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1、外文原文buildingmaterialsMaterialsforbuildingmusthavecertainphysicalpropertiestobestructurallyuseful.Primarily,theymustbeabletocarryalocalorweight,withoutchangingshapepermanently.Whenaloadisappliedtoastructuremember,itwilldeform:thatisawirewillstretchorabeamwillbend.However,whenth
2、eloadisremoved，thewireandthebeamcomebacktotheoriginalpositions.Thismaterialpropertyiscalledelasticity.Ifamaterialwerenotelasticandadeformationwerepresentinthestructureafterremovaloftheload，repeatedloadingandunloadingeventuallywouldincreasethedeformationtothepointwherethestruct
3、urewouldbecomeuseless.Materialsusedinarchitecturalstructures，suchasstoneandbrick,wood,steel,aluminum,reinforcedconcrete,andplastics，behaveelasticallywithinacertaindefinedrangeofloading.Iftheloadingisincreasedabovetherange，twotypesofbehaviorcanoccur:brittleandplastic.Intheforme
4、r,thematerialwillbreaksuddenly.Inthelatter,thematerialbeginstoflowatacertainload(yieldstrength),ultimatelyleadingtofracture.Asexamples，steelexhibitsplasticbehavior，andstoneisbrittle.Theultimatestrengthofamaterialismeasuredbythestressatwhichfailure(fracture)occurs.Asecondimport
5、antpropertyofabuildingmaterialisitsstiffness.Thispropertyisdefinedbytheelasticmodulus，whichistheratioofthestress(forceperunitarea)，tothestrain(deformationperunitlength).Theelasticmodulus,therefore,isameasureoftheresistanceofamaterialtodeformationunderload.Fortwomaterialsofequa
6、lareaunderthesameload.theonewiththehigherelasticmodulushasthesmallerdeformation.Structuralsteel,whichhasanelasticmodulusof30millionpoundspersquareinch(psi)，or2，100,000kilogramspersquarecentimeter,is3timesasstiffasaluminum,10timesasstiffasconcrete,and15timesasstiffaswood.Masonr
7、yMasonryconsistsofnaturalmaterials，suchasstoneormanufacturedproduct，suchasbrickandconcreteblocks.Masonryhasbeenusedsinceancienttimes;mudbrickswereusedinthecityofBabylonforsecularbuildings，andstonewasusedforthegreattemplesoftheNileValley.TheGreatPyramidinEgypt，standing481feet(1
8、47meters)high，isthemostspectacularmasonryconstruction.Masonry
