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1、76考古与文物2014年第1期珠宝艺术与中外文化交流林梅村(北京大学,北京市100871)关键词:印度宝石阿拉伯宝石学郑和下西洋采买的“番国宝物”摘要:由于缺乏宝石资源,中国传统文化通常用软玉替代宝石作为装饰。唐代又将缅甸翡翠引入中国。随着佛教的传入,印度宝石开始对中国文化产生重要影响。蒙元帝国开启了中外文化交流的又一个黄金时代。随着中东、中亚穆斯林大举东迁黄河、长江流域,西方宝石及阿拉伯宝石学开始在中国流行。据史书记载,元代流行中国的西域宝石计有:红色宝石四种(红尖晶石、石榴石、锡兰石、杂色石榴石),绿色宝石三种(祖把碧、祖母绿、浅绿色祖母
2、绿),各类刚玉七种(红宝石、优质金刚石、深蓝宝石、海蓝宝石、浅蓝刚玉、黄刚玉、白刚玉),猫眼石两种(金绿宝石、亚历山大变色石),绿松石两种(尼沙普尔绿松石、克尔曼绿松石)。明代朝贡贸易将中外文化交流推向又一巅峰。湖北钟祥明代梁庄王墓出土了数以千计的金银珠宝,不仅有世界四大名宝(金绿宝石、祖母绿、蓝宝石、红宝石),而且包括波斯出产的尼沙普尔绿松石。据我们研究,这些宝石实乃郑和下西洋在锡兰、印度、波斯采买的“诸番宝货”,当即朱瞻垍出生、封王或大婚时永乐帝赏赐之物。KEYWORDS:IndianGemstones,ArabGemology,Fore
3、ignGemsimportedbytheZhengHe'sVoyagesABSTRACT:JadehadbeenvastlyacceptedbyChinesetraditionalcultureforjewellerymanufacturingratherthangemsduetoraregemstonemineswhichwerefoundinancientChina.IntheNorthernSongdynasty,jadeitewasimportedfromBurmaandfol-lowingthepopularityofBuddhis
4、m,theIndiangemstonebecameverycommoninChina.BothofthemstronglyinfluencedChineseculture.TheYuandynastywasagoldenageforSino-ForeignCulturalExchanges.AlotofMuslimpeoplemigratedfromtheMiddleEastandCentralAsiaintobothYellowandYangtzeRiverBasins.GemsandArabGemologythereforewereint
5、roducedintoChinaandcommonlyacceptedbyChineseculture.AccordingtorecordsfromthehistoricalsourceofTheYuandynasty,variouswesterngemswereratherimportantinChinaandtheyconsistedoffourkindsofredgems(spinel,garnet,chrysoliteandmottledgarnet),threekindsofgreengems(darkgreenemerald,em
6、eraldandlightgreenemerald),sevenkindsofcorundumgems(ruby,finedia-mond,darksapphire,aquamarine,lightbluecorundum,yellowcorundumandwhitecorundum),twokindsofopals(chrysoberylandalexandrite)andtwokindsofturquoises(NishapurturquoiseandKermanturquoise).DuringtheMingdynastythetrib
7、utetradewasinprosperityandthetradeofgemsthereforereachedthepeak,whichcanbedemonstratedbyoverthousandpiecesofforeigngemandjewelleryfindingsfromtheKingLiangZhuangtombinHubeiProvince.Amongthemtherearenotonlyopals,emeralds,sap-phiresandrubies,butalsotheNishapurturquoisegemsimpo
8、rtedfromPersia.Accordingtoourcurrentstudy,thesegemandjewel-leryfindingsarethetreas