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▅ᳮ92Chapter1ᜧ⚪60Passage01Merchantshipsaredesignedtocarrycargo.Somearealsodesignedtocarrypassengers.Theycanoperateas

1liners.Theseareemployedonregularroutesonafixedtimetable.Alistoftheirarrivalanddeparturedatesispublishedinadvanceandtheysailwhetherfullornot.Linerscanbeclassedaseitherdeep-sealinersorshort-sealiners.Theformercarrymainlycontainerizedcargoacrosstheoceansoftheworld;thelatercarrycontainerizedorconventionalcargoonshorterroutes.Ferriesarealsoclassedasliners.Theseofferadailyorweeklyserviceforpassengersandvehiclesacrosschannelsandnarrowseas.Afewshipsarestillemployedaspassengerliners.TheynotonlycarrypassengersbutalsosomecargoonroutesfromEuropetoNorthAmericaandtotheFarEast.Nowadaysthepassengertradeisverysmallandpassengerlinersusuallyoperateascruiseshipsforpartoftheyear.001.Thedeep-sealiners.A.carrymainlycontainerizedcargoB.carrymainlyconventionalcargoC.offeradailyorweeklyserviceforpassengersandvehiclesD.sailacrosschannelsandnarrowseas.002.TheLiners.A.alwayssailfullB.sailregularlyevennotfullC.alwayssailinballastD.willnotsailifnotfull003.Alistofthearrivalanddeparturedatesofliners.A.willbepublishedweeklyB.willbepublishedwhentheysail,whetherfullornot,fromEuropetoNorthAmericaandtotheFarEastC.willnotbepublishedeventheysailfullyloadedD.ispublishedpriortotheirdeparture004.Itisimpliedinthepassagethat.A.thenumberofpassengershipsissmallB.allpassengershipswillcarrysomecargoinnearfutureC.itisnotnecessaryforlinerstosailinregulartimeD.containercarriersshouldcarrysomepassengersPassage02Nowadays,mostmerchantshipsarebuilttocarrycargoes.Andtheymainlyoperateastramps.Thesevesselsdonotsailonregularroutesorkeeptoafixedtimetable,butareemployedwherethereiscargoforthemtocarry.Trampscanbeclassedasdeep-seatrampsorshort-seatramps.Anumberareclassedascoasters.Theseplyoncoastalroutesandupriverstoinlandports.Thetraditionaltrampcargoesaredrybulkcargoes,butsomearedesignedtocarrygeneralcargoes.Alargenumberofmerchantshipsoperateasspecializedvessels.Thesearedesignedtocarryaparticulartypeofcargo.Thereareseveraltypesofspecializedvessel.Themostcommonareoiltankers.Theyareownedbythemajoroilcompaniesorbyindependentoperators.Twoothertypesofliquidbulkcarrierofgrowingimportancearechemicalcarriersandliquefiednaturalgas(LNG)carriers.005.Thedeep-seatramps.A.carrybulkandgeneralcargoacrossthehighseasB.arebuilttocarrypassengersC.aremainlycoastersD.arespecializedvesselOO6.Thecoasters.A.alwayssailacrossthehighseasB.commonlycarryoilcargoC.aremainlytankers

2D.sailoncoastalroutesandupriverstoinlandports007.TheimportanceofLNGcarriers.A.isgrowingB.isnotmentionedinpassageC.isdecreasingD.willbediscussedfurtherifnecessary008.Itisimpliedinthepassagethat.A.thenumberofspecializedvesselsisnotsmallB.alloiltankerswillcarrysomechemicalsinnearfutureC.thetrampsandspecializedvesselsarethebasictypeofmerchantships.D.containercarriersshouldnotbeclassedastrampsPassage03Cargoshipscanbedividedintotwobasictypes.Onetypecarriesdrycargo,theothercarriesliquidcargo;however,anOBOshipisdesignedtocarryboth.Atraditionaldrycargoshipisthemulti-deckvessel.Herholdsaredividedhorizontallybyoneortwo'tweendecks,becausethesemakestowageofindividualpackageseasier.Drybulkcargoiscarriedinbulkcarriers.Thesedonothave'tweendecksascargoiscarriedloose.Themostmoderntypeofdrycargocarrieristhecontainership.Theycarrycontainersofstandarddimensions,consequentlystowageiseasier.Fruit,meatanddairyproducearecarriedinrefrigeratedships.Oiltankersarethemostcommontypeofliquidcargocarrier.Theyareoftenverylarge,becausehugequantitiesofoilneedtobetransportedandonelargevesselismoreeconomicaltooperatethantwosmallerones.Twoothertypesofliquidbulkcarrierofgrowingimportancearetheliquefiednaturalgas(LNG)carrierandthechemicalcarrier,althoughchemicalcanalsobecarriedindrumsingeneralcargoships.009.Therearetypesofliquidbulkcarrier.A.2B.3C.4D.5010.Amulti-deckvesselhastweendecks.A.hasmanyB.noC.onlyoneD.hasuptotwo011.Fruit,meatanddairyproducearecarriedin.A.containerscarriersB.traditionalshipsC.OBOshipsD.refrigeratedships012.Thetypesofdrycargocarriersmentionedinthepassageare.A.tweendeckers,OBOshipsB.traditionaldrycargoshipandmulti-deckvesselC.OBOships,oiltankers,chemicaltankersandLNGcarriersD.drycargoship,drybulkcargoearner,containercarriersandrefrigeratedshipsPassage04Theaxialthrustofthepropelleristheforceworkinginaforeandaftdirection.Thisforcecausestheshiptomoveaheadthroughthewaterortogoastern.Becauseofhershape,ashipwillmoveaheadthroughthewatermoreeasilythangoingastern.Thetransversethrustisthesidewaysforceofthepropellerasitrotates.Thetransverseeffectofthepropellerbladesatthetopnearthesurfaceofthewaterisnotstrongenoughtocounteracttheoppositeeffectofthelowerblades.Forright-handedpropellersthiscantstheship'ssterntostarboardandherbowtoport,whentheshipisgoingahead.Theeffectissmallandcanbecorrectedbytherudder.Whentheenginesareputastern,theeffect

