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Level7 ▅ᦻUnitlpart1Soincollege,Iwasagovernmentmajor,whichmeansIhadtowritealotofpapersஹNow,whenanormalstudentwritesapaper,theymightspreadtheworkoutalittlelikethisஹSo,youknow-yougetstartedmaybealittleslowly,butyougetenoughdoneinthefirstweekthat,withsomeheavierdayslateron,everythinggetsdone,thingsstaycivil>AndIwouldwanttodothatlikethat>Thatwouldbetheplan>Iwouldhaveitallreadytogo,butthen,actually,thepaperwouldealong,andthenIwouldkindofdothis>ᙠᜧᡃᡃ◤⌕ᑏ ᦻ ᑏ ᦻ"#$%&᪵(:+,-./#$0ᜮ%᠒ 345 ᕜᨵ&89:;<=>? 33@Aᨬ=CDEᡂGHᨵᩩᳮᡃK&LMᡠO 0P&LQᑜᡃMSET(+,-.,4=ᩭW▭Y ᦻCD Z[\ᡃ]$&᪵S+,-.Andthatwouldhappeneverysinglepaper>Butthencamemy90-pageseniorthesis,apaperyou'resupposedtospendayearon>AndIknewforapaperlikethat,mynormalworkflowwasnotanoption>ItwaswaytoobigaprojectஹSoIplannedthingsout,andIdecidedIkindofhadtogosomethinglikethis>Thisishowtheyearwouldgo>SoFdstartofflight,andI'dbumpitupinthemiddlemonths,andthenattheend,Iwouldkickitupintohighgearjustlikealittlestaircase>Howhardcoulditbetowalkupthestairs?Nobigdeal,right?ᡃ^ _ ᦻ`&abcZᑮᡃef90⚓h ᦻCD&_ ᦻᳮij klᩭMᡃm⍝&᪵opᡃᐜropstuvw&x⚗z{ᜧᡠOᡃᑴ}SQᡀY}ᢥ᯿&᪵stop&᪵ᩭ(ᡃ& k+,-.0ᜮᡃ% 3>CD⌲@Aᑮᨬ=,ᡃ?ᐰ &a▤t( ᨵ?ᡠOLᜧvSᔳButthen,thefunniestthinghappened>Thosefirstfewmonths?Theycameandwent,andIcouldn'tquitedostuffஹSowehadanawesomenewrevisedplanஹ
1Andthen—Butthenthosemiddlemonthsactuallywentby,andIdidn'treallywritewords,andsowewerehere>Andthentwomonthsturnedintoonemonth,whichturnedintotwoweeks>4=ᩭb[\Sᜮxᨴᐝᒺᒺ¡ᡃ¢ᨵᩭ£¤o,ᡠOᡃ"¥¦§SQᑜᯠ=lxᨴ©ªS,ᡃ¢ x«ᨵ¤,ḰᑮS&®ᯠ=¯xᨴ°ᡂS xᨴ?°ᡂS2ᕜAndonedayIwokeupwiththreedaysuntilthedeadline,stillnothavingwrittenaword,andsoIdidtheonlythingIcould:Iwrote90pagesover72hours,pullingnotonebuttwoall-nighters—humansarenotsupposedtopulltwoall-nighters-sprintedacrosscampus,doveinslowmotion,andgotitinjustatthedeadline> ᜩᡃ⏨ᩭ,³\´µ¶·>]ᒕ3ᜩS4ᡃ¢ x«`ᑏᡃ¹º⌱¼]$ᙠ½ᩭ72¾®¿ÀwÁ¯xÂYà ᦻ—— Åvi¿ÀwÁ¯xÂY90⚓Ã[ᩭ=ᡃÆÇ©᪥É,ÊᵯÌᱯᑏ᠒Îᜮ ᪵ាᙠÐÑ·>rᨬ= ÒµYIthoughtthatwastheendofeverything>ButaweeklaterIgetacall,andit'stheschool>Andtheysay,nIsthisTimUrban?”AndIsay,"Yeahஹ”Andtheysay,"Weneedtotalkaboutyourthesis>“AndIsay,"OK>”Andtheysay,"Itsthebestonewe'veeverseenஹ"ThatdidnotHappenSஹrஹ1ஹOfficialWebSiteNEWwasavery,verybadthesis>Ijustwantedtoenjoythatonemomentwhenallofyouthought,"Thisguyisamazing!"No,no,itwasvery,verybad>ᡃOÓb&LES4 ᕜ=ᡃ½ᑮ xᵯÔ᪥ᡭᩭ":“/TimUrbanᔩ?”ᡃ:“”":“ᡃ"⌕ /h ᦻ“ᡃ:“Ù’'":“&ᡃÜ©ᨬÝ ᦻ”……ßᯠv#$ ᦻGHGHàáᡃ]Kâã/"äᡃåæ,Kç/":“&ὁᐘ{ᔍëS”ᨵ,ᐸWᑏGHàáAnyway,todayI'mawriter-bloggerguyஹIwritetheblogWaitButWhyஹAndacoupleofyearsago,IdecidedtowriteaboutprocrastinationஹMybehaviorhasalwaysperplexedthenon-procrastinatorsaroundme,andIwantedtoexplaintothe
2non-procrastinatorsoftheworldwhatgoesonintheheadsofprocrastinators,andwhywearethewayweareஹvíî᪵ᡃ\ᙠᡂÓS xïðᑏñ,:⃩Ḽ“waitbutwhy”&xïðkrᡃ}ᑏᑏôõ&öᡃuÓst÷øùúGôõὅüᑮv$ᳮýᡃKäþÿ ὅᡃὅᾯ᪵ᡃNow,Ihadahypothesisthatthebrainsofprocrastinatorswereactuallydifferentthanthebrainsofotherpeople>Andtotestthis,IfoundanMRIlabthatactuallyletmescanbothmybrainandthebrainofaprovennon-procrastinator,soIcouldparethem>Iactuallybroughtthemheretoshowyoutoday>Iwantyoutotakealookcarefullytoseeifyoucannoticeadifference>Iknowthatifyou'renotatrainedbrainexpert,it'snotthatobvious,butjusttakealook,OK?Sohere'sthebrainofanon-procrastinator>Nowஹஹஹhere*smybrain>✌ᐜᡃᎷ ὅᜧᾯ!▭ #ᐸᜧᾯ&᪵'()*+ᡃ,'-᪶/ᐳ1!(23ᡃ#456789'ᾯ:;<,ᡃ>?@ὅ89ABCᜩᡃEᑮGH3ᜧ-IJᡃKLᜧ-MNOP,QR&RSTᑮUVᡃW⍝ᜧ-YZ[ᜧᾯZ-,\]Q^UV_ᜧ-&`ᐜQacd*eὅᜧᾯ,*eᡃᜧᾯThereisadifference>BothbrainshaveaRationalDecision-Makerinthem,buttheprocrastinator^brainalsohasanInstantGratificationMonkey>Now,whatdoesthismeanfortheprocrastinator?Well,itmeanseverythingfsfineuntilthishappens>[Thisisaperfecttimetogetsomeworkdoneஹ][Nope!]SotheRationalDecision-Makerwillmaketherationaldecisiontodosomethingproductive,buttheMonkeydoesn'tlikethatplan,soheactuallytakesthewheel,andhesays,nActually,let'sreadtheentireWikipediapageoftheNancyKerrigan/TonyaHardingscandal,becauseIjustrememberedthatthathappened>geᨵ+&ig5ᜧᾯjᨵ5ᳮឋmn,_ᙠὅᜧᾯpqᨵ5rs9tᲦv*AὅᩭxTᕡḼᕖd*TᕡḼ|s}V᪵_~'ᳮឋmn^ᳮឋmn⌕
3!▭_Ღ&*5ᑜᡠᔣx⍝x!,ᡃq NKTHᔳ”ᡃ¡¢ᩭq*£¤Then-Thenwe'regoingtogoovertothefridge,toseeifthere'sanythingnewintheresince10minutesago>Afterthat,we'regoingtogoonaYouTubespiralthatstartswithvideosofRichardFeynmantalkingaboutmagnetsandendsmuch,muchlaterwithuswatchinginterviewswithJustinBiebefsmom>Allofthat'sgoingtotakeawhile,sowe'renotgoingtoreallyhaveroomonthescheduleforanyworktodayASorry!ᯠ¦ᡃ§¨©QQ#ᓝᑖ¬®Bᨵ}ᨵ¯°±ᯠ¦ᡃyoutobeQ²³´⚣¶RichardFeynman·¸/¹º»¼ᑮ½¾½¾¿¦Qᑮ5JustinBieberᝤᝤÁ·ÂÃÄ *¤jÅsÆᡠᡃCᜩ}ᨵsÆÇᩭ'Now,whatisgoingonhere?TheInstantGratificationMonkeydoesnotseemlikeaguyyouwantbehindthewheel>Helivesentirelyinthepresentmoment>Hehasnomemoryofthepast,noknowledgeofthefuture,andheonlycaresabouttwothings:easyandfun>Now,intheanimalworld,thatworksfine>Ifyou'readogandyouspendyourwholelifedoingnothingotherthaneasyandfunthings,you'reahugesuccess!ᡠᑮÈ'?*5rs9tᲦYÊKLËᑴᔣÍᐰÏᙠÐ}ᨵÑÒ,Ó}ᨵÔᩭᭆÖ×ᐵSg£¤:Úᓫ#ºÜᙠÝᱥß*g+}ᨵà⚪âÊᩩäå×æçÚᓫ#èt¤véᜧᡂë'AndtotheMonkey,humansarejustanotheranimalspecies>Youhavetokeepwell-slept,well-fedandpropagatingintothenextgeneration,whichintribaltimesmighthaveworkedOK>But,ifyouhaven'tnoticed,nowwe'renotintribaltimes>We*reinanadvancedcivilization,andtheMonkeydoesnotknowwhatthatis>Whichiswhywehaveanotherguyinourbrain,theRationalDecision-Maker,whogivesustheabilitytodothingsnootheranimalcando>Wecanvisualizethefuture>Wecanseethebigpicture>Wecanmakelong-termplansஹAndhewantstotakeall
4ofthatintoaccount>Andhewantstojusthaveusdowhatevermakessensetobedoingrightnow^_AᲦᩭxì45ᱥîÊïðṑḨஹóôõöஹ÷ø¦ùᙠú»:ûsù*Ó}üᜧà⚪_ÊSTᑮ}ᨵGᙠYú»:ûsù,ᡃÏᙠ5Gùᦻþÿ Ღᐰᳮᡃᜧᾯ ᨵ ,ᳮឋ!"ὅ%&'ᨵ()ᑮᐸ,ᱥ./)ᑮ01ᡃ345ᩭ789ᜧ:;<,ᑴ>?@Aᑜ78CᡠᨵE0ὃ⇋ᙠᑁJKLᡃ);ᨬᔠᳮ01ஹNow,sometimesitmakessensetobedoingthingsthatareeasyandfun,likewhenyou'rehavingdinnerorgoingtobedorenjoyingwell-earnedleisuretime^That'swhythere*sanoverlap>Sometimestheyagree>Butothertimes,itmakesmuchmoresensetobedoingthingsthatareharderandlesspleasant,forthesakeofthebigpictureஹAndthat'swhenwehaveaconflict>Andfortheprocrastinator,thatconflicttendstoendacertainwayeverytime,leavinghimspendingalotoftimeinthisorangezone,aneasyandfunplacethat'sentirelyoutoftheMakesSensecircle>IcallittheDarkPlayground>ᨵP) EQᓫST01UᔠᳮVᔛYṑ[ஹ\]^_`Pᐝ,ᡠ8bὅᨵcdeᑖᨵPbὅ ghᨵEP9?jklᩭm, EnopST01qᔠᳮ01ᡠ8;rstuvwxyzὅᩭ{|}~tuᑮᨬ ᪵,Lᙠᱏ⁐ὑᜧP,UQᓫUST,hᐰᙠᔠᳮᙌᑁᡃ ᨩNow,theDarkPlaygroundisaplacethatallofyouprocrastinatorsoutthereknowverywelRItswhereleisureactivitieshappenattimeswhenleisureactivitiesarenotsupposedtobehappening>ThefunyouhaveintheDarkPlaygroundisn'tactuallyfun,becauseit'spletelyunearned,andtheairisfilledwithguilt,dread,anxiety,self-hatred-allofthosegoodprocrastinatorfeelings>Andthequestionis,inthissituation,withtheMonkeybehindthewheel,howdoestheprocrastinatorevergethimselfoverheretothisbluezone,alesspleasantplace,butwherereallyimportantthingshappen?
5 ᨩᡠᨵwxὅzὅU៉ᙠNow,thePanicMonsterisdormantmostofthetime,buthesuddenlywakesupanytimeadeadlinegetstoocloseorthere*sdangerofpublicembarrassment,acareerdisasterorsomeotherscaryconsequence>Andimportantly,he'stheonlythingtheMonkeyisterrifiedof>ÐᔳÒᩭwÓὅᨵ ÔÕᜩ% ×ØᜮmḼᙠᨬᨩPÛmḼ&-ᨵ&Ý ÞßàᱥrᙠអßàáᜧeᑖPᜐã_Ḩåhuᯠᙠᨬ@▲èéP⏨ᩭᡈὅᨵìíoîஹïðñpᡈᐸ7ᓻ◅c⌕Ღõ ö÷øNow,hebecameveryrelevantinmylifeprettyrecently,becausethepeopleofTEDreachedouttomeaboutsixmonthsagoandinvitedmetodoaTEDTalk>Now,ofcourse,IsaidyesஹIt*salwaysbeenadreamofminetohavedoneaTEDTalkinthepast>Butinthemiddleofallthisexcitement,theRationalDecision-Makerseemedtohavesomethingelseonhismind>ᨬéÞßᙠᡃ¢ú«¹c⌕ªted&ᙠûᨴýὶÿ ᡃ⍸ᡃtedᯠᡃ TEDᡃᙠᡠᨵ ᐶ!"ᳮឋ%&ὅ()*ᨵ+,-Hewassaying,"Areweclearonwhatwejustaccepted?Dowegetwhafsgoingtobenowhappeningonedayinthefuture?Weneedtositdownandworkonthisrightnowஹ“AndtheMonkeysaid,"Totallyagree,butlet'sjustopenGoogleEarthandzoomintothebottomofIndia,like200feetabovetheground,andscrollupfortwoandahalfhourstilwegettothetopofthecountry,sowecangetabetterfeelforIndia>”Sothat'swhatwedidthatday>
612"ᡃ4ᔲ67ᡃ4889: ;<=ᡃ4ᔲ>ᙠ?ᩭAᜩCD;<=ᡃ4◤⌕ᙶHᩭIᙠ ⚗KLᲦN1”PᐰRSTᡃ4ᡭVWXᙢᳫ[\ᜧᑮᓺ`abc200defgᙢ☢ijk lmnop,ᑮᡃ4ᑮrst⚔vᡠfᡃ4wfᑮmxyz{|ᓺ` ᡃ4}ᜩᡠAssixmonthsturnedintofourandthentwoandthenone,thepeopleofTEDdecidedtoreleasethespeakers>AndIopenedupthewebsite,andtherewasmyfacestaringrightbackatmeஹAndguesswhowokeup?SothePanicMonsterstartslosinghismind,andafewsecondslater,thewholesystem'sinmayhem>AndtheMonkey—remember,he'sterrifiedofthePanicMonster-boom,he'supthetree!Andfinally,finally,theRationalDecision-MakercantakethewheelandIcanstartworkingonthetalk^~mᨴᡂmᯠlmᯠmTED%ᡃᡭV ᡃῊḼᡃ⏨ =អVᜫᳮ,m◍ᐭ¢£*ᨵ}¤ᲦN-¦§¨ªអᱥ-ẖᙠgᨬᳮឋ%&ὅwf¯ᡃwfVKL Now,thePanicMonsterexplainsallkindsofprettyinsaneprocrastinatorbehavior,likehowsomeonelikemecouldspendtwoweeksunabletostarttheopeningsentenceofapaper,andthenmiraculouslyfindtheunbelievableworkethictostayupallnightandwriteeightpages>Andthisentiresituation,withthethreecharacters—thisistheprocrastinator^system>It'snotpretty,butintheend,itworks>ThisiswhatIdecidedtowriteaboutontheblogacoupleofyearsago>Iᙠអ±² ᔜ´µ¶·¸¹º»|cᡃ ᪵½
7procrastinationhaddonetotheirlives,aboutwhatthisMonkeyhaddonetothem>AndIthoughtaboutthis,andIsaid,well,iftheprocrastinatorssystemworks,thenwhat'sgoingon?Whyareallofthesepeopleinsuchadarkplace?4çᙠᑏ1ḼR᪵2”ᡃèᨵ mé⚪Ìᡃᔛªìíᐝ⁐ð[ ìñòóôõ ô¹öô4D÷ᡠ-Ùzᑮøùúû ¤ᲦNô4 ;<ᡃ üᡃ1þ¹ºÿ ᵨᑮᙠᙢWhenIdid,Iwasamazedbytheresponse>Literallythousandsofemailscamein,fromalldifferentkindsofpeoplefromallovertheworld,doingalldifferentkindsofthings>Thesearepeoplewhowerenurses,bankers,painters,engineersandlotsandlotsofPhDstudents>Andtheywereallwriting,sayingthesamething:"1havethisproblemtoo>"ButwhatstruckmewasthecontrastbetweenthelighttoneofthepostandtheheavinessoftheseemailsஹThesepeoplewerewritingwithintensefrustrationaboutwhatprocrastinationhaddonetotheirlives,aboutwhatthisMonkeyhaddonetothem>AndIthoughtaboutthis,andIsaid,well,iftheprocrastinatorssystemworks,thenwhat'sgoingon?Whyareallofthesepeopleinsuchadarkplace? ☢ ᡂᓟ !ᵯ#$%ᩭ'()ᔜᙢ+,-./ᔜ0+,134567879:;<=>?4@ACᙠᑏ,EFG:“ᡃKᨵMN⚪”QRSTᡃUᑮVWᡃ?XYZ[ᑏ,<$%]^ᦻ`abcdefgὅijklmnopqᡃrseCAt⌼ᡂvwxpqᡃᲦ#eC/ᡃzὃE|N⍝~ᯠrsὅᨵᦔᑮv+eᕖ?ᨩaᕖWell,itturnsoutthatthere'stwokindsofprocrastination>EverythingFvetalkedabouttoday,theexamplesFvegiven,theyallhavedeadlines>Andwhenthere'sdeadlines,theeffectsofprocrastinationarecontainedtotheshorttermbecausethePanicMonstergetsinvolved>Butthere*sasecondkindofprocrastinationthathappensinsituationswhenthereisnodeadline>Soifyouwantedacareerwhereyou'reaself-starter-somethinginthearts,somethingentrepreneurial-there'sno
8deadlinesonthosethingsatfirst,becausenothing'shappening,notuntilyou'vegoneoutanddonethehardworktogetmomentum,getthingsgoingஹᩭ,rsᑖ0ᡃᜩᡠrs<ᡠ#ᨵEᨵrswx▲ᑴᙠEᑁ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨Q©ᨵª«0rs0rs¬ᨵᡠi®¯ᙠE⚞±ᑁ'@ᡂ²——f@M´µᡈὅ·M¸——1¹º¬ᨵ¡¹º+ᨵ»ᓄ½ᑮ®¾¿ᐰÁÂÃᢗᐭ²ᨵEÆÇ⁐®²ÉÊᑮËÌThere'salsoallkindsofimportantthingsoutsideofyourcareerthatdon'tinvolveanydeadlines,likeseeingyourfamilyorexercisingandtakingcareofyourhealth,workingonyourrelationshiporgettingoutofarelationshipthatisn*tworking>Nowiftheprocrastinator'sonlymechanismofdoingthesehardthingsisthePanicMonster,that'saproblem,becauseinallofthesenon-deadlinesituations,thePanicMonsterdoesn'tshowupஹHehasnothingtowakeupfor,sotheeffectsofprocrastination,they'renotcontained;theyjustextendoutwardforever>◀9 a©ᨵÏ>ᐸ^⌕1K¬ᨵfÊÒ7ஹÓÔÕஹÖᢝᏉÙஹÚU1,ᡈὅEÛ+ᔠ〉U1ÞrsὅᜐᳮáâãEäᑴ£¤¥¦GᨵN⚪¡ᙠ¬ᨵ1å|£¤¥¦+¨¬ᨵᖔ⏨ᩩ%ᡠiE-rs¢¬ᨵ▲ᑴC+éᙢᾖësìAndit'sthislong-termkindofprocrastinationthat'smuchlessvisibleandmuchlesstalkedaboutthanthefunnier,short-termdeadline-basedkind^It'susuallysufferedquietlyandprivatelyஹAnditcanbethesourceofahugeamountoflong-termunhappiness,andregrets><ᨵíîïrsðf0ñrsò+᧕ôõKòö÷øᑮkkᙠùúùûᢚýḼCÿ ᜧᑖᢓ៎឴᪷AndIthought,that'swhythosepeopleareemailing,andthat'swhythey'reinsuchabadplace>It'snotthatthey'recrammingforsomeprojectஹIt'sthatlong-term
9procrastinationhasmadethemfeellikeaspectatorintheirownlivesஹThefrustrationisnotthattheycouldn*tachievetheirdreams;it*sthattheyweren'tevenabletostartchasingthem>ᡃ ᑏ!#$%ᔳ()*ᙠ,-⚗/012345678(ᨵ1:;,=>?@ABCὅ,E(FGH(IᨵJKLM(NOPIᨵQRSTLSoIreadtheseemailsandIhadalittlebitofanepiphany—thatIdon*tthinknon-procrastinatorsexistஹThafsright—Ithinkallofyouareprocrastinators>Now,youmightnotallbeamess,likesomeofus,andsomeofyoumayhaveahealthyrelationshipwithdeadlines,butremember:theMonkey'ssneakiesttrickiswhenthedeadlinesaren*tthere>ᡃUḼ ᩭXᯠᨵZ5[\——ᡃ;*67ὅH^ᙠI┯ᡃ`a(ᡠᨵ c67ὅdᯠa(efHgᡃ(ᨵ hia(ᨵ efjklmᢝḼoឋᐵrstu:Ღxᨬz{|}~@ᙠIᨵjkl1Now,Iwanttoshowyouonelastthing>IcallthisaLifeCalendar>That'soneboxforeveryweekofa90-yearlifeஹThat'snotthatmanyboxes,especiallysincewe'vealreadyusedabunchofthose>SoIthinkweneedtoalltakealong,hardlookatthatcalendar>Weneedtothinkaboutwhatwe'rereallyprocrastinatingon,becauseeveryoneisprocrastinatingonsomethinginlife>WeneedtostayawareoftheInstantGratificationMonkey>That'sajobforallofusஹAndbecausethere'snotthatmanyboxesonthere,it'sajobthatshouldprobablystarttoday>Well,maybenottoday,butஹஹஹYouknow>SometimesoonᨬᡃᜧZ-ᡃ“@lᔊ”Z-xc⊤90@Zᕜxᦪ)H,ᐸᡃ(ᵨᣵᡃᡃ(◤⌕¡¡¢1£,`¤-lᔊᡃ(◤⌕Z¥ᡃ(¤¦ᙠ67,%- ᙠ@cᨵ67Z ᡃ(◤⌕§¨©1ª«Ღxᡃ(ᡠᨵ ¬%xᦪ)Hᡠ ᡈᡃ(¯ᜩ±²ª³´ᩭ,ᡈHZµ¯ᜩM¶·
10ThankyouஹUnitlpart2HowgreatleadersinspireactionZ-¸ᜧ⚞ºὅ¼½~¾¿ÀÁÂÃSimonSinekhasasimplebutpowerfulmodelforinspirationalleadershipallstartingwithagoldencircleandthequestion"Why?"HisexamplesincludeApple,MartinLutherKing,andtheWrightbrothers--andasacounterpointTivo,which(untilarecentcourtvictorythattripleditsstockprice)appearedtobestruggling>¦ᦻÃHowdoyouexplainwhenthingsdon'tgoasweassume?Orbetter,howdoyouexplainwhenothersareabletoachievethingsthatseemtodefyalloftheassumptions?Forexample:WhyisApplesoinnovative?Yearafteryear,afteryear,afteryear,they'remoreinnovativethanalltheirpetition>Andyet,they'rejustaputerpany>They'rejustlikeeveryoneelseஹTheyhavethesameaccesstothesametalent,thesameagencies,thesameconsultants,thesamemedia>Thenwhyisitthattheyseemtohavesomethingdifferent?WhyisitthatMartinLutherKingledtheCivilRightsMovement?Hewasn'ttheonlymanwhosufferedinapre-civilrightsAmerica>Andhecertainlywasn'ttheonlygreatoratoroftheday>Whyhim?AndwhyisitthattheWrightbrotherswereabletofigureoutcontrol-powered,mannedflightwhentherewerecertainlyotherteamswhowerebetterqualified,betterfunded,andtheydidn*tachievepoweredmanflight,andtheWrightbrothersbeatthemtoit>There'ssomethingelseatplayhere>aÅ᪵ÂÇdZ ÈÉÊËᡃ(ÌᧇΪÏᡈὅaÅ᪵ÂÇdÐ fᡂZ ÒHÓᔠᡠᨵÕÈÏÖ:×ØÙ᪵ÚÛÏZZÜZ(ÝᡠᨵÞßàác⌕ᦢãÚÛe?Zᵯᾯæç(èᐸ Z᪵(éᨵê᪵ëìᔾîê᪵ ïéᨵê᪵ᳮᖪê᪵òó,ê᪵ôõs(ö÷ , HêᜐᕖÏMartinLutherKing⚞ºæúᩗᑭý³ÏHþZZ-ÿ⍗⍗ᶧᜧ ᝰᱯᐘ!"
