配套中学教材全解工具版—module 3 the violence of nature背景知识拓展（外研版必修3）

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1、MODULE3TheViolenceofNatureEarthquakesarethemostdangerousanddeadlyofallnaturalevents.Theyoccurinmanypartsoftheworld.GiantearthquakeshavebeenrecordedinIran，China，Guatemala，Chile，India，andAlaska.TwoofthebiggestearthquakesthatwereeverrecordedtookplaceinChinaandAlaska.Theseearthquakesmeasuredabou

2、t8.5ontheRichterScale.TheRichterScalewasdevisedbyCharlesRichterin1935tocomparetheenergylevelofearthquakes.Anearthquakethatmeasuresa2onthescalecanbefeltbutcauseslittledamage.Onethatmeasures4.5onthescalecancauseslightdamage，andanearthquakethathasareadingofover7cancausemajordamage.Itisimportant

3、tonotethatareadingof4indicatesanearthquaketentimesasstrongasonewithareadingof3.Soscientistswanttobeabletopredictthoseearthquakesthathaveareadingofover4ontheRichterScale.[来源:学科网][来源:学科网ZXXK]Howdoearthquakesoccur?Earthquakesarecausedbytheshiftingofrocksalongcracks，orfaults，intheearth'scrust.Th

4、efaultisproducedwhenrocksneareachotherarepulledindifferentdirections.Thebest-knownfaultinNorthAmericaistheSanAndreasfaultinthestateofCaliforniaintheUnitedStates.[来源:学#科#网Z#X#X#K]Canearthquakesbepredicted?Scientistsareworkingonprogramstopredictthetimeandplaceofearthquakes.Theyhopetodevelopane

5、arlywarningsystemthatcanbeusedtoforecastearthquakessothatpeoplecanbesaved.ThenationsthatareactivelyinvolvedinearthquakepredictionprogramsincludeJapan，China，Russia，andtheUnitedStates.Thesecountrieshavesetupseismicnetworksinareasoftheircountrieswhereearthquakesareknowntooccur.Thesenetworksareo

6、nthealertforwarningsignsthatshowtheweakeningofrocklayersthatcanprecedeanearthquake.Manykindsofseismicinstrumentsareusedbythenetworkstomonitorthemovementsoftheearth'scrust.Thescientistsalsocheckwaterindeepwells.Theywatchfor地震是自然灾害中最危险、最致命的，世界许多地方都曾发生过。伊朗、中国、危地马拉、智利、印度和阿拉斯加都有过大地震的记录。有记载的最大两次地震

7、发生在中国和阿拉斯加。这两次地震经测量约为里氏8.5级。里氏震级是1935年查尔斯·里克特发明的，用来比较地震的能量等级。里氏地震级测出的2级地震可以感觉到，但几乎没什么破坏;测出的4.5级地震能够造成轻微破坏，等级超过7级的地震会带来重大破坏。必须注意的是，等级为4级的地震表明其强度是等级为3级的10倍。所以，科学家想要预测的就是那些等级超过里氏4级的地震。地震是怎么发生的呢?地震是由地壳中的裂缝，或称断层处的岩石发生移位而引起的。当邻近岩石受到不同方向的拉力时便产生了断层。北美洲最著名的