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代词
1单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称人称代词主格Iyouhe,she,itweyouthey宾格meyouhim,her,itusyouthem代词分类
2物主代词形容词性myyourhis,her,itsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshis,hers,itsoursyourstheirs反身代词myselfyourselfhimself,herself,itselfours-elvesyours-elvesthem-selves
3指示代词this,that,such,so,thesamethese,those疑问代词what,which,who,whom,whose关系代词that,which,who,whose,as连接代词who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever
4不定代词all,both,either,other,another,one,each,many,much,(a)few,(a)little,some,any,none,noone…复合不定代词someone,anyone,something,anything,nothing,everything,everyone,nobody…相互代词宾格eachother,oneanother所有格eachother’s,oneanother’s
5考点梳理
6一、人称代词人称代词有主格和宾格之分，主格在句中作主语、表语等成分，宾格在句中作动词、介词宾语、同位语等成分，有时也可作表语。不仅指人，也可指物，有人称和数的变化。人称代词，物主代词和反身代词
7【注意】在连词than和as引导的比较状语从句中常常省略从句，只保留人称代词，人称代词作主语时要用主格，在口语中也常用宾格；但当人称代词后有动词时就必须用主格。如：MysisterspeaksEnglishaswellasme/I.(口语中常用me)MysisterspeaksEnglishaswellasIdo.(此时只能用I)
8二、物主代词1．物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词，必须与所指的名词在人称、数和性别方面保持一致。如：Thewaitersofferedtheirfoodtothehomelessman.【注意】单数阳性名词和单数阴性名词连用作主语时，如果前面有every，each修饰，谓语动词用单数，代词用his。如：
92.形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，只能作名词或动名词的定语。e.g.Thisisourclassroom.Wouldyoumindmyopeningthewindow?Eachboyandeachgirlwantstolendhisraincoattothesoldiers.
103.名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词＋名词”，可单独作主语、宾语、表语。此外，名词性物主代词还可与名词及of连用，构成双重所有格。如：Thisishercoat.Mineisoverthere.Somefriendsofminewillattendmybirthdayparty.
11三、反身代词1.反身代词通常在enjoy,teach,hurt,buy,introduce,seat,dress,express,amuse,behave等动词和by,for,to,of等介词后作宾语。如：Hewasleftathomebyhimselfthewholedayyesterday.
122.反身代词可以作主语的同位语，主要起加强语气的作用，意为“亲自，本人，亲身”。e.g.Theteacherandpupilsmendedtheroadthemselves.3.反身代词可以在be,feel,look,seem等系动词后作表语，表示身体或精神状态处于正常。e.g.—Youlookpale.What’swrongwithyou?—I’mnotfeelingmyselftoday,notserious,though.
13注意(1)反身代词本身不能单独作主语。(正)Imyselfdrovethecar.我自己开车。(误)Myselfdrovethecar.(2)在由and,or,nor连接的并列主语中，第二个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself作主语。e.g.Charlesandmyselfsawit.(3)在不强调的情况下，but,except,for等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词均可。e.g.Noonebutmyself/meishurt.
144.反身代词的习惯搭配介词+反身代词foroneself为自己；亲自地tooneself对自己；独用ofoneself自动地byoneself独自地
15(2)动词＋反身代词dressoneself自己穿衣makeoneselfathome不要客气seatoneself=beseated就坐teachoneself自学cometooneself苏醒devoteoneselfto=bedevotedto致力于enjoyoneself过得愉快，玩得高兴helponeselfto自行取用，请自便
16accustomoneselfto=beaccustomedto习惯于amuseoneself消遣，自娱behaveoneself表现良好applyoneselftosth.致力于explainoneself说明自己的意图expressoneself表达自己的思想abandononeselfto沉迷于，放纵
17一、指示代词1.指上文提到的事物，一般用that，有时也用this；指下文将要提到的事物，常用this或these。如：HesaidIwaslying,andthatwasunfair.(that指代上文HesaidIwaslying)WhatIwantyoutorememberisthis：Practisemakesperfect.(此句中this指代下文，不能换为that)指示代词，相互代词和疑问代词
182.that/those可作定语从句的先行词，但this/these不能；其中those可指人，但that不能。如：Shehasknownthatwhichshewantedtoknow.Iadmirethosewhoarealwayshelpingothers.(those作定语从句的先行词，指人)
19二、相互代词相互代词是表示相互关系的代词，只有eachother和oneanother两个词组，都表示“互相，相互”。1.eachother和oneanother在句中可以作动词或介词的宾语。如：Let’shelpeachotherandlearnfromeachother.Theylookedatoneanotherandlaughed.2.作定语时eachother和oneanother须用所有格，表示“彼此的”。如：
20Wesaidhellotooneanother’s/eachother’sfamily.三、疑问代词1.疑问代词后接ever的用法。(1)whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever表泛指，意为“无论……”。如：Youhaveoursupport,whateveryoudecide.Whicheverofyougetsherefirstwillgettheprize.Idon’twanttoseethem,whoevertheyare.