11#$%&⌼()*+ᑴ-.ᘤ,12ᐸ&ᶧ4ᨵ6789:6;8<:=ᓾ?"@ᡂ&⌼)*-.ᘤ:1ᝰᱯᐘ!BCDᡭFG=CHᨵᐸIJBK$ᢵMᵨAboutthreeandahalfyearsagoImadeadiscovery,andthisdiscoveryprofoundlychangedmyviewonhowIthoughttheworldworked>AnditevenprofoundlychangedthewayinwhichIoperateinitஹAsitturnsout—there'sapattern-asitturnsout,allthegreatandinspiringleadersandorganizationsintheworld,whetherit'sApple,orMartinLutherKingortheWrightbrothers,theyallthink,actandmunicatetheexactsameway>Andit'spleteoppositetoeveryoneelse>AllIdidwascodifyit>Andit'sprobablytheworld'ssimplestidea>Icallitthegoldencircle>ᜧQRSTUV:ᡃᨵX$Y,C$YZZᦋ\Gᡃ]Bᡃ^_`Cabde.fDghijkZZᦋ\Gᡃe⃩mᱥopiᡠr——Ctuᫀ——Cᡠr,Cabwᡠᨵᜧᨵxy*⚞{ὅ=ᡈὅ~,:ᡈὅMartinLutherKingᡈὅᝰᱯᐘ!:=ᑗtopὃ,.)C@ᐰBᐸ&opᡠᨵᡃᳮᩭghC"abwᨬᓫᡃi<ᙊᙌWhy?How?What?Thislittleideaexplainswhysomeorganizationsandsomeleadersareabletoinspirewhereothersaren'tஹLetmedefinethetermsreallyquickly>Everysingleperson,everysingleorganizationontheplanetknowswhattheydo,100percentஹSomeknowhowtheydoit,whetheryoucallityourdifferentiatedvaluepropositionoryourproprietaryprocessoryourUSP>Butvery,veryfewpeopleororganizationsknowwhytheydowhattheydoஹAndby"why"Idon*tmeanntomakeaprofitஹ"That'saresult>It'salwaysaresult>By"why"Imean:whafsyourpurpose?What'syourcause?What'syourbelief?Whydoesyourorganizationexist?Whydoyougetoutofbedinthemorning?Andwhyshouldanyonecare?Well,asaresult,thewaywethink,thewayweact,thewaywemunicateisfromtheoutsideinஹIt'sobvious>Wegofromtheclearestthingtothefuzziestthing>Buttheinspired
12leadersandtheinspiredorganizations,regardlessoftheirsize,regardlessoftheirindustry,allthink,actandmunicatefromtheinsideout>d d d C¡¢£¤G t¥~t¥⚞{ὅ="ᨵ"*¦§¥ᐸ&"ᑮᙢoªᡃ«¬®C¥¯°±&:±ᓫ²~³ᑖU³%µ=ᙠ ᐸ·t¥¸⍝dº,»=»=¼½¾¿:ᡈὅ»=²ᱯÀÁ:ᡈὅ»=ÂᑭÄÅÄÅ&=ᡈὅ~¸⍝ ==ᡠCÆ“d”ᢣ“ᑭÊ”ᑭÊËÌÍË1“d”ᡃᡠᢣ:»Ï »)Ð »ÑÒ »~ÍY » 1ᙠÓwÓÔ ᐸ&◤⌕ᙠ×»C¥ :Ë:ᡃ=ὃop:ᡃ=.)op:ᡃ=opᵫ1ᑁCÄ%Û,ᡃ=opÜÝᨎmᱥᑮ¡ßmᱥàá¢⚞{ὅ=~,=ᜧ:.â:ᡠᨵã:.)äᑁBLetmegiveyouanexample>IuseApplebecausethey'reeasytounderstandandeverybodygetsit>IfApplewerelikeeveryoneelse,amarketingmessagefromthemmightsoundlikethis>"Wemakegreatputers>They'rebeautifullydesigned,simpletouseanduserfriendly>Wanttobuyone?"Neh>Andthat'showmostofusmunicate>That'showmostmarketingisdoneஹThat'showmostsalesaredone>Andthat*showmostofusmunicateinterpersonally>Wesaywhatwedo,wesayhowwe'redifferentorhowwe'rebetterandweexpectsomesortofabehavior,apurchase,avote,somethinglikethat>Here'sournewlawfirm>Wehavethebestlawyerswiththebiggestclients>WealwaysperformforourclientswhodobusinesswithusஹHere'sournewcar>Itgetsgreatgasmileage>Ithasleatherseats>Buyourcar>Butit'suninspiring>ªᡃå»=tæçᡃᵨèMæçH=Äé᧕ºᳮ£:gh±&"ᳮ£èᐸèt᪵:=ìí⃩├Ñï"C᪵“ᡃ=ᨬðᵯᾯóôõ:öᵨᓫ:b☢ø7»ã⌕ùtúᔩ ”ü ᪵ᔳCᡃ=ᜧþᑖ&opCᜧþᑖìí⃩├ᡠÿ ᜧᑖᖪᡠ ᡃᜧᑖ▭
13ᡃᡃ ᡃᡃ"#$%,ᡈὅᡃ)*+ ᯠ-ᡃ./Ḽ12345 26789 26ᢗἠ<ᢝ,>?345ᡃ@ABCDEᡠᡃFᨵᨬIBC"ᨬᜧJᡝᡃLMNOᡃJᡝ⌕Qᡃ@RSTUḕW—〉Z8ᡃRᔳ2]^$_`aHere'showAppleactuallymunicates>"Everythingwedo,webelieveinchallengingthestatusquoஹWebelieveinthinkingdifferently>Thewaywechallengethestatusquoisbymakingourproductsbeautifullydesigned,simpletouseanduserfriendly>Wejusthappentomakegreatputers>Wanttobuyone?"Totallydifferentright?You'rereadytobuyaputerfromme>AllIdidwasreversetheorderofinformation>Whatitprovestousisthatpeopledon*tbuywhatyoudo;peoplebuywhyyoudoit>Peopledon'tbuywhatyoudo;theybuywhyyoudoitஹcdefgDhi“ᡃᡠᨵD ᡃklᙠᢧᡊpqᡃklᵨ$%sὃcᡃᢧᡊpqᡃAuᡃvwFᨵxyz{ |ᵨ}ᓫ ☢Iᡃᨬᵯᾯᕈp⌕82ᔩ“ᐰ$2᪵ᔩᡃ782ᵯᾯᔩᡃᡠ3l@ᑡ3¡¢$£8ᡠvw;8l¥"¦§8$ vw;83l¥"¦§ThisexplainswhyeverysinglepersoninthisroomisperfectlyfortablebuyingaputerfromApple>Butwe'realsoperfectlyfortablebuyinganMP3playerfromApple,oraphonefromApple,oraDVRfromApple>But,asIsaidbefore,Apple'sjustaputerpany^There'snothingthatdistinguishesthemstructurallyfromanyoftheirpetitors>Theirpetitorsareallequallyqualifiedtomakealloftheseproducts>Infact,theytried>Afewyearsago,GatewaycameoutwithflatscreenTVsஹThey'reeminentlyqualifiedtomakeflatscreenTVsஹThey'vebeenmakingflatscreenmonitorsforyears>Nobodyboughtone>DellcameoutwithMP3playersandPDAsஹAndtheymakegreatqualityproducts>Andtheycanmakeperfectlywell-designedproducts>Andnobodyboughtone>Infact,talkingaboutitnow,wecan'tevenimaginebuying
14anMP3playerfromDelkWhywouldyoubuyanMP3playerfromaputerpany?Butwedoiteveryday>Peopledon*tbuywhatyoudo;theybuywhyyoudoitஹThegoalisnottodobusinesswitheverybodywhoneedswhatyouhave>ThegoalistodobusinesswithpeoplewhobelievewhatyoubelieveஹHere'sthebestpart>6©ª¢«6ᙠZ¬ TUᯠ⌕82defgᵯᾯ®ᡃ%᪵TUᯠ826defgMP3¯°ᘤ ᡈὅ2deᵯ² ᡈὅdeDVR®ᡃ³´ᡠ defg26{µ¶fg·᪀i¹ᨵ Mº»%ᐸ½¾ὅ¿1A»½¾ὅ^%᪵ᐹᜓᑴ ᡠᨵ᪵vwÃÄ"M9cDhi ÅÆÇ ÈÉ´,GatewayfgÊË¢ÌÍᵯζTUMÏÐÑvᑴ⌼ÌÍᵯÎÓÔᑴ⌼ÌÍÕÖᘤ×ØÉ¢ᓾ¹78DellfgÊË¢MP3¯°ᘤ"Úiᵯᾯvwz{xÛᓾ¹78Dhi pᙠᩭÝÞ3 ᡃßàáâã82DellMP3¯°ᘤ¬ ä2ᵯᾯfg82MP3¯°ᘤᕖ®ᡃ«ᜩ^ᙠ $äç¬ c78;ç¬vwl¥c78è᪗$"«6◤⌕ÑvÑè᪗"£3"ᨵᐳ%ìíÑᨬxîᑖNoneofwhatI'mtellingyouismyopinion>It'sallgroundedinthetenetsofbiology>Notpsychology,biology>Ifyoulookatacross-sectionofthehumanbrain,lookingfromthetopdown,Whatyouseeisthehumanbrainisactuallybrokenintothreemajorponentsthatcorrelateperfectlywiththegoldencircle>Ournewestbrain,ourhomosapienbrain,ourneocortex,coixespondswiththe"what"leveRTheneocortexisresponsibleforallofourrationalandanalyticalthoughtandlanguageஹThemiddletwosectionsmakeupourlimbicbrainsஹAndourlimbicbrainsareresponsibleforallofourfeelings,liketrustandloyalty>It'salsoresponsibleforallhumanbehavior,alldecision-making,andithasnocapacityforlanguage>ᡃᡠïð3^$ᡃñò]3ò]^MÑᱥôõᑮ᪷ø$aᳮô cÑᱥôeòú>ᜧᾯûü☢ ᵫiþòú,äup>ᜧᾯh▭iᑖᡂ ⌕ᡂᑖ ᑖᙊᙌᓛᡃᨬᾯ,ᡃ ᾯᡃᜧᾯ"#,$%Ḽ
15“)*+,”ᙊ.ᜧᾯ"#/0ᡃᡠᨵᳮ ᑖ᪆ឋ6789:;<ᑖᡂᡃ=>ᜧᾯᡃ=>ᜧᾯ/0?ᡃᡠᨵ@ABDEFGHI/0ᡠᨵJKLMᡠᨵNOQᨵ89RInotherwords,whenwemunicatefromtheoutsidein,yes,peoplecanunderstandvastamountsofplicatedinformationlikefeaturesandbenefitsandfactsandfigures>Itjustdoesn'tdrivebehavior>Whenwecanmunicatefromtheinsideout,we'retalkingdirectlytothepartofthebrainthatcontrolsbehavior,andthenweallowpeopletorationalizeitwiththetangiblethingswesayanddoஹThisiswheregutdecisionsefromஹYouknow,sometimesyoucangivesomebodyallthefactsandfigures,andtheysay,nIknowwhatallthefactsanddetailssay,butitjustdoesn'tfeelrightஹ”Whywouldweusethatverb,itdoesn't"feel"right?Becausethepartofthebrainthatcontrolsdecision-making,doesn'tcontrollanguageAndthebestwecanmusterupis,nIdon'tknow>Itjustdoesn'tfeelright>”Orsometimesyousayyou*releadingwithyourheart,oryouieleadingwithyoursoul>Well,Ihatetobreakittoyou,thosearen*totherbodypartscontrollingyourbehavior>Itsallhappeninghereinyoulimbicbrain,thepartofthebrainthatcontrolsdecision-makingandnotlanguage>ᣚUVWXᡃᵫ[ᑁ]^_)*,JRᳮ`ᜧabᩖDdBᱯf,gh,ijk᪗mnopqLMXᡃRᵫᑁ[]^_ᡃ)*rstᜧᾯ/0uᑴLMᑖwL]^,ᯠyᡃz{|}ᡃᡠWᡠ~j▭iᱥJᳮឋ6ὃ}))*ᑁNOᵫᩭ⍝,ᨵ_Jᡠᨵijk⊤oW,“ᡃ⍝ᡠᨵij⁚W+,m)*))*@ᨵ+,n$”M+,ᡃoᵨ“@”n$Mᡃᜧᾯ:/0uᑴNOᑖn/0uᑴ89ᡃW“ᡃn⍝))*@n$''ᡈὅᨵ_oW)*ᵫᑁᡠᡈὅᵫᮣᡠᡃn$¡}¢hᑖ£¤¥}n)*¦§ᐸᑖᙠuᑴḼLMHᐰq«ᙠ=>ᜧᾯ¬ᜧᾯ:uᑴNOmn/089ᑖButifyoudon'tknowwhyyoudowhatyoudo,andpeoplerespondtowhyyoudowhatyoudo,thenhowyouevergetpeopletovoteforyou,orbuysomethingfrom
16you,or,moreimportantly,beloyalandwanttobeapartofwhatitisthatyoudo>Again,thegoalisnotjusttoselltopeoplewhoneedwhatyouhave;thegoalistoselltopeoplewhobelievewhatyoubelieve>Thegoalisnotjusttohirepeoplewhoneedajob;it'stohiredpeoplewhobelievewhatyoubelieveஹIalwayssaythat,youknow,ifyouhirepeoplejustbecausetheycandoajob,they'llworkforyourmoney,butifyouhirepeoplewhobelievewhatyoubelieve,they*!!workforyouryouwithbloodandsweatandtears>AndnowhereelseisthereabetterexampleofthisthanwiththeWrightbrothers>m)*n⍝®+,~ᡠᨵJ$ᡠ~iᱥ¯~°±%,ᯠy²³ᑮJ$ᢗἠᡈὅ·¸¹}º»,ᡈὅ¼½⌕FG⌕ᡂMᡠ~iᱥᡈi¾|ᕒÀὅ,Án)*°Ã}◤⌕ᡠᨵᵨᱥÅJ;Á)*├Ã}tÈᨵᐳtÊËJÁ᪗n)*ÂÂÌÍ}◤⌕ÎÏJ;)*ÌÍ}Èᨵt᪵ÊËJᡃÑ)*W⍝ÌÍ|ÂÂ)*MRÒE⚗ÎÏJ,oMÔÕÎÏ,m)*ÌÍtÈᨵᐳtÊËJoMÖ°⊈ØÙ⏚ÛÜÝÎÏ|hQᨵBᝰᱯᐘàᦑi¼âãÔMostpeopledon*tknowaboutSamuelPierpontLangley>Andbackintheearly20thcentury,thepursuitofpoweredmanflightwaslikethedotoftheday>Everybodywastryingit>AndSamuelPierpontLangleyhad,whatweassume,tobetherecipeforsuccess>Imean,evennow,youaskpeople,HWhydidyourproductorwhydidyourpanyfail?”andpeoplealwaysgiveyouthesamepermutationofthesamethreethings,under-capitalized,thewrongpeople,badmarketconditions>It*salwaysthesamethreethings,solet*sexplorethat^SamuelPierpontLangleywasgiven50,000dollarsbytheWarDeptartmenttofigureoutthisflyingmachine>Moneywasnoproblem>HeheldaseatatHarvardandworkedattheSmithsonianandwasextremelywell-connected>HeknewallthebigmindsofthedayஹHehiredthebestmindsmoneycouldfind>Andthemarketconditionswerefantastic>TheNewYorkTimesfollowedhimaroundeverywhere>AndeveryonewasrootingforLangley>Thenhoweyou'veneverheardofSamuelPierpontLangley?
