微观复习重点

《微观复习重点》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。

ஹ:Ḅ
ᡈὅ◤⌕ᑣ:◤⌕Ḅ▲ឋ#$%&'()*ᖪ,-.Ḅ஺.0▭23456Ḅ7890஺:ᨵឋ,=7◤⌕23>஺?⌱A஺⌱A:ᙠCḄDEᩩGH,ᙠ7IḄJK⌱AḄ9G6LMᢧ⌱Ḅ5O஺PQᡂS.ᵨᡠᜫWḄᨬY⌱AḄᡂSᡈᦈ[ᩭ]^Ḅ஺23>.ᙠCDEᩩGH᝞'`aᨬY⌱AḄ>b஺ᙠ4cde6%ᨵf4c⌕ghiᙢஹkOஹ(S*lmnop஺4chqᢗᐭtᓄᡂcaḄ5O஺iᙢhᒹwiᙢஹx᪍ஹz{*|}ᙠᑁḄᑗᯠ()஺kOhᨵḄ*ᾯkOḄ*஺(Sh24caᩭḄᵨ4cᐸc,ᡠ◤ḄᑗᔆஹPᘤᜓ*ᐹḄ஺lmnoph*ᵨiᙢஹkO*(SḄp஺4c.()Ḅ5O஺()hq4c⌕gᢥCLMᔠஹᵨ4cḄ5O஺4c=⌕ᦔ᳛஺23>=.Ẇ᝞'¡¢ᦔ᳛Ḅ£>b஺

14cḄᦔ᳛⊤¦§¨H©ª«☢h(D¯Cᢗᐭ%caᨬᜧ±(2)¯Cc´ᢗᐭᨬµ஺4c⌕gᡠᨵὅ¶ᑮ¸¹Ḅ5O=.ᦈᐭᑖ%»ᑖ஺iᙢ¼½ᙢ¾±kO¼½(±(S¼½ᑭ᳛±lmn¼½ᑭÀ஺ᖪ,ÁÂᑖ§c,*ÃÄ஺Åὅ.ᨵÆḄ,᝞ÇÈ*ÉÊ;Ìὅ.ÆḄ,᝞⚶✂ÏÐ*ᦟÒ஺ᵨc,*ÃÄ,ÓÔᐸ◤⌕ᡈḄ5OÕ.Ö×஺Ö×Ø⌕ᦔ᳛஺Ö×Ḅᦔ᳛⊤¦§¨H©ª«☢h(1)¯CÚÛÜÝ%¶ᑮᨬᜧÓÔ±(2)¯CÓÔ%ÚÛÜÝᨬÞ஺23>hẆßQ᝞'q()ᵨ4cᨵàáḄᖪ,¨âᙠ7Iã6LMᑖ஺
23>(Microeconomics)hẆᙠíî236ªïðᓫò%᝞Ö×ὅஹ()ᨵὅ*lmḄ23M§Ḅ£>b஺ó
23>(Macroeconomics)hõª23ö÷L#Ẇó
23^Ḅ•£>b஺ó
23>*
23>Ḅùúh
23>Ẇªªúᖪ,Ḅᙳ⊝àýâᐸc^ḄïC%#ó
23>ᓾẆḄcaÿ
ḄᱥḄ஺ᜧ⚪ᙠᐳᙠḄ☢"
#$Ḅ⚪஺%&'((whattoproduce)7ᒹ9:%&'(;<ஹ%&>?ᦪAஹ%&'(;Bஹ'(CDEF'(ᙢH%&IJKL☢Ḅ⚪஺᝞%&(howtoproduce)7ᒹ9ᵫOᩭ%&ஹ'(QR%&Sᵨ'(ᢈV%&Sᵨ'(᪵ḄXYZ[%&I⚪஺\O%&(forwhomtoproduce)7Oᩭ_ᨵ%&aᩭḄᖪ;Ḅ⚪஺cdef7ghcᐸjklஹᙢmᡈKoghEpqḄrᡂtuv⚗(%&)xy஺z{cdefḄB|cdᡂef஺cdef}yᑖḄẠ஺}yᑖoᢥ᯿cdefᳮtu%&xyᡠZᡂᑖ஺cdef◍▟7Kkl(ᢣkl)k▭}yᑖᡠZᡂḄcdefᜐk▭&;ḄᩩqEḄ<᝱஺

2᤮ῃcdef◍▟¡¢ᨵ£ᩩ¤⍝,§¨©ª«¬᜜©஺®kl⌕°᩽«¬ᐜklḄ“ᢈV᜜´”EF¶{·¸Ḅ“ᑴº᜜´”ᙠ“»¼”(Learning-by-doing)½ᓣ§Ḅ¿Àg©஺y᝱cdef7ᵨḄÁᐝÃÄKklஹKᙢmÅÆKoḄcdefḄÇᓄᳮÉ஺ÊËÌᑴᑖ\EÍÎᜧ?ᐵḄAB஺C,#$EFGHI஺#$Ḅ?JKLᙠ./
=M᧜GᖪPQRS⌕UḄVWXY,Z[\ὅஹRSὅ1_=`ᖪEFGᔜᡠ◤ḄHI஺Cc,#$EFGde஺f#$ᡠEFḄHI,ghijḄᑭk5%,RSὅlmnoRSpqஹ᝞sRSQtRSuv⚪஺./᝞sxmyᜧ
v⚪z(./
*{BḄ;|}ᨵ./
ᑣ{{*BḄ)RSpqḄv⚪ᵫ[\ὅḄ“⌱ἠ”ᡠmḄ஺ij`ḄᡂmḼ᝞sRSḄv⚪஺tRSḄv⚪ᵫRS⌕UḄ#$ᡠmḄ஺“)+Ḅ,”J
Ḅ◚஺
⌕E
ᳮ1

3¡:£¤ஹ¥¦§¨ஹ©ª§¨ஹ«ᡂᳮ஺¬ᑖ᪆:°£±²
³pqᡈὅ*nopqḄᑖ᪆µ¶,Z·¸¹ºᨵᐵ
»¼`Ḅ½¾ᐵ¿஺Àᑖ᪆:ÂÃ
ÄÅnopqᡈὅ*nopqḄᑖ᪆µ¶஺ᙠ9:
ÆὃÈÉÊBËᑡ┯ÎÏ+:Jᡈ³ᡠᢝᨵḄ*fÑḄÒÓᡈ᝱Y஺ᐜᐭ×Ḅ×£ᑨÙ2ÚÛᑮ
ᑖ᪆Ḅ°£ឋQÞfឋ஺*Bßᢝ“ᐸ½U*»”ᔠᡂâÎ:ã³JäåælçJèéæḄêë┯Î஺ìíâÎ:îìï³)ᡂᐜï³¾Ḅêë┯Î஺ðᙢ)ñòµ
ᳮC,òµ
ᳮ,óèh!;·¸ðôQõᓄ1öᨵᑴ÷ẠḄù×ú
ᑴY,ûüýÆ×ú
ᳮ«ᡂþÿ
஺,ḄᐳḄᡃ஺ᡃᙠ!"#␺Ḅ%᎛'(ᐙᑖ+,ᑮᡃ.Ḅ/0ஹஹᔊ3"ᦻᓄ6☢Ḅ.8஺ᨬ:ᡃ!Ḅ;Ḅ<=>?ᙢABᨵD.ᱯ⁐ḄGHIJKL,MNᡃ.Oᔠ.QRDSTUVRXᐭZ[\]^_ᦻ`Ḅa.b᪍஺ஹ◤eஹfghᙳ⊝kl◤e(demand)<ᢣᙠu%vᑁᙠḄklᩩyz{|ὅᡠᖪḄᦪ஺◤e⌕◤e

4◤eª«⊤`ᖪkl◤ebᐵ¤Ḅᩩª«஺◤e¬ᦪ⊤`ᖪḄ◤e<ᐸkl¬ᦪ®⊤¯QD=f´p¶QD⊤¯ᖪ◤eP¸⊤¹ᖪkl;f⊤¯¬ᦪᐵ¤஺᝞¼◤e¬ᦪ«ឋḄᑣ¿ᑏᡂQD=a-bpaÄᦪ,

5¹ᖪklzáRᐸüᖪ˨>ý={|ὅH槹ᖪḄþÿᐸᖪᓽᦔ஺◤ᳮḄᦪ⊤dQD/dp0ᡂ!"#ᓣ%◤&'()!"#'(%◤&ᓣ஺◤ᳮḄ*+,᜜ᔡ/ᖪ0ᢣ"#'(ᐸ◤&2345Ḅᖪ஺6ὀឋᖪ0ᢣᐹᨵ“6ὀᙢ=>?@”ᱯCḄᖪ஺DE◤ḄᐸFGᨵLIJὅḄᦈᐭ2.PᐵᖪḄ"#3.⚜TU&4.IJὅḄ᰿X5.Z[6.]᎛_IJὅḄᦈᐭ`Mb◀d?"#e᜜ᦈᐭfg0DE◤&Ḅᨬij⌕ḄFG஺!ᦈᐭlm%noᩭqᡃstlmuvwᖪḄ◤&)2eᑣ45஺PᐵᖪḄ"#`PRbPᐵᖪ{|ᑖi>~⊡஺ᖪḄ◤&ᐸḄ"#Uᓄᕈvᐸ~⊡Ḅ"#Uᓄᕈ2஺>~⊡Ḅ"#ᑖips>pcoᖪḄ◤&ᐸḄ"#Uᓄᕈv஺ᖪḄ◤&ᐸ~⊡Ḅ"#Uᓄᕈ2஺0ᙠn%Tᑁᙠn"#'n├ᖪḄᦪ&஺nfᐹᨵ+⌕&),%Tᑁ)n"#ᩩ¡஺+ᓫ+ᙠn%£ᑁஹᙠᡠᨵ"#ᩩ¡'>¦Ḅᖪᦪ§஺¨©ᙠn¨©ªḄᡠᨵᙠn%Tᑁஹᙠn"#ᩩ¡',«ᖪḄᦪ&¬>஺+e>0¨©஺⊤⊤#®⊤¯Ḅᐵ°ᖪ"#&Ḅnᐵ±஺²ᦪ0ᵨ²ᦪ®⊤´Ḅᖪ&"#e£Ḅ

6nᐵ±,µ¶{ᑖi+>¨©²ᦪ஺ᐸ®noiQS=f(p)QS⊤¨©&,p⊤"#,fi²ᦪᐵ±஺i¼½¾¿,ÀÁÂÀwÃᵨÄឋḄ²ᦪQS=-c+dp(c,d>0)ᳮ¶ÈÉᑣᙠᐸᩩ¡ÊUḄËÌ'ᖪḄ&"#ᕈv,ᓽᖪ"#ÍÎ,&Íᜧ)"#ÍÐ,&ÍÑ஺ᖪ&"#ᕈvḄÒFÓnஹFi"#ᓣÔ,ᨵḄÕᑭ×᩽ᜧᓄiÙ᪗Ḅ«ÛÜḄ&;ÓÞஹ"#ᓣÔtᔾàáâᐭãäâä஺DEḄᐸFGᨵ1.⌕G"#2.ᢈçèé3.PᐵᖪḄ"#4.⚜T"#5.dᯠᩩ¡⌕G"#(PF):⌕GḄ"#᝞îï᳛ஹᑭ᳛_᪀ᡂᖪḄᡂᩈ஺᝞ó⌕G"#ᓣᡂôᓣᙠᖪ"#ÊUḄËÌ'ᑭ×4545)2elm஺ᢈçèé(T):ᢈçèéḄ«Îᓽᦔ᳛Ḅ«Î◚÷Ḽn&ᡠ◤ᡂôḄ'(ᡈὅᙠᡂô%&tᨵᡠlm஺᪵ᙠPû"#ËÌ'lmᐸ&஺nḄᐸ"#0ᕈ2ᔣUᓄ஺nḄᐸ~⊡"#0ýḼPûḄ¼ᔣUᓄḄ஺⚜T"#(PE)!⚜TᖪḄ"#ᓣtÿᖪ஺ᯠᩩ(N):#$%ᱯ'()%Ḅ+ᯠᩩᐵ-.ᑗ஺

7)1☠ᜩᔛ56789஺:;ᙳ⊝>?:;◤AាCDEF:;GᜐEᙳ⊝I᝱஺ᙳ⊝KL(:;◤MDFḄK஺ᙳ⊝ᦪL(:;◤MDFḄᦪ஺ᙳ⊝KḄOᡂ?:;QRFKᨵTUḄVW?:;QR◤AFKᨵXᓣVWZᨵ?:;DE◤AFᙠᨵᩩTK\]ᨵ^_`aḄbc:;ᜐEMd☟fḄI᝱ᓽhiᙳ⊝஺Ejk:;Ḅᙳ⊝jl?ᡈὅ◤Aopᙠqᑁst,vwᙳ⊝L⌕yzẚ|,}Ḅᙳ⊝⌕Oᡂ஺~☟᝱ᑖ᪆L(~}ஹᙳ⊝jḄᑖ᪆஺ᙳ⊝K`ᓄḄv>◤A`ᓄ`ᓄ◤AF`ᓄ◤A◤Aᙠ`ᙠ`ḄTḄTZᨵKZᨵKT\h\h}Ḅᙳ⊝}Ḅᙳ⊝

8ஹ◤Aᔣ`a>1◤Fᙳ⊝%ᙳ⊝KḄ`aᔣᑣET¡KXᓣᡈTḄ¢Rᜧ¤஺2◤F¦ᙳ⊝%ᙳ⊝K஺ஹ◤Aᔣ`a>1◤A}Ḅᙳ⊝KTᙳ⊝%`aᔣᑣ஺2◤Aᙳ⊝KXᓣᙳ⊝%`a஺ᐰ☢Aᑣ>1.ª?KXᓣF,◤AT;ᑣXᓣ2.ª?KTF,T;ᑣXᓣ3.?:;QR◤AFஹK¦Xᓣ®ᙳ⊝kf4.?:;QRFK¦T®ᙳ⊝kf5.ᙠ◤A`ḄT,F±²ᙳ⊝KTᙳ⊝%;F±²ᙳ⊝KXᓣᙳ⊝%;

96.ᙠ`ḄT,◤A±²ᙳ⊝K%F;◤A±²ᙳ⊝K%F7.?AFᡈF,ᙳ⊝%ᡈᙳ⊝K8.?Aᔣ`aF,ᙳ⊝K+◤A`ᓄᔣM,ᙳ⊝%஺ᙳ⊝Kᳮ´Ḅµᵨ1.·¸K`a¹⁚d»ᴮ½¾¿ឋ»ᴮḄop~▽¹⁚»ᴮ◤A±²ᜧ¢ÃÄcopksᚆ¹⁚ÃÄcÆÇ஺2.⚜ÉK`ᓄÊËÄᐭÍÎÏᱯ±²ÐÑ஺ÐÑS1ᑮS2ÓKplÔ®p21,dÐÑḄÕÖ——ᜩᯠØḄ◤AXD1XᓣᑮD2,ÓᜩᯠØKÙÚp3®p4஺ᨬ▲>ÝÞkißᑴᱥâãXsäåæឌèdéᑖᖪᑴḄᨬᐕ#Ḅ├K஺