3istheoppositeandthesterncantstoport.Thiseffectisstrongerandcannoteasilybecorrected.Vesselswithleft-handedpropellersbehaveintheoppositeway.013.Theforcethatcausestheshiptomoveaheadthroughthewaterortogoasternisknownas.A.axialthrustB.transversethrustC.thetransverseeffectofthepropellerbladesatthetopnearthesurfaceofthewaterD.thetransverseeffectofthelowerbladesofthepropellernearthebottomofthewater014.Aleft-handedpropellers,whentheshipisgoingahead,willcantship'sstemto.A.starboardB.portC.tomoveaheadD.moveastern015.Thetransversethrustofthepropellerisstrongerwhentheshipis.A.goingasternB.goingaheadC.stoppedD.makingnowaythroughthewaterO16.Thetransversethrustofthepropellercanmainlybeovercomeby.A.therudderB.thepropelleritselfC.thenauticalinstrumentD.windandtidePassage05TheChiefOfficer,orFirstMateasheisoftencalled,istheMaster'schiefofficerandheadoftheDeckDepartment.HeisassistedbyaSecondOfficer(Mate),aThirdOfficer(Mate),andsometimesaFourthOfficer(Mate).SeveralcompaniesemployaFirstOfficeraswellasaChiefOfficer.TheDeckDepartmentalsoincludesaBoatswain(Bosun)andaCarpenter,bothpettyofficers,andanumberofratings.ThesemadeupofAbleSeamen(AB),OrdinarySeamen(OS)andamiddlegradeknownasEfficientDeckHands(EDH).Thereareothergradesofseamen.OnsomeshipsNavigatingCadetsarecarriedfortrainingpurposes.TheChiefEngineerisheadoftheEngineDepartment.HeisassistedbyaSecond,Third,FourthandsometimesFifthEngineer.AnElectricalOfficermayalsobecarried.TheengineroompettyofficersaretheStorekeeperandDonkeyman.OntankersthereisalsoaPumpman.Heisalsoapettyofficer.TheengineroomratingsareFiremenandGreasers.TheremayalsobeEngineerCadets.TheCateringDepartmentisundertheChiefSteward.Itisdividedintoasaloonandgalleysection.TheformerisheadedbytheSecondSteward,thelatterbytheShip'sCook.Theyarebothusuallypettyofficers.Theyareassistedbyseveralstewardsandcooks,andbyanumberofjuniorratings.TheRadioDepartmentoftenconsistsofonlyoneman:theRadioOfficer.Onshipswherecontinuousradiowatchesarekepttheremaybethreeradioofficers:aChief,SecondandThird.017.isnotapettyofficer.A.BoatswainB.SecondStewardC.RadioOfficer.D.Storekeeper018.EDHisrankwhichishigherthan.A.SecondStewardB.ABC.OSD.ChiefEngineer019.Storekeeperbelongto.A.DeckDeptB.EngineDeptC.CateringDeptD.RadioDept020.Therearedepartmentsonbardabigshipaccordingtothepassage.A.twoB.three

4C.fourD.fivePassage06WhileeveryeffortismadetoensurethatthedataprovidedthroughtheNoticestoMarinersserviceisaccurate»theuserneedstobeawareoftheriskstocorruptionofdata.Itisimportantthattheusershouldonlyusethedataonsuitableequipmentandthat,otherapplicationsshouldnotberunningontheuser'smachineatthesametime.Usersshouldexercisetheirprofessionaljudgementintheuseofdata,andalsoconsulttheMarinersHandbook(NP100)forfurtherdetails.Theuserneedstobeawarethatthereisapossibilitythatdatacouldbecorruptedduringtransmission,orintheprocessofdisplayorprintingontheuser'sequipment,orifconvertedtoothersoftwareformats,andisaccordinglyadvisedthattheUKHOcannotacceptresponsibilityforanysuchchange,oranymodificationsorunauthorisedchanges,madebylicensees,orotherparties.021.Thedatamaybecomecorruptedinanyofthefollowingprocessexcept.A.duringtransmissionB.inthedisplayorprintingontheuser*sequipmentC.inconvertingtoothersoftwareformatsD.inairmaildeliverytothereadersO22.Theuseofthedataisadvisedtoconsultforfurtherdetails.A.MarinersHandbookB.SailingDirectionsC.GuidetoPortEntryD.NoticestoMarinersO23.0fthefollowingitemsisnotmentionedforwhichUKHOwillacceptnoresponsibility.A.changeintheprocessofdisplayorprintingB.unauthorisedchangesmadebylicenseesorotherpartiesC.modificationsmadebylicenseesorotherpartiesD.professionalamendments024.ltisimpliedthat.A.thedataareincorrectB.thedataaretobecorrectedintensivelyC.althoughthedataareaccurateenough,youarestilladvisedtouseitwithcautionD.nottouseitifyouhavenotenoughtimeorproperequipmenttoeffectnecessarycorrectionPassage07Thecontainershipisdifferentfromtheconventionaltypeandisaninnovationnotedforeasierhandlingandquickerturnoverofcargoes.Cargoestobecarriedbythistypeofshiparepre-packedintocontainersbeforebeingloadedaboardtheship.Containersaresealedafterbeingpackedwithcargoes.Madeofmetalorotherdurablematerials,theyarewatertightaftersealingandcanthereforebestowedondeckwhilstbeingcarried.Oneofthefeaturesofcontainershipsisthatsomeofthecontainersareusuallystowedondeck.Thecontainershipisbecomingincreasinglypopularintradingcircles,andthetrendisthatthetonnagethereofwillgrowatafasterpaceinfuture.025.Whatdoes"innovation"inthefirstparagraphmean?.A.makingchangesB.theintroductionofanantigenicsubstanceintothebodyagainstaspecificdiseaseC.Theactofintroducingsomethingnew.D.revolution026.Containersaresealedafterbeingpackedwithcargoes.A.filled