17ᜧᑖJn⍝SamuelPierpontLangleyJᯠäᑮ20thåæçèᢗᐭJ⌼ëᔊíLᘤïð)ñòóô|᪵ïõJöᙠ÷øHSamuelPierpontLangleyÈᨵᡃùMᨬRᡂú⌕⚞ᡃü6)*ᓽ)*þᙠ,®ÿ “ᡈὅᜫẚ” ᪵ᑡ ᪵!":$%&'ᵨ )ᗐ,,-./)023 456,78ᡃ:;<=>?■Aᢗ&SamuelPierpontLangley50,000CᐗEẆGHIᘤ&')K⚪NᙠPQRESTᙠSmithsonianRESUV ᾭYZ[\]ᨬ_` a6bcdeᵨ&'ᔾgᑮᨬ_` aUV\]./ijk ⁐mn]o]pqro⍝t4 uvᢝxyzu{z|SᕖAfewhundredmilesawayinDaytonOhio,OrvilleandWilburWright,theyhadnoneofwhatweconsidertobetherecipefbrsuccess>Theyhadnomoney>Theypaidfortheirdreamwiththeproceedsfromtheirbicycleshop>NotasinglepersonontheWrightbrothers'teamhadacollegeeducation,notevenOrvilleorWilbur>AndtheNewYorkTimesfollowedthemaroundnowhere>Thedifferencewas,OrvilleandWilburweredrivenbyacause,byapurpose,byabeliefஹTheybelievedthatiftheycouldfigureoutthisflyingmachine,it*llchangethecourseoftheworld>SamuelPierpontLangleywasdifferent>Hewantedtoberich,andhewantedtobefamous>HewasinpursuitoftheresultஹHewasinpursuitoftheriches>Andloandbehold,lookwhathappened>ThepeoplewhobelievedintheWrightbrothers*dream,workedwiththemwithbloodandsweatandtears>Theothersjustworkedforthepaycheck>AndtheytellstoriesofhoweverytimetheWrightbrotherswentout,theywouldhavetotakefivesetsofparts,becausethat'showmanytimestheywouldcrashbeforetheycameinforsupper>b]Dayton╋QrviHeWrightWilburWrightᐘ{ᨵᡃZᡂ⌕Ạ{ᨵᙠᓫᦈE&'{ᨵ¡ ¢Sᜧ¤ᦟ¦,yᐘ¡᪵T{ᨵ§Sᜧ¤{ᨵmn]oqro⍝)ᝰᱯᐘGªᑁ¬®3¯°±³e´ᑴ⌼ HI·ᘤ72ᦋ¹º»k
18¼½¾SamuelPierpontLangley|1)⌕¹¿ᨵ,⌕ ÀᙠÁÂᨬÃijᙠÁ¿ÅÆᔳÆÈ>ᩭÊ᪵7˱ᝰᱯᐘ ÌÍ ⊈Ï,Ð⏚ÒÓREÔÕÖ×ÓvἠÔREÙᩭÚÛᦑ°|ᝰᱯᐘtÝ REuÞßàáâã¯67äᩭᔛæçkè2êÝᦪAnd,eventually,onDecember17th,1903,theWrightbrotherstookflight,andnoonewastheretoevenexperienceit>Wefoundoutaboutitafewdayslater>AndfurtherproofthatLangleywasmotivatedbythewrongthing,thedaytheWrightbrotherstookflight,hequit>Hecouldhavesaid,"That'sanamazingdiscoveryguys,andIwillimproveuponyourtechnology,"buthedidn'tஹHewasn'tfirst,hedidn'tgetrich,hedidn'tgetfamous,sohequit>ᨬÙᙠ1903ì12ᨴ17îᝰᱯᐘᡂïHðñ{ ᙠ-òó34ᡃᙠᦪᜩõÙaöb÷øÙᩭ°ù¼¡¾óúLangleyû·)üᙠᝰᱯᐘᡂïH\ᜩýþÿ :“ᜧᡃᦋᢈ ᨵ !"ᘤ$ %&'ᨵ %ᡂ)*$+,-./Peopledon'tbuywhatyoudo;theybuywhyyoudoit>Andifyoutalkaboutwhatyoubelieve,youwillattractthosewhobelievewhatyoubelieve>Butwhyisitimportanttoattractthosewhobelievewhatyoubelieve?Somethingcalledthelawofdiffusionofinnovation>Andifyoudon'tknowthelaw,youdefinitelyknowtheterminology>Thefirsttwoandahalfpercentofourpopulationareourinnovators>Thenext13andahalfpercentofourpopulationareourearlyadopters>Thenext34percentareyourearlymajority,yourlatemajorityandyourlaggards>Theonlyreasonthesepeoplebuytouchtonephonesisbecauseyoucan*tbuyrotaryphonesanymore>(Laughter)$ +)01234;+)6712349:;6<=>ᔾ@ABCᨵD᪵FG$)=>ᔾ@ABCᨵD᪵FG$HI⌕ᕖLᨵMN0OPᦣST9 U⍝ST,
19YSU⍝Z✌ᐜ,$]^2ஹ5%☩Pὅᒕc13ஹ5%ᡃdefgὅhcᩭ34%ᡃdehjᜧkᦪmn,ohjCpq$rᑖᨬu"v$4ᢥxᵯz{|++)}~4 ᑮᵯz/Weallsitatvariousplacesatvarioustimesonthisscale,butwhatthelawofdiffusionofinnovationtellsusisthatifyouwantmass-marketsuccessormass-marketacceptanceofanidea,youcannothaveituntilyouachievethistippingpointbetween15and18percentmarketpenetration>Andthenthesystemtips>AndIloveaskingbusinesses,^Whafsyourconversiononnewbusiness?*1Andtheylovetotellyou,nOh,it'sabout10percent,°proudly>Well,youcantripover10percentofthecustomers>Weallhaveabout10percentwhojust"getitஹ"That'showwedescribethem,rightஹThat'slikethatgutfeeling,nOh,theyjustgetitஹ"Theproblemis:Howdoyoufindtheonesthatgetitbeforeyou'redoingbusinesswiththemversustheoneswhodon'tgetit?Soit'sthishere,thislittlegap,thatyouhavetoclose,asJeffreyMoorecallsit,"crossingthechasm>“Because,yousee,theearlymajoritywillnottrysomethinguntilsomeoneelsehastrieditfirst>Andtheseguys,theinnovatorsandtheearlyadopters,they'refortablemakingthosegutdecisions>They'remorefortablemakingthoseintuitivedecisionsthataredrivenbywhattheybelieveabouttheworldandnotjustwhatproductisavailableஹᯠᡃᙠ D DᙢᙠᑁOPᦣSTᡃ9⌕ᙠᜧᡂᡈὅhjᙠ15%ᑮ18%᳛ᢚ¡¢£¤¥A¦u¦§¨©ᡭ.ᡃ«¬B®¯“P°±²>᪵³L"«¬Hµ¶“·ᜧ¸10%ᔳ”»%ᢕ½10%¾ᡝuÀ}Áᓣ/ᡃ%A10%¾ᡝ“/ÔᡃÄÅÆAnᑁÇÈÉ“·Ê/Ô⚪:Ä¥ABᙠC¦0°±¡%±CAB %±LA>Ì◣ÎÏÐ⊡ÒÒÌ◣JeffreyMooreÓN0“ÔÕÖ×+),U⍝deᜧrᑖᙠØB$ÙÚÛ)Üݦ¡ 2ÜÝØBÞᱥB$,☩PὅCdehjὅHà±ÜÝá
20ᦢãSäà±20Bᵫm67CæçèéÉ2ãSB,1 +)êë=>᪵ThesearethepeoplewhostoodonlinefbrsixhourstobuyaniPhonewhentheyfirstcameout,whenyoucouldhavejustwalkedintothestorethenextweekandboughtoneofftheshelf>Thesearethepeople40,000dollarsonflatscreenTVswhentheyfirstcameout,eventhoughthetechnologywassubstandard>And,bytheway,theydidn'tdoitbecausethetechnologywassogreat>Theydiditforthemselves>It'sbecausetheywantedtobefirst>Peopledon*tbuywhatyoudo;theybuywhatyoudoit>Andwhatyoudosimplyproveswhatyoubelieve>Infact,peoplewilldothethingsthatprovewhattheybelieve>ThereasonthatpersonboughttheiPhoneinthefirstsixhours,stoodinlineforsixhours,wasbecauseofwhattheybelievedabouttheworld,andhowtheywantedeverybodytoseethem>Theywerefirst>Peopledon'tbuywhatyoudo;theybuywhyyoudoit>ᢇᙠiPhoneíîᩭᙠïÁðÁñÒ234$1ᐸ¤Ê⌕óeuᐭᖪö%ᙠ÷øÁ4ᑮᢇᙠùúᵯᾯíîᩭü40,000ýᐗ4Áÿ ᢈ ᢈ ᡂ "#$%& ' ( )*+,; ( ./)*+,(ᡠ 12ᓫ ⊤56( ./789':;⊤<./ 7:;ᙠiPhone>?ᩭ A$B*C9A$BE FGH?IJK*L "#ᢇ%&ὅ+, ( )( ./Soletmegiveyouafamousexample,afamousfailureandafamoussuccessofthelawofdiffusionofinnovation>First,thefamousfailure>It'samercialexample>Aswesaidbefore,asecondago,therecipefbrsuccessismoneyandtherightpeopleandtherightmarketconditions>Right>Youshouldhavesuccessthen>LookatTiVo>FromthetimeTiVocameout,abouteightornineyearsago,tothiscurrentday,theyarethesinglehighest-qualityproductonthemarket,handsdown,thereisnodispute>Theywereextremelywell-funded>Marketconditionswerefantastic>Imean,weuseTiVoasverb>ITiVostuffonmypieceofjunkTimeWarnerDVRallthetimeஹ
21:PᡃR(#$ ℉T UV#$ᐵIXYᦣ\] ℉T ᜫ_`℉T ᡂa UV✌ᐜ$℉T ᜫ_ UV#$ᖪeUVᡃ#ghiᡠ ,ᡂa ⌕lmno`p qrs uvᩭ(wxᡂayyTiVozᦪ|}⚣TiVo?h,ᜧᭆi#ᑮ# ᨬ ᨵ mn8qrsᐸhᡃ ᡃTiVL #$¡ᡃ¢£¤™¦ᑮᡃ:§¨©ᦪṹ}⚣«¬®☢ButTiVo'samercialfailure>They'venevermademoney>AndwhentheywentIPO,theirstockwasatabout30or40dollarsandthenplummeted,andit'snevertradedabove10>Infact,Idon'teventhinkit'stradedabovesix,exceptforacoupleoflittlespikes>Becauseyousee,whenTiVolaunchedtheirproduct,theytoldusallwhattheyhadஹTheysaid,"WehaveaproductthatpausesliveTV,skipsmercials,rewindsliveTVandmemorizesyourviewinghabitswithoutyouevenaskingஹ”Andthecynicalmajoritysaid,"Wedon*tbelieveyou>Wedon'tneeditஹWedon*tlikeitஹYou'rescaringusஹ”Whatiftheyhadsaid,"Ifyou'rethekindofpersonwholikestohavetotalcontrolovereveryaspectofyourlife,boy,dowehaveaproductforyou>ItpausesliveTV,skipsmercials,memorizesyourviewinghabits,etc>,etc>"Peopledon'tbuywhatyoudo;theybuywhyyoudoit>Andwhatyoudosimplyservesastheproofofwhatyoubelieve>±TiVᓾ#$ᖪe9 ᜫ_³´µ#ᑖ·9q ¸ἠᜧᭆᙠ30ᡈ40»ᐗ½¾¿ÀᡂÁÂÃÄ110»ᐗ789ᡃ ᓺÆÇ ᡂÁÂᨵÄ16»ᐗ,◀É#;B ◫₩ ('Ì<TiVÌÍ ,ÎÏᡃ ÐÑᨵÒ ⍝“ᡃ ÃPÕᵯ} ᨚØÙ1ᖪeÚÎឮÜᵯ}Õ,Ý◤⌕( ßàáÃâã( ᦈyåæ”ᢧᒆ 6,'‘ᡃì.(ᡃ◤⌕( ᡃíî(ᙠᔥðᡃ”±ñ“ñ(⌕òᐰôõ(ö÷øø☢☢ ùúᡃᨵ(⌕ ûÃᨚØÕ⁚ýÙ1ÚÎ,âþ( ᦈyåæÿ ”;ᡠ⌕
22Nowletmegiveyouasuccessfulexampleofthelawofdiffusionofinnovation>Inthesummerof1963,250,000peopleshoweduponthemallinWashingtontohearDr>Kingspeak>Theysentoutnoinvitations,andtherewasnowebsitetocheckthedate>Howdoyoudothat?Well,Dr>Kingwasn'ttheonlymaninAmericawhowasagreatorator>Hewasn'ttheonlymaninAmericawhosufferedinapre-civilrightsAmerica>Infact,someofhisideaswerebadஹButhehadagift>Hedidn'tgoaroundtellingpeoplewhatneededtochangeinAmerica>Hewentaroundandtoldpeoplewhathebelieved>"Ibelieve>Ibelieve>Ibelieve,'*hetoldpeople>Andpeoplewhobelievedwhathebelievedtookhiscause,andtheymadeittheirown,andtheytoldpeople>AndsomeofthosepeoplecreatedstructurestogetthewordouttoevenmorepeopleAndloandbehold,250,000peopleshowedupontherightday,attherighttime,tohearhimspeak> ᙠ!ᡃ#$%&'ᦣ*+ᡂ-./196301ᜩ,250,0003 ᙠ456789:;<ᑮDrஹKing>?@ᦈᑮBCDE:FGᨵIJKL*MNOPQRᑮᕖTDrஹKingUVW$$%Xᜧ>?ZFW$$%ᙠ[ᩗ]ᫀ3_9ᙠUV`abcUVdef,ᨵhi]jklᨵ%ᜩmjGᨵᑮᜐ#oUV◤⌕ᦋrsR;ᑮᜐtuvsR“ᡃvᡃvᡃv”xtuyhzᨵ{᪵aᑮ}~:Ftuᨵh$h!xh#,250,000ᙠyᜩLMN3 }:Ὦ<>?Howmanyofthemshowedupforhim?Zero>TheyshowedupforthemselvesஹIt'swhattheybelievedaboutAmericathatgotthemtotravelinabusforeighthours,tostandinthesuninWashingtoninthemiddleofAugustஹIt'swhattheybelieved,anditwasn'taboutblackversuswhite>25percentoftheaudiencewaswhiteஹDrஹKingbelievedthattherearetwotypesoflawsinthisworld,thosethataremadebyahigherauthorityandthosethataremadebymanஹAndnotuntilallthelawsthataremadebymanareconsistentwiththelawsthataremadebythehigherauthority,willweliveinajustworldAItjustsohappenedthattheCivilRightsMovementwastheperfect
23thingtohelphimbringhiscausetolifeஹWefollowed,notforhim,butfbrourselves>And,bytheway,hegavethe"Ihaveadream"speech,notthe"Ihaveaplan”speech>(Laughter)ᨵᕖTGᨵUV$ᙶMᑮ,jJᙠᨴ¡O¢456:£z¤ᧅ¦25%<§¤DrஹKingv¨©fᨵª«¬]+,$fᑴ*:¯$ᑣᑴ*ᙠᑴ*ᡠᨵ]+{fᑴ*]+±ᐰ$³´9:ᡃµ¶·ᙠ$%¸¨©¹[ᩗᑭ»¼ᑣា¾$%¿kÀÁÂx%e ᡃÃÄ:ᡃÅÆoÇ:⊤}“ᡃᨵ$%Éi”>?:“ᡃᨵ$%Êᑜ”>?(ÍÎ)Listentopoliticiansnowwiththeirprehensive12-pointplans>They'renotinspiringanybody>BecausethereareleadersandtherearethosewholeadஹLeadersholdapositionofpowerorauthority>ButthosewholeadinspireusஹWhetherthey'reindividualsororganizations,wefollowthosewholead,notbecausewehaveto,butbecausewewanttoஹWefollowthosewholead,notforthem,butfbrourselves>Andifsthosewhostartwith“why"thathavetheabilitytoinspirethosearoundthemorfindotherswhoinspirethemஹThankyouverymuchஹ<< ᙠÐÑZÒ312ÓᜧᩖÕIÖÊᑜGK×¼BC$hØÙ:$h⚞⋀⚞ÜὅÞᨵᩗᑭzßàlyhᐹᨵ⚞⋀âãäK⚞Üᡃ:åæ%ᡈ,ᡃÃÄyh⚞Üὅ:ᡃèéÃÄ,ᡃi⌕ÃÄᡃÃÄyh⚞Üὅ,:ᡃF;ᨵyhê“sR”x%ᙊᙌ3äᨵKíîïᕜñ,ᡈὅòᑮKóîïôõö÷ᜧZUnitlpart3HowIheldmybreathfor17minute
24asamagician,itrytocreateimagesthatmakepeoplestopandthinkஹialsotrytochallengemyselftodothingsthatdoctorssayarenotpossibleiwasburiedaliveinnewyorkcityinacoffin,buriedaliveinacoffininapril,1999,foraweek>ilivedtherewithnothingbutwater>anditendedupbeingsomuchfunthatidecidedicouldpursuedoingmoreofthesethings>thenextoneisifrozemyselfinablockoficeforthreedaysandthreenightsinnewyorkcity>thatonewaswaymoredifficultthanihadexpected>theoneafterthat,istoodontopofahundredfootpillarfor36hours>ibegantohallucinatesohardthatthebuildingsthatwerebehindmestartedtolooklikebiganimalheads>ø$%ùúû:ᡃüýþ&⌼ ὃᡃḼᢧᡊ ᩭ ᡃ!"1999#4ᨴ%&'ᙠ)* +,ᩞ. 01Ḽ 234☠6789ᩭ:;<=>ᡃ?@A ᜧ DE"=>ᡃFGHIJKLMN᪵ 9 P==>ᡃQRᙠ ᜧSᙽ.UᜩUW%ᙢY=>)*ZP⌕\ᡃ] ^_`Ma9ᩭ P%ᡃbᙠ cMdef gh⚔j36klm;nlᡃopqrstu vwx"ᡃw yz {|}ᩭ~ᱥ ᜮso,nextiwenttolondonஹinlondonilivedinaglassboxfor44dayswithnothingbutwater>itwas,forme,oneofthemostdifficultthingsi'deverdone,butitwasalsothemostbeautiful>therewassomanyskeptics,especiallythepressinlondon,thattheystartedflyingcheeseburgersonhelicoptersaroundmyboxtotemptme>(laughter)so,ifeltveryvalidatedwhenthenewenglandjournalofmedicineactuallyusedtheresearchforscienceஹzᩭ,ᡃHᦦᙠᦦ%ᡃᙠ ᴻ.744ᜩ=>◀6ᨵ"ᡃᩭ,NP=>ᡠᨵᢧᡊ@ᨬ⁎_ P%:ᯠ=>rs Pᔊlᨵ`Mᢝᝰᶧ¤ %¥ᐸ=>ᦦ §ὅ%ᙶ«ᓣ®¯ᙠᡃ ᴻᕜ±ᑮᜐᡮµᚽ·¸ᡃ(º»)ᡃ½¾NP8&¿ÀÁᑮrsfᐶ%ÃdÄᐲÆᩖÈÉÊËÌẆÎÏÐÆÑὃ
25Mynextpursuitwasiwantedtoseehowlongicouldgowithoutbreathing,likehowlongicouldsurvivewithnothing,notevenair>ididn*trealizethatitwouldbeethemostamazingjourneyofmylife>ᡃ 9 IJÒ=>] Óᔾ ÕᢝMÖ%==>ᨵ ×9ᡃ 8MÖ%ØxᨵÙÚᡃÛᨵÜÝᑮ%N Pᡂ=ᡃß@ᨬᝯ áAsayoungmagicianiwasobsessedwithHoudiniandhisunderwaterchallenges>so,ibegan,earlyon,petingagainsttheotherkids,seeinghowlongicouldstayunderwaterwhiletheywentupanddowntobreathe,youknow,fivetimes,whileistayedunderononebreathஹBythetimeiwasateenageriwasabletoholdmybreathforthreeminutesand30seconds>Iwouldlaterfindoutthatwashoudini'spersonalrecord>ËÌ #â ãäåᡃæç"èéêëᙠ69ìÚᢧᡊíîl%ᡃ=opëᐸ íh\%ᙠ69ðMÖ% ñòóᜮô6☢Óᔾ%ᜧᭆ5P÷M%ᡃᓾ «ðᙠ69,ùᐰ ◤⌕ᣚÚᡃ=>☘þ# lᡃÿ 3ᑖ30ᩭᡃ in1987iheardofastoryaboutaboythatfellthroughiceandwastrappedunderariver>hewasunderneath,notbreathingfor45minutes>whentherescueworkerscametheyresuscitatedhimandtherewasnobraindamage>hiscoretemperaturehaddroppedto77degrees>asamagician,ithinkeverythingispossible^andithinkifsomethingisdonebyonepersonitcanbedonebyothersistartedtothink,iftheboycouldsurvivewithoutbreathingforthatlong,theremustbeawaythaticoulddoit^ᙠ1987,ᡃ"#$%ᦑ'%ᵱ)ᣵ+,-./01.245ᑖ4ᑁ6ᨵ8ᔾ:ᦗ<ᕒ>ᑮ@ᦗAᖔ⏨DA6ᨵᾯFGHIJKLM77KNO%PQRᡃST%ᑗḆᨵWᡃXOZ[\ᑮ[]'^_`a\ᑮᡃbcde,Zfᵱ)ghDij8ᔾklᩭ^mnᨵ[o⌶qrᡃs\ᑮso,imetwithatopneurosurgeon>andiaskedhim,howlongisitpossibletogowithoutbreathing,likehowlongcouldigowithoutair?andhesaidtomethat
26anythingoversixminutesyouhaveaseriousriskofhypoxicbraindamage>so,itookthatasachallenge,basically>(laughter)myfirsttry,ifiguredthaticoulddosomethingsimilar,andicreatedawatertank,andifilleditwithiceandfreezingcoldwater>andistayedinsideofthatwatertankhopingmycoretemperaturewouldstarttodropஹandiwasshiveringஹinmyfirstattempttoholdmybreathicouldn'tevenlastaminute>so,irealizedthatwaspletelynotgoingtowork>1ᡃv$ᨬxy z{R|}j8ᔾᨬh~ᥛsa6ᨵᡃWᥛᡃ_`6ᑖ4j8ᔾOak⌼ᡂᾯFGᓻ◅^ᶧ|ᡃᑡᐭ$ᡃᢧᡊ(¡)£%¤¥¦,ᡃᡭ¨©ªᵱ)«⍗®¯%°±²³´,ᯠ¶+°/·¸ᡃ¹JL:jºᙢDᡃ¼ᢘ£%¤¾¥ᡃ¿M%ᑖ4aÀᢝj$1ᡃÂÃᑮÄᓫ©ªjÆso,iwenttotalktoadoctorfriend,andiaskedhimhowcouldidothat?”iwanttoholdmybreathforareallylongtime>howcoulditbedone?”andhesaid,Mdavid,you'reamagician,createtheillusionofnotbreathing,itwillbemucheasier>"(laughter)so,hecameupwiththisideaofcreatingarebreather,withaco2scrubber,whichwasbasicallyatubefromhomedepot,withaballoonduct-tapedtoit,thathethoughtwecouldputinsideofme,andsomehowbeabletocirculatetheairandrebreathewiththisthinginme>thisisalittlehardtowatch>butthisisthatattemptஹso,thatclearlywasn'tgoingtowork>(laughter)ᡃv$%Ç{ÈÉÊË|ᡃÌ᪵W^“ᡃÏᙠᙠhDiÌ^᪵\ᑮᕖ?”ᡃ|ÓÔ“ᜧÖ×PQRØÙ%j8ᔾᎷÛÜjÝÞ᧕?”(¡)Ïàf^áâ\%ᑁ8ᔾãä,ᑁä%co2åᘤᐸèéêë%ìᵨîâïᝅ%ᳫògkóXOfôõöᑮᡃ÷¹/ᯠᵨ[oøùúûᑮï8ᔾüf^ôõö+ᩭfýþÿᩭ—ஹஹஹឌᯠᵨ( )theniactuallystartedthinkingaboutliquidbreathing>thereisachemicalthat'scalledperflubronஹandit'ssohighinoxygenlevelsthatintheoryyoucouldbreathe
27it>so,igotmyhandsonthatchemical,filledthesinkupwithit,andstuckmyfaceinthesinkandtriedtobreathethatin,whichwasreallyimpossibleit'sbasicallyliketryingtobreathe,asadoctorsaid,whilehavinganelephantstandingonyourchest>so,thatideadisappeared> Ḽᡃ"#ὃ⇋&'(ᔾᨵ+,ᐰ.ᓄᔠᱥᓄ23ᑺ5678ᱯ:;5ᳮ=>?@Aᵨᩭ(ᔾBᡃᡭDE+ᓄ2ᑺ5FGHIJ5KῊMᙠO☢5Ḽ(ᔾQᙠ@R5ST>VWᡠY,[\]ᜮᜧ`ab?cd]e?fg(ᔾ᪵Eijklᩭmnothenistartedthinking,woulditbepossibletohookupaheart/lungbypassmachineandhaveasurgerywhereitwasatubegoingintomyartery,andthenappeartonotbreathewhiletheywereoxygenatingmyblood?whichwasanotherinsaneidea,obviously> Ḽᡃpᑮ5ᨵrᨵ@Rᙠᡃstuvwxᵨyz{5ᯠ}~Kkᐭᾭ5⊤☢rᨵ(ᔾQ>Eᜓᙠᡃ⊈&7Eᯠipjthenithoughtaboutthecraziestideaofalltheideas:toactuallydoit>(laughter)toactuallytrytoholdmybreathpastthepointthatdoctorswouldconsideryoubraindead>so,istartedresearchingintopearldivers>youknow,becausetheygodownforfourminutesononebreath>andwheniwasresearchingpearldivers,ifoundtheworldoffree-divingitwasthemostamazingthingthatieverdiscovered,prettymuchஹthereismanydifferentaspectstofree-diving>thereisdepthrecords,wherepeoplegoasdeepastheycan>andthenthereisstaticapnea>that'sholdingyourbreathaslongasyoucaninoneplacewithoutmoving>thatwastheonethatistudied>}ᩭ5ᡃpiᨬj5ᑐᩭ( )5VW¡¢ᾯ¤¥exBᡃ"#¦§ᨵᐵ©ª«¬®°@A±ᵨd²ᙠI³´4ᑖ¶w·¸¹ºᡃᙠ~©ª«»¼eᡃ½¾¿Àᜩ-ÃᵫÅIÆÇ@AYᡃȽ¾ᨬ
28ᝯÃᵫÅIᨵËÌ+5ᨵÍÎÏÐ5«°@AÅᑮ°RÑᑮᨬᜧÍÎ5fᨵ☟ÓÔ5RÌ·Ì·5ÕÖ☟Óᙠi×ØᙢÚᡃ»¼ẆÜthefirstthingthatilearnediswhenyou'reholdingyourbreathyoushouldnevermoveatall;thatwastesenergy>andthatdepletesoxygen,anditbuildsupco2inyourblood>so,ilearnednevertomoveஹandilearnedhowtoslowmyheartratedown>ihadtoremainperfectlystillandjustrelaxandthinkthatiwasn'tinmybody,andjustcontrolthat>andthenilearnedhowtopurge>purgingisbasicallyhyperventilating>youblowinandoutஹஹஹyoudothat,yougetlightheaded,yougettingling>andyou'rereallyriddingyourbodyofco2>so,whenyouholdyourbreathit'sinfinitelyeasier>thenilearnedthatyouhavetotakeahugebreath,andjustholdandrelaxandneverletanyairout,andjustholdandrelaxthroughallthepain>ᡃ2ᑮÝi⌕⚞º?ᙠÔeàá5ᔲᑣäåR85æὑ75èé⊈&êco268ᓣ;ᡠAᡃḼìᡃm2ᑮí᪵îïᡃs᳛ÕÖñòè¹góôp`Ãõö÷ᙠø'O,è¹⌕ᢝúñᢝᯠ}ᡃ2í᪵ûᓄ(ᔾ5ûᓄ(ᔾQ▭>ýþ(ᔾ(ÿ ᯠᑮḱ᧿,ὡ ᪵◀ᑁco2,Ḽ ᑮ!"ᯠᡃ%ᑮ&'⌕ᔾ*ᜧ,- ./ 0" 12,34567 .Ḽ80"Ḽ9:;<ᡠᨵ?@Aeverymorning,thisisformonths,iwouldwakeupandthefirstthingthatiwoulddoisiwouldholdmybreathfor,outof52minutes,iwouldholdmybreathfor44minutes>so,basicallywhatthatmeansisiwouldpurge,i'dbreathreallyhardforaminute>andiwouldhold,immediatelyafter,forfiveandhalfminutes>theniwouldbreathagainforaminute,purgingashardasican,thenimmediatelyafterthatiwouldholdagainforfiveandhalfminutes>iwouldrepeatthisprocesseighttimesinarowஹoutof52minutesyou'reonlybreathingforeightminutes>attheendofthatyou'repletelyfried,yourbrain>youfeellikeyou'rewalkingaroundinadaze>and