10ᨬì▲——ÝÞdí᧕ïᱯ%ஹðñᡈò%⌕óḄᨬìᔠ▲஺ᨬìõö(ᨬì▲ᙠ÷ac:;Ḅµᵨ(ᢣÝÞdí᧕÷aðñḄᨬìᔠ▲ᑴឋõöᨬ▲±²QR◤A,ᨬì▲±²QR,ᜧ$ᦪùúûüᜧýÝÞd:;᝞Óÿ⚜஺ᙠ“”ᨵ◤Ḅ஺ஹឋᳮᖪḄᙳ!ḄpOᓣᑮ!Ḅpl(ᓽ*+,-ᓄḄ/ᑖ1ᙳ2)4567!*+Ḅ◤89ᙳ:ᔠ◤<ᑣ4ᵫ?ᡠABḄ◤CḄ-ᓄ᳛ᓾ72Ḅ4*+(a)GḄ◤CḄ-ᓄ᳛ᨬI4*+(c)ᨬᜧ4*+(b)ᑣMNOὅQR஺SᐸUV4WὅᙠXYZR(pO,pl)Ḅឋ72஺ឋ\]V-CḄ-ᓄ᳛^_-CḄ-ᓄ᳛Ḅ`aḄYCb஺cdᙢ4^+᝞y=f(x)XYkᦪḄឋmᦪEno᝞p_-C(x)Ḅ-ᓄ᳛n1%,sV-C(y)Ḅ-ᓄ᳛ᜧN1tᑣunᨵឋḄv᝞pxḄ-ᓄ᳛n1%,yḄ-ᓄ᳛2Nw4ᑣunᓫyឋḄv᝞pxḄ-ᓄ᳛n1%,yḄ-ᓄ᳛IN1%,ᑣunz{ឋḄ஺◤ឋo|]◤CḄ-ᓄ᳛^ᖪ_}Ḅ-ᓄ᳛Ḅ`a~bḄYCb஺ᐸ|]᝞,o

11ឋobCYᡈὅ89YḄឋ஺ᵨXḄ◤CḄ-ᓄAx◀xḄxlᩭ⊤xḄ-ᓄ᳛4ᓽ^x/xl஺-ᓄCAp◀PḄpl,ᓽp/pl,V?4◤ឋᵨ,⊤oA-ᓄᑮBḄឋB-ᓄᑮAḄឋmᦪ72!XឋḄᱯ஺ᦪ4᝞p_-CḄ-ᓄ᝞I4ᡈN4ᑏᡂo᝞pᡃ¤¥ḄY¦⌮◤kᦪ4ᓽ+᝞P=f¨x©ªY▤¬ᦪᙠ4®¯4°ᑏᡂoᵫNdx/dy<0¨ᓽ◤<ᑣḄᦪ⊤´©4V?◤ឋmᦪUµnY¶ᦪ஺·¸¹7º»¶ᦪ4ᨵḄᙠ2¼½¾Y¶¿4ÀQ¶¶ÁÂ;ÄᨵḄᑣÅÆ^4ÀQᡂnYÂᦪ஺V?4µÇḄ◤ឋmᦪÈÉÊnYÂᦪ஺◤ឋḄË*+ÌÍ◤ឋḄVÎᑖ᪆1.ᖪḄÑ~b஺YÒᩭ4᝞pÓḄÑÔ᧕Öᑮ4◤Wᨵឋ஺`Q4ᑣz{ឋ஺2.ᖪḄØឋ஺ÙÚÛ◤Ḅ◤z{ឋḄ¨᝞ÜÝ©஺ᝊßḄ◤ààᨵឋḄ¨᝞áâ©஺3.ᓰᦈᐭḄ1ç஺YÒᙢ4ᙠᐸèᩩê7-Ḅ*ë,4^ᖪḄìíᙠîḄ⚜]¨ᡈìí©GᡠᓰḄ1çៜᜧ4ðᖪḄ◤ឋᑣៜᜧv`Q4ᑣៜI஺4.RVÎ஺|]ᖪឋmᦪᡠὃ⇋ḄRៜô4ᐸឋmᦪᑣៜᜧ஺õឋ¨arcelasticity©,ûüW◤89

12YýõOQRḄþᙳឋ஺ᐸ|]n:ᦈᐭp├Qᓽ:▭ᦈᐭᢣᓫḄ├ᡠ!ḄᦈᐭḄ"#ᦈᐭ$ᦪḄ&ᦪ஺ᓽ(ↈᑭ+├,ᖪ.Ḅ◤0ᨵ2ឋ4567&8ᦈᐭḄ9:ᑣ7&8ᦈᐭḄ<=஺ᩩ?ᖪ.Ḅ◤0@ᨵ2ឋḄ஺ABCDEDFGᦈHIᡠᨵDFGᦈJKHI஺ᜧGᦈMN&8ᜧ5஺᝞D2ᡠR#STḄ◤0UV2ឋḄ஺DWᜧ☢YḄGᦈZ&8[\]^_S1bcdS2,_plᜧgh5ᑮp2o5&8├ᦈᐭḄkᜫm□plHMp2,5&8├ᦈᐭḄm□MJKI,□plHMp2>nMJKI,wxDFᦈᐭh5஺ᦈᐭyztotalrevenuetest(wᓄ&8ḄᦈᐭᓄᡃM◤02ឋḄ஺1.ᦈᐭᔣᓄ᝞hᦈᐭᓾᓣ.Ḅ◤0ᨵ2ឋḄ஺2.ᦈᐭᔣᓄ᝞hᦈᐭh◤0UV2ឋḄ஺3.ᓄᦈᐭ¢,◤0ᓫ2ឋḄ஺

13£yz(wᓄ&8¤¥ὅḄ£ᓄ,ᩭ¤¥ὅḄ◤02ឋḄ஺¨©.Ḅᓣ91.¤¥ὅ#x.Ḅ£ᙠh5ᐸ#.Ḅ◤0ᨵ2ឋḄ஺2.¤¥ὅḄ£ᙠᓣᐸ◤0UV2ឋḄ஺3.᝞¬¤¥ὅḄ£ᢝ¢,ᐸ◤0ᑣᓫ2ឋ஺◤0ᦈᐭ2ឋ£M°◤0ᓄ᳛#ᦈᐭᓄ᳛Ḅ²³´Ḅµ´ᐸ°¶·m(SAM-0»,·Mᑏm(,ᦈᐭᓣ»1.©¤¥ὅ#©.Ḅ½¾ᨵᡠ.µ¿Àᖪ.ᓽeM>Oo2.©¤¥ὅ#©.Ḅ½¾¢.µᦈᐭÂឋ.஺ᓽeM=0஺3.©¤¥ὅ#©.Ḅ½¾ᨵᡠ<=.µÄ.஺ᓽ£M<0»ᙠ¿Àᖪ.ÂᡃÇMÈÉᑖËmᝊÍ.K◤.஺_ÎÏÐḄÑ´ÒÓḄᝊÍ.¢ÔÕFIÀ×ØÂÙḄᝊÍ.஺᝞¬©µ.Ḅ◤0ᨵᦈᐭ2ឋḄeM>1,.ᝊÍ.஺᝞¬©µ.Ḅ◤0UVᦈᐭ2ឋ0

14[\ó2ឋᢣô^ឋḄ[\]^õòöḄ÷óḄ2ឋᡈὅᢣ^ឋḄ[\]^õòöḄùᙳ2ឋᐸ°¶·m([02ឋḄûµüýþஹ
ᳮᖪᢣ◤⌕ḄஹᣚḄ஺!"ᩭ$,ᨵ'Ḅ,ᑣ)'Ḅ஺ᖪᐹᨵLᱥ,ឋ,./ᨵᵨឋᡈ2ᵨ34஺2.56ឋ஺7ᙠḄᖪ9ᩭ:᪵Ḅᖪ<=>:Ḅᭆ@஺3.B6ឋ஺ᙠC•!ᙢFḄᖪG!ᙢFḄ:᪵ᖪ<=>:Ḅᖪ஺4.HIឋ஺J!KᖪHᔲ.MN஺ᱥ,ឋᖪḄᑁᙠPឋ,56ឋB6ឋᑣᖪḄ᜜ᙠPឋ஺56ឋB6ឋR/SឋTᓽMNὅᙠ56tlᙢFsiᔲWSᑮ஺Y!=MNὅᩭ$TᖪᐹᨵZឋ:ᱥ,ឋஹSឋH\ឋ஺7Ꮇ^C!MNὅ_MN<`ᖪxlx2,ᐸMNbḄc4e:0Wxl,x2<8,ᓽ>HMNhi!=jᦪ,MN0=ᓫmḄxl,iᕡḼpᨵMNxl஺MNqrᙠpᨵᦈᐭuvḄᩩKx,MNὅWMNxlx2ᡠᨵzᔠḄ!=qᔠ஺ᙠ|}B6~Tᡃᵨ⊤xlᐸᦪbTᵨ⊤x2ᐸᦪb,TMNqᒹஹWFᙠᑁḄ᦮=!▲T>ᒹxlx2cj4Ḅhi!=zᔠ஺MNqᨵZ=Ꮇr1.ᨵxḄTᓽxlx2>Hcj42.X1x2ḄbW)▲ᑖḄ3.MNq!q஺Yhi<=MNzᔠ!T!ḄᡠᨵMNzᔠᙳᙠMNq~஺⚜ᙠMNὅᦈᐭᖪ3¡¢

15^Ḅ¤¥xTMNὅᡠH\¦ᑮḄ<`ᖪᦪbᨬᜧzᔠḄ©ªT«/MNH஺⚜Ḅᦪ¬⊤®plxl+p2x2=M⚜uvMNὅᙠ⌱·MNzᔠ5¸¹ºᑮplஹp2MḄuvTᓽrplxl+p2x2WMᦈᐭᡠᨵ3¡ᙳW:-½¾¿ᓄY⚜pᨵÁÂT⚜>¿஺ᦔᵨᢣMNὅÄMNÅÆ~ᡠÇSḄÈᳮ஺Éᦪᦔᵨᵨ!zÉᦪᦪ4(ËÌÍÎÏÐᓫm)ᩭbḄMNᖪᡠSᑮḄÈᳮ஺ᦔᵨÒᦪrᵨMNᦪbJÓ¿bTᦔᵨJÔ¿bḄ!`ᦪ¬ᐵÖ஺7MNὅMN<`ᖪxlx2,ᐸᦔᵨÒᦪrU=U(xl,x2)oÙ®ÚÛḄU⊤ᦔᵨᦪbTÙ®ÜÛḄU⊤!`ÒᦪᐵÖ,ÝÞßàÙᦪ¬~Ḅ“f"Txlx2⊤<`ᖪḄMNᦪb஺äᦔᵨrMNὅᙠ!^ᩩKxMN!^ᦪbḄC`ᖪᡈMNzᔠᡠSᑮÈᳮḄäb஺Û▭ᦔᵨræç!=ᓫmḄC`ᖪḄMNᡠSᑮḄᦔᵨæb஺᝞éᵨTU⊤äᦔᵨb,æçMN!=ᓫmxlḄÛ▭ᦔᵨTᵨMU1⊤T,MUI=ATU/ïxl஺Û▭☩ñròóᑖôõö÷¬Ḅ!Yö÷¬Ḅ☩ñ஺Û▭ᦔᵨ⌴ùúᑣrûḼC!`ᖪMNbḄæçTᡠSᑮḄÛ▭ᦔᵨᕈ⌴ùḄ᝱þ஺!úᑣᐹᨵÿḄ〉ឋ஺

16IḄᱯឋᡠḄ஺ᦪᦔᵨᵨᦪ(᝞!ஹ#)%&Ḅஹ'()*+ᖪ-ᡠ.ᑮḄ0ᳮ23஺ᦔᵨᵨ45678Ḅ!+9:;78ᦔᵨḄ<=>?஺78ᐵAḄBCDᳮ1.78ḄGᜓឋ஺I4JKLC()MᔠAPB,⌕TA'B,⌕TAWB,⌕TLὅᙳᡂZA~B஺2.78Ḅ]I^ឋ஺I4JKLC()MᔠAPB஺᝞_A>B,aTB>Abcd஺3.78Ḅf⌴ឋ஺I4JKBC()MᔠAஹBPC,᝞_A2BiB2C,aTA2C஺I78Ḅj!kᎷmnᓫpឋPqrsឋ78Ḅnᓫpឋ()ὅ()*+ᖪ-Ḅᦪ&tut8஺v!Ꮇmwx'‘uuzᗐ”ḄᎷm஺}◚Ḽ()uᦪ&;▭ᦔᵨ⌴:ᑣᡂZ;▭ᦔᵨᜧ4஺78Ḅqrsឋᙳ()Mᔠ᩽()Mᔠ8஺ᓽᦔᵨᦪUḄ¡ᦪKḄᡠᨵc¤Ḅ()Mᔠ¥¦§ᩭ.ᑮḄ!ᩩ஺Ḅᦪª«Ḅ¬U(xl,x2)=k஺±²ៜ´Ḅaᩩ=⊤ḼᜧḄᦔᵨ¶஺ᙠ⚜¹º»ABᩩ¼½,᝞()ὅ⌱¿dE²;ÁÂÃ!CÄÅÆFEGP!CÄÉÆAAOB஺᝞ËÌÍuÎ;b.ᑮ!ᩩÄÏÐḄ10஺ÒÓ8Ḅ!ᩩsᔣ²Ḅ஺

17Ḅឋx1.ḄÕ᳛×;vCឋxÙnᓫpឋÚᡈÜuuzᗐឋÝÞßàÃᩭḄ஺áâã¬⌕*+ᖪ-Ḅ();äᢝᦔᵨ¶cæ;bçèéêë᜜!+-Ḅ()஺2.sᔣ²஺Ù78ḄqrsឋᎷmÞßàÃᩭ஺78Ḅqrsឋí;“ᙳḄ()Mᔠ”“᩽Ḅ()Mᔠ”⌕8஺3.ᵫ¤!ᦔᵨᦪᡠð¡Ḅñcòó஺ᵫ78Ḅnᓫpឋô.஺4.ៜ´±²Ḅᡠ=⊤Ḅᦔᵨ¶ៜö;ô÷,ៜø஺vCឋxᵫ78ḄnᓫpឋᡠḄ஺ùÁᢣÃ;LᩩûüḄÁ᪀ᡂ“þ”஺▭ÿ᳛MRSᢣὅᙠᦔᵨḄᵨᖪᖪḄ᳛஺!"#$%ᙠ&'(Ḅ)᳛*+,-(Ḅ.▭᳛஺MRS1,2=Ax2/Axl<0.▭᳛;<⊤>?;,@ᦔᵨᢝBCDE'ᖪḄ,FGDEBC'ᖪḄ஺H▭IJᖪxlKx2Ḅ.▭᳛LMJὅ.▭ᦔᵨNᓽ?MRS1.2=-MU1/MU2஺ᙠᳮT,IU

18i:•ᩩ⚜%AB,ᩩxᔣz(Ḅ!"#$%II,12K13oᨵE(,-ὅH,ᨬᜧḄᦔᵨ஺⚜%K!"#$%Ḅ)᳛L,?MUl/pl=MU2/p2஺(xl*,x2*)ᨵ¡¢£;“ᨬ¥¦ᔠ”ஹ“ᦔᵨ᩽ᜧᓄ¦ᔠ”ஹ“ᨬ¥©ª¦ᔠ”ஹ“ὅᙳ⊝(”஺ὅᙳ⊝ᩩ®⚪?1.°!"#$%±⚜$%ᑗ,-ὅH,ᦔᵨ᩽ᜧᓄ஺2.!"#$%Ḅ)᳛±⚜%Ḅ)᳛L,-ὅH,ᦔᵨ᩽ᜧᓄ஺3.°³´᳛LM.▭ᦔᵨ᳛,H,ᦔᵨ᩽ᜧᓄ஺ὅᙳ⊝ᩩ®⚪?H,ᦔᵨ᩽ᜧᓄḄᩩ;?MUl/pl=MU2/p2஺plxl+p2x2=M(¶£.▭ᳮ)WXYZ:·ᨵ°ᨬ[n¸¹ᓫpḄº»IUὅ¼ᨵ{½Hᦔᵨ᩽ᜧᓄ஺ᦔᵨ᩽ᜧᓄ:ᦪi°Jᖪ(xl,x2)Ḅ³´(pl,p2)KὅᦈᐭM;'ὅḄ⌱ÂÃ⚪{|ᑏᡂ|ᦪÅÃ⚪:maxU=U(xl,x2)s.t.pl+p2=MÊË´ᨽÍ(Lagrangian)ÓᦪL:n'▤ᩩ;?ᵫIÖU{×?XÙÚHᨬ¥©ªḄ¸¹.▭ᦔᵨÛ;mᓫp¸¹Ḅ.▭ᦔᵨa஺WXÅYZ;mᓫp¸¹Ḅ.▭ᦔᵨaX⌕ᙠᡠᨵqᖪÜL¼H,ᨬ¥©ª஺ᖪᑖÞ?L'ßᖪ?◤áiᑣḄᖪ஺2.ᔡãᖪ?³´ä◤á+åæBCçᦈᐭIᓣ◤á+äḄᖪ஺