5B.loadedC.stuffedD.closedofficiallyorunderthesupervisionofnotarypublic027.Ofthefollowing,isnotthefeatureofthecontainership?A.Someofthecontainersareusuallystowedondeck.B.ItiseasyforhandlingandquickturnoverofthecargoC.ThecontainershipisbecomingincreasinglysaferD.Cargoesarepre-packedintothecontainer028.Thetonnageofcontainershipis.A.decreasingB.increasingC.remainingthesameD.changingPassage08Nauticalchartsareindispensabletomariners.They,however,aresubjecttofrequentchanges,suchasthoseofnavigationalaids,ofwaterwaysduetothedredgingandconstruction,ofdepthsofwater,andofremovalorappearanceofwrecks.Inordertokeepup-to-dateandreliable,nauticalchartshavetoundergocorrection.ChangesofimportancearegenerallypromulgatedbyweeklyeditionofNoticestoMariners,whichenablemarinerstocorrectthechartsbyhand.Ifmajorchangesmakeitimpracticabletodoso,theNoticeswillprovideareproductionofasmallarea,whichisalsocalledblock,tobepastedontothechartinitscorrectposition.O29.Nauticalchartsneedcorrectionbecause.A.navigationalaidsaresometimesindispensable.B.therearealwayssomemistakesC.wrecksmayappearorberemovedD.theycouldneverbereprinted030.Correctiontochartsaremadebycrewmembersinaccordancewith.A.NoticestoMarinersB.SailingDirectionsC.GuidetoPortEntryD.Supplement03l.Inthepassage,Blocksare.A.largescalechartsB.representationsofchartsC.reproductionsofportionsofchartsD.smallscalechartsO32.Thepurposeofcorrectiontochartsisto.A.keepthemup-to-dateB.makethechartsbrand-newC.keepthechartsavailabletoallmarinersintheworldD.keepthechartsfreefrommistakesPassage09CorrectionstoSailingDirectionsaregiveninSectionIV.ThoseinforceattheendoftheyeararereprintedintheAnnualSummaryofNoticestoMariners.AlistofcorrectionsinforceispublishedinSectionIVoftheWeeklyEditionforthelastweekofeachmonth.Itisrecommendedthatcorrectionsbekeptinafilewiththelatestlistofcorrectionsinforceontop.Thelistshouldbeconsultedwhenusingtheparentbooktoseeifanycorrectionsaffectingtheareaunderconsiderationareinforce.Itisnotrecommendedthatcorrectionsbestuckintheparentbookorcurrentsupplement,but,ifthisisdone,

6whenanewsupplementisreceivedcaremustbetakentoretainthosecorrectionsissuedafterthedateofthenewsupplement,whichmaybeseveralmonthsbeforeitsreceiptonboard.033.arereprintedintheAnnualSummaryofNoticestoMariners.A.TheSailingDirectionsB.ThecorrectionstoSailingDirectionsC.TheeffectivecorrectionstoNoticestoMarinersD.TheWeeklyEditionO34.Theparentbookis.A.TheSailingDirectionB.ThecorrectionstoSailingDirectionsinforceC.theAnnualSummaryofNoticestoMarinersD.theWeeklyEdition035.ltisrecommendedthatcorrectionstotheSailingDirectionsbe.A.madebyhandB.consultedatthelastweekofeachmonthC.stuckintheparentbookorcurrentsupplementD.keptinafilewiththelatestlistofcorrectionsinforceontop036.Ifthecorrectionsbestuckintheparentbookorcurrentsupplement,.A.whenanewsupplementisreceived,thoseconectionsissuedafterthedateofthenewsupplementmustberetainedB.theparentbookmustbeconsultedC.thecurrentsupplementmustbeconsultedD.theAnnualSummaryofNoticestoMarinersmustbeusedPassage10Theamountofdetailshownonachartvarieswiththescaleofthechart.Onalargescalechart,forexample,fulldetailsofalllightsandfogsignalsareshown,butonsmallerscalestheorderofreductionofinformationinelevation»period,range,untilonanoceanchartoftheareaonlylightswitharangeof15milesormorewillnormallybeinserted,andthenonlytheirlight-starandmagentaflare.Ontheotherhand,radiobeaconsareomittedfromlargescalechartswheretheirusewouldbeinappropriate,and,unlesstheyarelongrangebeacons,fromoceancharts.O37.0ceanchartsareones.A.largescaleB.smallscaleC.inappropriateD.omittedO38.Whatcannotbefoundinthelargescalecharts?.A.RadiobeaconsofsmallrangeB.Fulldetailsofalllights.C.ElevationsD.FulldetailsoffogsignalsO39.Thelight-starandmagentaflareareshownon.A.largescalechartsonlyB.smallscalechartsonlyC.bothsmallandlargescalechartsD.neithersmallnorlargescalechartsO4O.Thetitleofthispassageshouldbe.A.LightsandBeaconsonChartsB.CharacteristicofLightsandBeaconsC.CorrectionstoSmallandLargeScalecharts