29youhavetheseawfulheadaches>basically,i'mnotthebestpersontotalktowheni'mdoingthatstuff>DᜩFᨌ,HIJKᨴ ᡃ⏨ᩭO,PQR /ᔾᙠ52ᑖUᑁ ᡃV. 44ᑖUWRXᡃᵨZᓄᔾ\] ᵨ^ᔾ,ᑖUᯠ_` 5ᑖaU Ḽ ᵨ^ᔾ,ᑖU bᨬᜧ^ 7Zᓄᔾ ᯠ_` ,d /ᔾ5ᑖaUᡃHIef᪵
30ᔾÎè7ᑖUéêᡃᙠëìᙢ\¸×Ø 9:ᙠïðÛ òóRᔲVÜåÙ᳛ᙠö÷øÛù®úidecidedthatiwasgoingtobreaktheworldrecordliveonprime-timetelevision>theworldrecordwaseightminutesand58seconds,heldbytomsietas,thatguywiththewhalelungsitoldyouabout> laughteriassumedthaticouldputawatertankatlincolncenterandifistayedthereaweeknoteating,iwouldgetfbrtableinthatsituationandiwouldslowmymetabolism,whichiwassurewouldhelpmeholdmybreathlongerthanihadbeenabletodoit>iwaspletelywrong>ûᡃüᜓr⌕ᡭẚ ⌕ᙠᵯ⚣⍝ 8ᑖ58ᛞ ᢝᡃ!"#$%&'()ᨵ+,-᪵ᜧ01234ᡃ5678ᙠ:;<=-'>?@AᯠDᡃEᔛGᙠ&H☢ᐜK-'LMNOP〉RSTUV▰XYZN[᠒]ᩭᡃ_:`a᪵b78cᡃdefghiᔾkᯠᡃlᐰ┯Sienteredthesphereaweekbeforethescheduledairdate>andithoughteverythingseemedtobeontrackஹtwodaysbeforemybigbreathholdattempt,fortherecord,theproducersofmytelevisionspecialthoughtthatjustwatchingsomebodyholdingtheirbreath,andalmostdrowning,istooboringfortelevision> laughterso,ihadtoaddhandcuffs,whileholdingmybreath,toescapefrom>thiswasacriticalmistake>becauseofthemovementiwaswastingoxygen>andbysevenminutesihadgoneintotheseawfulconvulsions>by7:08istartedtoblackout>andbysevenminutesand30secondstheyhadtopullmybodyoutandbringmeback>ihadfailedoneverylevelஹ laughterᡃpq-'LMrᑮ;<tu-ᑗwxxySz⍝{6ᑮᙠẚ}~qᜩᵯᑴᯠuᐝ}~⌕ᵯ⁚#1234ᡃEEyg~Ḽᢳῃ%a'¡┯¢£ Dᡃ¤¥ᢳῃ¦§¨S_©ª~ᑮ«7ᑖ¬ᡃ®£ Eh7°ᤊ;ᑮ7ᑖ08ᡃ£ ᜫr³u7ᑖ30%¶·¸ᡃ¹ºᩭ»¼½ᦗᡃ¿-ÀÁÂ1234
31so,naturally,theonlywayoutoftheslumpthaticouldthinkofwas,idecidedtocalloprah>(laughter)itoldherthatiwantedtouptheanteandholdmybreathlongerthananyhumanbeingeverhad>thiswasadifferentrecordஹthiswasapureo2staticapnearecordthatguinnesshadsettheworldrecordat13minutes>so,basicallyyoubreathpureo2first,oxygenatingyourbody,flushingoutco2,andyouareabletoholdmuchlonger>irealizedthatmyrealpetitionwasthebeaver>(laughter)ᡠ8_ÄᯠÅ-78ῃÇÈᡃ786ᑮrÉᝍ˹(23)ᡃ!"ᡃ⌕pÎÏÐᡃ⌕ghiᔾe#ᡠᨵa'EÑÒaÓÔª☟Ög~ÒᵫᔡÙq13ᑖ¬¥ ZᐜᔾᐭᐭÔªᐙܪ~ºÞªᓄàᯠD$78g~defᡃáâᑮᡃãäåæὅ-éê(23)inJanuaryof'08oprahgavemefourmonthstoprepareandtrain>so,iwouldsleepinahypoxictenteverynight>ahypoxictentisatentthatsimulatesaltitudeat15,000feet>so,it'slikebasecampeverest>whatthatdoesis,youstartbuildinguptheredbloodcellcountinyourbody,whichhelpsyoucarryoxygenbetter>everymorning,again,aftergettingoutofthattentyourbrainispletelywipedout>myfirstattemptonpureo2,iwasabletogoupto15minutes>so,itwasaprettybigsuccessஹ08ë1ᨴᝍ˹íSᡃ4'ᨴîᜓðñòᡃóôṑᙠöª‧Hᡠøöª‧ùúéû15000üýªþÿ ⃩ᑁᦪ !"#$%ᨌ,(᪵*+!‧-.ᩭ0ᜧᾯ4ᱏ67849:;?@"15ᑖB>?CDEᡂGHtheneurosurgeonpulledmeoutofthewaterbecauseinhismind,at15minutesyourbrainisdone,you'rebraindeadஹso,hepulledmeup,andiwasfine>therewasonepersontherethatwasdefinitelynotimpressed>itwasmyex-girlfriendwhileiwasbreakingtherecordunderwaterforthefirsttime,shewassiftingthroughmyblackberry,checkingallmymessages>(laughter)mybrotherhadapictureofitஹitisreallyஹஹஹ(laughter)
32JK$L?NOPQᡃ*R-S.ᩭ0TJ◫V-ᙠZᩭ,15ᑖBD[ᔾ ᜧᾯ]Hᾯ^_-JQᡃS.ᩭᡃᓾac J0deᨵ4$ghijᜧDHᡃkmJᡃᙠRn849ᡭẚqr0,ᓾᙠsᡃtvwxyᡃᡠᨵ{|}~ᡃHJ0᯿ᱏKஹஹஹ}~ithenannouncedthatiwasgoingtogofbrsietas1record,publiclyஹandwhathedidinresponse,ishewentonregisandkelly,andbrokehisoldrecord>thenhismainpetitorwentoutandbrokehisrecord>so,hesuddenlypushedtherecordupto16minutesand32seconds>whichwasthreeminuteslongerthanihadprepared>youknow,itwaslongerthantherecordஹ ᡃᢧᡊᛞrᡠᙠregisandkelly⁚ᡭẚkrᯠ⌕ὅ.ᩭ9ᡭẚr᪵,ᯠ¡r16ᑖ32¢£ᡃᡠ¤ᜓ¦.3ᑖB §⍝£ᩭqr¦now,iwantedtogetthesciencetimestodocumentthis>iwantedtogetthemtodoapieceonit>so,ididwhatanypersonseriouslypursuingscientificadvancementwoulddo>iwalkedintothenewyorktimesofficesanddidcardtrickstoeverybody> laughterso,idon'tknowifitwasthemagicortheloreofthecaymanislands,butjohntierneyflewdownanddidapieceontheseriousnessofbreath-holding>nᡃᡭC©Nª0«ᩖᩭ®⍝4ᑗᡃ°±²³´µ¶ᡃH·¸4$¹º»¼Nªg½¾¿ᡃÀÁÂÃ0®ÄÅÆ#$g⊤ÈÉÊËÌ}~ᡃD§⍝ËÌÍÎÏÐ|ÑÃÒ8ÓÔÕÖ×HÍᑏH4ÙÚ@Û[ᔾܹÝឋ®⍝whilehewasthereitriedtoimpresshim,ofcourse>andididadivedownto160feet,whichisbasicallytheheightofa16storybuilding,andasiwasingup,iblackedoutunderwater,whichisreallydangerous;that'showyoudrown>luckilykirkhadseenmeandheswamoverandpulledmeup>
33JᙠKß0,ᡃ;áÆâãᓺåᡃæᙢnèH160éᜧᭆᨵ16ëìKíᡃᙠîïðñòHðóKTJᓻ◅Kg²¸÷RøùúÓúZᑮᡃüðóQᡃᦗHîᩭSo,istartedfullfdcus>ipletelytrainedtogetmybreathholdtimeupforwhatineededtodo>buttherewasnowaytoprepareforthelivetelevisionaspectofit,beingonoprah>butinpractice,iwoulddoitfacedown,floatingonthepool>butfortvtheywantedmetobeuprightsotheycouldseemyface,basically>theotherproblemwasthesuitwassobuoyantthattheyhadtostrapmyfeetintokeepmefromfloatingup>so,ihadtousemylegstoholdmyfeetintothestrapsthatwereloose,whichwasarealproblemforme>thatmademeextremelynervous,raisingtheheartrate>nᡃþᐰ ᡃᡃᐰᢥ᯿ ᵯ!"#$%&'ᜓ)**+,-ᝍ/0⁚234ᡃ5☢789:ᙠ<=4>ᵯ!@ᓾBCᡃ☢7DEFGHIJᡃῊLM-N⚪*+,P⊟RSᡃ᧕9:ᡠE@ᵨWXYZᡃ[\ᢝᡃ^>:_ᡃᵨ`abc[deᙠ,-ffWXg☢,hᡃᩭj*+klᜮnopqrsᡃuvwxyz᳛then,whattheyalsodidwas,whichweneverdidbefore,istherewasaheart-ratemonitor>anditwasrightnexttothesphereso,everytimemyheartwouldbeati*dhearthebeep-beep-beep-beep,youknow,theticking,reallyloud^whichwasmakingmemorenervous>andthereisnowaytoslowmyheartratedown>so,normallyiwouldstartat38beatsperminute,andwhileholdingmybreathitwoulddropto12beatsperminute,whichisprettyunusual>(laughter)thistimeitstartedat120beats,anditneverwentdown>◀}~@ᡃED,**+M-z᳛ᘤq*ᙠᙠᡃᳫ<=ᡠE,MᡃzB5ᑮ⍝,-klᔻqrsᡃvw&¡ᡃ¢ᯠ¤ᨵ¦§¨©ªz᳛M«¬8ᡃz᳛*+ᑖ¯38&¡°ᡃZ±ᔾq5©ᑮᑖ¯12
34³*+*+´µl¶·¸³MqᓾEᑖ¯120¹pº»,¼)¤ᨵ©8¨ispentthefirstfiveminutesunderwaterdesperatelytryingtoslowmyheartratedown>iwasjustsittingtherethinking,"iVegottoslowthisdown>i'mgoingtofail,i*mgoingtofail>”andiwasgettingmorenervous>andtheheartratejustkeptgoingupandup,allthewayupto150beats>basicallyit'sthesamethingthatcreatedmydownfallatlincolncenter>itwasawasteofo2>whenimadeittothehalfwaymark,ateightminutes,iwas100percentcertainthatiwasnotgoingtobeabletomakethisஹtherewasnowayformetodoit>ᙠ<8D5ᑖ¯ᡃ¾¿À©ªz᳛°ᡃÁZᙢÃ,“ᡃÅÆSz᳛ÇÈᡃ⌕ᜫËᡃ⌕ᜫË”&¡ᡃÍᩭÍvwz᳛M"Îᓣ"ᑮᑖ¯150ᐸÑ**+ÒÓÔÕᦦ4zᜫËM᪵¬zØÙÚÛஹ°ᡃÜᢝᑮMÝᜧᭆ8ᑖ¯ᡃáâãᑖãäåᡃ5ᡂçᡃ᪷éᑮso,ifigured,oprahhaddedicatedanhourtodoingthisbreathholdthing,ifihadcrackedearlyitwouldbeawholeshowabouthowdepressediamஹ(laughter)so,ifiguredi'mbetteroffjustfightingandstayingthereuntiliblackout,atleastthentheycanpullmeoutandtakecareofmeandallthat>(laughter)ᯠêᡃÃᝍ/0ëìM-îᩭ³-<8⁚2ðᡃññᜫËq*5òᡂM-óôᡃᜫËêõö÷⁚2(·)ᡠE,ᡃúÓᡃ*+ᨬüýᥛḼ ᑮ ᪵ᐜᡃᩭᦗ( )ikeptpushingto10minutes>at10minutesyoustartgettingallthesereallystrongtinglingsensationsinyourfingersandtoes>andiknewthatthatwasbloodshunting,whenthebloodrushesawayfromyourextremitiestoprovideoxygentoyourvitalorgans>at11minutesistartedfeelingthrobbingsensationsinmylegs,andmylipsstartedtofeelreallystrange>ᡃ ᢝᑮ10ᑖ#,ᙠ&ᓝᑖ#(ᡃ)*ᨵ,-./01ᢣ345╋789ᡃ:⍝<=>⊈@ᑖA B==>⊈@CDEFAHI⌕ᘤLMNᙠ&11ᑖ# ᡃ)*8ᑮOPQᤊ8 STᘂᖃ89X
35atminute12istartedtohaveringinginmyears,andistartedtofeelmyarmgoingnumb>andi*mahypochondriac,andirememberarmnumbmeansheartattackஹso,istartedtoreallygetreallyparanoid>thenat13minutes,maybebecauseofthehypochondria>istartedfeelingpainsallovermychest>itwasawful>at14minutes,ihadtheseawfulcontractions,likethisurgetobreathe>(laughter)ᙠ&12ᑖ#ᡃ)*ὡ[ ST\])*^ᩈᡃ=>`abcdὅ ᡃfghi^ᩈjᕡḼmnop=>ᡃ)*អrgᩭᯠtᙠ&13ᑖ# uᵫpabc ᡃ8ᑮwxy7z{|}ᙠ&14ᑖ# ᡃᨵ ,/0~ ⌕ᔾ~( )At15minutesiwassufferingmajoro2deprivationtotheheart>andistartedhavingischemiatotheheartmyheartbeatwouldgofrom120,to50,to150,to40,to20,to150again>itwouldskipabeat>itwouldstart>itwouldstop>andifeltallthis>andiwassurethatiwasgoingtohaveaheartattack>so,at16minuteswhatididisislidmyfeetoutbecauseiknewthatifididgoout,ifididhaveaheartattack,they'dhavetojumpintothebindingandtakemyfeetoutbeforepullingmeupஹso,iwasreallynervous,ᙠ&15ᑖ#,ᡃ|mnNc mn)*M⊈,m᳛C120,ᑮ50,C150ᑮ40,20,ᑮ150ஹᯠ (S)* (SSTᡃu8|ᑮ ᑗᡃᡃ⌕mno}p=>ᙠ&16ᑖ# ᡃ4ᡷHᡃ:⍝ᡃ⌕¡)¢☢ ᡈ=>¥mno ᐜ¦ᩭ§)ᡃ4¨ᡷᡃ¢ᡠᡃ-.ª«so,iletmyfeetout,andistartedfloatingtothetop>andididn'ttakemyheadout>butiwasjustfloatingtherewaitingformyhearttostop,justwaitingtheyhaddoctorswiththenpst,"youknow,so,sittingtherewaiting>andthensuddenlyihearscreamingஹandithinkthatthereissomeweirdthing—thatihaddiedorsomethinghadhappened>andthenirealizedthatihadmadeitto16:32ஹso,withtheenergyofeverybodythatwasthereidecidedtokeeppushingஹandiwentto17minutesandfourseconds>(applause)ᡃ§)}ᡃ4 )*hᵫ¬¨® ¯ᡃ°ᨵᜮ²¢☢ ᡃ³=> ´µᡃm< ¶ஹஹஹ´µḼஹஹஹ·:⍝
36ᨵ¸¹º»ᙶᙠ<½´Ḽᦗᡃ¥ᯠ ᡃ¾ᑮ¿À ᡃ =>ÁÂÃ} ÄᡃÅ}ÆÇᯠSᡃ¥ᯠjÈᑮ ᡃᢝᑮ}16:32!ᙠÉÊ ËÌÍÎÏᩭÐÑᡃuÒÓᡃÔÕÖᢝஹஹஹᡃᢝᑮ}×7ᑖ30Ø(Ù )asthoughthatwasn'tenough,whatididimmediatelyafterisiwenttoquestlabsandhadthemtakeeverybloodsamplethattheycouldtotestforeverythingandtoseewheremylevelswere,sothedoctorscoulduseit,onceagainஹialsodidn*twantanybodytoquestionit>ihadtheworldrecordandiwantedtomakesureitwaslegitimate>ᓽÛ<ÜÝ ᙠᩭÆtᡃÞ¶}ßàáuᙢãä}ᔜᜐ⊈@᪵çèéᡠᨵᢣ᪗ëᡃì <᪵»=fíᙠᫀïᯠᡃðhiñᝰᶧ ᡃô⌼}ö÷øí ᡃïᯠð=>ᚪᚪúúso,igettonewyorkcitythenextday,andthiskidwalksuptome-i*mwalkingoutoftheapplestore—thiskidwalksuptomehe*slike,nyo,d!"i*mlike"yeah?”hesaid,"ifyoureallyheldyourbreaththatlong,why'dyoueoutofthewaterdry?”iwaslikeHwhat?n(laughter)andthatrsmylife>soஹஹஹ(laughter)᪵&ûᜩᡃ}ýþ ᨵ`ÿ ᡃᩭߟᡃ“ ᔣᡃ,“ᜧ!”ᡃ“?”“ !"#$%&'()* +#,ᩭ-/01?”ᡃ234ᩭ“*?”(67)//0ᡃ9: <ஹஹஹ(67)asamagicianitrytoshowthingstopeoplethatseemimpossibleandithinkmagic,whetheri'mholdingmybreathorshufflingadeckofcards,isprettysimple>it'spractice,it'straining,andit's-it'spractice,it'strainingandexperimenting,whilepushingthroughthepaintobethebestthaticanbeஹandthat'swhatmagicistome,so,thankyou>(applause)?)@ABC,ᡃDḼFGHIJ'H 37//0]^_]"`LabDcde'Hgh-ijklMjᑗ//0ABnoᡃpqrr s(t7)Unit2part1NEVER,EVERGIVEUPItsthefifthtimeIstandonthisshore,theCubanshore,lookingoutatthatdistanthorizon,believing,again,thatI'mgoingtomakeitallthewayacrossthatvast,dangerouswildernessofanocean>NotonlyhaveItriedfourtimes,butthegreatestswimmersintheworldhavebeentryingsince1950,andit'sstillneverbeendone>Theteamisproudofourfourattempts>It*sanexpeditionofsome30people>Bonnieismybestfriendandheadhandler,whosomehowsummonswill,thatlastdropofwillwithinme,whenIthinkit'sgone,aftermany,manyhoursanddaysoutthere>Thesharkexpertsarethebestintheworld-largepredatorsbelow>Theboxjellyfish,thedeadliestvenominalloftheocean,isinthesewaters,andIhaveeclosetodyingfromthemonapreviousattempt>Theconditionsthemselves,besidesthesheerdistanceofover100milesintheopenocean-thecurrentsandwhirlingeddiesandtheGulfStreamitself,themostunpredictableofalloftheplanetEarth>Andbytheway,it'samusingtomethatjournalistsandpeoplebeforetheseattemptsoftenaskme,"Well,areyougoingtogowithanyboatsoranypeopleoranything?11AndI'mthinking,whataretheyimagining?Thatriljustsortofdosomecelestialnavigation,andcarryabowieknifeinmymouth,andPllhuntfishandskinthemaliveandeatthem,andmaybedragadesalinizationplantbehindmeforfreshwater>(Laughter)Yes,Ihaveateamஹ(Laughter)Andtheteamisexpert,andtheteamiscourageous,andbrimmingwithinnovationandscientificdiscovery,asistruewithanymajorexpeditionontheplanet>Andwe'vebeenonajourney>Andthedebatehasraged,hasn'tit,sincetheGreeks,ofisn*titwhatit'sallabout?Isn'tlifeaboutthejourney,notreallythedestination?Andherewe'vebeenonthisjourney,andthetruthis,it*sbeenthrilling>Wehaven*treachedthatothershore,andstilloursenseofprideandmitment,unwaveringmitment>WhenIturned60,thedreamwasstillalivefromhavingtriedthisinmy 3820s,anddreameditandimagineditஹThemostfamousbodyofwaterontheEarthtoday,Iimagine,CubatoFlorida>AnditwasdeepஹItwasdeepinmysoukAndwhenIturned60,itwasn*tsomuchabouttheathleticacplishment,itwasn'ttheegoof“Iwanttobethefirst>"That'salwaysthereandit'sundeniableButitwasdeeper>Itwas,howmuchlifeisthereleft?Let'sfaceit,we'reallonaone-waystreet,aren'twe,andwhatarewegoingtodo?Whatarewegoingtodoaswegoforwardtohavenoregretslookingback?Andallthispastyearintraining,IhadthatTeddyRooseveltquotetoparaphraseit,floatingaroundinmybrain,anditsays,"Yougoahead,yougoaheadandsitbackinyourfortablechairandyoubethecritic,youbetheobserver,whilethebraveonegetsintheringandengagesandgetsbloodyandgetsdirtyandfailsoverandoverandoveragain,butyetisn'tafraidandisn'ttimidandliveslifeinaboldway>"AndsoofcourseIwanttomakeitacross>Itisthegoal,andIshouldbesoshallowtosaythatthisyear,thedestinationwasevensweeterthanthejourney>(Laughter)(Applause)Butthejourneyitselfwasworthwhiletaking>Andatthispoint,bythissummer,everybody--scientists,sportsscientists,enduranceexperts,neurologists,myownteam,Bonnie--saidit'simpossible>Itjustsimplycan*tbedone,andBonniesaidtome,°Butifyou'regoingtotakethejourney,Pmgoingtoseeyouthroughtotheendofit,so1*11bethere>"Andnowwe'rethere>Andaswe'relookingout,kindofasuirealmomentbeforethefirststroke,standingontherocksatMarinaHemingway,theCubanflagisflyingabove,allmyteam*soutintheirboats,handsupintheair,"We'rehere,we'rehereforyou/BonnieandIlookateachother,andwesay,thisyear,themantrais-andI'vebeenusingitintraining—findaway>Youhaveadreamandyouhaveobstaclesinfrontofyou,aswealldoஹNoneofusevergetthroughthislifewithoutheartache,withoutturmoil,andifyoubelieveandyouhavefaithandyoucangetknockeddownandgetbackupagainandyoubelieveinperseveranceasagreathumanquality,youfindyourway,andBonniegrabbedmyshoulders,andshesaid,"LetsfindourwaytoFlorida>n 39Andwestarted,andforthenext53hours,itwasanintense,unforgettablelifeexperience>Thehighswerehigh,theawe,I'mnotareligiousperson,butI'lltellyou,tobeintheazureblueoftheGulfStreamasif,asyou'rebreathing,you'relookingdownmilesandmilesandmiles,tofeelthemajestyofthisblueplanetweliveon,it'sawe-inspiringIhaveaplaylistofabout85songs,andespeciallyinthemiddleofthenight,andthatnight,becauseweusenolights-lightsattractjellyfish,lightsattractsharks,lightsattractbaitfishthatattractsharks,sowegointhepitchblackofthenightஹYou'veneverseenblackthisblack>Youcan'tseethefrontofyourhand,andthepeopleontheboat,Bonnieandmyteamontheboat,theyjustheartheslappingofthearms,andtheyknowwhereIam,becausethere'snovisualatall>AndPmouttherekindoftrippingoutonmylittleplaylist>(Laughter)Fvegotatightrubbercap,soIdon*thearathing>I'vegotgogglesandI'mturningmyhead50timesaminute,andPmsinging,JImaginethere'snoheavenJJdoodoodoodoodooJJIt*seasyifyoutryJJdoodoodoodoodooJAndIcansingthatsongathousandtimesinarowஹ(Laughter)Nowthere'satalentuntoitself>(Laughter)(Applause)AndeachtimeIgetdonewithJOoh,youmaysayI'madreamerbutI'mnottheonlyoneJ222ஹJImaginethere'snoheavenJAndwhenIgetthroughtheendofathousandofJohnLennon's"Imagine,”Ihaveswumninehoursand45minutes,exactly>Andthentherearethecrises>Ofcoursethereare>Andthevomitingstarts,theseawater,you'renotwell,you'rewearingajellyfishmaskfortheultimateprotection>It'sdifficulttoswimin>It*scausingabrasionsontheinsideofthemouth,butthetentaclescan'tgetyouஹAndthehypothermiasetsin>Thewater's85degrees,andyetyou'relosingweightandusingcalories,andasyoueovertowardthesideoftheboat,notallowedtotouchit,notallowedtogetout,butBonnieandherteamhandmenutritionandasksmewhatPmdoing,amIallright,IamseeingtheTajMahaloverhere>I'minaverydifferentstate,andI'mthinking,wow,IneverthoughtI'dberunningintotheTajMahalouthere>It'sgorgeous>Imean,howlongdidittakethemtobuildthat?It'sjust—So,uh,wooo>(Laughter)AndthenwekindofhaveacardinalrulethatI'mnevertold,really,howfaritis,becausewedon'tknowhowfarit 