193.é\ᖪ?ᦈᐭDE,ᐸ◤á+êDEḄᖪ஺4.ᦈᐭÜឋᖪ?ᦈᐭDEæ◤á+Ḅᖪ஺5.îïᖪ(¶£ï)?ᦈᐭDEæ◤á+åæBC஺6.'ßé\ᖪ?q;'ßᖪñ;é\ᖪḄᖪ஺³´$%òᙠ&'ᖪ³´óôᓄ,æᦈᐭõᐸöᖪḄ³´Ḅ÷øᡠᨵὅᙳ⊝(Ḅùú஺ᑖ;•ßᖪḄ³´$%KᔡãᖪḄ³´$%஺✌ᐜᎷxl;'ßᖪ,x2;'ßé\ᖪ஺þᎷxlḄ³01´ÿplᑮpl,p2Mᙳᢝ஺᪵,⚜ABᓄᑮAC,ᙳ⊝E0ᓄᑮE1PCC!E0"E1Ḅ$஺0ᙠ'য),E,0*+Ḽ'(a))ḄE001◚3Ḽᙠpl456xlḄᨬ9:;ᳮ0E'1◚3Ḽᙠpl456ABCᨬ9:;<஺DE'0E'1$EFᩭHᑮIBᩩK:;ὅ*xlḄ◤NOD஺PCC!BᩩQ᳛STḄO0◤NODSBᩩQ᳛SUḄO஺0VᎷXxlSᔡZᖪ\0x2ST]ᖪ\஺ᎷXxlḄ45pl1ᑮP1,^2_`Mᙳᢝ஺PP1,⚜ABᡂAC,bᨬ9:;cᔠSE0,eᙳ⊝

20SEl஺$EEOஹElghHᑮBᩩQ᳛SUḄPCC஺>ᳮ,ᙠ'(b))Dᨬ9:;ij,hHᑮBᩩQ᳛STḄ◤NO஺ᦈᐭ:;Om!noᦈᐭpqrsᓄ0t*45uv:;ὅᙳ⊝Ḅwx஺ᦈᐭ:;Oᨵ_z{|1.T]ᖪ\Ḅᦈᐭ:;O឵5~O2.\Ḅᦈᐭ:;O឵5~O3.ᦈᐭ)ឋ\Ḅᦈᐭ:;O឵5~O឵5~O"ᦈᐭ:;OᨵḼ᩽ᐸᑗḄᐵ஺឵5~OjIᖪ\◤N<᝞ᦈᐭᓄḄ஺DElஹE2E3Cᡠ◚3Ḅᦈᐭ:;<Ḅᐵᑖᙠ'b6⊤Vᩭ0HᑮE'1ஹE'2E'3oxlx2ST]\0ᐸᦈᐭ:;OICC(ᦈᐭ᡽)឵5~O(EC)ḄQ᳛ᙳST஺឵5~ᑣ|ᦈᐭៜḄ,ᐸᱥᓰ¢ᦈᐭ£¤ៜ¥஺឵5~ᦪ|ᱥᓰ¢ᦈᐭḄ£¤஺᝞§xlSBᦈᐭ)ឋ\0x2SBT]\,ᐸICCECᙳSᚖ©ªxlḄ©,⊤«xl"ᦈᐭᓄ¬ᐵ஺VᎷXx2ST]ᖪ\,xlᙠᦈᐭ0Ml®¯ST]ᖪ\0ᙠᦈᐭ°ªMl®±ᑣS¥ᖪ\(²\)஺

21ᨬ³Ḅᙳ⊝SE0஺VᎷXᦈᐭM06ᓣᑮMl,ᵫªxlx2ᙳST]ᖪ\0ᡠ_eḄᙳ⊝ElᙠE0¶6·0⊤«xlx2Ḅ:;<ᙳᙠ¸¹஺Ml6ᓣᑮM2,xlº»ᡂI\0eḄᙳ⊝E2¼½ᙠE1Ḅ¾6·0⊤«xlḄ:;<ᵫªᦈᐭ¸¹^ᙠ¿À0Áx2!T]ᖪ\0:;<¸¹஺$EE0ஹE1E2HᑮIBᩩᦈᐭ:;OICC஺1ḄQ᳛º»ST,ᯠ±ÄᔣSU஺DElஹE2E3Cᡠ◚3Ḅᦈᐭ:;<Ḅᐵᑖᙠ'b6⊤Vᩭ0HᑮE'1ஹE'2E'3,$Eὶ1ஹE02E03HᑮIBᩩ឵5~OECᙠT]ᖪ\01ḄQ᳛STÉᙠ¥ᖪ\0ᐸQ᳛ÄᔣSU஺¢ᦔ+(TE)|ᵫ45ᓄᡠÌsḄ◤N<Ḅᓄ<,1hᑖSᦈᐭᦔ+ÍÎᦔ+஺TE=IE+SEᦈÒᦔ+(IE)|Ó{ᖪ\45ᓄ®±ÔHÕ▭ᦈᐭrsᓄᡠ×FḄ◤N<Ḅᓄ<,1!¢ᦔ+ḄBCØᑖ஺ÍÎᦔ+(SE)|Ó{ᖪ\Ḅ45ᓄ±ÔHg{ᖪ\Ḅt*45£rsᓄᡠ×FḄ◤N<Ḅᓄ<01!¢ᦔ+ḄBCØᑖ஺T]ᖪ\Ḅᦔ+ᑖ᪆|oxlḄ45pOpl0⚜ABSAC,$EE0ஹE1h_HᑮPCC,ᐸpqÛÜÝ

22¥ᖪ\Ḅᦔ+ᑖ᪆|ã•ᩩßà⚜GH"ACqâ"10tᑗªE2,$EE2E1HᑮBᩩᦈᐭ:;OICC஺E2ElḄpqÛÜSᦈᐭᦔ+IE,·ᔣSU;^E0E2ḄpqÛÜSÍÎᦔ+SE,·ᔣST஺oxlḄ45pl0⚜ABSAC,ᙳ⊝E0ᓄᑮE1,HᑮBᩩ45:;OPCC,ᐸpqÛÜS¢ᦔ+TE,·ᔣST஺ᔡZÌ\Ḅᦔ+ᑖ᪆|oᔡZᖪ\xlḄ45ç,⚜ABSAC,ᙳ⊝E0SE1஺$EE0E1HᑮBᩩ45:;OPCC,EOElḄpqÛÜÝ?@0Aṓ!9ᡠᨵὅ"#$Fᨵ0GHḼᢗ/J◅஺LᑭឋᨵNOPQRᓫTᑴ(soleproperietorship)•b!Fᨵ0=>⃩:ᳮḄQR஺ᔠdᑴ(partnership)g!ᡈg!ijὶᔠFᨵ0l=>⃩Ḅ஺mnᑴ(cooperation)pqrsḄQR"mnt'uvᡠFᨵ"wmnḄxᑴᩗᓾ{|ᙠℏAṓḄᳮḄ%஺ᓫTḄᨵᵫ"᧕:ᳮ"ᨵḄ:ᳮᐸᵨḄ=H9ᓫT!ὁ"ᐹᨵ&ᜧ?@Tᩗ9ᵫᓫTFᨵᐙᑖḄᒕ,ᩗ(¡ᩗᑭ%Ḅ⚗⌕ᩗᑭ"⊤r,ᑭ¥Ḅᩗᑭ)஺

23ᓫTḄ¦ᨵᓫTḄ/§ᩭ©ª«¬ᨵ▲"ᙠ¯°±j²³´Ḅµ¶·¸9ᓫT◤º»⃩Ḅᔜb½☢5?@"¿À":ᳮḄÁÂᓄ°±qÃ"ÄwÅÆᑮ?@ḄÈÉ9ᨬ⌕Ḅ"ᓫT⌕GHË▲>Ì஺ᔠdᑴḄᨵᔠdᑴḄª8ᜧ"¿À"Í:ᳮ9ᔠdᑴÎÏ:ᳮÁÂᓄᡂÐÑ9/§ᩭ©qÒὅÓ'஺ᔠdᑴḄ¦ᨵᵫ'!ÔÕ:ᳮ"Öᩗ×ḄᑖØᨵÐÑÙÚ8ÛÜឋ»8Úឋ9ᔠdὅḄ/§ᩭ©Ýᯠᨵ▲Ḅ"ᙠ¯°±j▲ᑴßᙠḄ·¸ஹáᜧ»ᡂâ9ᔠdᑴḄãäឋ¬ᓻ◅Ḅ"bæᡈ'bçᔠdὅḄ⌨ᡈὅéêëÎᔠdìᦣᡈ"rîḄ:ᳮïð9Ë▲>ÌÝᯠÑì◀"òóôõḄᔠdὅᡈtGHḼÓᜧḄb!/ḄJ◅஺mnᑴஹḄᨵmnᨬᨵᦔḄ÷/QR"øëù·uἠ»ûᑶ"ýþÿ
Ḅᦣ“ᨵ▲”——ᐸᢗ
Ḅᐸᨵ!◅#$ᨵ▲Ḅᑴ&ᨵᑭ
ᔣ)*ᵫ*,-ᑭ./ᡂ1Ḅ
ᙠ᡽ᜧ
56ஹ᡽ᜧ8⃩;<☢>?-ᑭ@AᨵᑭBC568DEFGHIJஹKᳮḄMNᓄPQR
STUV8ᳮḄWXஹY⌨A“WX”[STUḄ\]AS^_ᙠ஺
ᑴHIḄabᨵcdeᡂf
ḄghiᳲஹklmᵨG᧊@)pqᩭs
U.“k”ḄCBtuvᨵwxyCz/ᩗ|Ḅ}ᵨE~ᵨ“”⚪
Ḅᦈᐭ.“ᑭ”ḄᯠᑖᦈᐭᑖᡠuᡠᨵᩗEᑴᩗ,ᑖ[ᩭ./Ḅ⚪஺ᣚ¡ᨵ᧕mᵨḄ஺᧕mᵨ£TransactionCost,°±᧕ᡂ²³¡ᢣµᵨ¶·¸ᑴḄᡂ²஺᧕mᵨᜧ¹ᒹ»c¼½᧕<Ḅ¾¿mᵨ<ÀᑨÂᡂÃÄᡈSxÂᡂÃÄḄmᵨ<ÆÇÃÄḄmᵨÈÈ஺HI¡U⁚ḕ᧕mᵨA_ᙠḄ£ËÌᳮͳ஺᜜ᒹcHIᑭᵨ᜜ÏUHIᑁḄJE8⃩ÑÒ஺JὅḄÔÕᑖᡂÖ×Ø஺Ù.JᢈÛÜÝ஺z$<ᩭÞßàJ⌕âḄEyãäḄᦪæᐵè£éᵨJêᦪᩭÞß³஺ᢗᐭëஹyGJᢈÛPQìGᢗᐭíஹyëJᢈÛPQìë஺

24Ùîᡂ²ÜÝ஺HIïðὃ⇋ᑮᢗᐭô(ö÷ஹ²ஹøᙢEHIúûx)Ḅ¶·ýVᢗæþAÔÿᵨ஺᝞ᙢᡂᵨᢈ"#᝞ᙢᡂ$%,ᵨᢈ"஺'(ᢗᐭ+ᔠḄ⌱/஺01ᢈ"2301⌕5Ḅ6789⌱/+ᨬ;Ḅᢗᐭ+ᔠ(=>⌕5+ᔠ)@ABᑭD᩽ᜧᓄᡈᡂ᩽Iᓄ஺JᦪLMNᢗᐭOᐵQḄRᦪS⊤U.Ꮇ1XXRYQ,ᵨnR⌕5(ᓽᢗᐭ)ᵨxi_⊤'iR⌕5Ḅᢗᐭ`abJᦪcd⊤N>LQ=f(xl,x2,,,,xi,,,,xn)Jᦪfd@jkᡃmLnop01Ḅ⌕5ᢗᐭ`#BᨵḄᢈ"0OrᨬᜧḄO`#nop01ḄO`s-ᢗᐭ+ᔠḄᵨ`>ᨬI஺Ꮇ1ὅ⌱/ᵨvRᢗᐭLK஺yzR{>|ᓫḄJᦪd~>LQ_⊤`L_⊤ᵨ`K_⊤ᵨ`f_⊤ḼJᦪᐵQ஺᪷ᑖ᪆nJᦪcᨵ᝞Ꮇ1L1.ᡠᨵḄ⌕5ᢗᐭ`>ᓽL,K2O#2.OIoᓽQ20#3.Jᦪ>ᓫJᦪ-▤ᦪᙠ஺(short-run)¡¢£@¤ᑮd@ᦋ§ᡠᨵ⌕5ᵨ`Ḅ¨¡஺ᙠ©ᔆ«¬§Ḅ®Ḅ¯ᐵ°±²³1´>°±஺Jᦪc~>LQ=f(L,KO)=f(L)KO¤(Long-run)¡¤ᑮ£@ᦋ§ᡠᨵ⌕5ᵨ`Ḅ¨஺ᙠ¤¶d@ᦋ§ᡠᨵ⌕5ᒹ¸¹{º᧕ᦋ§Ḅᜧº᧕§ᓄḄ஺ᣚ½¾ᙠ¤d@ᦋ§©ᔆ«¬஺¤Jᦪd~>LQ=f(L,K)-•cḄJᦪÀḄ¤Jᦪ஺Ḅ`Qᵫd§ḄLKᡠ°1Ḅ஺Lᦋ§©ᔆ«¬ḄᩩÃᩭÅÆ°±Ç⚪஺`ÉÊᨵ(ᩩLË`ÉÊஹ3ᙳ`ÉÊÎ▭`ÉÊ஺Ë`ÉÊLMNᙠÐ1§ḄÑÒᦪ``¾¡ᐵQḄᩩÉÊ஺

25cḄË`ÉÊᩩÓ>3ÔḄÉÊ஺Õ◚×Ḽ`²Ø▲dᑖḄ஺Úᢗᐭ`>ᓽᨵᢗᐭᐸ`Ü>ᓽË`ÉÊÝoÞß0#Aß>ᐸáßBß>`ᨬᜧãß஺CßdABḄßåæçᦔ᳛#EßᙠBᨵᢈ"23ëdìABḄß#Aß01L1ஹ01ᢈ"ᩩÃᨬᜧ`஺Ë`ÉÊᩩᐜîïðḄÉÊ஺ñòóÎ▭`ôÝ⌴ö¾ï⌴÷஺ᙠᦪSëAß>áß஺Õø᳛ᵫ⌴öᑮ⌴÷Ḅùᢚß஺û•⌕5Ḅ3ᙳ`ᢣᙠᐸý⌕5ᦪ`§ÑÒO`◀@ÿ
⌕Ḅᦪ஺ᙳ
(APL)ᙳ
(APK)ᑖAPL=F(L,K0)/L=Q/L,APK=F(L0,K)/K=Q/Kᙳ
#$APLᨵ&'ᱯ)APL*+,-.APL/0*&1ᜧ34⌴67ᙠL1-:;ᨬᜧ=>?@0*'A7BCDEF஺ᙳ
G
᳛IᑗKᐵ7?ὅD&ᵨᓫPQRᑁᡠ
Ḅ
Uᦪᩭ⊤X஺Y▭
DᑖY▭
Y▭
஺

