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1、WhenhundredsofCaliforniansinvadedthestatecapitollastweektodemandtherightnottovaccinatetheirkids,theywereplayingoutaverymodernconflict:scienceversusbeliefsystems.Scientiststellparentsthatvaccinationsaresafe.Butmanyparentsprefertotrusttheirgutinstinctthatthey’renotsafe.Thisdial
2、ogueofthedeafisbecomingthenorm.Increasingly,peoplemaketheirowndecisionsonhealthanddiet,insteadofoutsourcingthemtoscientists,doctorsorgovernments.不久前,数百名美国加州人闯入州议会大厦,要求拥有不让自己的孩子接种疫苗的权利,他们演绎了一场极为现代的冲突——科学vs观念体系。科学家告诉家长接种疫苗是安全的,但许多家长宁愿相信自己的直觉——接种疫苗不安全。这种鸡同鸭讲式的对话已成常态。人们在健康和饮食方面越来
3、越自作主张,而不是相信科学家、医生或政府。Ifyouwanttochangepeople’sbehaviour,don’trecitescienceatthem,saysAlanDangour,nutritionistattheLondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicine(LSHTM).Rather,tonudgepeopletobetterdecisions,weneedtounderstandhowtheydecide.Behaviouraleconomicshasidentifiedcognitivebi
4、asesthatinfluenceourdecisionsaboutmoney.Herearesomebiasesandmisjudgmentsthatshapedecisionsonhealthanddiet:伦敦卫生暨热带医学院(LondonSchoolofHygiene&TropicalMedicine)营养学家阿伦•丹古尔(AlanDangour)表示,如果你想改变人们的行为,不要跟他们大讲科学道理。相反,想劝人们作出更好的决定,我们需要去了解他们是怎么做决定的。行为经济学已发现多种影响人类消费决定的认知偏见。以下是一些影响人们决定健康和
5、饮食方式的偏见和错误观念:“‘Natural’isgood.”“‘天然的’就是好的”Whenfacedwithcomplexproblems,peopleoftenresorttoaheuristic:apragmatic,simplifiedmentalshortcut.Acommonshortcutistouselabelssuchas“natural”,“organic”,“local”or“homeopathic”asproxiesforhealthy.Conversely,“artificial”getsequatedwithunhea
6、lthy.Thisheuristicappealspartlybecauseitreliesonwords.Noteveryoneunderstandssciencebutweallknowlanguage.当面对复杂问题时,人们往往会采用启发法(heuristic),这是一种务实、简单化的心理捷径(mentalshortcut)。常见的捷径之一是使用“天然”、“有机”、“本地”或“顺势疗法”等标签代表健康。反之,“人造的”就等同于不健康的。这种启发法之所以具有吸引力,部分在于它依靠文字。不是人人都懂科学,但所有人都懂语言。Sometimes,n
7、aturalactuallyisgood.TheWorldHealthOrganisationannouncedlastmonththattheworld’smostcommonweedkiller,glyphosate,canprobablycausecancer.Butoftennaturalisn’tgood.Forinstance,homeopathyisineffectivefortreatinganymedicalcondition,concludedAustralia’sNationalHealthandMedicalResearc
8、hCouncillastmonth,echoingareportforBritain’sHouseofCommonsin2010.有时天