40isஹWhat'sgoingtohappentoyoubetweenthispointandthatpoint?What'sgoingtohappentotheweatherandthecurrentsand,Godforbid,you'restungwhenyoudon'tthinkyoucouldbestunginallthisarmor,andBonniemadeadecisioningintothatthirdmorningthatIwassufferingandIwashangingonbyathreadandshesaid,nehere,"andIcameclosetotheboat,andshesaid,"Look,lookoutthere,"andIsawlight,becausetheday'seasierthanthenight,andIthoughtwewereingintoday,andIsawastreamofwhitelightalongthehorizon,andIsaid,"It'sgoingtobemorningsoon>“Andshesaid,"No,thosearethelightsofKeyWest>"Itwas15morehours,whichformostswimmerswouldbealongtime>(Laughter)(Applause)Youhavenoideahowmany15-hourtrainingswimsIhaddone>Soherewego,andIsomehow,withoutadecision,wentintonocountingofstrokesandnosingingandnoquotingStephenHawkingandtheparametersoftheuniverse,Ijustwentintothinkingaboutthisdream,andwhy,andhow>AndasIsaid,whenIturned60,itwasn'taboutthatconcrete"Canyoudoit?”That*stheeverydaymachinations>That'sthediscipline,andit'sthepreparation,andthere'saprideinthat>ButIdecidedtothink,asIwentalong,about,thephraseusuallyisreachingforthestars,andinmycase,it'sreachingforthehorizon>Andwhenyoureachforthehorizon,asI'veproven,youmaynotgetthere,butwhatatremendousbuildofcharacterandspiritthatyoulaydown>WhatafoundationyoulaydowninreachingforthosehorizonsஹAndnowtheshoreising,andthere'sjustalittlepartofmethat'ssad>Theepicjourneyisgoingtobeover>Somanypeopleeuptomenowandsay,"What'snext?Welovethat!Thatlittletrackerthatwasontheputer?Whenareyougoingtodothenextone?Wejustcan*twaittofollowthenextone>”Well,theywerejusttherefor53hours,andIwasthereforyears>Andsotherewon'tbeanotherepicjourneyintheocean>Butthepointis,andthepointwasthateverydayofourlivesisepic,and1,11tellyou,whenIwalkedupontothatbeach,staggeredupontothatbeach,andIhadsomanytimesinaverypuffedupegoway,rehearsedwhatIwouldsayonthebeachWhenBonniethoughtthatthebackofmythroatwasswellingup,andshebroughtthe 41medicalteamovertoourboattosaythatshe'sreallybeginningtohavetroublebreathingsAnother12,24hoursinthesaltwater,thewholething—andIjustthoughtinmyhallucinatorymoment,thatIheardthewordtracheotomy>(Laughter)AndBonniesaidtothedoctor,"FmnotwomedabouthernotbreathingsIfshecan*ttalkwhenshegetstotheshore,she'sgonnabepissedoffஹn(Laughter)Butthetruthis,allthoseorationsthatIhadpracticedjusttogetmyselfthroughsometrainingswimsasmotivation,itwasn'tlikethat>Itwasaveryrealmoment,withthatcrowd,withmyteam>WedidIdidn*tdoitஹWedidit>Andwellneverforgetit>It'llalwaysbepartofusஹAndthethreethingsthatIdidsortofblurtoutwhenwegotthere,wasfirst,"Never,evergiveupஹ”IliveitஹWhat*sthephrasefromtodayfromSocrates?TobeistodoஹSoIdon'tstandupandsay,don'tevergiveupஹIdidn'tgiveup,andtherewasactionbehindthesewords>Thesecondis,"Youcanchaseyourdreamsatanyage;you*renevertooold>"Sixty-four,thatnooneatanyage,anygender,couldeverdo,hasdoneit,andthere'snodoubtinmymindthatIamattheprimeofmylifetoday>(Applause)Yeah>Thankyou>AndthethirdthingIsaidonthatbeachwas,nItlookslikethemostsolitaryendeavorintheworld,andinmanyways,ofcourse,itis,andinotherways,andthemostimportantways,it'sateam,andifyouthinkI'mabadass,youwanttomeetBonnie>"(Laughter)Bonnie,whereareyou?Whereareyou?There'sBonnieStoll>(Applause)Mybuddy>TheHenryDavidThoreauquotegoes,whenyouachieveyourdreams,it'snotsomuchwhatyougetaswhoyouhavebeeinachievingthem>Andyeah,IstandbeforeyounowஹInthethreemonthssincethatswimended,I'vesatdownwithOprahandI'vebeeninPresidentObama'sOvalOffice>I'vebeeninvitedtospeakinfrontofesteemedgroupssuchasyourselves>I*vesignedawonderfulmajorbookcontract>Allofthat'sgreat,andIdon'tdenigrateit>I'mproudofitall,butthetruthis,Tm 42walkingaroundtallbecauseIamthatbold,fearlessperson,andIwillbe,everyday,untilit'stimeforthesedaystobedoneஹThankyouverymuchandenjoytheconference>Thankyou>Thankyou>Thankyou>(Applause)Thankyou>Thankyou>Thankyou>ThankyouஹThankyou>Findaway!(Applause)Unit2part2TheboilingriveroftheAmazonAsaboyinLima,inygrandfathertoldmealegendoftheSpanishconquestPeru>Atahualpa,emperoroftheInca,hadbeencapturedandkilled>Pizarroandhisconquistadorshadgrownrich,andtalesoftheirconquestandgloryhadreachedSpainandwerebringingnewwavesofSpaniards,hungryfbrgoldandglory>TheywouldgointotownsandasktheInca,“Where'sanothercivilizationwecanconquer?Where'smoregold?"u-ᡃvᙠᑭy;᱅᱅|ᡃ}@ᐵo-JᱛᦑNᓺḇᛞᢕvᜐ⃬ὅsᨵ¢ᩭ,s£¤¥⚚ᑮJᱛᔾ©ᢇJᱛ«ᩭ¬®scᑮ╋,°ᓺ«±Qᨵ²@ᦻ´2£¤µQᨵ²,ᨵ¶®µ’’AndtheInca,outofvengeance,toldthem,"GototheAmazon>You'llfindallthegoldyouwantthere>Infact,thereisacitycalledPaititi—ElDoradoinSpanish—madeentirelyofgoldஹ"¹oº»,ᓺ«/¼½s:“c¿yÀ,',ᨵL¶®NÃÄ',ᨵ@ÅjÆÇÇ—JᱛÉÅElDoradoÊË/0ᵫ¶®Íᡂ”TheSpanishsetoffintothejungle,butthefewthatreturnebackwithstories,storiesofpowerfulshamans,ofwarriorswithpoisonedarrows,oftreessotallthattheyblottedoutthesun,spidersthatatebirds,snakesthatswallowedmenwholeandariverthatboiled>o/0HJᱛ«ÏÐÑÒ'ᱏÔÖ×ᨵØᦪ«ÚḼᦑNÛᩭsÚÛᐵodᜧ⃬ÜÝCᦑNᐵoÞḼßàáâᦑN,ᐵo', 43äå"æçv□ᐝᦑNᐵoᔛë∎íஹMîï$@«ᜧñ,"`ᩩóôõöᦑNAllthisbecameachildhoodmemory>Andyearspassed>I'mworkingonmyPhDatSMU,tryingtounderstandPeru'sgeothermalenergypotential,whenIrememberthislegend,andIbeganaskingthatquestion>Couldtheboilingriverexist?ᡠᨵHYᡂ)ᡃøùúûüùcᡃᑮᓭþ)ᳮÿ ᜧ(SMU)ᡃḼᙢᡃᑮ !ᑮ" #⚪ &'ᩩ)*+,-.ᙠᔩ1Iaskedcolleaguesfromuniversities,thegovernment,oil,gasandminingpanies,andtheanswerwasaunanimousno>Andthismakessense>Yousee,bpilmgriven;3exisJJnJheworid,buttheYTe_ggRgiallYassociatedwithvolcanoesYouneedapowerfulheatsourcetoproducesuchalargegeothermalmanifestation>Andasyoucanseefromthereddotshere,whicharevolcanoes,wedon'thavevolcanoesintheAmazon,norinmostofPeru>Soitfollows:Weshouldnotexpecttoseeaboilingriver>ᡃ23"4568ᩭ:ᔜᜧ<᪥>?@A,CDஹᜩᯠHIJKLMᡠᨵPQᫀS!“U” Qᫀ!ᨵ⍝ᳮYZ)*+,[.ᙠ\]^!ᙠ_`abᨵ" cᜧdᑴ⌼giᜧᙢjklmᑮ4nop8q⊤_`sᙠtuv!wᨵ_`,ᜧ@ᑖᙢyzwᨵ_`ᡠ{g|}Z:ᱏymUᑮ)*+,Tellingthissamestoryatafamilydinner,myaunttellsme,"Butno,Andres,I'vebeenthereஹI'veswuminthatriverஹ"ᙠ"⚶ᡃ ᦑ,ᯠᡃᡃU,ᡃ'ᡃᙠ'ᩩ+”Thenmyunclejumpsinஹ"No,Andres,she'snotkidding>Yousee,youcanonlyswiminitafteraveryheavyrain,andit'sprotectedbyapowerfulshaman>Youraunt,she'sfriendswithhiswife>" 44ᯠᡃzᐭ}”-,wᨵ¡bᨵᙠᜧ¢dᙠ☢p¤"cᜧ⃬¦§¨©ªḼsl«¬!®¯”Youknow,despiteallmyscientificskepticism,LfoundniYSelfhikingintothejungle,guidedbymyaunt,over700kilometersawayfromthenearestvolcaniccenter,andwell,honestly,mentallypreparingmyselftobeholdthelegendary"warmstreamoftheAmazonஹ"°±ᡃ²Z³´i⊤µᝰᶧ,¸!ᙠᡃ¹⚞»,¼'ᱏ½,'¿ᨬÁ_`Âᨵ700L,ᚆÄ ᡃÅÆÇÈÉÊ'ᩩ “tuvᨨ,“ÍᳮÎᜓButthenஹஹஹIheardsomething,alowsurgethatgotlouderandlouderaswecamecloser>Itsoundedlikeoceanwavesconstantlycrashing,andaswegotcloser,Isawsmoke,vapor,ingupthroughthetrees>Andthen,Isawthis>\!ÐÑḼᡃÒᑮ"4ÓÔÕḼᡃ8⌲×ØÙ"ÚÛÜ-ÞßᩭßÔàáâãUäåæ"᪵sᡃ8ØÁᡃmᑮèéIêëì&ᑈgUïᡃmᑮ Iimmediatelygrabbedformythermometer,andtheaveragetemperaturesintheriverwere86degreesCஹThisisnotquitethe100-degreeCboilingbutdefinitelycloseenough>Theriverflowedhotandfast>Ifolloweditupriverandwasledby,actually,theshaman'sapprenticetothemostsacredsiteontheriver>Andthisiswhat*sbizarre—Itstartsoffasacoldstream>Andhere,atthissite,isthehomeoftheYacumama,motherofthewaters,agiantserpentspiritwhobirthshotandcoldwater>Andherewefindahotspring,mixingwithcoldstreamwaterunderneathherprotectivemotherlyjawsandthusbringingtheirlegendstolife>ᡃðuñòóôõö÷ᑮᩩ+,øᙳóôZ86࠷ûᯠüwᨵýᑮ100C)o\zþÑÁᩩ<ó+ÿ ញᙠ⃬ᜧ⚞ᡃᩩᨬᙛᙢ ᝯ!"#$%ᩩ& '() *ᙢ+'(,-..ᦑ0,,-..'(23'(4⌼)678ᜧ9ᮣᙠ;,ᡃ<=ᑮ%?ᜐ6ABCEFG) Hᔠ 45ᙠ?&KLMNOPQRThenextmorning,Iwokeupand--TUᜩWXᡃ⏨ᩭ[Iaskedfortea>Iwashandedamug,ateabagand,well,pointedtowardstheriverTomysurprise,thewaterwascleanandhadapleasanttaste,whichisalittleweirdforgeothermalsystemsஹᡃN^_`ₐb'(ᨵd⌴fᡃ?*.g`?*ₐᒹᯠjᢣḼmᩩnᡃop'(7'(rst_&ᩭuvwGxbᙢ6yzᩭN'(ᨵ {|Whatwasamazingisthalihelocalshadalwaysknownaboutthisplace,andthatIwasbynomeansthefirstoutsidertoseeit>Itwasjustpaitofthe}CYeuydaylife>TheydrinkitswaterஹTheytakeinitsvapor>Theycookwithit,cleanwithit,even~? '(ᙢd?⍝ᨵ*ᙢ+ᡃu'(T?*#QrᙢᩭdL'(<|<ᵨ;7;ᵨL;ᵨ7;s,ᵨL7ᩭᑴImettheshaman,andheseemedlikeanextensionoftheriverandhisjungle>Heaskedformyintentionsandlistenedcarefully>Then,tomytremendousrelief-Iwasfreakingout,tobehonestwithyou—asmilebegantosnakeacrosshisface,andhejustlaughed>ᡃᑮ%⃬ᜧuᡂ%ᩩ?ᑖ¡¢ᡃᩭ£,ᵨ¤¥¦§ᡃ¨ᑮ©ª«¬%-ὁR®¯°ᡃX[wᔥ²%-ᘂ´µµ¶·%Ihadreceivedtheshaman'sblessingtostudytheriver,ontheconditionthatafterItakethewatersamplesandanalyzetheminmylab,whereverIwasintheworld,thatIpourthewatersbackintothegroundsothat,astheshamansaid,thewaterscouldfindtheirwaybackhomeஹᡃxᩩẆ¹ᑮ%⃬ᜧº»¼ᨵ? ⌕¾m'(¿ᡃÀ᪵ÂÃRÄÅᑖ᪆j,ÇᡃᙠÈÉÊ?*´Ëᡃ⌕ÌL7᎔Ãᙢ⃬ᜧN᪵L7ÎÃᑮ ; 46Fvebeenbackeveryyearsincethatfirstvisitin2011,andthefieldworkhasbeenexhilarating,demandingandattimesdangerous>OnestorywasevenfeaturedinNationalGeographicMagazine>Iwastrappedonasmallrockaboutthesizeofasheetofpaperinsandalsandboardshorts,inbetweenan80degreeCriverandahotspringthat,well,lookedlikethis,closetoboiling>Andontopofthat,itwasAmazonrainforest>Pshh,pouringrain,couldn'tseeathingஹThetemperaturedifferentialmadeitallwhite>Itwasawhiteout>Intense>2011ÏÐÑjᡃÒÏÓÃ,ᡃÐÑÔÕ'(Öd,ᨵL[u⚟ᨵLᓻ◅ᢧᡊᡃᦑ!ÜÝÞᑮ%ßàᙢᳮâᩖäᡃÜåᙠ%?æç?᪵ᜧèéᜮ,ëḼìíîïðñòób80C7ôõö ÷Aøùrmú'(ᙠ,.ûüm'(¥ýᜧüþuÿ ᕜᑗᩭ⁐Now,afteryearsofwork,I'llsoonbesubmittingmygeophysicalandgeochemicalstudiesforpublicationAndI'dliketoshare,today,withallofyouhere,ontheTEDstage,forthefirsttime,someofthesediscoveriesஹᙠ Ẇ!,ᡃᓽ%&⊤ᐵ)ᙢᳫᱥᳮ.ᓄ01ᦻ3ᜩ5ᙠTED678ᡃ9.ᜧ;ᑖ=,>?ᡃ✌AB☄ᐸEF&Well,firstoff,it'snotalegendsSurprise!✌ᐜ>H IJKL9 ᑮᔳOTherewerejustnogoodmaps>ThankstothesupportoftheGoogleEarthteam,Inowhavethis>Notonlythat,theindigenousnameoftheriver,Shanay-timpishka,Mboiledwiththeheatofthesun/indicatesthatPmnotthefirsttowonderwhytheriverboils,andshowingthathumanityhasalwayssoughttoexplaintheworldaroundusஹᙠᡃᨬQRS>⚗Ẇ!U,ᨵᐵXYZ[[\]^_`abᵨdU`abefgᙢZ hijkᙢᳫ>Ilmᙠᡃᨵi>I np,>ᩩrstShanay-timpishka,"ᵫv□xRr“KzᡃH {I|>ᩩr}~ᑮ?KziᩭḼᡃ 47Sowhydoestheriverboil?ab>ᩩr}~ᕖItactuallytookmethreeyearstogetthatfootage>>FZ[ᡃi UᦈᩭFault-fedhotsprings>Aswehavehotbloodrunningthroughourveinsandarteries,so,too,theearthhashotwaterrunningthroughitscracksandfaultsஹWhere^thesearteriesetothesurfaceஹtheseeartharteries,,we'llgetgeothermalmanifestations:fumaroles,hotspringsandinourcase,theboilingriveiஹᙢf¡ᑁ⊈¤.¥ᾭ§¨¥Ḽ©⊈᪵,ᙢᳫ«¬.§?¨Ḽ©®dFᙠᙢᳫ⊤☢”¥ᾭ”,ᙢ©⊤:²³´ᡃ>§}~rWhat'strulyincredible,though,isthescaleofthisplace>Nexttimeyoucrosstheroad,thinkaboutthis>Theriverflowswiderthanatwo-laneroadalongmostofitspath^__Itflowshotfor6>24kilometers>Trulyimpressive>TherearethermalpoolslargerthanthisTEDstage,andthatwaterfallthatyouseethereissixmeterstall--andallwithnear-boilingwater>ᯠ¶,·¸¹º>ᩩr»¼½ᜧ¾A¿À ÁÂU Ã>᪵99>ᩩrᜧÄᑖÅ ᙢÆÇÈ ÉÊ⍝Á.¶©®¨ Ç6ஹ24ᓟηÏÐÑᨵF©ÒTED67Ó⌕ᜧ,¶ÀᑮdI᭣Ö,ᐸ×ᨵ6Îe-ᐰÄÚÛ}Ür®Wemappedthetemperaturesalongtheriver,andthiswasbyfarthemostdemandingpartofthefieldworkஹAndtheresultswerejustawesome>Sorry-thegeoscientistinmeingoutஹAnditshowedthisamazingtrend>Yousee,theriverstartsoffcold>Itthenheatsup,coolsbackdown,heatsup,coolsbackdown,heatsupagain,andthenhasthisbeautifuldecaycurveuntilitsmashesintothiscoldriver>ᡃᢥ᯿r®ÇᑴàᙢZ,>⚗áà?âãᨬä¸Äᑖåᩭæç·i èéᡃIᙢᳮê0ë>ìíî☄iᡃæ1ïðåiñòÀ>ᩩrróô®Ú¾ᩭ⌲öᓣøù,øᓣ,úù,øAᓣ)ᨵi>Fû᰿⊦þÿ ᑮᨬᝂNow,Iunderstandnotallofyouaregeothermalscientists,sotoputitinmore 48everydayterms:Everyonelovescoffee>Yes?Good>Yourregularcupofcoffee,54degreesC,anextra-hotone,well,60ஹSo,putincoffeeshopterms,theboilingriverplotslikethis>Thereyouhaveyourhotcoffee>Hereyouhaveyourextra-hotcoffee,andyoucanseethatthere'sabitpointtherewheretheriverisstillhotterthaneventheextra-hotcoffee>Andtheseareaveragewatertemperatures>WetooktheseinthedryseasonIcnsurcthcpurestgeothermaltemperaturesஹᡃ⍝ᙠᨵ Ẇ ᙢ!"ᡠ$ᵨ&'()ᩭ+,-./001᰿ᕸᖹ5ᔩ789:;ᕸᖹ 54࠷,ᱯ>?ᕸᖹ 60roᡠ$ᵨᕸᖹ-.ᩭ@ABCᩭ D᪵D 89ᕸᖹD FᕸᖹG$BᑮDHᨵ8,IIᙢJ,L Dᩩ⌕Oᱯ>?ᕸᖹP⌕?D QᙳSTD1 ᙠUVW⁚YZ᪵[\]^_ᑮᨬ`aᙢSTButthere'samagicnumberherethat'snotbeingshown,andthatnumberis47degreesC,becausethat'swherethingsstarttohurt,andIknowthisfromverypersonalexperienceஹAbovethattemperature,youdon'twanttogetinthatwaterஹYouneedtobecarefulஹItcanbedeadly>bᨵ8,cᦪfgᨵhijᩭL 47࠷,k\D ᨵlmnoᡃ⍝D8o k\ᡃpqᨵrD᪵sᔊur47࠷vgᨵ0wxyᙠLHz{}~k\DG I'veseenallsortsofanimalsfallin,andwhat'sshockingtome,istheprocessisprettymuchthesame>SotheyfallinandthefirstthingtogoaretheeyesஹEyes,apparently,cookveryquickly>Theyturnthismilky-whitecolor>ThestreamiscarryingthemஹThey'retryingtoswimout,buttheirmeatiscookingonthebonebecauseit'ssohot>SotheyYelosingpower,losingpower,untilfinallytheygettoapointwherehotwatergoesintotheirmouthsandtheycookfromtheinsideoutஹᡃBᑮᔜᔜ᪵ᱥᣵᐭHᡃᑮ ,r1ᣵH8,ᑮl hᯠᵨ,ᡂ]¢⁐¤¥ᔁ§¨ᯠ©Ḽ«¬b ¯ᙠ°ᵫᑮᑁ³´Ḽk\STµᙠ¶·]¸ ¹¹ᙢᜫ»]¼½,ᨬ¾ 49]ᘂH,Àᑁ³´rÁÂ]Abitsadistic,aren'twe?JeezஹLeavethemmarinatingforalittlelonger>What's,again,amazingarethesetemperatures>They'resimilartothingsthatFveseenonvolcanoesallovertheworldandevensuper-volcanoeslikeYellowstone>ᨵo0Ãr ᔩ7ᜩᕊᙠÆᑴ8wÈÉ8,cvᜐ STDSTËᡃᡠÌrÍÎÏÐÑÒÓ¸ÔÕuÖÍÎButhere'sthething:thedataisshowingthattheboilingriverexistsindependentofvolcanism>It'sneithermagmaticorvolcanicinorigin,andagain,over700kilometersawayfromthenearestvolcaniccenter>bᨵ×Ø :᪷ÛᦪÛDᩩAËÍÎ ᐳÝᐵßDËàáᡈÍÎ1gᐵßãäå8æᨬçÍÎèDHéᨵ700êHëHowcanaboilingriverexistlikethis?Fveaskedgeothermalexpertsandvolcanologistsforyears,andPmstillunabletofindanothernon-volcanicgeothermalsystemofthismagnitudeIt'suniqueஹIt*sspecialonaglobalscale>So,still--howdoesitwork?Wheredowegetthisheat?There'sstillmoreresearchtobedonetobetterconstraintheproblemandbetterunderstandthesystem,butfromwhatthedataistellingusnow,itlookstobetheresultofalargehydrothermalsystem>D᪵8ᩩA¤ ìíîᡂᕖ7ðᩭᡃñò]óᙢôõËÍÎẆ ὅÑ÷égøᑮÉ8,ùÍÎᙢßú,ᨵüᜧþÿᙠᐰᳫᑁᩭᱯᑮ ᕖ !"#$ᩭ %&'⌕)*+Ẇ-./012ᑴ45⚪7ᳮ9:;<"=>ᡃ&@ᦪBC,EFᵫᜧIJ; 50ᭆPQᩭR:TUVᙢᳫ᪶YZ[T\ᡃ&]^_ᙢ`[ ab/⍩defghᾭjkla⌲nopᐭᙢᳫ᪶Y,ᯠstuvwxyz{,ᙠ|ᑮᙢ`[}~sᑗ:ᱯᙢᱯNow,wefoundthatinandaroundtheriver-thisisworkingwithcolleaguesfromNationalGeographic,Dr^SpencerWells,andDrஹJonEisenfromUCDavis--wegeneticallysequencedtheextremophilelifeformslivinginandaroundtheriver,andhavefoundnewlifeforms,uniquespecieslivingintheboilingriverஹ=>ᡃ&ᩩw$t▬V,ᡃᩭᙢᳮQᩭᙢᳮᩭUCDavis-ᡃ&ᙠw$tᕜᱥ-¡¢£¤¦7§¨ᑮ¢©ªxyᙠuvw$ᱯᱥButagain,despiteallofthesestudies,allofthesediscoveriesandthelegends,aquestionremains:Whatisthesignificanceoftheboilingriver?Whatisthesignificanceofthisstationarycloudthatalwayshoversoverthispatchofjungle?Andwhatisthesignificanceofadetailinachildhoodlegend?«¬ᨵ Ẇ- ®¯°ᨵ45⚪⃪²%Y:uvw³ᙠᨵ´⌕µ¶ᔩ ¸ᱏº»¼☟¿À³ᙠᨵÁµ¶ᕖ ÂὅÄÅÆÇÈᑮ¯ÉᨵÁ´⌕ឋᕖ Totheshamanandhismunity,it'sasacredsite>Tome,asageoscientist,it'sauniquegeothermalphenomenon>Buttotheillegalloggersandcatt[e_farmers,ifsiustanQtherieSQUIcetaexplQilஹ—AndtothePeruviangovernment,itsjustanotherstretchofunprotectedlandreadyfbrdevelopment>⃬Íᜧή¸$ÏÐᩭ4ÑᙛᙢÓᡃᩭ _ÔᙢᳫÕᱯᙢÖ×ØÙᩈ®ÛᱣÝÞßᩭàáâã4btäåᙢÓæçæèéêëᩭàáâã4ì|íîᙢÓïðñäæçMygoalistoensurethatwhoevercontrolsthislandunderstandstheboilingriver'suniquenessandsignificance>Becausethat'sthequestion,oneofsignificance> 51Andthethingthereis,wedefinesignificance>It'sus>Wehavethatpower>WearetheoneswhodrawthatlinebetweenthesacredandthetrivialAndinthisage,whereeverythingseemsmapped,measuredandstudied,inthisageofinformation,Iremindyouallthatdiscoveriesarenotjustmadeintheblackvoidoftheunknownbutinthewhitenoiseofoverwhelmingdata>ᡃ=᪗óíá¬ôõ¬ᱏöᙢ&/øùᩩuvwᱯឋ®´⌕ឋ¤_.5⚪ᡠᙠ,´⌕µ¶~æûü,´⌕®ᔲᵫᡃ&ᩭþ¶ᡃ&%ÿ Ḽ⚗ᩗᑭᡃᩭᙛ⍝ᙠ ᱥ!ᩭ"#$ᙠᙢ&'()*ᩭ+,-.Ẇ0-ᙠ12 ,ᡃ⌕5⏨ᜧ89:;.ᙠ<ᱏ>?