26Y▭
(MPL)\ᢣ6^/_ᓫPḄᡠ`ᩭḄa
Ḅ67ᓽ:Y▭
(MPK)\ᢣ6^/_ᓫPḄᡠ`ᩭḄa
Ḅ67ᓽ:MPL#$/0*dᓣ\fghijkḄlmᓄᑖo7
᳛ᨵᡠpqᡠr.ᙠL1-7MPLsᑮᨬᜧ=?70*'A஺
uᦪḄv▤xᦪy+F7ᓽzᵫY▭
⌴6ᑮ⌴|Ḅ}ᢚ-7-஺ᙠL2-7Y▭
F76^7Y▭
஺ᙳஹY▭
#$Ḅx/ᡃ
uᦪQ=f(L,K),KO,ᡃ@᧕ḄgAPLMPL:d7/ᡃa
#$7ᡃD&xgᙳY▭
#$஺(a)ᐜ,-/ᩩ$7zGa
#$QK+ADv-7AஹDv-Ḅᙳ
Ky᪵ᡃ@;ᑮi(b)ḄAzD'v-7&¥¦§7D&;ᑮ¨©ªḄ-஺BḄᙳ
ᨬᜧ.B'-ᨬq஺¬A7,B',D'@;ᑮ/ᩩᙳ
#$APL

27xY▭
#$®¯°&'±-LA--7¥QY▭
MPL:;ᨬᜧ=7ᐸ63⌴6³⌴|7´ᜧ+APL.2.MPL¶ᯠᙠᐸ'A¸¹ºᙳ
Ḅᨬᜧ-.3.a
ᨬᜧ-ḄY▭
¶y+F஺¬¼-@D;ᑮ/ᩩMPL#$஺
Ḅ±_▤¸
½/▤¸(¾¿ᦔ᳛)(O,L1)/ÁR7ᓽ,-0ᑮAPLᨬᜧ=L1,ᐸᱯ)\MPL>APL>0஺
½Ã▤¸(ᨵᦔ᳛)(LI,L2)/ÁR7ᓽAPLᨬᜧ=-ᑮMPLF-7ᐸᱯ)\APL>MPL>Oo
½±▤¸(Æᦔ᳛)(L2,8)/ÁR7ᓽMPLF-0*ᑮÆÈÉ7ᐸᱯ)ᨵ1.APL>MPL.2.MPLW0;ᡈὅ,APL>OÍMPLY▭
⌴|§ᑣ\ᢣᙠᐸz
⌕C³ḄÏÐ'7Ñ6^/_ᓫPḄÒ/
⌕Ḅᦪᡠ`ᩭḄ
6ᕈ⌴|ḄÔÕ஺
ὅᳮ×ḄY▭
⌴|§ᑣGØÙὅᳮ×ḄY▭ᦔᵨ⌴|§ᑣ\Ḅ஺ÚÛᡠᨵḄ
⌕ᙳDᦋ³Ḅ•¸QÛ஺

28᝞ßᎷáஹâããäᵨvå
⌕7KL,æç7ÚÛ
uᦪ@:Q=f(L,K)y
#$\ᙠ
Ò/
ḄÏÐ'7ᡠᨵCèḄᢗᐭëᔠḄíî஺ᎷᡠḄ
ïQ0,æç7y
#$Ḅᦪð⊤sñ\F(L,K)=QOòQ0/óᦪ7ôõdñḄᡠᨵLKḄëᔠḄíî@᪀ᡂ/ᩩy
#$஺y
#$\ᙠ
ḄÏÐ'7ᡠᨵCèᢗᐭëᔠḄíî஺ø/_
7ᨵø/ᩩy
#$G>K®7᝞Q1஺è/ᩩy
#$dḄùú/-ᙳû⊤ḼKèḄ
7CèḄ⌕ëᔠ஺y
#$/ýþᔣ
ஹ᳛ஹQDQOᦪᩭḄ஺ᡃ#$%&'(ᦪ)*Ḅ+ᦪᡠ-ᑮḄ/0ᩩ23஺4
ៜ6Ḅᡠ7⊤Ḅៜᜧ஺“;<=”ḄḄᱯ@A1.EḄF
ᡠ7⊤ḄᢗᐭIᔠ')஺2.Ḅ᳛ᓽdK/dLXO஺R⊤S,UVWḄ%,XYZ[\Ḅ]ᵨ_`abcKḄ]ᵨ;ef,gᯠ஺3.jᔣ
஺R◚mḼᦪ(oᦪ஺4.4
ៜ6Ḅᡠ7⊤Ḅៜᜧ஺5.஺abtu⍝wxyᦪz2C—DᦪQ=F(L,K)=ALKA>0,0

29c-DᦪḄ(“;<=”ḄḄᐺ7⊤஺ᑡ᧊ᦪUḄᢈ⌕[\ᕈU¡¢£;஺¤(¥¦§ᨬ©Ḅª(¥¦«¬Uឋ®ᵨ஺¯ᵨAᩈ᫜ᳮ³஺ᑡ᧊ᦪḄ´“L”µS[\`a⌕ᨵ(UḄ)U1.·¸⊡ឋº=஺ឋᦪ⊤»ᡂAQ=F(L,K)=aL+bKa,b>0¼·ᦪḄ½ᑏᡂAK=(QO/b)-(a/b)LឋᦪḄ.ᩩ¾஺⊤S[\Ḅ¿7À⊤Á᳛À஺᝞ÃÄ᳛(-a/b)=T,ªÆLKfÇ_ÈᙠÊᐰ¿7ḄឋÌ஺Í▭ᢈ¿7᳛(MRTS)ᢣᙠᦋÀḄᩩÔÕᵨ(ᓫ×Ḅ[\ᡠ¢¿7Ḅ᳛ᓽAÍ▭ᢈ¿7᳛⌴YÙᑣḄÛÜmÝᢣᙠÞUÀḄßàÕáḼ[\ᦪbc¿7ᓫ×[\ᡠ◤⌕ḄᦪãᩭãZᕈ⌴Yfäå஺Í▭ᢈ¿7᳛_Ḅ᳛஺ᵫ¤(çèK2>aK1,ᡠ½AMRTSA>MRTSB„ᐸÛÜmÝAᙠÞUQ0ḄßàÕáḼ[\ᦪḄ⌲íbcîbc(ᓫ×[\ᡠ¢¿7Ḅᦪãᩭã©ᕈ⌴Yfäå஺

30ïðñò(óôïðᦈö)Aᡠᨵᢗᐭbct÷øbcḄ÷ᦪᐵú஺ïðñòûüᑖᡂþÿ
:⌴⌴஺
Ḅᡠᨵᢗᐭᙳ1(a)Ḅ1(b)0.5(1)⌴(c)3(ᜧ1)⌴.$%&'ᦪQ=f(L,K))K▤+,&'ᦪ᝞.ᡠᨵᢗᐭtK/:f(tL,tK)=tf(L,K)K=00&'ᦪ1▤+,'ᦪK=10$▤+,'ᦪᡈ34ឋ+,'ᦪ஺Ḅ67+,'ᦪḄ▤ᦪ8)96:;Ḅᢣ=ᘤᐹ@ᙢBCK>1,⌴K=1,K<1,⌴DஹᡂGᳮIJKᡂGCᙠMN&⌕P0Q▭S&ḄஹTUVWḄᡂG஺XYᡂGC&Z[ᡠ\ᵨḄᡠᨵ&⌕P(^)ᔲXZ`a)Ḅbᵨcd஺ᒹfgឋᡂGd◚ឋᡂG஺gឋᡂGCᙠMN&⌕P0Q▭S&ḄஹTUVWḄᡂGijJKᡂG஺◚ឋᡂGCᙠ&Z[\ᵨḄklmnopḄq$rᑖbᵨ஺JKᡂG=gឋᡂGXYᡂG=gឋᡂG+◚ឋᡂG=JKᡂG+◚ឋᡂGJKᑭw=xᦈᐭ-JKᡂG

31XYᑭw=xᦈᐭ-XYᡂG$|}~XYᡂGᜧJKᡂᩈ஺XYᑭwJKᑭw஺ᡂG(TC))MNᡠᨵ&⌕PḄbᵨcdᓽCTC=wL+rKOᐸwḄ,ᓽ᳛();rGḄ,⊤\ᵨḄᑭ᳛,ᡈᵨᔆஹᜓḄ᳛ᑭ᳛஺6ᡂG(FC))ᢣḄᓄ}ᓄḄᡂG஺¡Ꮇ6G)6Ḅ£¤FC=rKOᐹ@ᙢB6ᡂGᒹfC1.¥¦^ᳮ§ᕒḄ;2.ªᘤḄᢚ¬;3.ᔆᢚ¬d®bᵨ;4.¯ᙢ°±dᢚ¬bᵨi஺VᡂG(VC))ᢣ\ᵨV&⌕P²&ᡠὑbḄᡂG஺´ᓄ}ᓄḄᡂG஺¡Ꮇ6)$%V£P£¤VᡂGV⊤=CVC=wLᐹ@ᙢB,VᡂGᒹfC1.MNᩞᧇḄbᵨ;2.·¸Ḅbᵨ;3.6GḄ3¡®ᳮd°±bᵨi஺xᡂG6ᡂGdVᡂGcdᓽCTC(Q)=VC(Q)+FC=wL+rKOxᡂG¹4ஹVᡂG¹4d6ᡂG¹4Ḅ$|
º᝞»ᡠ=,´¼ᨵ᝞»½%ᱯ¿•ÁÂQ,ÃÂᡂGC஺(1)6ᡂᩈ(FC)¹4$ᩩÅÆ4,⊤Ç´ÈÅÆÉᐵᓽCdFC/dQ=0஺(2)VᡂG(VC)¹4ḄË}ËᓽCdVC(Q)/dQ>0xᡂG(TC)¹4ÌḄË}ËᓽCdTC(Q)/dQ>0(3)ÍὅcÏḄᚖ·ÑÒᜐᜐi6ᡂGFC஺

32(4)Ô10Õ⌕S&6ᡂGFC,}VC(O)=0,k¤0TC(0)=FC,ᓽVᡂG¹4Ö׿,}xᡂG¹4ÖÃÂFC¿஺5)$|ᩭB,TCdVC¹4ᐜÚÛḄ¹4ᓽ$ÜÖÛᔣ׿ᙠA¿(ᡈA')¿c´¼Úᔣ׿Ḅ¹4஺£¤,A¿nÞ¿஺ß▭ÜÖ⌴ᯠß▭⌴áᑣãä⌕åæᵨ஺çèᡂGCéXS&êḄஹklÉáᦈëḄbᵨ஺“çèᡂGÈ9íÉᐵ”஺ÆᙳxᡂG(AC)ixᡂG◀ÆᙳᡂGᓽCAC=TC/Q,ÆᙳVᡂG(AVC)iVᡂG◀ᓽCAVC=VC/QÆᙳ6ᡂG(AFC)i6ᡂG◀ᓽCAFC=FC/Qj0ðVñòCAC=(VC+FC)/Q=AVC+AFCß▭ᡂG(MC))ᢣᙠGḄó»,ḄôᓄᡠõöḄᡂGᓽ:MC(Q)=dTC(Q)/dQ=d[VC(Q)+FC]/dQ=dVC(Q)/dQ(÷)£6ᡂGFCnø$¡ᦪ,ÈQÉᐵ.)ß▭ᡂG¹4(MC)ஹÆᙳᡂG¹4(AC)dÆᙳVᡂG¹4(AVC)ù)ᕈ“U”û¹4஺ß▭ᡂG¹4MCXZêACdAVCḄᨬý¿,E¿dF

33¿஺AFCÖã•⌴Ḅ¹4஺´ḄTUiACdAVCḄᚖ·ÑÒ஺ᵫTOVC,ACᜐAVCcÿ஺AVC
AC⌕ᐜᑮᨬ஺ᦪ᝞:MCᨬḄACAVC»ᙳᡂḄ!"ᩩ$%TC&'()BD,*+,,.)Ḅᙳᡂ&/01ᑮAC2Ḅ)B'D(஺!"ᩩ$%TC&ᑗ(C0450ᙳᡂᨬ06C'஺78B'ஹC(D(:0;1ᑮ•ᩩᙳᡂAC஺=▭ᡂḄ?a@ḄCA"ᑗ0BC(?b@ḄC'0DEMCᨬḄAC஺ᙠAḄG᳛/(CḄG᳛,ᡠJ0A
%C'ᐹᨵ&/Ḅ=▭ᡂ஺BAM0BCḄᨬḄ=▭ᡂB”஺782N:;1ᑮMC஺ᨬOḄAPLPᓽBRBCḼᨬḄAVCPᓽB'R஺AVCAAPLḄTU஺ᨬOḄMPLPᓽARBCḼᨬḄMCPᓽA'R

34MCAMPLḄTU஺[\]ᡂ(LTC)ᡠᨵab⌕cdᵨfgJᐸijklḄm]f஺LTC(Q)=wL+rK[\ᙳᡂ(LAC)[\]ᡂ◀Jbf஺LAC(Q)=LTC(Q)/Q[\=▭ᡂ(LMC)[\]ᡂwf◀Jbfwf஺LMC(Q)=dLTC(Q)/dQᙠ[\ᑁ0z{|J᪷~Ḅbf+dᵨᦪfḄ0ᓽ⌱Ḅᔆ஺Ꮇ+z{|Jᙠ:Ḅᔆab,BCḄfᑖAK1ஹK2K3,K3>K2>K1,5ᡠBCḄ\]ᡂᑖATCIஹTC2TC3஺᝞bfA(0,Q1),[\ᡂ᩽ᓄᩭ,z{CdᵨK1ab0ᡂATC1¡ᙠ(QI,Q2)¢£,z{CdᵨK2ab0ᡂATC2¡ᙠQ2J2bf50z{CdᵨK3ab0ᡂATC3஺ᡠJ,ᙠᔆ7¤Ḅ¥¦,[\

35]ᡂ;AF1ABC,DAᔜ\ᡂḄᒹ«஺***ᱯᙢ,TCI,TC2TC3ᯠᙠLTC°2஺᝞ᔆ±▲|ᑖ,ᓽK|³´"ᦪf,µ¶"ᔆᡠ*BCḄᨬ·ᡂTCi78¹ᩭ;1ᑮº"ᩩ7¤ḄLTC஺LTCᨵ)ᱯ1.¼(¡2.
\]ᡂ½Aᚆ஺:BCḼ:ᩩḄ\ᙳᡂᩈAC1ஹAC2AC3஺ᙠ(O,QDdᵨAC1ᙠ(Q1,Q2)dᵨAC2ᙠQ2J20dᵨAC3஺Â4LAC⌕ABCDEFG஺᝞ᔆ±▲|ᑖ,LAC;Eᔆ5ᡠᨵᨬ**·bfQiᡠBCḄ\ᨬ·ᙳᡂTCiḄÅÆ஺D"Ǽ⌴É,ᑮᨬÊ⌲Ì2ᓣ஺