21(2)置于疑问代词后，用于加强语气。如：Whateverdoyoumean?Whoeverheardofsuchathing!
222.疑问代词的单复数形式要由所代表的人或事物的单复数形式来确定，如果不清楚代表的人或物是复数还是单数，则谓语动词多用单数形式。who/what/which作主语时，谓语动词既可以用单数形式，也可以用复数形式。如：Whatheneedsmostishismother’slove.Whatweneedaregoodbooks.
23一、复合不定代词1.修饰不定代词的形容词应后置。e.g.Isthereanythingwrongwithmycar?2.复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词往往用第三人称单数形式。不定代词
243.复合不定代词构成的固定短语：anythingbut根本不，一点也不nothingbut只不过donothingbut只有，除……之外什么事也不做havesomething/nothingtodowith与……有/无关somethingof有点，有几分
25二、全部否定与部分否定由some和any构成的不定代词的用法与some和any的用法基本一致。all,both,everyone,everybody,everything以及“every＋名词”都表示全部肯定；noone,none,nobody,nothing,not...any以及“no＋名词”都表示全部否定；但当not出现在含有全部肯定的不定代词的句子中，不管not在它们之前还是在它们之后都表示部分否定。此外not与总括性副词如everywhere,always,wholly,altogether等连用时也表示部分否定。
26e.g.Alloftheboysareclever,butnoneofthemcanworkoutthisproblem.(all表示全部肯定，none表示全部否定)Suchathingcan’tbefoundeverywhere.(“not＋everywhere”表示部分否定)Theexamisveryeasy,butnotallofthestudentscanpassit.(“not＋all”表示部分否定)
27三、both,either,neither,each,all,noneboth表示两者都，具有肯定含义；either表示两者中的任何一个；neither表示两者都不；each表示两者或两者以上的每一个；all表示全部，指三者或三者以上的人或物，也可笼统地表示“一切，所有”；none表示三者或三者以上的人或物的全部否定，与of连用或用来回答howmany/much的提问。
28【考例】It’saneither-orsituation—wecanbuyanewcarthisyearorwecangoonholidaybutwecan’tdo_____.A.others B.eitherC.another D.bothD
29四、another,other,theother,others,theothersanother泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中不确定的另一个；other表示“另外的人/物，别的人/物”；theother指两者中的另一个；others=other+名词，泛指“别的人或物”；theothers指“一定范围内其余的人或物”，如果被指代的名词是不可数名词，则用therest。
30【考例】Insomecountries,peopleeatwithchopsticks,whilein_____,knivesandforks.A.another B.othersC.both D.allB
31一、it作人称代词在特定的环境中，it也可指人，如指婴儿、性别不详或身份不明的人。e.g.Thebabystoppedcryingassoonasitsawthewoman.—Whoisit?—It’sme.it的用法
32二、it作形式主语或形式宾语it可以作形式主语或形式宾语而把真正的主语或宾语后置。1.用it作形式主语的主语从句结构(1)It＋系动词＋形容词＋that从句Itisnecessary/important/surprising/strange＋that从句，从句中谓语动词常用“should＋动词原形”形式，且should可省略。
33(2)It＋系动词＋名词＋that从句Itisapity/ashame/goodnews/afact/anhonour/awonder/nowonder/ourduty＋that从句。e.g.It’snowonderthatyou’veachievedsomuchsuccess.(3)It＋不及物动词＋that从句Itseems/happened/turnedout/occurs/appears＋that从句。e.g.IthappenedthathewasoutwhenIcalledonhim.
34(4)It＋系动词＋过去分词＋that从句Itissaid/reported/announced/believed/thought/wellknown/hoped/pointedout/foundout/suggested/ordered/advised/requested/insisted/required/demanded＋that从句。e.g.It’ssaidthattheyhavesucceededincarryingoutthisexperiment.
35【注意】在“Itissuggested/advised/ordered/requested/insisted/required/demanded＋that从句”结构中，从句要用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可省略。e.g.Itissuggestedthatyou(should)spendmoretimeinstudyingEnglish.
36(5)其他句型，如Itdoesn’tmatter.../Itmakesnodifference...等。e.g.Itdoesn’tmatterwhatyouwear,aslongasyoulookneatandtidy.Itmakesnodifferencetomewhetheryougoornot.
372.it作形式宾语的情况(1)动词find,feel,think,consider,make,believe等后有宾语补足语时，则需要用it作形式宾语，把作为真正宾语的that从句后置。e.g.Wemakeitarulethatwegetupatsixeveryday.Weallthinkitimportantthatweshouldprotecttheenvironmentfrombeingpolluted.