7D.NavigationalChartsPublicationPassage11DALIANOBSYGALEWARNING190600ZCOLDFRONTWILLPASSBOHAISEABOHAISTRAITSNORTHANDCENTRALHUANGHAISEACAUSINGGALEWINDSTOMORROWAFTERNOONANDEVENINGSTOP.SYNOPTICSITUATION190600ZLOW994HPAAT48N118EMOVINGSE8KTSWITHCOLDFRONTFROMCENTERPASSISNG44N128EHIGH1013HPAAT38N124ESTATIONARYSTOP24HOURSWEATHERFORECASTFROM191000ZBOHAISEABOHAISTRAITSNORTHANDCENTRALHUANGHAISEAPARLYCLOUDYBECOMINGOVERCASTTOMORROWWITHRAINSWWINDSFORCE7TO8TOMORROWATERNOONANDEVENINGSEAROUGHBECOMINGVERYROUGHSTOP.041.TheCOLDFRONTwillpassBohaiSea,BohaiStraits,NorthandcentralHuanghaiSeaonA.The20thB.The19thC.The18thD.The6th042.isstationaryat38N124E.A.Low994HpaB.High1013HpaC.ColdfrontD.Warmfront043.Thewindsareexpectedtomorrowtobe?A.roughB.veryroughC.SE8knotsD.SW7-8inforce044.Whatistheweatherliketomorrowinthisarea?.A.ItwillbepartlycloudybecomingovercastwithrainandSWforce7-8windsB.LOW994HPAat48N118EismovingSE8KTSwithCOLDFRONTfromcenterpassing44N128EC.HIGH1013HPAat38N124EwillbestationaryD.ItwillrainthewholedayPassage12Insomepartsofachartwherethespacesareratherblankandtherearenosymbolsofanykind,theremaybeCautions,Warnings,Notes,etc.,whichshouldbetakenintoaccountwhileusingachart.AllofthoseCautionaryNotesgivethemarinerfacilitiestoensuresafenavigation,suchastoavoidrunningagroundinshallowwatersandmakingdamagestonearbyfishinggears,andtokeepoffanyhazardsinareaswheresubmarinefrequentlyexercises.Furthermore,theyareofgoodhelptomariners,astothereliabilityofthenavigationalaidsespeciallyincongestedwatersornarrowchannels,topreventanypossibleaccidents.045.Whatisthemaintopicofthispassage?.A.RegulationsoftheharborB.DetailsintheSailingDirectionsC.RulesoftheterminalD.DescriptiononAdmiraltyCharts046.Accordingtothepassage,youmustpayattentiontowhileusingachart.A.Cautions,WarningsandNotesB.Reports,SymbolsandChartsC.Explanations,accountsandanswersD.Damages,hazardsandinjuries047.CautionaryNotesarehelpfulformariners.

