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1、TheHistoryofInteriorDesignbyJohnPileInthemodernworld,humanlifeexperienceislargelyplayedoutininteriorspaces.Wemaylovetheout-of-doorsforthesenseofopenairandsky,fortheescapeitoffersfromlifeinsideenclosure,buttheveryjoyofbeingoutsidereflectstherealitythatsomuchoflifeisspentinside.Bu
2、ildingsandtheirinteriorsareplannedtoservethepurposesandstylesofthetimesoftheirorigins,buttheyexerttheirinfluenceontheactivitiesandlivesthattheyhouseaslongastheycontinueinuse.Thestudyofinteriordesign,itsdevelopmentandchangethroughhistoryisausefulwaybothtoexplorethepastandtomakese
3、nseofthespacesinwhichmodernlifeislived.Professionalinteriordesignersareexpectedtostudydesignhistory,toknowthepracticesofthepastintermsof"styles,"andtoknowthenamesandthenatureofthecontributionsofthoseindividualswhogeneratedthemostinterestingandinfluentialapproachestodesign.Charle
4、sRennieMackintoshInGlasgow,Scotland,workrelatedtoArtNouveauwasproducedforashorttimebyafewdesignersledbyCharlesRennieMackintosh(1868-1928).Mackintosh'sworkgrewoutofArtsandCraftsbases,butmovedtowardthefreedomofArtNouveauandbecamegreatlyadmiredbycontinentaldesigners,includingthoseb
5、asedinVienna.ForprivateclientsandforhisownGlasgowflat,Mackintoshdevelopedfurnituredesignsthatmostoftenusedsimple,geometricforms,butthenintroducedexaggeratedproportions,extremehighchairbacks,andwhiteorblackpaintfinisheswithdecorativedetailsinviolet,silver,orgold.Paintedornamental
6、elementswereoftenaddedbyMackintosh'swife,MargaretMacdonald(1865-1933),who,alongwithhersisterFrances(1874-1921),wasanactiveparticipantintheArtsandCraftsmovementandrelateddesignactivitiesthatwerecenteredinGlasgowinthe1890s.ItisacuriousfactthattheArtsandCraftsMovement,despiteitsaim
7、tobringaboutabroadreforminVictoriandesignandtaste,onlysucceededininfluencingasmallgroupofsupportersandenthusiastsabletoafforditscostlyproductions.However,initsrejectionofmeaninglessmass-producedornamentation,initsemphasisonhonestyinthedesignexpressionofrealitiesoffunction,materi
8、al,andtechnique,ArtsandCraftspointedtowardthefu
