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1、中化“肥料高效利用与农业生态安全协调发展”高级研修班农田氮素与农业环境巨晓棠CollegeofResourcesandEnvironmentalSciencesChinaAgriculturalUniversityBeijing100193,P.R.ChinaE-mail:juxt@cau.edu.cn一、氮素与食物生产(粮、菜、果、肉、蛋、奶)•氮素是所有植物营养元素中最重要、最难管理的元素。是现代农业生产必不可少，又对环境有多种影响的元素。•农田生态系统的氮素循环是开放性的，是氮素生物地球化学循环的重要组成部分。•农田土壤普遍缺氮，仅靠施用有机肥料（农业内部
2、的氮素循环），不能发展现代农业，必须使用化学氮肥，以迅速提高氮素循环强度。•近数十年来，化学氮肥使用量的快速增加，对保证农业发展和粮食安全发挥了不可替代的作用，但氮肥的不合理施用和忽视有机肥料的利用，也引起了一些生态环境问题。•协调氮素的农学效应和环境效应，是保证农业可持续发展的必需－－世界性课题，我国更加突出（修改自朱兆良院士）Broadbalk:Meanwheatyieldsandmajortechnologychanges,1843-2014Crusoe201414Fungicides121stwheat,FYM+N2/N310CroprotationHe
3、rbicides81stwheat,BestNPKLimingCont.wheat,N3PKFallowing64Cont.wheat,FYM2Grain,t/haat85%drymatterContinuouswheat,unmanured01840186018801900192019401960198020002020RedRostockRedClubSq.RedStandardSq.MasterCappelleFlandersApolloMasterDesprezBrimstoneHerewardCrusoeModern‘GreenRevolution’s
4、hort-strawedcultivars(FromWimdeVries)Globaltrendsinhumanpopulationandnitrogenuse7000120worldpopulation6000%worldpopulationfedbyHaberBoschN100meatproduction(kg/person/5000year)NOxemission(TgN)804000Fertilizerconsumption(TgN)60300040emission,Nrproduction2000Worldpopulation(millions)20f
5、ertilizerinput,meatproduction,NOx10000019001920194019601980200048%oftheglobalpopulationlivesbecauseoffertilizers(JanErisman,2011)(FromJiLi)打断的链条NH3N2N2ONONH30.40.3Weaklinkage,couldbeincreasedfrom1.5to3.00.57.67.2Fertilizer,28.9HumanGrainfood,4.50.64.9CroplandNH3N2O2.1CBNF,4.6Leaching
6、Runoff7.5AccumulationGrainfeed,6.34.60.20.3Deposition,2.7LivestockImport,5.72.42.12.90.4Weaklinkage,couldbeincreasedfrom5.9to11.0RunoffLeachingRunoffLeachingLargelossesofNrduringmaincascadeanddecouplingchainbetweencropandanimalandhuman(Ju&Gu,unpublished)二、氮素循环与环境效应TheGlobalNReservoir
7、sassolid(ice)NH3,aminoacids,andothersimpleorganics.Thesereducedformsofnitrogensubsequentlybecameoxidizedviahigh-temperaturereactionsintheuppermantlewithironandothertransitionelementstoformatmosphericN2,whichoutgassedfromvolcanoesTerrestrialNBudget:BackgroundandAnthropogenicInputs(Tgy
8、ear-1)TOTALB
