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1、1Highcontextculture(高语境文化):Culturesinwhichlesshastobesaidorwrittenbecausemoreofthemeaningisinthephysicalenvironmentoralreadysharedbypeoplearelabeledhighcontext.(在高语境文化中,在人们交际时,有较多的信息量或者蕴涵在社会文化环境和情景中,或者内化于交际者的心中;相对地讲,明显的语码则负载较少的信息量。这也意味着,在强交际环境文化的人们对微妙的环境提示较为敏
2、感。)Lowcontextculture(低语境文化):Culturesinwhichlittleofthemeaningisdeterminedbythecontextbecausethemessageisencodedintheexplicitcodearelabeledlowcontext.(在低语境文化中,交际过程中所产生的信息量的大部分由显性的语码负载,相对地讲,只有少量的信息蕴涵在隐性的环境和情景中。这也意味着,在低语境文化中的人们习惯用语言本身的力量来进行交际。)2GeneralIntroducti
3、ontoHigh-contextandLow-contextCulturesAnthropologistEdwardT.Hall’stheoryofhigh-andlow-contextculturehelpsusbetterunderstandthepowerfuleffectculturehasoncommunication.Akeyfactorinhistheoryiscontext.Thisrelatestotheframework,background,andsurroundingcircumstanc
4、esinwhichcommunicationoraneventtakesplace.High-contextcultures(includingmuchoftheMiddleEast,Asia,Africa,andSouthAmerica)arerelational,collectivist,intuitive,andcontemplative.Thismeansthatpeopleintheseculturesemphasizeinterpersonalrelationships.Developingtrust
5、isanimportantfirststeptoanybusinesstransaction.AccordingtoHall,theseculturesarecollectivist,preferringgroupharmonyandconsensustoindividualachievement.Andpeopleintheseculturesarelessgovernedbyreasonthanbyintuitionorfeelings.Wordsarenotsoimportantascontext,whic
6、hmightincludethespeaker’stoneofvoice,facialexpression,gestures,posture—andeventheperson’sfamilyhistoryandstatus.AJapanesemanagerexplainedhisculture’scommunicationstyletoanAmerican:―Weareahomogeneouspeopleanddon’thavetospeakasmuchasyoudohere.Whenwesayoneword,w
7、eunderstandten,buthereyouhavetosaytentounderstandone.High-contextcommunicationtendstobemoreindirectandmoreformal.Flowerylanguage,humility,andelaborateapologiesaretypical.Low-contextcultures(includingNorthAmericaandmuchofWesternEurope)arelogical,linear,individ
8、ualistic,andaction-oriented.Peoplefromlow-contextculturesvaluelogic,facts,anddirectness.Solvingaproblemmeansliningupthefactsandevaluatingoneafteranother.Decisionsarebasedonfactratherthani