心理学中惩罚与加强的比较分析

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1、MSEL102CompareandContrastofReinforcementandPunishmentZilinp09073912012/3/6Compareandcontrastofreinforcementandpunishmentincludingthepositiveandnegativetypeofeach,examplesofthem.Apositivereinforcerisaconsequencethatincreasesthefrequencyofabehaviorormaintainsthefrequency.Whatisre

2、inforcingisdefinedbywhathappenstothefrequencyofthebehavior.Ithasnothingtodowithwhethertheorganismfindsthereinforcer'pleasant'ornot.Positivereinforcement:It’stheaddingofanappetitivestimulustoincreaseacertainbehaviororresponse.Example:Fathergivescandytohissonwhenhedoesagoodjobins

3、pellingit’saPositivereinforcement.Ifthefrequencyofspellingcorrectincreasesorstaysthesame,thecandyisapositivereinforcer.Anegativereinforcerincreasesthefrequencyofabehaviorormaintainsthefrequency.Itisnotpunishment.Thesetermsareoftenconfused.Anegativereinforcerincreasesormaintains

4、thefrequencyofthebehaviorthatterminatesthenegativereinforcer.Inthiscasethenegativereinforcerispresentbeforethebehavior.Theorganismperformsabehaviorthatterminatesthenegativereinforcer.Thebehaviorthatterminatesthenegativereinforcerislikelytoincreaseorbemaintainedinfrequency.Negat

5、ivereinforcement:It’sthetakingawayofanaversivestimulustoincreasecertainbehaviororresponse.Example:Teacherreproachesstudentwhousecellphoneinclass.Ifstudentstoptouseitreproachingwillbestop,stoppingofreproachingisanegativereinforcer.AlongwithreinforcementitbelongsundertheOperantCo

6、nditioningcategory.OperantConditioningreferstolearningwitheitherpunishmentorreinforcement.Itisalsoreferredtoasresponse-stimulusconditioning.Inpsychology,punishmentisthereductionofabehaviorviaapplicationofanadversestimulus("positivepunishment")orremovalofapleasantstimulus("negat

7、ivepunishment").Extrachoresorspankingareexamplesofpositivepunishment,whilemakinganoffendingstudentloserecessorplayprivilegesareexamplesofnegativepunishment.Thedefinitionrequiresthatpunishmentisonlydeterminedafterthefactbythereductioninbehavior;iftheoffendingbehaviorofthesubject

8、doesnotdecreasethenitisnotconsideredpunishment.Thereis