8A.torunagroundinshallowwatersB.tomakedamagestonearbyfishinggearsC.tokeepoffhazardsinareaswheresubmarineexercisesD.tokeepthereliabilityoftheaidstonavigationincongestedwatersornarrowchannels048.Cautions,Warnings,Notes,etc.arelikelyinsertedinsomepartsofachartwhere.A.submarinefrequentlyexercisesB.therearefishinggearsC.thewatersiscongestedandthechannelsarenarrowD.thespacesareratherblankandtherearenosymbolsofanykindPassage13Logbooksrequiredbylaw,tobefilledoutbymastersorofficersondutyofeveryship,theformsofwhichmustbeprovedbytheshippingcompaniesormarineauthorities.Logbooksareusedtorecordtheeventsoccurringduringtheship'sstayinaharbor,atanchorage,orunderway,andtheyarealsorequestedtoproduceevidencesincaseofficialsinquireaboutaccidents.Oncompletionofthevoyagethelogbookmustbesubmittedtothesuperintendentoftheownerorthemarineauthoritiesforjustification,checkingorapproval.Therefore,everythingrecordedinthelogbookmustbetrueandaccurate.Whenamisentryhasbeenmadeinthelog,aredlinewouldbedrawnonthoseparts.Thecorrectentrywithsignatureshouldbemadenearorabovethem.Noerasuresorcutsaretobeallowed.O49.Thebesttitleforthepassageis""A.TheformsoflogbooksB.TheuseoflogbooksC.CharacteristicsoflogbooksD.HowtochecklogbooksO5O.Whenamisentryhasbeenmadeinthelog,.A.erasuresorcutsaretobeallowed.B.itistobecorrectedoutbymastersorofficersondutyofeveryshipC.itistobeproducedincaseofficialsinquireaboutaccidents.D.aredlinewouldbedrawnonthoseparts,withcorrectentrywithsignaturebeingmadenearorabovethem.05l.Theformsoflogbooksmustbeprovedby.A.officialswhoinquireaboutaccidents.B.theshippingcompaniesormarineauthorities.C.mastersorofficersonduty.D.thesuperintendentoftheowner.O52.Thelogbookmustbesubmittedtothesuperintendentoftheownerorthemarineauthoritiesforjustificationcheckingorapproval.A.oncompletionofthevoyageB.inaharborC.atanchorageD.underwayPassage14Fornavigation,radarisofincrediblevalue.Itprovidesthenavigatorwithhisposition,hisdistancefromshipsorobstructionsnearbyandotheraccurateinformationtopreventcollisionandensurethesafetyoftheship.Radarcandisplayallobjectswithinitsworkingrangeclearly,eitherinclearweatherorinthickfog.Inaddition,iftheradarinformationiscorrectlyinterpreted,thenavigatorcaneasilyworkoutthespeedanddirectionofanapproachingobjectandtakepropermeasurestokeephisshipfromanydanger.Shore-basedradaralsoplaysanimportantroleinshipping.Ifship'sradarisintrouble,theradarobserveratthe

9stationswilluseVHFradiotoalertthemtoothertrafficinthevicinityaswellastoadvisetheirposition.Uptonow,manyradarsurveillancesystemshavebeeninstalledinmostlargeseaports.Theyareintendedtosmoothandcontroltheflowoftraffictoandfromtheharbor.053.Fornavigation,theradaris.A.ofnovalueB.veryimportantC.soexpensivethatpeopledon'tknowhowmuchitisD.valuelessO54.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutradar'sfunctionformarinepurposesisincorrect?.A.Itprovidesthenavigatortheship'spositionB.ItprovidesinformationtoprotectshipsfromcollisionC.ItdisplaysalltheobjectsatseaclearlyD.Itdisplaystheobserver'sdistancefromshipsandobstructionsnearbyO55.Iftheship'sradarisintrouble,theshore-basedradar.A.mayprovidetheshipofherpositionB.shouldbeinstalledwithsurveillancesystemsC.shalladvisetheshiptouseVHFD.willbeputintouseimmediatelyO56.Radarsurveillancesystems.A.mayprovideallshipsoftheirtechnicalconditionsB.shouldbeinstalledwithVHFC.shallbecorrectlyinterpreted,D.areintendedtosmoothandcontroltheflowoftraffictoandfromtheharbor.Passage15Communicationsoverrelativelyshortdistancescanbemadebyvisualorsoundsignals.VisualsignalscanbesentbyusingflagsoranAldislamp.AnAldislampisanelectriclampusedforflashingmessagesinMorsecode.Thetraditionalmethodofsignalingfromoneshiptoanotherisbyusingflags.Therearedifferentcoloredflagsforeachletterofthealphabet.Therearealsopennant-shapedflagsfornumbers,andalongpennant,knownasanansweringorcodepennant.Threeotherflags,whichareburgee-shaped,areknownassubstitutes.Theseshowthattheflatorpennantisbeingrepeated.Besidesstandingforaletterofthealphabet,eachflag,whenhoistedalong,hasanothermeaning.Forexample,the"W"flagalsomeans:"Irequiremedicalassistance".Flagscanalsobehoistedincombinationsoftwo,threeorfour.Siren,whistle,bellorothersoundsignalscanbeusedinfogandsimilarcircumstanceswhenvisualsignalscannotbeseen.057.Communicationsoverrelativelyshortdistancesmaybemadeby.A.visualsignalsB.soundsignalsC.MorseCodeD.EithervisualorsoundsignalsO58.AnAldislampisusedfor.A.transmittingMorsecodeB.flashingflagsC.sendingflagsignalsD.sendingsoundsignalsO59.Burgee-shapedflagsareusedassubstitutestoshow.A."repeating"B."answering"C."code"pennant