36LMCA"ΣÏḄ\MC0᝞?@mÐḄMCÑᡠÒ᝞ᔆ±▲|ᑖ0ÓMCEᡠᨵ\ᨬ·=▭ᡂMCiḄÅÆ஺LMCÔIஹEJ஺ᙠ[\0ᡠᨵab⌕cḄᦪfÖE|×Ḅ஺z{ḄØÙ᪗ÛE⌱"Îab⌕cḄÎᔠd]ᡂᨬ஺/ᡂEᙠÝ+]abÞᵨC0ஹßàáklwklrḄ¥¦,z{ᡠâãäᑮḄᔜḄab⌕cÎᔠḄÅÆ஺/ᡂḄᦪ⊤FE|ãäᑮḄ⌕cÎᔠGE|ãäᑮḄ⌕cÎᔠ஺æçèACO/r,éçèACO/w,G᳛A\v/r஺ì]ÞᵨÉíஹ⌕ckl×50/ᡂîï¡ì]Þᵨwmஹ⌕ckl×50/ᡂðï¡⌕ckl×5,/ᡂḄG᳛×஺[\ᡂ᩽ᓄ!JᎷ+(1)ñòabᢈô0ᓽabõᦪf(L,K)¡(2)ñòbfAQ0¡(3)ñòßàḄklwr¡(4)ñòbøḄijklAp,⌱"ÎᨬḄab

37**⌕cÎᔠ(L,K)abQ0ÛE[\ᡂ᩽ᓄḄú஺/bfQ0%/ᡂᩈCO&ᑗ%E**+ºᨬᡂḄab⌕cÎᔠ(L,K),ᨬᡂC/ᡂḄG᳛=/bfḄG᳛ᐸûü,E:ᨬÊ"ýþᓫ(100ᐗᡈ1ᐗ)ᵨ,,⌕Ḅ▭!"#$Ḅᜧ&஺ᡂ᩽&ᓄḄᙳ⊝ᩩ.1.᝞123MPL/w>MPK/r,<=ᓫ?@ḄḄ▭Aᜧ,BCDELḄFG3HIKḄ(ᡈJK)஺2.᝞123MPL/w

38ᡂ᩽&ᓄᙠefḄᢈḄhF᝞ᨬ&ḄᡂZ[efḄḄ஺ᑭ᩽ᜧᓄᙠefḄᢈḄhF᝞Z[efḄᡂᨬᜧḄ(ᓽᨬᜧḄᑭ)Ḅ஺l

39ÄQᑏᡂLḄÆᦪ:TZ_ÇB_ᑭªFrZ[^Gᑭ0Ḅ]GḄᢗᐭḄᡠᨵ¥ᔠḄÈÉ஺ᐸÊËÌÍ᳛W/PefᢈQ,_ᑭª_©ªḄᑗlEfWᨬ`Ḅ~ᵨL*ஹᨬᜧḄQ*ᨬᜧḄᑭJi2*FÀElÑÒWᨬ`~ᵨḄᩩ.MPL•p=wo1ᙠÔ½Õ᳛hnLWḄᨬ×lE1lNHÕÙÚÛÜ_ᑭªÝJTLW{nHW,rÞ©ªQ^ᑗW஺2ßZᩩàḄ_ᑭªJiHW:11)rITHW°áN2)r©ªQ^ᑗE2l஺T᪵FḄ~ᵨÝL1hãᑮL2F^CÝf(Ll)hãᑮf(L2)Fᑭhã஺11᝞1å!"ÙÚF_ᑭªÝ"Lp{mHp,ÊËÌÍ᳛{&WFᓽ{èA°ᚆW஺ᙳ⊝lÝE1{ᓄᑮE2,^CᙢFᨬ`ÝL1{ᓄḄL2஺ᙠᐸêᩩ.]{ḄëìhFåÚ!íîïno᡽ᜧ

40F~ᵨAµḄ,ᑭ·Ùᓣ஺id᡽òóôᵨgᩩ_ᡂªõCl,C2C3ᑖ»ø⊤Ḽ]GḄûᵨFüᨵC3ுC2>C1,þᨵgᩩ]G¯°Ḅ_©ªQIஹQ2Q3,Q3ுQ2>Q1ᑖᩩᡂᑗElஹE2E3ᑗᙳᡂ᩽ᓄḄᙳ⊝ᩩ$%ᵫ'()᝞+,-.᡽ᜧ12345ḼE1E2E3Ḅ7᡽89:ᩩᨬ<Ḅ=>?:7@ABCD᡽8=>EP,F9,-ᙠHIḄ12JᵨLMḄ⌕OPQR᳛ḄTUV᡽ᜧ1234Ḅᨬ<=஺᝞+EPB:ᩩX,YZ,-᡽ᜧ1234[\ᨵ^⌕ᦋ`aᨵḄbcdR᳛e᝞+EPB:ᩩfᔣhiḄj,,-᡽ᜧ34[klmbḄRn,ᡈY,ஹpqᔣrᵨcdstu12ᢈw஺᝞+EPB:ᩩxᔣaḄj,,-᡽ᜧ34[kyzbḄRnᡈY,-qᔣrᵨbstu12ᢈw஺{|}Y,EP~᝞',ᐰ2jḄ~,ᡈὅY12ᢈw,ᡈὅY12ᦪ஺

4134H`Ḅ12ᦪ,ᢗᐭ,2p஺ᙠᢗᐭPQH`ḄTUV,ᢗᐭᡂp஺?[CDᡂ2ᕈR}ᓣ஺',34H`Ḅ12ᦪᡠḄCDᡂj(LTC)9:ᩩaḄ஺ᵫLTCḄ᳛H`,ᐵḄCD▭ᡂj(LMC)B:ᩩ¡CDᙳᡂj(LAC)nᔠ,ᓽᙠ¤:2},LMC=LAC஺:¥12ᦪ¦{34⌴y,ᢗᐭᡂ,2yCᜧ:஺?᪵,©ᡂ}ᓣkª«Ḽ¬ᜧḄ2}ᓣᡈὅY©2Ḅyzᡠ◤ᡂៜᩭៜm',LTCjB:ᩩfᔣhiḄj஺LTCjḄ᳛«2yz°⌴l,ᡠL,LMCj⌴l஺LACp9⌴lḄ±Fᜐᜐ⌕³´LMC,ᓽLAOLMC,Iᳮᡃ·(L¸ᑮ34⌴l[Ḅᐵº»:LTCjB:ᩩxᔣaḄjeLMCj⌴y;LACp⌴y,±ᜐᜐ¾LMC,ᓽLMOLAC»34¿%CDᙳᡂ«Ḽ2Ḅyz°⌴lḄT~Fp@AB“ᢇ12¿”e34H¿CDᙳᡂ%«Ḽ2yz°⌴yḄT~஺ᡃ·ᑭᵨUÄuLACjᩭÅÆ34¿34H¿஺CD▭ᡂ(LMC)jLACḄᨬ¾஺VÇÈḄLACÉ⊤Ḽ34¿}ᓣÈḄLACᑣÉ⊤Ḽ34H¿஺ᨬ¾ḄLACÉ⊤Ḽ34H`஺Ì34¿[,LAOLMCÌ34H¿[,LMOLACÌ34H`[,LAC=LMC34⌴y34¿ḄὶÎÏ஺

42Ï%34ẆÑḄ9ᢗᐭ2ÒÓḄᐵÎ,34¿ẆÑḄ92ᡂÒÓḄᐵÎ஺ὶÎ%34⌴yÔÔkÕÖ34¿,34⌴lÔÔkÕÖ34H¿஺×(a)ᨵÛCḄ34H`e×(b)ᨵ⌕ÛᜧḄ2Ý(Þß34¿e×(c)34¿ÛáâᜫÛáäᐭ34H¿஺åJὅ12ὅᳮ»ÒRæçஹᐰèéêëº᪀9ᢣîï,-ðB⊤ßḄêëñòḄᱯô஺?õᱯôö⌕ᒹø%1.ᙠú:ð-û,-ᦪüḄýþফ
ᡠḄḄ஺3.ᐭᡈ⌨Ḅ᧕——ᱯ1Ḅ!;4.ᑭᵨ&'()◤+Ḅ,-——ᱯ2Ḅ/0஺1ᐰ34(PerfectCompetition)DᢣᨵGᦪI'᪗LḄMNO᪀஺ᚘR34(MonopolisticCompetition)DVWᙠYN34ឋ[\WᙠYNᚘR-ḄO᪀]ᜮᚘR(Oligopoly)DᨵMNbᨵcᦪdIefᡈfḄO᪀஺1ᐰᚘR(Monopoly)DbᨵgIfḄMNO᪀஺1.YMᖪᨵᜧjḄkὅmᓬὅ[opqrsG-()ᐸuvw2.ᙠxyᡠᨵḄszefḄ,ᡈὅ|z᪗LḄw3.}~ᐹᨵ1ᐰḄឋw4.ᡠᨵḄkὅmᓬὅ᧕ᐹᨵ1ᐰḄ஺z1ᐰ34ḄᎷᩩ஺eᎷᩩḄz1ᐰ34஺◀᜜[eᩩᎷḄz34஺1ᐰ34yzᨵN¡ᡃ£Ḅ“34”ஹ§ᨵ¨⌕ª“34”«

43efឋD1ᐰM᪵Ḅᡈ1ᐰ᪗LᓄḄᖪ஺uv®¯ὅD°ᙢ®¯²³Ḅuv஺ᙳ⊝Duvᡈὅ᧕jᨵᑁᙠ·¸¹ḄMNº᝱,Ḅᙳ⊝uvz◤+j¼½¾¿jḄuv஺ÀÁÂᢥÄÅÆÇᙳ⊝ᑖᡂNÊË:ÍÎᙳ⊝ஹÆÎᙳ⊝mÅÎᙳ⊝஺ÍÎDϾ¿jÐѳஹÒ,ᦋ·ḄMÔᕜÎ஺ÍÎᙳ⊝(ᕜÎᙳ⊝)DÔÎ᝞Æ[×¾¿jÐѳҷḄNᙳ⊝஺ÍÎᙳ⊝uvḄ²³YØÍÎḄÙÚᵨᙢ¾¿ÛÜMᩩᚖÜS,Þ,ᙳ⊝uvḄ²³ß²½àᙢḄ◤+஺á◤+DO,àᙢḄᙳ⊝uvpO;᝞â◤+ãä×D1,ᙳ⊝uvᓣpl;᝞â◤+æc×D2,ᙳ⊝uvçèp2஺Þ,ᙠÍÎ,àᙢuv1ᐰzᵫ◤+²³Ḅ஺êëìíîïðᜧØuvñòḄ⍝ᳮ஺ÆÎDõᨵ¿³ḄᐙᑖᑭᵨõᨵᜓøùjḄMÔÎ஺ÆÎᙳ⊝zᢣᙠõᨵᦪú¿³ஹᜓ¿³ḄûüçḄᙳ⊝஺Æξ¿ÛÜý⌕¯ᑮÿ
ᐸ,ᨵḄᦪ,ᙠᑁᐭ⌨!ᐸ"ᙠḄᡠᨵ,ᙳᙠᑁ᡽ᜧ'ᘤஹ*ᜓᔆ-Ḅᦪ.஺ᵫ12
ᓽ456789:.;<Ḅ=>?@Aᜧ,?B5C,DEFḄG᳛I,JKLM▽O஺P(a)CQRD◤EFὶᔠVRᖪXḄᙳ⊝67pE஺

44P(b)CQR^_⊤ឋḄbcឋ'?e5f67ghὅjk,lKḄ:X◤mEFᩩo1PEḄrsF஺tᐰbcḄ◤mEF5ᩩv1ᙳ⊝67pExyz{s|ḄrsF஺tᐰbc}ᙠḼᦪ^:ᖪXḄ,•^ᙠᡠᓰ᝞k167஺jk,tᐰbc567ghὅKeghᡠVḄ67,ᓫ^V;:,Kᯠ67tᐰbcḄᦈᐭEFᨵᩩᦈᐭEF(TotalRevenue,©ªTR,)5├¬ὅ├¬ᐸ:XḄ├¬ᦈᐭKv167(P)├¬.(q),TR=pXq஺sᙳᦈᐭEF(AverageRevenue,©ªAR)v1├¬ᦈᐭ◀├¬.ᓽAR=TR/q஺¶▭ᦈᐭ(EFMarginalRevenue,©ªMR)├¬ᦈᐭḄ;.◀:.Ḅ;.º:.;.»¼sᙳᦈᐭEFஹ¶▭ᦈᐭEFl:XḄ◤mEFFᔠ!ᦈᐭEFᩩo1½Ḅ¾FᐸG᳛v167஺tᐰbcḄᙳ⊝:.ᑖ᪆ᑭÃᡈᑭÃv1├¬ᦈᐭᡂÆÇᐸÈÉÊËᑏᡂ"=TR-TCᐸ“ᑭÃ,TRஹTCᑖÑᦈᐭᡂÆ஺᝞ÒÓo⌱Õql,¼;<:.@;<ᑭÃ!᝞ÒÓo⌱Õq3,¼×:.,?@;<ᑭÃ஺¶▭½ᳮ:

45ºMR>MC¼,;<:.@ÚÛᡠ;<Ḅᦈᐭᜧ1ᡠ;<ḄᡂÆ,᪵,ᑭÃ@;<,Ý᡽ᜧ:.!ºMR'dMC(q)/dq>0ᓽMC/0Ḅ1᳛⌕⌲A⌴CᡈὅF,MC#GHIJKᙢMNO0MR/0PQ஺ឋ!"᪷TMR=MCḄUᑣWXYZ[ᨬ][^'qE,_`'pE஺aOᙳᡂd'qED,f_`'pEg!"Ḅhiᑭ'DpEEDpl஺

46ᐰ!"Ḅklᙳ⊝⌱opᨬ]ḄqᔆsttuᎷXᎷXwhxᙠgḄᡠᨵ!"ᐹᨵP}Ḅᡂd/0,~᪵,ᡃ%ᵨp“⊤ឋ!"”ᡈὅF“Oᙳ”Ḅ!"ᩭᑖ᪆஺ᎷX+g⊤ឋ!"ᙠḄlhiᑭᜧ3஺_`'pla,!"᪷Tpl=MRl=MClḄUᑣWXZ[ql,>Ylᑭ᩽ᜧᓄ,ᑭ'DABCpl.!"᡽ᜧstᨵᑭ᢬᣾sthi஺,!"Cd,Z[klOᙳᡂdᨬᡠḄ[^q2,᝞_`ᯠ'P1Ḅ£஺!"Ḅᑭ'DFEPaPl஺᝞ᡠᨵ!"¦᡽ᜧ[^,§¨C©ª,_`«I¬ᑮp2a'®஺~᪵,g!"¯>Yklᙳ⊝,LMC=MR2=p2=minLAC,hiᑭᨬ´'3஺µ¶⊤ឋឋ!"ᨵᑁᙠ¸©¹º᦮dst,ᐙᑖ᢬᣾sthi,ᨬ´º᦮ᑮklOᙳᡂdᨬᜐZ[஺½Ḽ_`ḄI¿,ᨬ´hiᑭ'3,!"ÀÁÂÃÄ-ᑭ஺ᐰ!"Ḅklᙳ⊝!'Æ⌨WÈᑖ᪆ᐭ(Entry)!"ᐭpÍḄ["Z[Ḅθ஺⌨Ï(Exit)wᙠÑ["Ḅ!"⌨Ï~["Ḅθ஺