₠ABᨩD:;ᙠᚮFHᦪJKLMD:;Thereremainssomuchtoexplore>WeliveinanincredibleworldஹSogooutஹBecuriousஹBecausewedoliveinaworldwhereshamansstillsingtothespiritsofthejungle,whereriversdoboilandwherelegendsdoetolifeஹPᨵRSTUVWXYᡃZ[ᝯ^ᡃ_*W`ḼabcdᡃefZgᨵ⃬iᜧjdkmᮣoᖛᨵqrstuᨵvwᡂd;yThankyouverymuch>zzᜧ8Unit2Part3So,Istartedmyfirstjobasaputerprogrammerinmyveryfirstyearofcollege-basically,asateenager>SoonafterIstartedworking,writingsoftwareinapany,amanagerwhoworkedatthepanycamedowntowhereIwas,andhewhisperedtome,"CanhetellifTmlying?"Therewasnobodyelseintheroom> 52“Canwhotellifyou'relying?Andwhyarewewhispering?0Themanagerpointedattheputerintheroomஹ”CanhetellifFmlying?"Well,thatmanagerwashavinganaffairwiththereceptionistAndIwasstillateenagerSoIwhisper-shoutedbacktohim,HYes,theputercantellifyou'relying>"Well,Ilaughed,butactually,thelaugh*sonme>Nowadays,thereareputationalsystemsthatcansussoutemotionalstatesandevenlyingfromprocessinghumanfacesஹAdvertisersandevengovernmentsareveryinterestedஹIhadbeeaputerprogrammerbecauseIwasoneofthosekidscrazyaboutmathandscience>ButsomewherealongthelineI'dlearnedaboutnuclearweapons,andI'dgottenreallyconcernedwiththeethicsofscienceஹIwastroubled>However,becauseoffamilycircumstances,IalsoneededtostartworkingassoonaspossibleஹSoIthoughttomyself,hey,letmepickatechnicalfieldwhereIcangetajobeasilyandwhereIdon*thavetodealwithanytroublesomequestionsofethics>SoIpickedputers>Well,ha,ha,ha!AllthelaughsareonmeஹNowadays,puterscientistsarebuildingplatformsthatcontrolwhatabillionpeopleseeeverydayஹThey'redevelopingcarsthatcoulddecidewhotorunover>They'reevenbuildingmachines,weapons,thatmightkillhumanbeingsinwar>Ifsethicsallthewaydown>MachineintelligenceishereஹWe'renowusingputationtomakeallsortofdecisions,butalsonewkindsofdecisions>We'reaskingquestionstoputationthathavenosinglerightanswers,thataresubjectiveandopen-endedandvalue-laden>We'reaskingquestionslike,"Whoshouldthepanyhire?"nWhichupdatefromwhichfriendshouldyoubeshown?”"Whichconvictismore1{elytoreoffend?""Whichnewsitemormovieshouldberemendedtopeople?"Look,yes,we'vebeenusingputersfbrawhile,butthisisdifferent>Thisisahistoricaltwist,becausewecannotanchorputationfbrsuchsubjectivedecisionsthewaywecananchorputationfbrflyingairplanes,buildingbridges,goingtothemoon> 53Areairplanessafer?Didthebridgeswayandfall?There,wehaveagreed-upon,fairlyclearbenchmarks,andwehavelawsofnaturetoguideusஹWehavenosuchanchorsandbenchmarksfordecisionsinmessyhumanaffairs>Tomakethingsmoreplicated,oursoftwareisgettingmorepowerful,butitsalsogettinglesstransparentandmoreplex>Recently,inthepastdecade,plexalgorithmshavemadegreatstrides>Theycanrecognizehumanfaces>TheycandecipherhandwritingஹTheycandetectcreditcardfraudandblockspamandtheycantranslatebetweenlanguages>Theycandetecttumorsinmedicalimaging>TheycanbeathumansinchessandGo>Muchofthisprogressesfromamethodcalled"machinelearning>"Machinelearningisdifferentthantraditionalprogramming,whereyougivetheputerdetailed,exact,painstakinginstructions>It'smorelikeyoutakethesystemandyoufeeditlotsofdata,includingunstructureddata,likethekindwegenerateinourdigitallives>Andthesystemlearnsbychurningthroughthisdata>Andalso,crucially,thesesystemsdon'toperateunderasingle-answerlogic>Theydon'tproduceasimpleanswer;it'smoreprobabilistic:"Thisoneisprobablymorelikewhatyou'relookingfor>"Now,theupsideis:thismethodisreallypowerful>TheheadofGoogle*sAIsystemscalledit,"theunreasonableeffectivenessofdata>"Thedownsideis,wedon'treallyunderstandwhatthesystemlearnedInfact,that'sitspowerThisislesslikegivinginstructionstoaputer;it'smoreliketrainingapuppy-machine-creaturewedon*treallyunderstandorcontrol>Sothisisourproblem>It'saproblemwhenthisartificialintelligencesystemgetsthingswrong>It'salsoaproblemwhenitgetsthingsright,becausewedon'tevenknowwhichiswhichwhenit'sasubjectiveproblem>Wedon'tknowwhatthisthingisthinking>So,considerahiringalgorithm——asystemusedtohirepeople,usingmachine-learningsystems>Suchasystemwouldhavebeentrainedonpreviousemployees*dataandinstructedtofindandhirepeopleliketheexistinghighperformersinthepany>SoundsgoodஹIonceattendedaconferencethatbrought 54togetherhumanresourcesmanagersandexecutives,high-levelpeople,usingsuchsystemsinhiring>Theyweresuperexcited>Theythoughtthatthiswouldmakehiringmoreobjective,lessbiased,andgivewomenandminoritiesabettershotagainstbiasedhumanmanagers>Andlook 55tellthisbylookingatgenderbreakdowns>Thosemaybebalanced>Andsincethisismachinelearning,nottraditionalcoding,thereisnovariabletherelabeled"higherriskofdepression/"higherriskofpregnancy/"aggressiveguyscale>“Notonlydoyounotknowwhatyoursystemisselectingon,youdon'tevenknowwheretobegintolook>It'sablackbox>Ithaspredictivepower,butyoudon*tunderstanditஹ“Whatsafeguards,'11asked,ndoyouhavetomakesurethatyourblackboxisn'tdoingsomethingshady?”ShelookedatmeasifIhadjuststeppedon10puppytails>Shestaredatmeandshesaid,nIdon*twanttohearanotherwordaboutthis.”Andsheturnedaroundandwalkedaway>Mindyou 56InWisconsin,adefendantwassentencedtosixyearsinprisonforevadingthepoliceஹYoumaynotknowthis,butalgorithmsareincreasinglyusedinparoleandsentencingdecisions>Hewantedtoknow:Howisthisscorecalculated?It*samercialblackbox>ThepanyrefusedtohaveitsalgorithmbechallengedinopencourtஹButProPublica,aninvestigativenonprofit,auditedthatveryalgorithmwithwhatpublicdatatheycouldfind,andfoundthatitsouteswerebiasedanditspredictivepowerwasdismal,barelybetterthanchance,anditwaswronglylabelingblackdefendantsasfuturecriminalsattwicetherateofwhitedefendants>So,considerthiscase:ThiswomanwaslatepickinguphergodsisterfromaschoolinBrowardCounty,Florida,runningdownthestreetwithafriendofhers.Theyspottedanunlockedkid'sbikeandascooteronaporchandfoolishlyjumpedonit>Astheywerespeedingoff,awomancameoutandsaid,"Hey!Thatsmykid'sbike!"Theydroppedit,theywalkedaway,buttheywerearrested>Shewaswrong,shewasfoolish,butshewasalsojust18>Shehadacoupleofjuvenilemisdemeanors>Meanwhile,thatmanhadbeenarrestedforshopliftinginHomeDepot_85dollars*worthofstuff,asimilarpettycrime>Buthehadtwopriorarmedrobberyconvictions>Butthealgorithmscoredherashighrisk,andnothim>Twoyearslater,ProPublicafoundthatshehadnotreoffendedஹItwasjusthardtogetajobforherwithherrecord>He,ontheotherhand,didreoffendandisnowservinganeight-yearprisontermforalatercrime^Clearly,weneedtoauditourblackboxesandnothavethemhavethiskindofuncheckedpower>Auditsaregreatandimportant,buttheydon'tsolveallourproblems>TakeFacebook'spowerfulnewsfeedalgorithm-youknow,theonethatrankseverythinganddecideswhattoshowyoufromallthefriendsandpagesyoufollow>Shouldyoubeshownanotherbabypicture?Asullennotefromanacquaintance?Animportantbutdifficultnewsitem?There'snorightanswer>Facebookoptimizesforengagementonthesite:likes,shares,ments> 57InAugustof2014,protestsbrokeoutinFerguson,Missouri,afterthekillingofanAfrican-Americanteenagerbyawhitepoliceofficer,undermurkycircumstances>ThenewsoftheprotestswasallovermyalgorithmicallyunfilteredTwitterfeed,butnowhereonmyFacebook>WasitmyFacebookfriends?IdisabledFacebook'salgorithm,whichishardbecauseFacebookkeepswantingtomakeyoueunderthealgorithm'scontrol,andsawthatmyfriendsweretalkingaboutit>Itsjustthatthealgorithmwasn'tshowingittome>IresearchedthisandfoundthiswasawidespreadproblemThestoryofFergusonwasn'talgorithm-friendly>It'snot"likable"Who'sgoingtoclickon"like?"It'snoteveneasytomentonஹWithoutlikesandments,thealgorithmwaslikelyshowingittoevenfewerpeople,sowedidn'tgettoseethis>Instead,thatweek,Facebook'salgorithmhighlightedthis,whichistheALSIceBucketChallenge>Worthycause;dumpicewater,donatetocharity,fine>Butitwassuperalgorithm-friendly>Themachinemadethisdecisionforus>Averyimportantbutdifficultconversationmighthavebeensmothered,hadFacebookbeentheonlychannel>Now,finally,thesesystemscanalsobewronginwaysthatdon'tresemblehumansystems>DoyouguysrememberWatson,IBM'smachine-intelligencesystemthatwipedthefloorwithhumancontestantsonJeopardy?ItwasagreatplayerButthen,forFinalJeopardy,Watsonwasaskedthisquestion:nItslargestairportisnamedforaWorldWarIIhero,itssecond-largestforaWorldWarIIbattle>nChicago>Thetwohumansgotitright>Watson,ontheotherhand,answered"Toronto”-foraUScitycategory!Theimpressivesystemalsomadeanerrorthatahumanwouldnevermake,asecond-graderwouldn'tmake>Ourmachineintelligencecanfailinwaysthatdon'tfiterrorpatternsofhumans,inwayswewon*texpectandbepreparedfor>It'dbelousynottogetajoboneisqualifiedfor,butitwouldtriplesuckifitwasbecauseofstackoverflowinsomesubroutine^InMayof2010,aflashcrashonWallStreetfueledbyafeedbackloopin 58WallStreets"sell"algorithmwipedatrilliondollarsofvaluein36minutesஹIdon'tevenwanttothinkwhat"error"meansinthecontextoflethalautonomousweapons>Soyes,humanshavealwaysmadebiases>Decisionmakersandgatekeepers,incourts,innews,inwarஹஹஹtheymakemistakes;butthat'sexactlymypoint>Wecannotescapethesedifficultquestions>Wecannotoutsourceourresponsibilitiestomachines>Artificialintelligencedoesnotgiveusa“Getoutofethicsfree"card>DatascientistFredBenensoncallsthismath-washing>Weneedtheopposite>Weneedtocultivatealgorithmsuspicion,scrutinyandinvestigation>Weneedtomakesurewehavealgorithmicaccountability,auditingandmeaningfultransparency>Weneedtoacceptthatbringingmathandputationtomessy,value-ladenhumanaffairsdoesnotbringobjectivity;rather,theplexityofhumanaffairsinvadesthealgorithms>Yes,wecanandweshoulduseputationtohelpusmakebetterdecisions>Butwehavetoownuptoourmoralresponsibilitytojudgment,andusealgorithmswithinthatframework,notasameanstoabdicateandoutsourceourresponsibilitiestooneanotherashumantohuman>Machineintelligenceishere>ThatmeanswemustholdonevertightertohumanvaluesandhumanethicsஹThankyouஹUnit3part1IwanttointroduceyoutoanamazingwomanHernameisDavinia>DaviniawasborninJamaica,emigratedtotheUSattheageof18,andnowlivesjustoutsideofWashington,DCஹShe'snotahigh-poweredpoliticalstaffer,noralobbyistஹShe'dprobablytellyoushe'squiteunremarkable,butshe'shavingthemostremarkableimpactஹWhat'sincredibleaboutDaviniaisthatshe'swillingtospendtimeeverysingleweekfocusedonpeoplewhoarenother:peoplenotherinherneighborhood,herstate,noreveninhercountry-peopleshe*dlikelynevermeet> 5900:37Davinia'simpactstartedafewyearsagowhenshereachedouttoallofherfriendsonFacebook,andaskedthemtodonatetheirpenniessoshecouldfundgirls*education>Shewasn'texpectingahugeresponse,but700,000pennieslater,she'snowsentover120girlstoschool>Whenwespokelastweek,shetoldmeshe'sbeealittleinfamousatthelocalbankeverytimesherocksupwithashoppingcartfullofpennies>01:05Now-Daviniaisnotalone>FarfromitஹShe'spartofagrowingmovementஹAndthere'sanameforpeoplelikeDavinia:globalcitizens>Aglobalcitizenissomeonewhoself-identifiesfirstandforemostnotasamemberofastate,atribeoranation,butasamemberofthehumanrace,andsomeonewhoispreparedtoactonthatbelief,totackleourworld'sgreatestchallenges>Ourworkisfocusedonfinding,supportingandactivatingglobalcitizens>Theyexistineverycountryandamongeverydemographic>01:45Iwanttomakethecasetoyoutodaythattheworld'sfuturedependsonglobalcitizens>I'mconvincedthatifwehadmoreglobalcitizensactiveinourworld,theneverysingleoneofthemajorchallengesweface-frompoverty,climatechange,genderinequality-theseissuesbeesolvableTheyareultimatelyglobalissues,andtheycanultimatelyonlybesolvedbyglobalcitizensdemandingglobalsolutionsfromtheirleaders>02:12Now,somepeople'simmediatereactiontothisideaisthatit'seitherabitutopianoreventhreateningஹSoI'dliketosharewithyoualittleofmystorytoday,howIendeduphere,howitconnectswithDaviniaand,hopefully,withyou>02:28 60GrowingupinMelbourne,Australia,Iwasoneofthoseseriouslyirritatinglittlekidsthatnever,everstoppedasking,"Why?"Youmighthavebeenoneyourself>Iusedtoaskmymumthemostannoyingquestions>I'daskherquestionslike,nMum,whyIcan'tIdressupandplaywithpuppetsallday?""Whydoyouwantfrieswiththat?""Whatisashrimp,andwhydowehavetokeepthrowingthemonthebarbie?1102:51(Laughter)02:52"Andmum—thishaircut>Why?”02:55(Laughter)02:58Theworsthaircut,Ithink>Stillterrible>03:02Asa"why"kid,IthoughtIcouldchangetheworld,anditwasimpossibletoconvincemeotherwise>AndwhenIwas12andinmyfirstyearofhighschool,IstartedraisingmoneyformunitiesinthedevelopingworldWewereareallyenthusiasticgroupofkids,andweraisedmoremoneythananyotherschoolinAustralia>AndsoIwasawardedthechancetogotothePhilippinestolearnmore>Itwas1998>WeweretakenintoaslumintheoutskirtsofManila>ItwasthereIbecamefriendswithSonnyBoy,wholivedonwhatwasliterallyapileofsteaminggarbage>"SmokyMountain”waswhattheycalleditஹButdon'tlettheromanceofthatnamefoolyou,becauseitwasnothingmorethanarancidlandfillthatkidslikeSonnyBoyspenthoursrummagingthrougheverysingledaytofindsomething,anythingofvalue>03:51 61ThatnightwithSonnyBoyandhisfamilychangedmylifeforever,becausewhenitcametimetogotosleep,wesimplylaiddownonthisconcreteslabthesizeofhalfmybedroomwithmyself,SonnyBoy,andtherestofhisfamily,sevenofusinthislongline,withthesmellofrubbishallaroundusandcockroachescrawlingallaround>AndIdidn*tsleepawink,butIlayawakethinkingtomyself,"WhyshouldanyonehavetolivelikethiswhenIhavesomuch?WhyshouldSonnyBoy'sabilitytoliveouthisdreamsbedeterminedbywherehe'sborn,orwhatWarrenBuffettcalled'theovarianlottery?1"Ijustdidn'tgetit,andIneededtounderstandwhy>04:29Now,IonlylatercametounderstandthatthepovertyI'dseeninthePhilippineswastheresultofdecisionsmadeornotmade,man-made,byasuccessionofcolonialpowersandcorruptgovernmentswhohadanythingbuttheinterestsofSonnyBoyatheart>Sure,theydidn'tcreateSmokyMountain,buttheymayaswellhave>Andifwe'retotrytohelpkidslikeSonnyBoy,itwouldn'tworkjusttotrytosendhimafewdollarsortotrytocleanupthegarbagedumponwhichhelived,becausethecoreoftheproblemlayelsewhere>AndasIworkedonmunitydevelopmentprojectsovertheingyearstryingtohelpbuildschools,trainteachers,andtackleHIVandAIDS,Icametoseethatmunitydevelopmentshouldbedrivenbymunitiesthemselves,andthatalthoughcharityisnecessary,it'snotsufficient>Weneedtoconfrontthesechallengesonaglobalscaleandinasystemicway>AndthebestthingIcoulddoistrytomobilizealargegroupofcitizensbackhometoinsistthatourleadersengageinthatsystemicchange>05:31That'swhy,afewyearslater,IjoinedwithagroupofcollegefriendsinbringingtheMakePovertyHistorycampaigntoAustralia>WehadthisdreamofstagingthissmallconcertaroundthetimeoftheG20withlocalAussieartists,anditsuddenlyexplodedonedaywhenwegotaphonecallfromBono,theEdgeandPearlJam,whoallagreedtoheadlineourconcert>Igotalittlebitexcitedthatday,asyoucansee^ 6205:57(Laughter)05:59Buttoouramazement,theAustraliangovernmentheardourcollectivevoices,andtheyagreedtodoubleinvestmentintoglobalhealthanddevelopment--anadditional6ஹ2billiondollars>Itfeltlike—06:12(Applause)06:16Itfeltlikethisincrediblevalidation>Byrallyingcitizenstogether,wehelpedpersuadeourgovernmenttodotheunthinkable,andacttofixaproblemmilesoutsideofourbordersஹ06:28Buthere'sthething:itdidn'tlastஹSee,therewasachangeingovernment,andsixyearslater,allthatnewmoneydisappearedWhatdidwelearn?Welearnedthatone-offspikesarenotenough>Weneededasustainablemovement,notonethatissusceptibletothefluctuatingmoodsofapoliticianorthehintofaneconomicdownturn>Anditneededtohappeneverywhere;otherwise,everyindividualgovernmentwouldhavethisbuilt-inexcusemechanismthattheycouldn'tpossiblycarrytheburdenofglobalactionalone07:05Andsothisiswhatweembarkedupon>Andasweembarkeduponthischallenge,weaskedourselves,howdowegainenoughpressureandbuildabroadenougharmytowinthesefightsforthelongterm?Wecouldonlythinkofoneway>Weneededtosomehowturnthatshort-termexcitementofpeopleinvolvedwiththeMakePovertyHistorycampaignintolong-termpassion>Ithadtobepartoftheiridentity>Soin 632012,wecofoundedanorganizationthathadexactlythatasitsgoal>Andtherewasonlyonenameforit:GlobalCitizen>07:40Butthisisnotaboutanyoneorganization>Thisisaboutcitizenstakingaction>Andresearchdatatellsusthatofthetotalpopulationwhoevencareaboutglobalissues,only18percenthavedoneanythingaboutitஹIt'snotthatpeopledon'twanttoact>It'softenthattheydon'tknowhowtotakeaction,orthattheybelievethattheiractionswillhavenoeffect>Sowehadtosomehowrecruitandactivatemillionsofcitizensindozensofcountriestoputpressureontheirleaderstobehavealtruistically>08:12Andaswedidso,wediscoveredsomethingreallythrilling,thatwhenyoumakeglobalcitizenshipyourmission,yousuddenlyfindyourselfwithsomeextraordinaryallies>See,extremepovertyisn'ttheonlyissuethat'sfundamentallyglobal>So,too,isclimatechange,humanrights,genderequality,evenconflictஹWefoundourselvesshouldertoshoulderwithpeoplewhoarepassionateabouttargetingalltheseinterrelatedissues>08:39Buthowdidweactuallygoaboutrecruitingandengagingthoseglobalcitizens?Well,weusedtheuniversallanguage:music>WelaunchedtheGlobalCitizenFestivalintheheartofNewYorkCityinCentralPark,andwepersuadedsomeoftheworld'sbiggestartiststoparticipate>WemadesurethatthesefestivalscoincidedwiththeUNGeneralAssemblymeeting,sothatleaderswhoneedtohearourvoicescouldn'tpossibleignorethem>09:06Buttherewasatwist:youcouldn'tbuyaticket>YouhadtoearnitஹYouhadtotakeactiononbehalfofaglobalcause,andonlyonceyou'ddonethatcouldyouearn 