownword:(a)intelligence,(b)artificialintelligence,(c)agent.•Intelligence智能:Dictionarydefinitionsofintelligencetalkabout“thecapacitytoacquireandapplyknowledge”or“thefacultyofthoughtandreason”or“theabilitytocomprehendandprofitfromexperience.”
2、Theseareallreasonableanswers,butifwewantsomethingquantifiablewewouldusesomethinglike“theabilitytoapplyknowledgeinordertoperformbetterinanenvironment.”智能的字典定义有一种学习或应用知识的能力,一种思考和推理的本领,领会并且得益于经验的能力,这些都是有道理的答案,但如果我们想量化一些东西,我们将用到一些东西像为了在环境中更好的完成任务使能力适应知识•Artificialint
3、elligence人工智能:Wedefineartificialintelligenceasthestudyandconstructionofagentprogramsthatperformwellinagivenenvironment,foragivenagentarchitecture.作为一学习和构造智能体程序,为了一个智能体结构,在被给的环境中可以很好的完成任务。•Agen智能体t:Wedefineanagentasanentity实体thattakesactioninresponsetoperceptsfrom
4、anenvironment.在一个环境中对一个对象做出反应的实体1.4Therearewell-knownclassesofproblemthatareintractablydifficultforcomputers,andotherclassesthatareprovablyundecidable.DoesthismeanthatAIisimpossible?No.ItmeansthatAIsystemsshouldavoidtryingtosolveintractableproblems.Usually,thisme
5、anstheycanonlyapproximateoptimalbehavior.Noticethathumansdon’tsolveNPcompleteproblemseither.Sometimestheyaregoodatsolvingspecificinstanceswithalotofstructure,perhapswiththeaidofbackgroundknowledge.AIsystemsshouldattempttodothesame.1.11“surelycomputerscannotbeinte
6、lligent-theycandoonlywhattheirprogrammerstellthem.”Isthelatterstatementtrue,anddoesitimplytheformer?Thisdependsonyourdefinitionof“intelligent”and“tell.”Inonesensecomputersonlydowhattheprogrammerscommandthemtodo,butinanothersensewhattheprogrammersconsciouslytellst
7、hecomputertodooftenhasverylittletodowithwhatthecomputeractuallydoes.Anyonewhohaswrittenaprogramwithanornerybugknowsthis,asdoesanyonewhohaswrittenasuccessfulmachinelearningprogram.SoinonesenseSamuel“told”thecomputer“learntoplaycheckersbetterthanIdo,andthenplaythat
8、way,”butinanothersensehetoldthecomputer“followthislearningalgorithm”anditlearnedtoplay.Sowe’releftinthesituationwhereyoumayormaynotconsiderlearningtoplaychecke
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