47!"⌨θḄÒ᪗Ô'Y>klḄᑭ᩽ᜧᓄ஺~ÆÔF,Z[⌕Õ«ÖḼᑭ×ØḄ["ÙᔣÛ¸஺ÄÔ~ܸÝḄxᙠÞ⌨θßàᐰ!"Ḅklᑭ'3஺ᐭáâã_`'pl,⊤ឋ!"Ḅᑭxᙠ«äåᐸç!"ᐭ஺ߧ¨èS1CᑮS2o_`I¬ᑮp2»ap2=LMC=minLAC஺ᑭìᜫ,hiᑭ'3஺⌨Ïáâᑖ᪆᝞ᙠÑ['ÆlᑁîïÏ>ðñ,~«ßg["Ḅ>ᨵ!"⌨Ïòᐭᐸó["èJåôgḄ§¨õöI¬,ᙠ◤øùúḄáûI,ᙳ⊝_`ü#Kᓣ-,OᙳᑭÆ«Kᓣ஺_`«Kᓣᑮ⊤ឋ!"klOᙳᡂdᨬ~ÆÔF᝞pᐭᐸA1᝞.pீminLAC,ᯠᙠᨵ⌨Ḅᓣ"#p=minLAC'(஺>⌨ḄCᔠὃ⇋᝞.p>minLAC,ᐸAᨵ>ᐭḄH᝞.p⌨LMNOᜫQR,>⌨STὃ⇋UᐰWXḄY3ᙳ⊝\]^_Nᩩa:p=minLACcd,LMCfgLACḄᨬijQR,klᑏᡂ:p=minLAC=LMC

48UᐰWX'pY3ᙳ⊝q*ᙠUᐰWXrs<rsᙳ⊝tuḄ23v▭ᦈᐭ(MR)yY3v▭ᦈᐭ,ᓽ,p=MR=LMR஺Y3{ᙳᡂ|Ḅᨬij(minLAC)}\~Ḽᙠ/0ᔆᩩaḄ23{ᙳᡂ|Ḅᨬij(minAC),cdᨵ0ᩩ23v▭ᡂ|(MC)fg;jᓽ:minLAC=minAC=MCoUᐰWX07Y3ᙳ⊝07ᙠ/0Ḅ23ᙳ⊝;723ᙳ⊝07Y3ᙳ⊝஺UᐰWXḄ23ᩩᡂ|{ᙳᡂ|ACஹ{ᙳlᡂ|AVCyv▭ᡂ|MC,᝞.rs'p4d,Ḅᨬ1'q4;᝞.'P3d,ᨬ1ᑣ'q3;᝞.'P2d,ᨬ1ᑣ'q2᝞.'P1d,ᨬ1ᑣ'ql'P1d,11;᝞iupl(᝞pO)d,Ḅ1'0஺23,9AVCᨬijḄMC|஺1,/ᖪ¡Ḅ᦮£rsḄ,¤l¥'rs¦஺rs,;UᐰWXrs<ᡠᨵḄ¨{y஺☢WXឋḄ«¬UᐰWX1Ḅ23Ḅ,Ꮇ®rs<ᙠḼ1000£Uᐰ¯cḄᐸ

49*+:UᐰWX<Ḅrs23ᡠᨵஹpḄ¨{y஺ºḼ1᡽¼¬½1ᡂ|¾Ḅ1ᡂ|⌴À1஺ᡂ|1ḄY3LSI'0ᩩ¨{Hᡂ|⌴À1ḄY3LS2'0ᩩᔣÂÃÄÅḄHᡂ|⌴Æ1ḄY3LS30ᩩᔣÂÃÄÅḄ஺ᓝஹᚘÉWXyÊᜮᚘÉWX,ÌÍ1y├Ïᨵឋᖪ¡Ḅ0rs*᪀஺ᚘÉWXᐹᨵNÒ£ÓÔḄᱯÖ,Lrs<ᙠḼᜧḄØᡈ├ÏὅÛÜRÝÞᙠḼß'àáḄWX,cd,>⌨rspâãuUᐰWX஺2.ä'å⌕ḄAçᡠ1Ḅᖪ¡ÜRÝÞᙠḼÓÔḄ,è¥'éᖪ¡஺Êᜮ,êᦪìíᜧîïᑴ/ᖪ¡Ḅ0rs*᪀஺ñÊJᨵÒíḄ0rs*᪀ḄᦪòêÊᜮḄ0£å⌕ᱯÖ஺ÊᜮḄóô£ᱯÖ9>ᐭõᚠ,÷ᯠÊᜮyøùÊᜮ஺'⊝crs*᪀ḄWXúT,fûüíýᵨNÒÃø71.
2.ߟᢣᦪ஺
ᨬᜧ
Ḅᡈᓰ᦮
ᡈḄ!஺
=ᨬᜧ
Ḅ/$%
Ḅ&X100%'
(ᨵ100%Ḅ*+,-.ᑣ0ᚘ2஺
᳛4560%Ḅ*+6708ᜮ;
;<40%Ḅ*+670ᚘ2=>ឋ;;<20@Ḅ*+670Aឋ
஺ߟᢣᦪ;HH1ᢣᦪ0'*+ᨬᜧḄ50
ᡠᓰḄ*+,-ḄCDE஺

502HHI=Eaiᐸ.ai⊤OPi
Ḅ*+,-.i=l,2,,,,50;2ᙠVᐰ=>XYZ,HHIᢣᦪ[\0];ᙠVᐰᚘ2ᩩ_Z,HH1ᢣᦪ010000(100=10000)»HIIIᢣᦪd<1000Ḅ*+=>ឋḄ*+;HHIᢣᦪᙠ1000~1800Ḅ670=>Ḅ*+.ᓽᚘ2=>஺HHIᢣᦪ4h1800Ḅ670A=>ឋḄ.ᓽ8ᜮ஺ᢣ᪗(jHHIᢣᦪ)ᨵklmno஺pᐰqsᑁᩭvw*+Ḅ஺xyᖪ{ᙢ}*+~ᐰᳫ*+'├஺hᩭᐭᚠ஺xy
Ḅ.ᓾ᧕ᐭ,ᨵᜧḄ
஺ᚘ2=>
Ḅᙳ⊝ᚘ2=>
◤ᨵ~Z[ᱯ¡1.$
Vᐰ=>
.¢£,¤'ᩩ¥C஺2.¤¦§ᔠ◤©ᑣ,ᐸ◤Ḅª᳛¦0«஺3.$
ᚘ2®¯@,ᐸ◤¯▽;±²,¯Cᚆ஺ᚘ2=>
ᙠ´µᡂ·E¸+◤Ḅ¹ºZ,ᢥ᯿MR=MCḄÀᑣÁ'ᑭÃ᩽ᜧᓄḄq*,µÈ0pl.Cᙳᡂ·00C,ÊËᑭÃ0ÌplABC,
᪷ÐMR2=MC2ḄÀᑣ.ѵÁq*2.µÈ0p2.£kᨬ;ḄÒÓ0Ìp2IHJoᚘ2=>ὅᙠᑁhÒÓᨵ×Ø⌱Ú:ÜᡈÝÞÁ஺Vᐰ=>ὅḄÜEÝÞÁḄÀᑣß᪵〉ᵨ<ᚘ2=>ὅ஺ᚘ2=>Ḅᙳ⊝EVᐰᚘ2Ḅᙳ⊝Ḅãä[\'å'᪵æç'Ḅ}èéᚘ2=>
Ḅ◤Vᐰᚘ2k⌕Cᚆë஺᝞í¤'ᚘ2®îïᨵ.élð'Vᐰ=>ὅ'᪵☢òḼ'ᩩ¥CḄ◤஺ᚘ2=>ஹõḄöᙳ⊝

51Vᐰ=>ὅḄöÊËᑭÃ0],Vᐰᚘ2ὅḄöᑭÃ÷ø0ù஺ᚘ2=>Ḅöᙳ⊝úVᐰ=>Ḅûíüß.îÊËᑭÃ0]஺ýᵫᚘ2=>
Ḅÿᵫ
⌨ḄឋᡠḄ⊤ឋḄᚘឋᨵᑭḄ᎛ᑭᔾḄḼ!"஺⊤ឋḄᚘឋ$%&'Ḅ᎛&'()*+,ᑖ./ᡂ1234ᑮḄᐜᚘ78ᐰḄ:;8ᐰᙠ=>Ḅᙳ⊝ᩩBCDp=MC=minLACoPᨵQRSTD1.WXYZ[▭ᡂ1,^ᕡḼ!"`abḄ"c,def%`ᨵᦔhij2.WXYZ=>lᙳᡂ1Ḅᨬno^ᕡḼᙠᨬnḄ=>lᙳᡂ1op
q!"rsf%`"ᨬuᦔ᳛w”(minimumefficientscale)0ᙠ=>ᚘḄᙳ⊝ᙠᜧ☢ᨵZ8ᐰḄᙳ⊝DLᚘ$%“ᒕḄ!"”j2.ᚘ!"$+ᦔ᳛inefficient)Ḅ"clj3.ᚘWX(non-pricecompetition),᝞ஹᒹ¢Y£¤"¥Ḅ¦ឋḄqC஺!"ᒕDᨬuᦔ᳛wḄ"c§ᑭ᩽ᜧᓄ"cḄª஺"!Ḅ«¬Dᚘᙠᨬuᦔ᳛wᜐ
q!"⌼ᡂ&'஺ᒕḄ!"ᵨq*qFᩭc´஺µᡂ(markup)DḄWXp·$ᐸ[▭ᡂ1MCḄ¹+,ᑖᦪc஺µᡂᦪcCEG஺ᨵᦔ᳛ḄdehiᩩBDP=LMC஺¾ᙠᚘᙳ⊝WX·Z=>[▭ᡂ1ᓽP>LMCjᦔ᳛'ᜫᡈÃÄ'ᜫÅEHG»

52WX——ᦋÊ"¥¥ஹᦋᗐÌÍஹᦋ
ᒹ¢ஹÎÏ⃩├ÒᶍஹÔÕÖᵨY×Ø஺WXᨵÙÚÛÜÝ⌕ᨵQᜧßD1."¥à2.஺áâ+ãᚘ⌕ä=>åæᑭ,çèé
q"¥à஺ᦋ
ὁ"¥7ëì"¥íî⌲ᚘðᨬCñ1Ḅòóô+,ᑴ⌼"¥¦íåöᚘᑭᨬÎ⌕Ḅ÷ô+஺ᑭᙠøùḼ
q"¥à,ᑭúᙠøùḼᐸûᦔᐜqὅ,ᑭýøùḼᐜqὅþ´à஺"¥àÿ
ὅḄ☢ᩭᦋ
ὅḄ⌱஺☢Ḅᦋᙠ᜜!ᡈᒹ$%&'(ᓄᑣ+,
ὅ-.ᳮឋ⌱஺123ᒹ$456789
ὅ:;ᑮḄ=ᜧ'(?@AḄB⌕DE஺ᡂGḄ12HᦋIJKLᐸḄNO஺P4◤RSᓣU4◤RI,VᨵXឋ஺12YZ[ql,ᡂ_[Cl,12aZ[q2,ᡂ_[C2஺ᡂGḄ12ᨵᑭ᡽ᜧ├fghiᙳᡂ_஺klឋ12ᑁnoᐵḄqZஹstஹuvஹw,ឋxy☢ḄᨵᵨklḄ12஺{@ឋ12|ᨵ}~ᨵskl,4{JK@AḄ12஺Ꮇឋ12ᨵᦣ┯ᡈᎷklḄ12஺LᚘᳮḄᢇ™t[,LPᳮ4L¡4ᔲ£¤,¥ᙠ¦ᔲ£¤ᙢ⚜©ª«¬᛻®¯IᓄḄ஺°[,ª«±²ᨬ´µ¶ᚘᳮ4·[¸,V[஺ᙠ,ª«±²[,¹ᑖ᪆¼ᔣµ¶¾ᐰÀÁḄÂᓽ¾ᐰÀÁwÄV[£¤ᙢ⚜©ª«H-P■ஹÈÉÊẠÈÉ(gametheory)ØÙLÚ4ᵨᑖ᪆Úᶍឋ[ḄPÜÝᐹ஺

53ÈÉḄᑖ᪆ßà1.ãᑮÜᨵᵨḄyäᩭ¡åÈÉæ2.çãÜyäᩭ⚜©Âè஺ÈÉḄ⌕éê1ë⌱Dæê2ëìᑣæê3ëÚᶍæê4ëᦈðæê5ëÂè஺òìäÈÉênormalformëPÜòõḄᵨ⊤t¡PÈÉḄy.஺÷øÈÉ⌕R⌱D÷øùúḄÈÉ஺ûᑡÈÉ⌱DwÄᑖᐜaøþùúḄÈÉ஺ÿ
ᶍ:⌱
ᶍ⌱⌱Ḅ
ᶍᓰ
ᶍ஺ᙠ,᝞"#⌱$ᨵ&
ᶍ,',(⌱Ḅ
ᶍ)ᔠ+,&Ḅᙳ⊝஺/0ᡠᨵḄ$2ᙠ
ᶍᙳ⊝஺3ᙳ⊝45BḄ⌱,AḄ⌱ᨬ9Ḅ:;<5AḄ⌱,BḄ⌱=ᨬ9Ḅ&ᙳ⊝>᝱஺
ᶍᙳ⊝@3ᙳ⊝Ḅ&ᱯB஺CDᙢF᝞"
ᶍᙳ⊝+&3ᙳ⊝:GHᑣJᯠ஺LMN᛻ᙠᔣQJRḄᢧᡊ஺UVWXḄQJRḄᳮZ[\]^_Ḅ#`$ᙠabcᡃᑭfgᙠabcᡃᑭfḄhi;<=jklmnḄoᐳᑭf஺LMN᛻ᓾrsmnḄ#`$ᙠabcᡃᑭfᯠt`umnḄoᐳᑭfᓾJvwjk஺LxN᛻yzN᛻Ẇ|}~N᛻,B$ᨵ&ᐳ;Ḅᱯ4ᔠឋḄ0ᔠឋgᔠJ3ᙳ⊝஺ᓝஹᙳ⊝ᑖ᪆ᙳ⊝4ᙠᐸᩩJḄᎷ,Ẇᓫ^_[ὅὅᡈ}ὅḄᙳ⊝¡¢ᓫᖪ¤ᡈ⌕¦\]Ḅᙳ⊝஺ᙳ⊝4ᡠᨵ\]ᐳ;ᜐᙳ⊝Ḅ•>᝱஺©⌕bᡠᨵ\]Ḅª5«◤bᐰ¯°஺*ᙳ⊝²ᙳ⊝¯ᐵᑖ᪆4ᙠ´ᾙ\]ᵫ·ª5¸¹ᵫSpᚖ½¾¿1ᐗÂSp,Ä