10D.*'Irequiringmedicalassistance"060.areusedinfogandsimilarcircumstanceswhenvisualsignalscannotbeseen.A.VisualsignalsB.SubstitutesC.Pennant-shapedflagsD.Theship'ssiren,whistleorbellPassage16Whenthesendersofgoodshavelargeshipmenttomake,andespeciallywhenbulkcargoisconcerned,itisadvisablethattheyhavesomeshipsattheirdisposal.Someofthebigcompaniessetupafleetoftheirown,buttherestmayfinditmoreprofitabletohireinsteadofbuildingorbuyingships.Thisiscalled"chartering".Thecharteringoftheshipisusuallydonethroughtheintermediaryofbrokers,who,whenhired,willgothroughallthenecessaryformalitiesonbehalfofthecharterer.InLondonthereisaspecialcenter"theBalticExchange",wherethebrokersoperateinmuchthesamewayasstockandsharebrokersonastockexchange.ButitiseasyforhomeshipperstohireChineseorforeignshipsthroughChinaNationalCharteringCorporation,whichtakescareofcharteringbusinessonordersfromvariousimportandexportcorporations.061.Whenlargeshipmentisconcerned,isnotthewayforthesendertohaveshipsattheirdisposal.A.tochartershipsB.tobuildshipsC.tobuyshipsD.toscrapeshipsO62.Incharteringallthenecessaryformalitiesareperformedthrough.A.theintermediaryofagentsB.theintermediaryofbrokersC.thecharterersD.the"BalticExchange'1063.ThefunctionofntheBalticExchange"is.A.todealwithstocksB.toexchangecargoesC.tooperateonsharesD.tochartershipsO64.ChinaNationalCharteringCorporationtakescareofcharteringbusinessforhomeshippers."Totakecareof"means.A.topayattentiontoB.tobeconcernedwithC.tobeliableforD.totakechargeofPassage17Atropicalstormisnotsoextensiveasthedepressionofhigherlatitudesbut,within75milesorsoofthecenter,thewindisoftenfarmoreviolent,andthehighandconfusedseasnearthecentermaycauseconsiderabledamagetolargeandwell-foundships,whilesmallvessels(forexample,destroyers)havefoundered.Thedangerisstillgreaterwhenshipsarecaughtinrestrictedwaterswithoutadequateroomtomaneuver.Within5to10milesofthecenterthewindislightormoderateandvariable,theskyisclearorpartiallyso,andthereisaheavy,sometimesmountainous,confusedswell.Thisareaisknownasthe"eye"ofthestorm.Afterpassingthroughtherelativelywindlesscenterofthestormthewindwillsuddenly,andwithgreatviolence,commencetoblowfromadirectionoppositetothatexperiencedontheothersideofthewindlesscenter.Duetotorrentialrainvisibilitynearthestormcenterisalmostnil.065.Withinofatropicalstormcenter,thewindisviolent.A.nomorethan75milesB.notmorethan75milesC.75milesoragreaterdistanceD.about75miles066.Amongthefollowing,onemaynotbefoundinthe"eye"ofthestorm?A.Thevisibilityismoderateorgood

11B.ThewindislightormoderateC.TheskyisclearorpartlycloudyD.Theswellislowormoderate.O67.Inthepassage,"awell-foundship"means.A.ashiphasbeenfoundinanyplaceB.ashiphasbeenfoundingoodvisibilityC.ashipwithallthenecessaryequipmentproperlymaintainedD.ashipinhugesizeO68.Thevisibilityneartropicalstormcenteris.A.VerypoorB.PoorC.ModerateD.GoodPassage18ByturningtheGAINcontrolclockwise,thegainofthereceiverincreasesandtheobservingrangeofthetargetexpands.Adjustthiscontrolsothatthebestpicturesmaybedisplayedonthescreen,accordingtotherangescaleinuse.Intheshortrange,itisadvisabletooperatetheequipmentwiththiscontrolsetatasettingwherethereceivergainisratherloweredalittle.Inthelongrange,itisadvisabletooperatetheequipmentwiththiscontrolsetatasettingwherethereceivergainisratherincreasedalittle.Withtoolittlegain,thesmalltargetsaremissedandthereisadecreaseinthedetectedrange.Withexcessivegain,sincethescreenbecomesbrighterbecausethenoiseincreases,thecontrastbetweenechoesandbackgroundnoisereduces,makingtargetobservationmoredifficult.Inthecrowdedregions,thegainmaybereducedtoclearthepicture.069.Switchingfromshortrangetolongrange,youwillhaveto.A.turntheGaincontrolclockwiseB.turntheGaincontrolanticlockwiseC.turnofftheGainD.keeptheGaincontrolremaininginitsoriginalpositionO7O.ByturningtheGainclockwise,thecontrastbetweenechoesandbackgroundnoisewill.A.increaseB.decreaseC.notchangeD.increaseordecreaseaccordingtotherangescaleinuse07l.Bythebestpicturewillbedisplayedonthescreen,.A.turningtheGaincontrolclockwiseB.turningtheGaincontrolanticlockwiseC.keepingtheGaincontrolremaininginitsoriginalpositionD.increasingordecreasingthegainaccordingtotherangescaleinuseO72.Withtoolittlegain,.A.thetargetobservationwillbemoredifficultundertheincreasingcontrastB.thecontrastbetweenechoesandbackgroundnoisereducesC.thescreenbecomesbrighterbecausethenoiseincreasesD.thesmalltargetsaremissedandthereisadecreaseinthedetectedrangePassage19BISCAY:SW3OR4INCREASING6TOGALE8,THENVEERINGNW5.RAINTHENSHOWERS.MODERATEORPOORBECOMINGGOOD.FINISTERRE:WESTERLY6,LOCALLYGALE8,VEERINGNW5.RAINTHENSHOWERS.MODERATEORPOORBECOMINGGOOD.EASTNORTHERN