64enoughpointstoqualifyActivismisthecurrency>Ihadnointerestincitizenshippurelyassomesortoffeel-goodthingஹForme,citizenshipmeansyouhavetoact,andthat'swhatwerequired>Andamazingly,itworked>Lastyear,morethan155,000citizensintheNewYorkareaaloneearnedenoughpointstoqualify>Globally,we'venowsignedupcitizensinover150countriesaroundtheworld>Andlastyear,wesignedupmorethan100,000newmemberseachandeveryweekofthewholeyear>09:49See,wedon*tneedtocreateglobalcitizensfromnothingஹWe'realreadyeverywhere>WejustneedtobeorganizedandmotivatedtostartactingஹAndthisiswhereIbelievewecanlearnalotfromDavinia,whostartedtakingactionasaglobalcitizenbackin2012>Here'swhatshedid>Itwasn'trocketscience>Shestartedwritingletters,emailingpoliticians1offices>Shevolunteeredhertimeinherlocalmunity>That'swhenshegotactiveonsocialmediaandstartedtocollectpennies-alotofpennies>10:26Now,maybethatdoesn'tsoundlikealottoyouஹHowwillthatachieveanything?Well,itachievedalotbecauseshewasn'talone>Heractions,alongside142,000otherglobalcitizens*,ledtheUSgovernmenttodoubletheirinvestmentintoGlobalPartnershipforEducation>Andhere'sDrஹRajShah,theheadofUSAID,makingthatannouncementsSee,whenthousandsofglobalcitizensfindinspirationfromeachother,it'samazingtoseetheircollectivepower>GlobalcitizenslikeDaviniahelpedpersuadetheWorldBanktoboosttheirinvestmentintowaterandsanitation>Here'stheBank'spresidentJimKimannouncing15billiondollarsonstageatGlobalCitizen,andPrimeMinisterModiofIndiaaffirmedhismitmenttoputatoiletineveryhouseholdandschoolacrossIndiaby2019>Globalcitizensencouragedbythelate-nighthostStephenColbertlaunchedaTwitterinvasiononNorway>ErnaSolberg,thecountry'sPrimeMinister,gotthemessage,miningtodoubleinvestment 65intogirls*education>GlobalcitizenstogetherwithRotarianscalledontheCanadian,UK,andAustraliangovernmentstoboosttheirinvestmentintopolioeradication>Theygottogetherandmitted665milliondollars>11:44Butdespiteallofthismomentum,wefacesomehugechallenges>See,youmightbethinkingtoyourself,howcanwepossiblypersuadeworldleaderstosustainafocusonglobalissues?Indeed,thepowerfulAmericanpoliticianTipO'Neilloncesaid,"Allpoliticsislocal>"That'swhatalwaysgotpoliticianselected:toseek,gainandholdontopowerthroughthepursuitoflocaloratverybestnationalinterests>12:16IexperiencedthisforthefirsttimewhenIwas21yearsold>Itookameetingwithathen-AustralianForeignMinisterwhoshallremainnameless—12:27[AlexanderDowner]12:28(Laughter)12:31Andbehindcloseddoors,IsharedwithhimmypassiontoendextremepovertyஹIsaid,HMinister--Australiahasthisonce-in-a-lifetimeopportunitytohelpachievetheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals>Wecandothis>"Andhepaused,lookeddownonmewithcold,dismissiveeyes,andhesaid,"Hugh,noonegivesafunkaboutforeignaidஹ”Excepthedidn'tusetheword"funkஹ”HewentonஹHesaidweneedtolookafterourownbackyardfirst>12:59 66Thisis,Ibelieve,outdated,evendangerousthinkingஹOrasmylategrandfatherwouldsay,pleteBS>Parochialismoffersthisfalsedichotomybecauseitpitsthepoorinonecountryagainstthepoorinanother>Itpretendswecanisolateourselvesandournationsfromoneanother>Thewholeworldisourbackyard,andweignoreitatourperil>See,lookwhathappenedwhenweignoredRwanda,whenweignoreSyria,whenweignoreclimatechange>Politicalleadersoughttogivea"funk"becausetheimpactofclimatechangeandextremepovertyesrighttoourshore>13:35Now,globalcitizens-theyunderstandthis>Weliveinatimethatfavorstheglobalcitizen,inanagewhereeverysinglevoicecanbeheard>See,doyourememberwhentheMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsweresignedbackintheyear2000?Themostwecoulddointhosedayswasfireoffaletterandwaitforthenextelection>Therewasnosocialmedia>Today,billionsofcitizenshavemoretools,moreaccesstoinformation,morecapacitytoinfluencethaneverbefore>Boththeproblemsandthetoolstosolvethemarerightbeforeus>Theworldhaschanged,andthoseofuswholookbeyondourbordersareontherightsideofhistory>14:16Sowherearewe?Sowerunthisamazingfestival,we'vescoredsomebigpolicywins,andcitizensaresigningupallovertheworldஹButhaveweachievedourmission?NoஹWehavesuchalongwaytogoஹ14:32ButthisistheopportunitythatIseeஹTheconceptofglobalcitizenship,self-evidentinitslogicbutuntilnowimpracticalinmanyways,hascoincidedwiththisparticularmomentinwhichweareprivilegedtolive>We,asglobalcitizens,nowhaveauniqueopportunitytoacceleratelarge-scalepositivechangearoundtheworldஹSointhemonthsandyearsahead,globalcitizenswillholdworldleadersaccountabletoensurethatthenewGlobalGoalsforSustainableDevelopmentaretrackedand 67implemented>Globalcitizenswillpartnerwiththeworld'sleadingNGOstoenddiseaseslikepolioandmalaria>Globalcitizenswillsignupineverycomerofthisglobe,increasingthefrequency,qualityandimpactoftheiractions>Thesedreamsarewithinreach>Imagineanarmyofmillionsgrowingintotensofmillions,connected,informed,engagedandunwillingtotakenofbrananswer>15:38Overalltheseyears,FvetriedtoreconnectwithSonnyBoy>Sadly,I'vebeenunabletoஹWemetlongbeforesocialmedia,andhisaddresshasnowbeenrelocatedbytheauthorities,asoftenhappenswithslums>I'dlovetositdownwithhim,whereverheis,andsharewithhimhowmuchthetimeIspentonSmokyMountaininspiredmeஹThankstohimandsomanyothers,Icametounderstandtheimportanceofbeingpartofamovementofpeople—thekidswillingtolookupfromtheirscreensandouttotheworld,theglobalcitizens>Globalcitizenswhostandtogether,whoaskthequestion"Why?,"whorejectthenaysayers,andembracetheamazingpossibilitiesoftheworldweshare>16:31I'maglobalcitizen>16:33Areyou?16:34Thankyou>16:36(Applause)Level?Unit3Part2Howwereadeachother'smindsTodayI'mgoingtotalktoyouabouttheproblemofotherminds> 68AndtheproblemI'mgoingtotalkaboutisnotthefamiliaronefromphilosophy,whichis,"Howcanweknowwhetherotherpeoplehaveminds?"Thatis,maybeyouhaveamind,andeveryoneelseisjustareallyconvincingrobotஹSothat'saprobleminphilosophy,butfortoday'spurposesI'mgoingtoassumethatmanypeopleinthisaudiencehaveamind,andthatIdon'thavetoworryaboutthis>Thereisasecondproblemthatismaybeevenmorefamiliartousasparentsandteachersandspousesandnovelists,whichis,“Whyisitsohardtoknowwhatsomebodyelsewantsorbelieves?0Orperhaps,morerelevantly,nWhyisitsohardtochangewhatsomebodyelsewantsorbelieves?"Ithinknovelistsputthisbest>LikePhilipRoth,whosaid,nAndyet,whatarewetodoaboutthisterriblysignificantbusinessofotherpeople?Soillequippedareweall,toenvisiononeanothefsinteriorworkingsandinvisibleaimsஹ"Soasateacherandasaspouse,thisis,ofcourse,aproblemIconfronteverydayஹButasascientist,I'minterestedinadifferentproblemofotherminds,andthatistheonePmgoingtointroducetoyoutoday>Andthatproblemis,"Howisitsoeasytoknowotherminds?"Sotostartwithanillustration,youneedalmostnoinformation,onesnapshotofastranger,toguesswhatthiswomanisthinking,orwhatthismanis^Andputanotherway,thecruxoftheproblemisthemachinethatweuseforthinkingaboutotherminds,ourbrain,ismadeupofpieces,braincells,thatwesharewithallotheranimals,withmonkeysandmiceandevenseaslugs>Andyet,youputthemtogetherinaparticularnetwork,andwhatyougetisthecapacitytowriteRomeoandJuliet>Ortosay,asAlanGreenspandid,"IknowyouthinkyouunderstandwhatyouthoughtIsaid,butTmnotsureyourealizethatwhatyouheardisnotwhatImeant>"(Laughter)So,thejobofmyfieldofcognitiveneuroscienceistostandwiththeseideas,oneineachhand> 69Andtotrytounderstandhowyoucanputtogethersimpleunits,simplemessagesoverspaceandtime,inanetwork,andgetthisamazinghumancapacitytothinkaboutminds>SoI'mgoingtotellyouthreethingsaboutthistoday>Obviouslythewholeprojecthereishuge>AndPmgoingtotellyoujustourfirstfewstepsaboutthediscoveryofaspecialbrainregionforthinkingaboutotherpeople'sthoughts>Someobservationsontheslowdevelopmentofthissystemaswelearnhowtodothisdifficultjob>Andthenfinally,toshowthatsomeofthedifferencesbetweenpeople,inhowwejudgeothers,canbeexplainedbydifferencesinthisbrainsystem>Sofirst,thefirstthingIwanttotellyouisthatthereisabrainregioninthehumanbrain,inyourbrains,whosejobitistothinkaboutotherpeople'sthoughts>ThisisapictureofitஹIt'scalledtheRightTemporo-ParietalJunction>It'saboveandbehindyourrightear>AndthisisthebrainregionyouusedwhenyousawthepicturesIshowedyou,orwhenyoureadRomeoandJulietorwhenyoutriedtounderstandAlanGreenspan>Andyoudon'tuseitforsolvinganyotherkindsoflogicalproblems>SothisbrainregioniscalledtheRightTPJஹAndthispictureshowstheaverageactivationinagroupofwhatwecalltypicalhumanadults>They'reMITundergraduates>(Laughter)ThesecondthingIwanttosayaboutthisbrainsystemisthatalthoughwehumanadultsarereallygoodatunderstandingotherminds,weweren'talwaysthatway>Ittakeschildrenalongtimetobreakintothesystem>I'mgoingtoshowyoualittlebitofthatlong,extendedprocess>ThefirstthingPmgoingtoshowyouisachangebetweenagethreeandfive,askidslearntounderstandthatsomebodyelsecanhavebeliefsthataredifferentfromtheirown> 70SoI'mgoingtoshowyouafive-year-oldwhoisgettingastandardkindofpuzzlethatwecallthefalsebelieftask^RebeccaSaxe(Video):Thisisthefirstpirate>HisnameisIvan>Andyouknowwhatpiratesreallylike?Child:What?RS:Piratesreallylikecheesesandwiches>Child:Cheese?Ilovecheese!RS:Yeah>SoIvanhasthischeesesandwich,andhesays,"Yumyumyumyumyum!Ireallylovecheesesandwiches>"AndIvanputshissandwichoverhere,ontopofthepiratechest>AndIvansays,"Youknowwhat?Ineedadrinkwithmylunch>“AndsoIvangoestogetadrink>AndwhileIvanisawaythewindes,anditblowsthesandwichdownontothegrass>Andnow,hereestheotherpirate>ThispirateiscalledJoshua>AndJoshuaalsoreallylovescheesesandwiches>SoJoshuahasacheesesandwichandhesays,"Yumyumyumyumyum!Ilovecheesesandwiches>"Andheputshischeesesandwichoverhereontopofthepiratechest>Child:So,thatoneishisஹRS:ThatoneisJoshua'sஹThat'srightஹChild:AndthenhiswentonthegroundஹRS:That'sexactlyrightஹChild:Sohewon'tknowwhichoneishis>RS:Oh>SonowJoshuagoesofftogetadrink>Ivanesbackandhesays,nIwantmycheesesandwich>"SowhichonedoyouthinkIvanisgoingtotake?Child:Ithinkheisgoingtotakethatone>RS:Yeah,youthinkhe'sgoingtotakethatone?Allright>Let'ssee>Ohyeah,youwereright>Hetookthatone>Sothat'safive-year-oldwhoclearlyunderstandsthatotherpeoplecanhavefalsebeliefsandwhattheconsequencesarefortheiractionsஹNowI'mgoingtoshowyouathree-year-oldwhogotthesamepuzzle>RS:AndIvansays,"Iwantmycheesesandwich>“Whichsandwichishegoingtotake?Doyouthinkhe'sgoingtotakethatone?Let'sseewhathappens>Let'sseewhathedoes>HereesIvan>Andhesays,"Iwantmycheesesandwich> 71Andhetakesthisone>Uh-oh>Whydidhetakethatone?Child:Hiswasonthegrass>Sothethree-year-olddoestwothingsdifferently>First,hepredictsIvanwilltakethesandwichthat'sreallyhisஹAndsecond,whenheseesIvantakingthesandwichwherehelefthis,wherewewouldsayhe'stakingthatonebecausehethinksit'shis,thethree-year-oldesupwithanotherexplanation:He'snottakinghisownsandwichbecausehedoesn'twantit,becausenowifsdirty,ontheground>Sothat'swhyhe'stakingtheothersandwich>Nowofcourse,developmentdoesn'tendatfive>Andwecanseethecontinuationofthisprocessoflearningtothinkaboutotherpeople'sthoughtsbyuppingtheanteandaskingchildrennow,notforanactionprediction,butforamoraljudgmentஹSofirstPmgoingtoshowyouthethree-year-oldagain>RS>:SoisIvanbeingmeanandnaughtyfortakingJoshua'ssandwich?Child:Yeah>RS:ShouldIvangetintroublefortakingJoshua'ssandwich?Child:Yeah>Soit'smaybenotsurprisinghethinksitwasmeanofIvantotakeJoshua'ssandwich,sincehethinksIvanonlytookJoshua*ssandwichtoavoidhavingtoeathisowndirtysandwich>ButnowI'mgoingtoshowyouthefive-year-old>Rememberthefive-year-oldpletelyunderstoodwhyIvantookJoshua'ssandwich>RS:WasIvanbeingmeanandnaughtyfortakingJoshua'ssandwich?Child:Um,yeah>Andso,itisnotuntilageseventhatwegetwhatlooksmorelikeanadultresponse>RS:ShouldIvangetintroublefortakingJoshua'ssandwich?Child:No,becausethewindshouldgetintrouble>Hesaysthewindshouldgetintroubleforswitchingthesandwichesஹ(Laughter)Andnowwhatwe'vestartedtodoinmylabistoputchildrenintothebrainscannerandaskwhat'sgoingonintheirbrainastheydevelopthisabilitytothinkaboutotherpeople'sthoughts> 72Sothefirstthingisthatinchildrenweseethissamebrainregion,theRightTPJ,beingusedwhilechildrenarethinkingaboutotherpeopleஹButit'snotquiteliketheadultbrain>Sowhereasintheadults,asItoldyou,thisbrainregionisalmostpletelyspecialized—itdoesalmostnothingelseexceptforthinkingaboutotherpeople'sthoughts-inchildrenit'smuchlessso,whentheyareagefivetoeight,theagerangeofthechildrenIjustshowedyou>Andactuallyifweevenlookateightto11-year-olds,gettingintoearlyadolescence,theystilldon'thavequiteanadult-likebrainregion>Andso,whatwecanseeisthatoverthecourseofchildhoodandevenintoadolescence,boththecognitivesystem,ourmind'sabilitytothinkaboutotherminds,andthebrainsystemthatsupportsitarecontinuing,slowly,todevelop>Butofcourse,asyou'reprobablyaware,eveninadulthood,peopledifferfromoneanotherinhowgoodtheyareatthinkingofotherminds,howoftentheydoitandhowaccurately>Andsowhatwewantedtoknowwas,coulddifferencesamongadultsinhowtheythinkaboutotherpeople'sthoughtsbeexplainedintermsofdifferencesinthisbrainregion?So,thefirstthingthatwedidiswegaveadultsaversionofthepirateproblemthatwegavetothekidsஹAndPmgoingtogivethattoyounowஹSoGraceandherfriendareonatourofachemicalfactory,andtheytakeabreakforcoffee>AndGrace'sfriendasksforsomesugarinhercoffee>Gracegoestomakethecoffeeandfindsbythecoffeeapotcontainingawhitepowder,whichissugar>Butthepowderislabeled"DeadlyPoison/1soGracethinksthatthepowderisadeadlypoison>Andsheputsitinherfriend'scoffee>Andherfrienddrinksthecoffee,andisfineஹHowmanypeoplethinkitwasmorallypermissiblefbrGracetoputthepowderinthecoffee?Okay>Good>(Laughter) 73Soweaskpeople,howmuchshouldGracebeblamedinthiscase,whichwecallafailedattempttoharm?Andwecanparethattoanothercase,whereeverythingintherealworldisthesame>Thepowderisstillsugar,butwhat'sdifferentiswhatGracethinks>Nowshethinksthepowderissugar>Andperhapsunsurprisingly,ifGracethinksthepowderissugarandputsitinherfriend'scoffee,peoplesayshedeservesnoblameatallஹWhereasifshethinksthepowderwaspoison,eventhoughit'sreallysugar,nowpeoplesayshedeservesalotofblame,eventhoughwhathappenedintherealworldwasexactlythesame>Andinfact,theysayshedeservesmoreblameinthiscase,thefailedattempttoharm,thaninanothercase,whichwecallanaccident>WhereGracethoughtthepowderwassugar,becauseitwaslabeled"sugar"andbythecoffeemachine,butactuallythepowderwaspoison>Soeventhoughwhenthepowderwaspoison,thefrienddrankthecoffeeanddied,peoplesayGracedeserveslessblameinthatcase,whensheinnocentlythoughtitwassugar,thanintheothercase,whereshethoughtitwaspoisonandnoharmoccurred>People,though,disagreealittlebitaboutexactlyhowmuchblameGraceshouldgetintheaccidentcase>Somepeoplethinksheshoulddeservemoreblame,andotherpeopleless>AndwhatI'mgoingtoshowyouiswhathappenedwhenwelookinsidethebrainsofpeoplewhilethey'remakingthatjudgmentஹSowhatImshowingyou,fromlefttoright,ishowmuchactivitytherewasinthisbrainregion,andfromtoptobottom,howmuchblamepeoplesaidthatGracedeserved>Andwhatyoucanseeis,ontheleftwhentherewasverylittleactivityinthisbrainregion,peoplepaidlittleattentiontoherinnocentbeliefandsaidshedeservedalotofblamefortheaccidentஹ 