54Å´ᾙ\]ÆḄᨚ<Ḅᙳ⊝ÈÉ[10.40ᐗ/Ëᙳ⊝├~[qA;ᵫ´ᾙÈÉᓃÎᙠᐸ©ᩩJḄÏÐ,`ÑᵨÓᾙÔÕ´ᾙ,@Ö×lÓᾙḄ◤b,Óᾙ◤b¸¹ØdB¾¿ÂdB',,᪵ÓᾙÈɾᓣᑮl12.4ᐗ/Ëᙳ⊝}~=¾ᓣ஺ÓᾙÈɾᓣÜ´ᾙ\]n2ᙠḼ&G✄ᦔàᓽ`Ñn〉VÖ×´ᾙḄ◤bᩭÔÕÓᾙ஺gäåᨵæç,´ᾙ\]Óᾙ\]=ᨵG✄ᦔàgᙠ⌲é⊦ë஺,&hi⌕ᢝíᑮjkᙳ⊝[î஺(\];?ὅA8ᙠBC4DEFGHᡠJᨵḄLM⌕O,PᙠᔜGḄ⚜STUDVWMXYᐸᦔᵨ᩽ᜧᓄ_`aᣚḄ()ᙳ⊝c2.<=deAfᙠBCḄ4DgCLM⌕OḄ◤ijᐸMkXYᐸᑭm᩽ᜧᓄ_`LMḄ()ᙳ⊝c3.<=no`Mnop⌕OnocAfᙠ1ᝅ4)5Dqᑮ(FBs(◤iḄtuḄᙳ⊝᝱஺`XYLMpaᣚḄ()ᙳ⊝c.2X2X2()ᙳ⊝wx:ᙠz,-.ᨵ2=,-{|}ApB
ஹᖪxpy
pLM⌕OLpK
oIIXMXN()ᙳ⊝wx;ᙠz,-.ᨵH=,-}{|ஹMᖪpNLM⌕O஺aᣚ()ᙳ⊝;D|>?ὅAḄ|>?ὅBḄ_'⊤yḄ(Mk⊤xḄ(MkW|ApBḄἬ஺AஹBḄᩩ᝞WᑮE1|ᡲᦋᗐ஺E1XYaᣚ

55ᦔ᳛஺£ApBḄtᑗḄᡠᨵ§¨©ᩭ«¬ᑮᩩaᣚ᜿T0AE1E2E30B஺ᡲaᣚᦔ᳛;³´µ¶>?ὅᦔᵨḄ·ED,³8¸¹º=>?ὅḄᦔᵨ»¼஺XYᡲᦔ᳛½¾XYᡲᨬÀ஺aᣚ᜿T;ÁÂaᣚᦔ᳛ᩩÃᡠᨵḄÄÅ஺aᣚḄ()ᙳ⊝ᩩÃ,1¾*=>?ὅḄÆÇtᑗ,È=>?ὅḄÉ▭᳛tuËuÌᖪḄ4Í஺LM()ᙳ⊝;ᙠᢈÏsÐCḄᩩÃD,ÑÒÓÔÕÖ:¬MMkXY᩽ᜧᓄḄ᝱஺×ØÙᎷÛ;YᎷC¶,-ᨵ=LMឋdeCpD,CLMßᱥx,DLM⊟ãy;LMM:ᵨæḄçèpÙ_<édeAᨵCḄἬᑖêᵨÌLMxpy;᦮=ìfḄ(ᑖêBC|L0pK0;ᎷCz,-LMxpyḄᢈÏ»¼ïC,PËᵨD=LMðᦪò{óô;x=Fx(Lx,Kx)y=Fy(Ly,Ky)ᎷC=LMðᦪFxpFy§ù!Ë|úðᦪ஺=LMὅᑖêLMxpy,<=LMὅᑖêJᨵûᩩuMk,7ü:ᵨæḄçèpÙ஺GOᑮEl,xyḄy3ᑮy4,ᡠGOᨵᦔ᳛஺E1ᓄᑮE2,xḄyḄᓾ!"#$%&'(ᡲᦋᗐ஺E1,E2-.#'(ᡲ/ᦔ᳛012/ὅḄ4567ᑗ஺9:;/<=ᙳ⊝ᩩAḄᡠᨵBCDEᩭ,GHᑮIᩩ/᜿K56஺

56Lᣚ<=ᙳ⊝,/<=ᙳ⊝஺Nὅ&ὃPᡠᨵ⌕RSTᙳ⊝Uὅ&ὃPᡠᨵVSTᙳ⊝஺/WXឋ56Zproductionpossibilitycurve,ijPPC,mj/WXឋnop0ᙠrs/ᢈuᩩAvஹrs⌕Rᢗᐭz{vᡠX/|ᩭḄ%}ḄᨬᜧWXḄᔠḄ஺&/᜿K56|ᩭḄ஺/᜿K56ḄE1⊤Ḽ"Ḅx,'ḄyḄᔠḼḄEl஺ᐸ஺'''ElஹE2,E34CDEᩭGHᑮ#IᩩᔣḄ/WXឋ56஺/WXឋ56Ḅឋ1./WXឋ56ḄIᙳ⊤Ḽ-.#/ᦔ᳛ZWjᢈuᦔ᳛p஺2./WXឋ56¡v¢Ḅᑁ,/¤&W¥Ḅ&,/&¦§ᦔ᳛Ḅ¨©ªᙠḼ'(ᡲᦋ«ḄWX஺3./WXឋ56¬¢Ḅ&ᙠ.ᨵ/ᢈuKᩩAv%WX-.Ḅᔠ஺4./WXឋ56Ḅ®᳛Wᵨ°±/xḄ²³ᡂ,ᓽ/I2ᓫ·Ḅxᡠ¸¹º»ḄyḄᦪ஺²³ᡂ⌴¾ᑣ0/I2xᡠ¸¹º»yḄᦪ஺

57n▭Áᣚ᳛&/WXឋ56Ḅ®᳛,©±#ᙠÂᢝᦔ᳛%NÄvÅÆV/ᡠ¸¹Ç|ḄÈ᜜IÆVḄÊᓽ0MRTxy=dy/dx|ᦔ᳛%Ḅ“ᦔ᳛%”◚ÔḼᔠÕḼ/WXឋ56Ö×஺-./,Lᣚ<=ᙳ⊝ḄᩩA0ØÙÚ᜻ÜÝLᣚÞß,WH|E'-.#Lᣚᦔ᳛,àx,yᙠáâὅAஹB1åæçḄèé஺áâὅAHᑮ#(OAxl,0Ayl),áâὅBHᑮ#(OBxl,OByl)»᦮2ï³-.#/,LᣚḄ<=ᙳ⊝஺ᓝñஹòᑭôõöòᑭ0ôõ=ᡈὅ¥ø=IÆùòḄஹᏉûḄß᝱஺òᑭôõö0òᑭ᩽ᜧᓄᑣ|þôõ=ÿḄ
Ḅᑖ஺᣸◀Ḅᳮ,"Ẇ$%&Ḅ▭
()*%&+᝞-
Ḅ./01᝞2
,34“+”7“8+”Ḅ9⚪;<Ḅ>?:A%&Ḅ
BCD(34+“E”7“8E”Ḅ9⚪஺FᩈHIJ(KᑭMN<Ḅᶖ஺KᑭḄ᪷Q>?1.TUVWஹYZḄ[ᨵḄKᑭ]᝱W;2.+ᔲdᙠḼghijḄKᑭஹᡈὅᨬnḄKᑭ]᝱W*;3.qKᑭFWjᑮW*]᝱Ḅ஺s%Ḅtuᡲᨬn:tuᡲḄwᣚᦔ᳛(ᡈᨬn)ஹtuᡲ}~ᦔ᳛(ᡈᨬn).tuᡲ}~7wᣚᦔ᳛஺tuᡲwᣚᦔ᳛ᩩ+:

58tuᡲ}~ᦔ᳛ᩩ+:tuᡲ}~7wᣚᦔ᳛Ḅᩩ+MRS⊤▭᳛;MRTS⊤▭ᢈ᳛;MRT⊤▭ᣚ᳛஺[ᜧᡂ+*ᐰḄ[tuᡲᨬn஺Kᑭᳮ:ᡠᨵḄᙳ⊝+tuᡲᨬn஺¡B:᎝ஹ£¤ஹ¥¦,ឋᡂ/¨⌕ḄஹªẠឋḄ¬®¯ḄD°±஺ᡂ/gh²³´µḄD¶W·Kᑭ¸ᳮ:ᙠ>-tuᡲᨬn]᝱,s¹º»ᑮ¼½¾ᡂ/s%ᙳ⊝஺ᦔᵨ¹ឋÀÁ:ᙠÂCᖪĽÅÆÇÈ([wᣚs%ᙳ⊝ᩩÈ8ÉÊËὅᨬᜧ¹Ḅᦔᵨ¼ᔠ஺Íᩩᦔᵨ¹ឋÀÁÎᨵÏ[}~7wᣚs%ᙳ⊝஺ÐÑÏÒ´ÓᩭÕ¹Ö×sᦔᵨ¹ឋÀÁ("+8ÉḄᦔᵨ¹ឋÀÁḄIᒹÙÁ(ÀÁIÍ•ÏÛÉÜ[}~7wᣚᦔ᳛஺ᡃh¹Fwᣚ᜿ßÀÁÖ×ᦔᵨ¹ឋÀÁ஺àáḄE1ÏANãáZ1Ï.àáḄE27E3ÏANãáZ2Ï7Z3,åæçᑮᦔᵨ¹ឋÀÁEF஺sᦔᵨ¹ឋÀÁᨵÈឋH(1)"+8ɽÅÆÇÈ8ÉḄᦔᵨ¹ឋÀÁḄIᒹÙÁ;(2)ÀÁI>-ÏÛ◚êᙢ⊤ḼCᖪĽÅ;(3)ÀÁI>-ÏÛìí}~7wᣚᦔ᳛;(4)ÀÁI>-Ï⊤ḼÊËὅḄᦔᵨïðḄ¼ᔠ;(5)᝞½ò▲¹ᑖ(sᦔᵨ¹ឋÀÁ+ᩩÒôḄõᔣ÷ÏḄÀÁ,8ÉÊËὅḄᦔᵨdᙠḼ2ÊøùḄᐵ&஺Kᑭûᦪý᝞Ḅûᦪòþÿ
ḄᦔᵨᔠᐹᨵḄ஺1)ᙠᩩ
⊤᦮!"#ᨵḄ$ᑭ&

59()2+,-.Ḅ
/0ᔣ23⊤4$ᑭ5ᦪ785ᦪ)3+
Ḅ:᳛<=->ᓽdUB/dUA<0,⊤4Hᦔᵨ&(ᓣJᕡḼM᜜Ḅᦔᵨ&(ḄOP஺4+R23ៜTḄUᩩ
⊤ḼVWḄ$ᑭ&(஺XᐺZᑭ[\ὅḄ$ᑭ5ᦪᡈὅ_`$ᑭ5ᦪa⊤4$ᑭ5ᦪ7bcd⌕Ḅᡂᕒᦔᵨ&(hi஺ᦔᵨjᩗiḄ$ᑭ5ᦪlmal,a2>0,qᨵal+a2=1,tuᩗᦪᑖw⊤AiBḄᦔᵨ5ᦪᙠ$ᑭ5ᦪmḄd⌕xy஺ᨬ{ᨬᜧ$ᑭ5ᦪ,ᡈ}-~Rawls+$ᑭ5ᦪHḄ$ᑭU#ᨵᨬ{ᦔᵨḄḄ$ᑭ&(஺ᨬx*iy*)ᑖx*Aஹx*Biy*Aஹy*B⌕ᨬL*xஹL*yஹK*xiK*yᨬᜧᓄu*Aiu*B$ᑭ&(W*+,E3ᐳ¢£13

60¤஺¥¦(ᙳ[\lḄ_`$ᑭ5ᦪ¦¨Ḽ:᳛-(T)Ḅ
,$ᑭ᩽ᜧᓄ3-E1~$ᑭ5ᦪ¦¨ḼḄ
-L¬ᐸᜧ{®¯ὅAiBᨬ{ḄU°Ḅᦔᵨ±,ᐸ$ᑭ᩽ᜧᓄ3-E2஺j²⚪$ᑭ5ᦪ´ᙠḼ᝞¶·“j”-Ḅ²⚪஺ᢗἠ័½¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅἠᨬ°ᫀ஺Ç~ÈÅឋ¢ᳮËÌj-ᡠÎḄ,ᡈὅHÏÐÑὅḄÒ£஺Ç~¦jḄ⌱ÔÕᑴ×£᝞OᎷÙ(1)᝞ÚᐹᨵÛᜓឋஹÝÞឋiß⌴ឋ,UáâÕᑴã¨äåᐹᨵcឋæḄ஺(2)᝞ÚbçXéY,Uáëã¨äìXéY஺(3)ᙠXiYhíḄ¾ᙠXiYhíḄ᣸ïðñ¾᝞¶òóᐸñ⌱Ô஺ôõᐻ
(Lorenzcurve)yᦈᐭ(ᡈ)ᑖḄ஺ᦪᦈᐭᑖḄ஺ᦪ=A/(A+B)#ᦪᙠ0ᑮ1()*ᦪ+,+-஺

61ᦪ,/0.2⊤3ᦈᐭ45ᙳ;0.2~0.3⊤3:;-<ᦔ᳛?ᙠḼABCᐵ஺ᙠAᱯFGH,-<ᦔ᳛JKL័Ḅ஺Nᙠ4ᜧPᦪQᔠH*-<ᦔ᳛?ᙠḼABC(trade-off)Ḅ[஺\]^_A`aᓄᑮB`⊤3cdeᜧḄ-fᱨᦔ᳛*_C`aᓄᑮB`⊤3cdijᦔ᳛kfᱨ-஺lmᙢ?ᙠḼᦔ᳛<-opqḄ\rsHIJOoᓝyஹ{Qᜫ}ᚘ<᜜ឋ{Qᜫ}:{Qᙳ⊝(ᓽ<ᣚᦔ᳛)ᡈ]^ᑭ᩽ᜧᓄḄ᝱஺▭ᡂ▭ᡂ<◤`Ḅcᨬj▲Ḅ¢ᑴ¤஺ᙳᡂᢥᙳᡂ<◤Ḅ`ᡠᨬj▲ᩭḄ¢ᑴ஺¨©5ᚘὅḄ«¬B¨©ᡈP©Ḅ஺®¯Lc°±<\²³´µ¶·¸Ḅ·¹º»¼ᡠ½ᨵḄ⌕ÀÁᑮÂÃ{QÄÅÆÇḄÆÇ஺᜜ឋJᢣÉÊ5ᡈËÌÍβÏᑴḄÐ᜜ḄᡂᡈᦈÑ஺᜜ឋᨵÒHᱯÓ(1)ÉÊឋ஺᜜ឋJÉÊ5<ËÌÍβᡠḄÄ☢ᡈÕ☢Ḅµ¶஺(2)Ïᑴឋ஺ÍβÖ×pqḄ*ØÙJÚÛÜJÝÞ஺(3)ᑖឋ஺⌼ᡂᡂ<ᦈÑḄᑖ஺▭\²ᡂ(MPC)°±Pâ¬5#°±»ãᡠḄᡂäå஺▭᜜ᡂ(MEC)ÕḄ᜜ឋ5ᐸè°±<]^ᡠḄᡂḄäå஺▭]^ᡂ(MSC)P\ᓫë¬5ᐸè°ஹìᡈ\²ᡠḄᡂḄäå,í/▭\²ᡂî▭᜜ᡂ*ᓽMSC=MPC+MEC