38(2)有些动词接宾语从句时，需在动词和从句间加it。这些动词有：hate,appreciate,take,owe,have等。e.g.Itakeitthatyouwillagreewithus.(3)“动词＋介词＋it＋that”结构。常见的有seeto,dependon,relyon等。e.g.Iwillseetoitthateverythingisreadyontime.
39三、it可用在强调句型Itis/was...that...中。e.g.ItwasinthestreetthatImethimyesterday.【注意】it作形式主语和it引导强调句的区别：it作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构(特别是谓语较短时)，主语从句的连接词没有变化。
40it引导的强调句用来对句中某一个成分加以强调，其结构为“Itis/was＋被强调部分＋that...”。在正式英语中，无论强调什么部分，都要求用连词that，但是在一般情况下，如果被强调的主语是“人”，也可用who。值得注意的是，当被强调部分是状语时，只能用that，不要误用when，where，how等。be动词的时态，可以随着that从句时态的不同而变化。强调句型中去掉Itis/was和that后，句子仍然完整，而it作形式主语的句子则不能。
41e.g.ItisIwhoamsettingoffforLondonnextweek.Itwasatsixo’clockthatwearrivedatthemountainvillage.Itwasatthehotelroomthatthegentlemanhadstayed.
42四、it的特殊用法1.指代时间、距离、自然现象(天气)等。e.g.Itishalfpasttwonow.(指时间)Itis6milestothenearesthospital.(指距离)Alovelyday,isn’tit?(指天气)
432.指环境情况等。e.g.Itisverynoisyatthemoment.3.用于某些习语搭配。makeit及时赶到；成功完成catchit受处罚，被责骂
44I.选用下面内合适的代词并用其正确形式填空（每个单词限用一次）。neither,none,either,nothing,those,another,itself,something,I,that,it1.Thecellsofthebody,especially_____ofthebrain,canliveonlyseveralminuteswithoutcirculatingblood.2.Theybothsmiled;________seemedlikelytobeawareofmyabsenceforlong.3.Hewhisperedsosoftlythat_____butJulieheardhim.巩固练习thoseneithernone
45neither,none,either,nothing,those,another,itself,something,I,that,it4.Therewereglassesofchampagneandcigars,butnotmanyof________wereconsumed.5.—Wouldyougetmeacupofcoffee?—________one?6.Thefurniturewasratherold;he’dobviouslypickeditupfor________.7.Whenyouintroducemetothecompany,couldyoupleasesay_________forme?8.Ilike____whenabookissogoodthatyoucan’tputitdown.eitherAnothernothingsomethingit
46neither,none,either,nothing,those,another,itself,something,I,that,it9.Thecostofrentinganapartmentdowntownishigherthan________inanyotherareaofthecity.10.Scientistshavediscoveredremarkablenewevidenceshowinghowthebodyrebuilds_____whilewesleep.11.Thenthedriverstoodupandasked,“Didanyoneloseasuitcaseatthelaststop?”Awomanonthebusshouted,“Ohdear!It’s________.”thatitselfmine
47II.选择题1.—HaveyoufiguredouthowmuchthetuitionisinAmericanuniversities?—$19,000,or______likethat.A.anythingB.everythingC.nothingD.something2.Franklyspeaking,_______ofthemknewwhattheotherwasdoingthatmorning.A.noneB.neitherC.someD.all
483.Herdogisfunnyandlovely,butIdon’tthinkIhaveenoughtimetokeep______.A.thisB.oneC.itD.that4.Manyparentsmade______theirdailyroutinetogetoutforawalkintheevening.A.thisB.itC.thatD.what
495.What’stroublingusarenottheburdensofourschoolworkbutthewayswehandle_____.A.thisB.itC.usD.them6.Thebasicdesignofthecarisverysimilarto____ofearliermodels.A.thatB.itC.thisD.one
507.—Jacksaidyougotauniquewatchforyourbirthday.—Yes.Maybeitisnottothetasteof_____butIlikeit.A.anyoneB.noneC.everyoneD.nobody8.Ineedsomecarbonpaperbadly,butthereis________athand.A.noneB.nooneC.nothingD.notanything
519.—Excuseme,Iwanttohavemycarrepaired,andIwanttogotothenearestgarage.—Iknowwhere________is.Comeon,andI’llshowyou.A.itB.theoneC.thatD.one
521.Susanmade_____cleartomethatshewishedtomakeanewlifeforherself.A.that B.thisC.it D.her2.Goodfamiliesaremuchtoalltheirmembers,but_____tonone.A.something B.anythingC.everything D.nothing
533.I’dappreciate_____ifyoucouldletmeknowinadvancewhetherornotyouwillcome.A.it B.youC.one D.this4.She’dlivedinLondonandManchester,butsheliked_____andmovedtoCambridge.A.both B.neitherC.none D.either
545.Youcanaskanyoneforhelp._____hereiswillingtolendyouahand.A.One B.NooneC.Everyone D.Someone