74Whereasontheright,wheretherewasalotofactivity,peoplepaidalotmoreattentiontoherinnocentbelief,andsaidshedeservedalotlessblamefbrcausingtheaccidentஹSothat'sgood,butofcoursewhatwe'dratherishaveawaytointerferewithfunctioninthisbrainregion,andseeifwecouldchangepeople'smoraljudgment>AndwedohavesuchatookIt*scalledTrans-CranialMagneticStimulation,orTMSஹThisisatoolthatletsuspassamagneticpulsethroughsomebody'sskull,intoasmallregionoftheirbrain,andtemporarilydisorganizethefunctionoftheneuronsinthatregion>SoI'mgoingtoshowyouademoofthis>First,I'mgoingtoshowyouthatthisisamagneticpulse>I'mgoingtoshowyouwhathappenswhenyouputaquarteronthemachineஹWhenyouhearclicks,we'returningthemachineonஹSonowI'mgoingtoapplythatsamepulsetomybrain,tothepartofmybrainthatcontrolsmyhand>Sothereisnophysicalforce,justamagneticpulse>Woman(Video):Ready,Rebecca?RS:Yes>Okay,soitcausesasmallinvoluntarycontractioninmyhandbyputtingamagneticpulseinmybrain>Andwecanusethatsamepulse,nowappliedtotheRTPJ,toaskifwecanchangepeople'smoraljudgments>SothesearethejudgmentsIshowedyoubefore,people'snormalmoraljudgments>AndthenwecanapplyTMStotheRTPJandaskhowpeople'sjudgmentschange>Andthefirstthingis,peoplecanstilldothistaskoverallsSotheirjudgmentsofthecasewheneverythingwasfineremainthesame>Theysayshedeservesnoblame>Butinthecaseofafailedattempttoharm,whereGracethoughtthatitwaspoison,althoughitwasreallysugar,peoplenowsayitwasmoreokay,shedeserveslessblameforputtingthepowderinthecoffee>Andinthecaseoftheaccident,whereshethoughtthatitwassugar,butitwasreallypoisonandsoshecausedadeath,peoplesaythatitwaslessokay,shedeservesmoreblameஹ 75SowhatFvetoldyoutodayisthatpeoplee,actually,especiallywellequippedtothinkaboutotherpeople'sthoughts>Wehaveaspecialbrainsystemthatletsusthinkaboutwhatotherpeoplearethinking>Thissystemtakesalongtimetodevelop,slowlythroughoutthecourseofchildhoodandintoearlyadolescence>Andeveninadulthood,differencesinthisbrainregioncanexplaindifferencesamongadultsinhowwethinkaboutandjudgeotherpeople>ButIwanttogivethelastwordbacktothenovelists,andtoPhilipRoth,whoendedbysaying,"ThefactremainsthatgettingpeoplerightisnotwhatlivingisallaboutanywayItsgettingthemwrongthatisliving>Gettingthemwrongandwrongandwrong,andthenoncarefulreconsideration,gettingthemwrongagain>“Thankyouஹ(Applause)ChrisAnderson:So,Ihaveaquestion>Whenyoustarttalkingaboutusingmagneticpulsestochangepeople'smoraljudgments,thatsoundsalarming>(Laughter)Pleasetellmethatyou'renottakingphonecallsfromthePentagon,say>RS:I'mnot>Imean,they'recalling,butI'mnottakingthecalk(Laughter)CA:Theyreallyarecalling?Sothenseriously,youmustlieawakeatnightsometimeswonderingwherethisworkleads>Imean,you'reclearlyanincrediblehumanbeing,butsomeonecouldtakethisknowledgeandinsomefuturenot-torturechamber,doactsthatpeopleheremightbeworriedabout>RS:Yeah,weworryaboutthis>So,there'sacoupleofthingstosayaboutTMSஹOneisthatyoucan'tbeTMSedwithoutknowingit^Soit'snotasurreptitioustechnology>It*squitehard,actually,togetthoseverysmallchanges>ThechangesIshowedyouareimpressivetomebecauseofwhattheytellusaboutthefunctionofthebrain,butthey*resmallonthescaleofthemoraljudgmentsthatweactuallymake>Andwhatwechangedwasnotpeople'smoraljudgmentswhenthey'redecidingwhattodo,whenthey'remakingactionchoices> 76Wechangedtheirabilitytojudgeotherpeople'sactions>Andso,IthinkofwhatI'mdoingnotsomuchasstudyingthedefendantinacriminaltrial,butstudyingthejuryCA:Isyourworkgoingtoleadtoanyremendationsineducation,toperhapsbringupagenerationofkidsabletomakefairermoraljudgments?RS:That'soneoftheidealistichopes>Thewholeresearchprogramhereofstudyingthedistinctivepartsofthehumanbrainisbrandnew>Untilrecently,whatweknewaboutthebrainwerethethingsthatanyotheranimal'sbraincoulddotoo,sowecouldstudyitinanimalmodels>Weknewhowbrainssee,andhowtheycontrolthebodyandhowtheyhearandsense>Andthewholeprojectofunderstandinghowbrainsdotheuniquelyhumanthings-learnlanguageandabstractconcepts,andthinkingaboutotherpeople'sthoughts--that'sbrandnew>Andwedon'tknowyetwhattheimplicationswillbeofunderstandingit>CA:SoFvegotonelastquestion>Thereisthisthingcalledthehardproblemofconsciousness,thatpuzzlesalotofpeople>Thenotionthatyoucanunderstandwhyabrainworks,perhaps>Butwhydoesanyonehavetofeelanything?Whydoesitseemtorequirethesebeingswhosensethingsfbrustooperate?You'reabrilliantyoungneuroscientist>Imean,whatchancesdoyouthinktherearethatatsometimeinyourcareer,someone,youorsomeoneelse,isgoingtoeupwithsomeparadigmshiftinunderstandingwhatseemsanimpossibleproblem?RS:IhopetheydoஹAndIthinktheyprobablywon'tஹCA:Why?RS:It'snotcalledthehardproblemofconsciousnessfornothingஹ(Laughter)CA:That'sagreatanswer>RebeccaSaxe,thankyouverymuchஹThatwasfantastic>Unit3Part3TheunheardstoryofDavidandGoliathSoIwantedtotellastorythatreallyobsessedmewhenIwaswritingmynewbook,andit'sastoryofsomethingthathappened3,000yearsago,whentheKingdomofIsraelwasinitsinfancy>AndittakesplaceinanareacalledtheShephelahinwhatis 77nowIsrael>AndthereasonthestoryobsessedmeisthatIthoughtIunderstoodit,andthenIwentbackoveritandIrealizedthatIdidn*tunderstanditatall>00:28AncientPalestinehada-alongitseasternborder,there'samountainrange>StillsameistrueofIsraeltoday>Andinthemountainrangearealloftheancientcitiesofthatregion,soJerusalem,Bethlehem,Hebron>Andthenthere'sacoastalplainalongtheMediterranean,whereTelAvivisnow>AndconnectingthemountainrangewiththecoastalplainisanareacalledtheShephelah,whichisaseriesofvalleysandridgesthatruneasttowest,andyoucanfollowtheShephelah,gothroughtheShephelahtogetfromthecoastalplaintothemountains>AndtheShephelah,ifyou*vebeentoIsrael,you'llknowit'sjustaboutthemostbeautifulpartofIsrael>Itsgorgeous,withforestsofoakandwheatfieldsandvineyards>01:14Butmoreimportantly,though,inthehistoryofthatregion,it'sserved,it'shadarealstrategicfunction,andthatis,itisthemeansbywhichhostilearmiesonthecoastalplainfindtheirway,getupintothemountainsandthreatenthoselivinginthemountains>And3,000yearsago,that*sexactlywhathappens>ThePhilistines,whoarethebiggestofenemiesoftheKingdomofIsrael,arelivinginthecoastalplain>They'reoriginallyfromCrete>They'reaseafaringpeople>AndtheymaystarttomaketheirwaythroughoneofthevalleysoftheShephelahupintothemountains,becausewhattheywanttodoisoccupythehighlandarearightbyBethlehemandsplittheKingdomofIsraelintwo>AndtheKingdomofIsrael,whichisheadedbyKingSaul,obviouslycatcheswindofthis,andSaulbringshisarmydownfromthemountainsandheconfrontsthePhilistinesintheValleyofElah,oneofthemostbeautifulofthevalleysoftheShephelah>AndtheIsraelitesdiginalongthenorthernridge,andthePhilistinesdiginalongthesouthernridge,andthetwoarmiesjustsitthereforweeksandstareateachother,becausetheyYedeadlockedஹNeithercan 78attacktheother,becausetoattacktheothersideyou*vegottoedownthemountainintothevalleyandthenuptheotherside,andyou'repletelyexposed>02:30Sofinally,tobreakthedeadlock,thePhilistinessendtheirmightiestwarriordownintothevalleyfloor,andhecallsoutandhesaystotheIsraelites,"Sendyourmightiestwarriordown,andwe'llhavethisout,justthetwoofus>"02:44Thiswasatraditioninancientwarfarecalledsinglebat>Itwasawayofsettlingdisputeswithoutincurringthebloodshedofamajorbattle>AndthePhilistinewhoissentdown,theirmightywarrior,isagiant>He's6foot9ஹHe'soutfittedheadtotoeinthisglitteringbronzearmor,andhe'sgotaswordandhe*sgotajavelinandhe'sgothisspear>Heisabsolutelyterrifying>Andhe'ssoterrifyingthatnoneoftheIsraelitesoldierswanttofighthim>It'sadeathwish,right?There'snowaytheythinktheycantakehim>03:20Andfinallytheonlypersonwhowilleforwardisthisyoungshepherdboy,andhegoesuptoSaulandhesays,"I'llfighthim>"03:28AndSaulsays,nYoucan*tfighthim>That'sridiculous>You'rethiskid>Thisisthismightywarrior>"03:33ButtheshepherdisadamantHesays,"No,no,no,youdon'tunderstand,Ihavebeendefendingmyflockagainstlionsandwolvesforyears>IthinkIcandoitஹ"03:43 79AndSaulhasnochoice>He'sgotnooneelsewho'seforwardஹSohesays,"Allright>“Andthenheturnstothekid,andhesays,"Butyou'vegottowearthisarmor>Youcan*tgoasyouare>"03:52Sohetriestogivetheshepherdhisarmor,andtheshepherdsays,'^No^"Hesays,"Ican'twearthisstuffஹ”TheBiblicalverseis,"IcannotwearthisforIhavenotprovedit,"meaning,"Fveneverwornarmorbefore>You*vegottobecrazy>"04:06Sohereachesdowninsteadonthegroundandpicksupfivestonesandputstheminhisshepherd'sbagandstartstowalkdownthemountainsidetomeetthegiant>Andthegiantseesthisfigureapproaching,andcallsout,"etomesoIcanfeedyourfleshtothebirdsoftheheavensandthebeastsofthefieldஹ”Heissuesthiskindoftaunttowardsthispersoningtofighthim>Andtheshepherddrawscloserandcloser,andthegiantseesthathe'scarryingastaff>That'sallhe'scarrying>Insteadofaweapon,justthisshepherd'sstaff,andhesays-he'sinsulted—"AmIadogthatyouwouldetomewithsticks?1104:47Andtheshepherdboytakesoneofhisstonesoutofhispocket,putsitinhisslingandrollsitaroundandletsitflyandithitsthegiantrightbetweentheeyes-righthere,inhismostvulnerablespot--andhefallsdowneitherdeadorunconscious,andtheshepherdboyrunsupandtakeshisswordandcutsoffhishead,andthePhilistinesseethisandtheyturnandtheyjustrun>05:13Andofcourse,thenameofthegiantisGoliathandthenameoftheshepherdboyisDavid,andthereasonthatstoryhasobsessedmeoverthecourseofwritingmybookisthateverythingIthoughtIknewaboutthatstoryturnedouttobewrongஹ 8005:30SoDavid,inthatstory,issupposedtobetheunderdog,right?Infact,thatterm,DavidandGoliath,hasenteredourlanguageasametaphorforimprobablevictoriesbysomeweakpartyoversomeonefarstronger>NowwhydowecallDavidanunderdog?Well,wecallhimanunderdogbecausehe'sakid,alittlekid,andGoliathisthisbig,stronggiant>WealsocallhimanunderdogbecauseGoliathisanexperiencedwarrior,andDavidisjustashepherdஹButmostimportantly,wecallhimanunderdogbecauseallhehasis—it'sthatGoliathisoutfittedwithallofthismodernweaponry,thisglitteringcoatofarmorandaswordandajavelinandaspear,andallDavidhasisthissling>06:19Well,letsstarttherewiththephrasenAllDavidhasisthissling,'1becausethat'sthefirstmistakethatwemake>Inancientwarfare,therearethreekindsofwarriors>There'scavalry,menonhorsebackandwithchariots>There'sheavyinfantry,whicharefootsoldiers,armedfootsoldierswithswordsandshieldsandsomekindofarmor>Andthere'sartillery,andartilleryarearchers,but,moreimportantly,slingers>Andaslingerissomeonewhohasaleatherpouchwithtwolongcordsattachedtoit,andtheyputaprojectile,eitherarockoraleadball,insidethepouch,andtheywhirlitaroundlikethisandtheyletoneofthecordsgo,andtheeffectistosendtheprojectileforwardtowardsitstargetThat'swhatDavidhas,andit'simportanttounderstandthatthatslingisnotaslingshot>It'snotthis,right?Itsnotachild'stoyஹIt'sinfactanincrediblydevastatingweapon>WhenDavidrollsitaroundlikethis,he'sturningtheslingaroundprobablyatsixorsevenrevolutionspersecond,andthatmeansthatwhentherockisreleased,it'sgoingforwardreallyfast,probably35meterspersecond>ThafssubstantiallyfasterthanabaseballthrownbyeventhefinestofbaseballpitchersஹMorethanthat,thestonesintheValleyofElahwerenotnormalrocks>Theywerebariumsulphate,whicharerockstwicethedensityofnormalstones>Ifyoudothecalculationsontheballistics,onthestoppingpoweroftherockfiredfromDavid'ssling,itsroughlyequaltothestoppingpowerof 81a[>45caliber]handgun>ThisisanincrediblydevastatingweaponAccuracy,weknowfromhistoricalrecordsthatslingers—experiencedslingerscouldhitandmaimorevenkillatargetatdistancesofupto200yards>Frommedievaltapestries,weknowthatslingerswerecapableofhittingbirdsinflightஹTheywereincrediblyaccurate>WhenDavidlinesup-andhe'snot200yardsawayfromGoliath,he'squiteclosetoGoliath—whenhelinesupandfiresthatthingatGoliath,hehaseveryintentionandeveryexpectationofbeingabletohitGoliathathismostvulnerablespotbetweenhiseyes>Ifyougobackoverthehistoryofancientwarfare,youwillfindtimeandtimeagainthatslingerswerethedecisivefactoragainstinfantiyinonekindofbattleoranother>09:02Sowhat'sGoliath?He'sheavyinfantry,andhisexpectationwhenhechallengestheIsraelitestoaduelisthathe'sgoingtobefightinganotherheavyinfantryman>Whenhesays,"etomethatImightfeedyourfleshtothebirdsoftheheavensandthebeastsofthefield/thekeyphraseis”etomeஹ"euptomebecauseweTegoingtofight,handtohand,likethis>Saulhasthesameexpectation>Davidsays,"IwanttofightGoliath,"andSaultriestogivehimhisarmor,becauseSaulisthinking,"Oh,whenyousayTightGoliath,1youmean'fighthiminhand-to-handbat,1infantryoninfantry>09:40ButDavidhasabsolutelynoexpectation>He'snotgoingtofighthimthatway>Whywouldhe?He'sashepherd>He'sspenthisentirecareerusingaslingtodefendhisflockagainstlionsandwolvesஹThat'swherehisstrengthlies>Sohereheis,thisshepherd,experiencedintheuseofadevastatingweapon,upagainstthislumberinggiantweigheddownbyahundredpoundsofarmorandtheseincrediblyheavyweaponsthatareusefulonlyinshort-rangebat>Goliathisasittingduck>Hedoesn*thaveachance>SowhydowekeepcallingDavidanunderdog,andwhydowekeepreferringtohisvictoryasimprobable? 8210:23There'sasecondpieceofthisthat*simportant>It'snotjustthatwemisunderstandDavidandhischoiceofweaponry>It'salsothatweprofoundlymisunderstandGoliath>Goliathisnotwhatheseemstobe>There'sallkindsofhintsofthisintheBiblicaltext,thingsthatareinretrospectquitepuzzlinganddon'tsquarewithhisimageasthismightywarrior>Sotobeginwith,theBiblesaysthatGoliathisledontothevalleyfloorbyanattendant>Nowthatisweird,right?HereisthismightywarriorchallengingtheIsraelitestoone-on-onebat>Whyishebeingledbythehandbysomeyoungboy,presumably,tothepointofbat?Secondly,theBiblestorymakesspecialnoteofhowslowlyGoliathmoves,anotheroddthingtosaywhenyou'redescribingthemightiestwarriorknowntomanatthatpoint>Andthenthere'sthiswholeweirdthingabouthowlongittakesGoliathtoreacttothesightofDavid>SoDavid'singdownthemountain,andhe'sclearlynotpreparingforhand-to-handbat>Thereisnothingabouthimthatsays,UIamabouttofightyoulikethis>"He'snotevencarryingasword>WhydoesGoliathnotreacttothat?It'sasifhe'soblivioustowhafsgoingonthatday>Andthenthere'sthatstrangementhemakestoDavid:"AmIadogthatyoushouldetomewithsticks?"Sticks?Davidonlyhasonestick>12:03Well,itturnsoutthatthere'sbeenagreatdealofspeculationwithinthemedicalmunityovertheyearsaboutwhetherthereissomethingfundamentallywrongwithGoliath,anattempttomakesenseofallofthoseapparentanomalies>Therehavebeenmanyarticleswritten>Thefirstonewasin1960intheIndianaMedicalJournal,anditstartedachainofspeculationthatstartswithanexplanationforGoliath'sheightஹSoGoliathisheadandshouldersaboveallofhispeersinthatera,andusuallywhensomeoneisthatfaroutofthenorm,there'sanexplanationforit>Sothemostmonformofgiantismisaconditioncalledacromegaly,andacromegalyiscausedbyabenigntumoronyourpituitaryglandthatcausesanoverproductionofhumangrowthhormone>Andthroughouthistory,manyofthemostfamousgiantshaveallhadacromegalySothetallestpersonofalltimewasaguynamedRobert 83Wadlowwhowasstillgrowingwhenhediedattheageof24andhewas8foot11ஹHehadacromegalyஹDoyourememberthewrestlerAndretheGiant?Famous>Hehadacromegaly>There'sevenspeculationthatAbrahamLincolnhadacromegaly>Anyonewho*sunusuallytall,thafsthefirstexplanationweeupwith>Andacromegalyhasaverydistinctsetofsideeffectsassociatedwithit,principallyhavingtodowithvision>Thepituitarytumor,asitgrows,oftenstartstopressthevisualnervesinyourbrain,withtheresultthatpeoplewithacromegalyhaveeitherdoublevisionortheyareprofoundlynearsighted>13:46SowhenpeoplehavestartedtospeculateaboutwhatmighthavebeenwrongwithGoliath,they'vesaid,"Waitaminute,helooksandsoundsanawfullotlikesomeonewhohasacromegaly>"Andthatwouldalsoexplainsomuchofwhatwasstrangeabouthisbehaviorthatday>Whydoeshemovesoslowlyandhavetobeescorteddownintothevalleyfloorbyanattendant?Becausehecan'tmakehiswayonhisown>WhyishesostrangelyoblivioustoDavidthathedoesn'tunderstandthatDavid'snotgoingtofighthimuntiltheverylastmoment?Becausehecan'tseehim>Whenhesays,netomethatImightfeedyourfleshtothebirdsoftheheavensandthebeastsofthefield,"thephrase"etome"isahintalsoofhisvulnerabilityetomebecauseIcan*tseeyou>Andthenthere's,"AmIadogthatyoushouldetomewithsticks?"HeseestwostickswhenDavidhasonlyone>14:47SotheIsraelitesuponthemountainridgelookingdownonhimthoughthewasthisextraordinarilypowerfulfoe>Whattheydidn*tunderstandwasthattheverythingthatwasthesourceofhisapparentstrengthwasalsothesourceofhisgreatestweakness>15:04 84Andthereis,Ithink,inthat,averyimportantlessonforallofus>Giantsarenotasstrongandpowerfulastheyseem^Andsometimestheshepherdboyhasaslinginhispocket>15:17Thankyou^15:18(Applause)
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