12SECTION:WORSW6TOGALE8,BUTINNORTH-EASTCYCLONIC4ATFIRST,ANDINNORTH-WESTSOUTHERLY6TOGALE8ATFIRST.WINTRYSHOWERS.MAINLYGOOD.WESTNORTHERNSECTION:INNORTH,CYCLONIC6TOGALE8,LOCALLYSEVEREGALE9,BECOMINGVARIABLE3OR4.WINTRYSHOWERS.MAINLYGOOD.MODERATEICINGINWESTATFIRSTWITHTEMPERATURE-2࠷TO-5࠷.INSOUTHWESTERLY6TOGALE8,LOCALLYSEVEREGALE9,BACKINGSOUTHERLYANDINCREASINGLOCALLYSTORM10LATER.WINTRYSHOWERSTHENSNOW.MAINLYGOODBECOMINGMODERATE.073.Backingmeansthewind.A.ischangingclockwiseindirectionB.ischanginganticlockwiseindirectionC.ischangingcyclonicallyorvariablyindirectionD.remainsunchangedindirectionatthetimeO74.ThevisibilityinEASTNORTHERNsectionismainly.A.poorB.moderateC.goodD.verygood075.InnorthpartofWESTNORTHERNsection,thewindis.A.cyclonic6togale8atfirstB.cyclonic4atfirstC.westly6togale8D.variable3or4atfirstO76.Thispassageislikelytobeundertheheadingof.A.FORECASTB.GALEWARNINGC.SYNOPSISD.STORMWARNINGPassage20Thecertaintywithwhichtheship'spositionincoastwaterscanbeknownatanymomentdependsverymuchonthefrequencywithwhichknownobjectscanbeobserved,theaccuracyofthetechniquesusedinmakingtheobservations,andtheaccuracywithwhichthenavigatorestimatesforces(suchasthewindandthetidalstream)thatmightsettheshipoffherdesiredcourse.Thenavigatorshouldalwaystrytoreducetheuncertaintyinhisobservations,oratleasttorecognizethepossibilityofuncertaintyinthetechniquesheisusing.Thus,forexample,arangetakenbyradarismoreaccuratethanaradarbearing,particularlyonthebow,atransitofobjectsmarkedonthecharthasgreatercertaintythanamagneticcompassbearing;averticalsextantangleandabearingcarrieslessuncertaintythantwobearings;andsonon.TheprudentnavigatormastersallthetechniquesofcoastalnavigationandatanygivenmomentselectsthosewhichgivethegreatestcertaintytohisfixorDRposition.O77.Thecertaintyofship'spositionincoastalwatersdependson.A.thefrequencyofknownobjectbeingobservedB.theaccuracyofthetechniquesusedinmakingtheobservationC.Theaccuracyofofficers*estimatingforces,suchaswingsandcurrentsD.Alloftheabove078.Howshouldthenavigatordowhenobservingship'spositionincoastalwaters?A.Heshoulduseradarrangesinsteadofradarbearings,ifpossibleB.HeshouldalwaystrytomaketheuncertaintylowinhisobservationC.Heshouldknowthepossibilityofuncertaintyinthetechniquesheisusing

13D.HeshouldtakeA,BandCintoaccountO79.Whichoneofthefollowingsisincorrect?A.WindsandcurrentsmaydeviateyourvesselfromyourdesiredcourseB.AmagneticcompassbearinghaslessuncertaintythanatransitofobjectsmarkedonthechartC.AverticalsextantangleandabearinghasgreatercertaintythantwobearingsD.TheprudentnavigatorshouldchoosethosetechniqueswithgreatestcertaintytohisfixO8O.Whatisthepassagemainlydiscussed?A.VarietyoffixingmethodB.Techniquesofposition-fixingC.Position-fixingincoastalwatersD.CertaintyanduncertaintyinthetechniquesbeingusedPassage21Ithasbeenreportedthatoneofourvesselssufferedanaccidentalreleaseofdrypowder.Thishappenedduringaroutine,threemonthlytestofthesystem.Thethirdofficerwascheckingthefixeddrypowderextinguishingsystemanddecidedtocheckthecontentofthepilotbottle.Thisparticularsystemhastwovalves,oneonthebottleitselfwiththepressuregaugebehinditandtheotheroneisolatingthepilotbottlefromthesystem.Inordertocheckthepressure,theofficerchangedthepositionoftheisolatingvalveintopositionhethoughtclosed(perpendiculartothepipeline)andopenedthebottlevalve.Bydoingthatheactivatedthedrypowdersystemandtheentire1800kgsofdrypowderwasdischargedondeckthroughthedrypowdermanifoldmonitors.Alessontobelearntfromtheaboveincident-makesurethatnotonlytheisolationvalveisclosebutalsothepipeisdisconnectedtoavoidaccidentalreleaseofdrypowder.081.Whendidtheaccidenthappen?A.DuringaroutinesurveyB.DuringatestthreemonthsagoC.DuringarouteingtestthreemonthsagoD.Duringaroutinetestatintervalsofthreemonths082.Whatdidthethirdofficerwanttodo?A.Hewantedtocheckthecontentofpilotbottle.B.Hewantedtocheckthecontentoffixeddrypowdersystem.C.Hewantedtocheckthevalvesforleakage.D.Hewantedtocheckthepressuregaugeofpilotbottle.O83.Theclosedpositionoftheisolatingvalvethethirdofficerthoughtisthat?A.thevalvewasperpendiculartothepipeline.B.thevalvewaschangedtoanypositionotherthanperpendiculartothepipeline.C.thevalvewasperpendiculartothepipelineandthemanifoldmonitorswasshuttoo.D.Notmentionedinthepassage.084.Accordingthispassage,whichoneofthefollowingsisincorrect?A.Thesystemshouldbecheckedalregularintervalofthreemonths.B.pilotbottlecan'tbecheckedatanytimeC.Theentiredrypowderwasaccidentallydischargedondeck.D.Thethirdofficeractivatedthedrypowdersystembymistake.Passage22Duringthewatchthecoursesteered,positionandspeedshallbecheckedatsufficientlyfrequentintervals,using