62▭᜜ᦈÑ(MEB)ÄḄ᜜ឋ5è²<]^ᡠḄᦈÑḄäå஺▭\²ᦈÑ(MPB)°±Pâ¬5#°±»ãᡠÁᑮḄᦈÑḄäå஺▭]^ᦈÑ(MSB)°±Pâ¬5ᐸí°±ᡈ\²ᡠḄᦈÑḄäå஺í/▭\²ᦈÑîï▭᜜ᦈÑ*ᓽMSB=MPB+MEB᣸ñÌ5᜜ᡂḄñòὅÓóḄôõឋᫀ஺o᧕øoùJᢣ¸5ú\ûᙠñòὅᑖ\øoḄᨬᜧñòå*ᐸøoùoᙠ{Qï᧕Ḅü᣸ñòḄᑴý஺þÿᳮ(“ᑨ”)᝞ᩗᨎᙠ᧕ᵨᶍḄ!"᜜$ឋ&'()*Ḅ+,ᑨ-./012Ḅᦔ᳛56஺᧕ᵨ8ᢣ:;<ᡂ>?᧕,(A◀;CDᐸFG.᜜,HIJ:KLᖪNOPஹRSFGT*☢ḄᑨஹV6ᖪN."WXᵨᡝᩗZᡠD\Ḅ]F஺^ᐳ`a:cdefᑮᦈᐭḄ^ᐳj᪀`aNlmn஺o(⊡q:de:;^ᐳᑭZsto(uvRS⊡qḄ>wS:஺xyᑶ:de:;^ᐳᑭZt{>|}Ḅ~Ḅ>•w]ᑶ,-ᵨVᱯḄNᡈmn஺1.c$ᙳ⊝ᑖ᪆ᩭ,ᚘḄᙳ⊝:P>MC,\0¡ᦔ᳛஺2.c£¤ឋlᚘuv¥¦Ḅ§ᚘ¨/0©ªᑭ᩽ᜧᓄ,s\0ᜫ¯஺3.ᜫ¯8ᢣᓫ²Ḅ³⁚µ¶·¸ᙳ⊝ᡈ©ªᑭ᩽ᜧᓄḄ>w¹᝱ᡂ»⌕ᨵ¾w:ᚘஹ᜜$ឋஹ^ᐳNlOPt஺4.ᵫᚘ\01256Ḅ¡ᦔ᳛,deÁtᚘuvRS³Â,ᐸ»⌕*ÃᨵÄ▭ᡂFஹÆᙳᡂFஹ>ÇឋÈÉlÊËF஺5.᜜$ឋ8ÍÎ*tÏᡈÐὅÒᑴÏḄÔ᜜ᡂᡈᦈZ,Õ-.Ö:×\ᦔÁஹØ~ᦔÁᡈÍÎ*ᦔÁ஺6.᜜$ឋᨵÚÛÜᑖ஺ÛḄ᜜$ឋÏ᜜$ᡂÝ-:᜜$Þß;ÚḄ᜜$ឋÏ᜜$ᦈZÝ-:᜜$Þß஺ÕᐹᨵÍÎ*ឋஹÒᑴឋlᑖ¶ឋ஺

637.ᑴ⌼äåḄuv᪷çè(ᑭé᩽ᜧᓄêᑣìᐸᨬîï஺ïð©ᨬx8.ÖòóXäåḄuvôᦑ⌕ö÷ᡂ,ÕḄ/▭ï⌕ø©ᨬxï஺9.᜜$Þßúû³⁚\0ᜫᮣ஺10.þÿᡈ
ᦟḄᦪᐹᨵḄḄ᜜ឋ,Ḅᨬ஺11.☢᜜!"#$%&'()*(+,-:/01ᦈ3⊡5ஹ᣸89ஹ':᧕<'=ᑴ?஺12.☢᜜ᡂB$CDEḄFᫀᨵ:HឋஹIJᔠL3MNOᑨD஺13.☢᜜"#$%&'()*(+RSFT:UᐳWXஹC⊡5ஹYᑶஹ[ᑭ]᱐ᩗ஺ᓝaஹbcᜫefUᐳg3hi!jCgfᐹᜓlmឋ3no᣸pឋḄg஺lmឋfq
r9ὅr9tq
g3ᐸpr9vgwᡂlm஺᣸pឋfq
r9ὅxᨵq
gyz{᣸|pr9஺Uᐳgfᐹᜓ}᣸pឋ3}lmឋḄg஺}lmឋf~
r9ὅr9!ᑮᨵr9ὅr9
g஺}᣸pឋf⌕᣸|q
ᑖr9qSᖪg⌕}ஹᡂB᧊,⌕ᢈo!'zḄ஺Uᐳfᐹᨵlmឋ3}᣸pឋᔠḄgUᐳgfᐹᨵ᣸pឋ3}lmឋᔠḄg஺9fᙠr9Uᐳgp9ஹ¡¢9£ᵨḄ
S¥᝱஺§j“©”஺bc◤¬®fbc¯ᔜr9ὅḄ◤¬®Ḅ±²³஺Uᐳg◤¬®fbc¯ᔜr9ὅḄ◤¬®Ḅᚖµ³஺

64¶·ឋbcḄX¸®¹SḄ»,bcḄᙳ⊝¹qE,ᙳ⊝ÀÁ¹pl,bcᨵᦔ᳛Ḅ$ƹÇMR=MCoD¹Îr9ὅ◤¬®DA3DBḄᚖµ3஺¸Ñ
ᩩX¸®$UᐳgḄᨬX¸¹q*஺ᵫᨵÕÖUᐳgḄ×▭ᦈᐭ$'zÚᑮ
ᩩÛḄ“!ÜÝḄ”Uᐳ◤¬®$bcX¸Þ!ᑮᨬ,ßàbcᜫe஺Uᙢâᒓ(TragedyofCommons):Uᐳñò?£ᵨḄâᒓ஺hi:óஹ¡ᯠõḄöᱥᱯùஹúஹBûüýþḄÿḄ஺ᢈ:ᨵᐵḄᦈஹஹஹᣚஹஹ⌴ஹᜐᳮஹஹஹᑖ᪆!ᑭᵨ$Ḅᢈ%&:ᐵ'()ὅ!+,ὅ-.()ஹᑖ/!0ᣚ$%&123Ḅ45஺6ᐳ:ᡠᨵ%&9:;<=>?@,AḄ45,6ᐳC6ᐳ)DḄ•⊤GHI஺JK:LᨵMN%&9:;

65⌮ᔣ⌱:ᙠcdeᩩ{|}ᐹᨵḄ.ᐜ◚x}Ḅ⌱sXGV“cḄ஺ᔣ⌱positiveselection£pᐙᑖ¤deḄ¥¦ឋᡠXGḄ“Ḅ஺¨⌴pᐹᨵḄᔣd⌴JKḄs஺ᵐpᐹᨵªḄ«MI¬~ᙢ¯☄Ḅs஺⍝²³◅moralhazard,»¼“⍝²ᓻ¾!“¿²³◅£ÀcdeÁ,0᧕ḄÃᱨ¬ḄᑭÅ,ÆᦋiḄ9:}ÈɬÊËḄ³◅஺ÌᡲKpÎÏÐKQᡂᱯÑÒÓḄNKᡈÕÖ£஺×ᳮKpØÎÏÙQᡂᱯÑÒÓḄNKᡈÕÖ£஺Ìᡲ×ᳮÚ⚪pᙠcdeḄᩩ{|ÌᡲK!×ᳮK9:Ü᪗cÉᡠ)(ḄÚ⚪஺Þßàp1.JK)Dᐹᨵãäឋ!᣸Ðឋ}6ᐳ)Dᐹᨵæãäឋ!æ᣸Ðឋ஺)DPçᑖ:pJK)Dஹè6ᐳ)Dஹ6ᐳ4é!ê6ᐳ)D஺2.6ᐳ)D◤ìíîC3ᔜN+,ὅḄ◤ìíîḄᚖðñò஺3.ᵫ'Kõᨵö÷ø6ᐳ)DḄù⌕ឋ}ç¾ᑴû6ᐳ)Düý÷'þýᨬ
4.ᐭᐳ
ᯠ,ᐳ

ᐳ
஺ᐳ
ᵫ!"
#ᡂ⊡&Ḅ()*⌕ᨵ-.:0ᦈஹ345⊡67ᦈ8ᑴ஺5.ᐳ<=>?@AᵨCDE
ᐳ<=Fᒓ஺6.IJKᐰᢣNO*Pᡠ◤STḄ

669.¨Y⌮ᔣ⌱⚪*⌕ᨵ-.(©:opIª«⌴ஹIJᵐ®¯ᨵᦔ±⚜஺10.⍝µ¶◅ᢣ¸IJYZ¹,º᧕Ḅ(»ᱨf(Ḅᑭ¾eᦋÀḄNO,ÁÂf(ÃÄḄ¶◅஺ÅᙠÆÇÈÉÊ
Ë◅xÌ,ÍᨵÎÏÐÑᐰÒÓ஺11.⌮ᔣ⌱¯⍝µ¶◅ÔIJYZᡠ
ḄḄ⚪஺ÕÅᙠ
ḄÖ×ஹØᡂḄ¹ÙÚ¯
Ḅ¡¢ÛᨵÜḄÝÞ஺12.ᙠIJYZḄᩩ-àᡲ¯âᳮḄNOä᪗Âᡠ
Ḅ⚪Íàᡲâᳮ⚪஺13.çè?¥Ḅéêëìíîᑴᩭðñᡈóðàᡲâᳮ⚪஺ᙠô\ᳮᏕö⚪Û,÷-øù(☢ðñ:ûüô\ᳮop;þÿ
ᩗḄ;ᔜᑴᡂᙠḄᑴ஺14.!"ᙠ2007—2008(ᰦ*+,-./01ᓻ34ᔣᐰ78⅁:3;<ᡂ+ᐰᳫឋḄ?@ᓻ,ᨵCD4EF“ᜧ⊦⌨”஺15.ᐰᳫ?@ᓻḄMNᡂOPQ,R4ḄSNTẠVWXYZEWXY[ᐰ஺\]^_`8.8⁚bᡭ+de3fFYgὃᩭḼ3k▭஺஺஺mno9qbrᧇtuv஺஺஺mwrᧇ஺o16ஹ17qbz{Yg|}ὃmw~rᧇ3ᨵᭆ஺▬ᩭḄ3Wᣮ஺rᧇᵫ“”^஺ᜧᥜ஺஺஺஺஺஺ஹ¡¢£1ஹ¤¥¦§gᡂ¨©ªᑣSN¦§¬MN¦§¬2ஹ◤®¯◤®°ᳮ¯°ᳮᙳ⊝´µᨬ·▲´ᨬ¹▲´3ஹ◤®´µ»ឋ¼ᦈ¾bTRmÁ▭ᦈ¾bMRm

674ஹᦔᵨÁ▭ᦔᵨÁ▭ᦔᵨ⌴ƪᑣwÇÈÉÊÁ▭ËÌ᳛bMRSm5ஹMPLMPKAPLAPKCRSIRSDRSÁ▭Ö⌴Æ×ØÁ▭ËÌ᳛bMRTSmÖÉÊ6ஹgÙᡂ¦§ᡂÚgᡂÛCᡂTCVCFCACAVCAFCMCLTCLACLMC7ஹ[ᐰÞß[ᐰᚘáᚘáÞßâãὅᒕæçÖὅᒕæ´µèéêë◤®8ஹìíᡲᦔ᳛bᨬïmìíᡲᦋᗐòóYô°ᳮ¤¥ᜫᮣ÷ᐳÖù᜜ûᦔüýஹþÿ⚪1ஹឋḄ2ஹḄ3ஹᯠᑴᨵᦔᙢ!"#$%&⌕()*⚜,-4ஹ◤01◤02ஹ341342ᨵ5675ஹᙠᐸ;<=>?Ḅ@AB$CDḄBE$FGDḄH◤02I᝞5?ᓄ?%6ஹ()NOPᖪRSTᨬV▲I⌼ᡂZ[7ஹ()NOPᖪRSTᨬ]▲I⌼ᡂZ[8ஹ_`ᙳ⊝Ḅcᡂ஺9ஹᵨ◤0gឋhᳮjk“ↈᑭo├”Ḅ〉ᵨt஺10ஹᵨ◤0gឋhᳮjk“ↈᑭo├”>〉ᵨḄt஺11ஹvwxᨵyPᱯ{12ஹ|▭~᳛⌴Ḅh<13ஹὅᙳ⊝ᩩ14ஹ,-᝞5ᖪRஹRஹRHᔡRḄ

6815ஹ,-ᑭHIᑭஹ,-ᡂHIᡂᨵ5ὶH6716ஹ_`Ḅ,-6஺17ஹ2ᨵyPᱯ{18ஹ_`ᑭ᩽ᜧḄᩩ஺19ஹᜐ¤¥¦ᦈ¨⌴©▤«¬®¯¥¦ᔩ%20ஹᜐ¤¥¦ᦈ¨⌴▤«¬᡽ᜧ¥¦ᔩ%21ஹ²2%>ᩩ,³h´Ḅµ22ஹ¶ᙠ©·¸¹º»¼¬$ᙠ½¾Ḅ¿ᙳ2H|▭2À$;ÁᐵÃyº?2%23ஹÄÅÆᙠtᑁ᡽ᜧ¥¦24ஹ%ÈᐰÊËᙳ⊝¬Ḅ,-ᑭ%Ì25ஹ%ᑭ᩽ᜧᓄhᑣMR=MC,26ஹ%ᙠᑁ$ᨵ¬ᙠÎϬ&⌕27ஹÈᐰÊËḄ34Ð᳛%Ḅᔩ%28ஹÈᐰᚘÒSTÓÔÕÖḄᩩ%29ஹ%j×Ø$ᚘÒÙÊËÚÛᦔ᳛30ஹÈᐰᚘÒÜᐸRḄḄÝVÝÞᔩ31ஹᚘÒÊËᨵ5ᱯ´32ஹᚘÒÊËHÈᐰÊËḄᙳ⊝ᨵ5xß33ஹà◅âូὅHà◅᰿Þὅ34ஹ¼åæ5çà◅?

6935ஹèIᡂ1é¼ᡂᨵ5>ßᙠ@ABêὅë$ᙠ@ABêὅ>ë36ஹ,-ᡂ1,-ᑭஹIᡂ1IᑭḄᐵì᪵Ḅ37ஹî᧕()Ḅᙳ⊝Sòî᧕()ᙳ⊝Ḅᩩ38ஹyP<=Iëᜫᮣ39ஹ%j᜜öឋIë"#!ÚÛᦔ᳛40ஹ÷ᐳRHé¼RᨵyP>ßᱯ{Óஹù`⚪1ஹú`,-᝞5ûüᜧý,-þ⚪Ḅ஺2ஹú`ÿ◤Ḅ஺3ஹḄ஺4ஹᙠ▤Ḅᳮឋ!ᙠ"#▤$᝞&PL=0ஹPK=0ஹPL=PK,!ᑖ.ᙠ/ᜐ1⃩$5ஹ4567ὅᳮ9:ᳮ9஺6ஹ<ᐰ>?@ABCᙳ⊝ḄFGHI:ᱯK஺7ஹ45<ᐰ>?@A:<ᐰᚘN@A஺8ஹPQ᝞/R<ᐰᚘNSTUV$WஹXY⚪1ஹ67ὅRℍ⃔⏀Ḅ◤_ᦪP=100-4Q,ᑖ.XYP=60:P=20dḄefgឋhᦪ஺2ஹij├lᖪnXḄpᦈr(R=PQ)vIwR=100Q-2Q2,XYxy▭ᦈr(MR)20dḄefgឋhᦪ஺3ஹᎷ}~ḄḄC_ᦪwQ=—0.1L3+6L2+12L,(1)APL:MPL᩽ᜧdḄᦪ஺(2)xᙳW=360ᐗnefP=30ᐗdᑭ᩽ᜧᓄdḄᦪ஺

704ஹ<ᐰ>?ḄCpᡂTC=100—20Q+Q2,nefP=5,ᑭ᩽ᜧᓄdḄᑭஹACஹAVCஹAFC,P=2,ᔲ$5ஹᎷ}<ᐰ>?@AḄ◤_ᦪ:_ᦪᑖ.QD=50000—2000P:QS=40000+3000P,wᙳ⊝¡ஹᙳ⊝ef:Ḅ◤_ᦪ஺6ஹᎷ}¢<ᐰᚘNnḄ◤_ᦪP=12—0.4Q,pᡂ_ᦪTCO.6Q2+4Q+5,ᑭ᩽ᜧᓄdḄᑭஹ¡ஹef:pᦈr(TR)»