14anyavailablenavigationalaidsnecessary,toensuretheshipfollowstheplannedcourse.Theofficerinchargeofthenavigationalwatchshallhavefullknowledgeofthelocationandoperationofallsafetyandnavigationalequipmentonboardtheshipandshallbeawareandtakeaccountoftheoperatinglimitationsofsuchequipment.Theofficerinchargeofthenavigationalwatchshallnotbeassignedorundertakeanydutieswhichwouldinterferewiththesafenavigationoftheship.Officersofthenavigationalwatchshallmakethemosteffectiveuseofallnavigationalequipmentattheirdisposal.Whenusingradar,theofficerinchargeofthenavigationalwatchshallbearinmindthenecessitytocomplyatalltimeswiththeprovisionsontheuseofradarcontainedintheInternationalRegulationsforPreventingCollisionsatSea,inforce.085.Thepurposeofcheckingthecoursesteered,positionandspeedis.A.tosteerthecourseB.toensuretheatfrequentintervalsC.toensuretheshipfollowstheplannedcourseD.tousethemsafely086.ltisnotnecessaryfortheofficerinchargeofthenavigationalwatchtobeawareofthoseequipmentonboard.A.thelocationofB.theoperationofC.theamountofD.thelimitationsof087.meansthepowertobeusedfreely.A.AttheirdisposalB.TakingaccountofC.InterferingwithD.ThenecessitytocomplyO88.Whenusingradar,theofficerinchargeofthenavigationalwatchshallactinaccordancewith.A.thenecessitytocomplyB.theCOLREGC.theeffectiveuseoftheequipmentD.theprovisionscontainedinthenavigationalregulatonsPassage23Majorcoastradiostationsallovertheworldtransmit,atregularintervalsandincode,weatherinformationforshipswithinrange.Weatherinformationconsistsoftenparts,ofwhichshipsusuallymakeuseofthree,thatis,warning,synopticsituationandforecast.Withweatherinformation,marinersareabletokeepawayfromdisastrousweatheratseaandreducethedangeragreatdeal.Asterribleweatherispredicted,shipscantakeprecautionsbeforehand,bydelayingthevoyageorseekingshelterinasafeplace.Ifthereisahighseaoralongswell,theycantakesomemeasurestosafeguardthecargoandtheship.089.Coastradiostationsgenerallyprovideweatherinformationforships.A.incodeB.inacertainlanguageC.inwrittenformD.bymail090.Accordingtothispassage,theweatherinformationusuallywillnottellinadvancethemarinersaboutA.alongswellB.ahighseaC.forecastwindsD.ETAoftheirshipatthedestination091.Ofthefollowing,isnotthewayforshipstokeepawayfrombadweather.

15A.delayingvoyageB.stayinginportC.speedingupD.pumpingoutballastwater092.partsofWeatherInformationareusuallynotusedbymariners.A.10B.3C.7D.13Passage24Atabout0355,thesecondmateendedhisradioconversationandwenttothecharttabletowriteupthelog.Withthesecondmateapparentlybusy,theseamanonwatchattemptedtoidentifythelightsontheothervessel.Whenhereturnedtothebridgefront,hesuddenlysawamast,withlightsonit,passingextremelyclosetothestarboardsideandcalledoutinalarmtothesecondmate.Thesecondmateimmediatelyengagedmanualsteeringandapplied15°ofportrudder.Theseamanwenttothestarboardbridgewingfromwherehesawavesselabouttwoshiplengthsastern.Thesecondmateandtheseamanhadapparentlynotheardorfeltanyimpactandtheyassumedthattheothervesselhadpassedclear.Thesecondmateheardthefishingvessel'scallstotheshiponVHF,buthedidnotacknowledgethem.HealsohearditscommunicationswithBrisbaneRadio,buthedidnotrespond.About0750,theagentoftheshiphadbeeninformedbytheBrisbaneharbourmasterthattheshiphadbeeninacollisionwiththefishingvessel.093.Therewerepersonsonthebridgewhentheaccidentoccurred.A.1B.2C.3D.4094.Ilisinferredthatthe2/Owaswhentheclosequartersituationwasdeveloping.A.talkingoverVHFwiththefishingshipB.notkeepingaproperlookout,andallowedhimselftobedistractedbyhisradioconversationwithhisfriendC.engaginghimselfinotherthingswhicharemoreurgentatthemomentD.keepingaproperlookoutbutfailedtoidentifythefishingship095.Itcanbeconcludedthat.A.thetwoshipsdidnotcollidedeachotherB.thetwoshipscollidedeachother,butnoneofthemacknowledgedtheaccidentC.onlythefishingshipacknowledgedtheaccidentatthemomentD.onlythebigshipacknowledgedtheaccidentatthemomentO96.0fthefollowing,isnotlikelytobethecontributingfactoroftheaccident.A.thesecondmatewasnotkeepingaproperlookoutatthemomentB.theseamandidnotreportto2/OwhathesawC.thefishingshipwasnotkeepingaproperlookoutatthemomentD.inthenightitwastoodarkortoodifficultforthecrewmemberstoidentifyeachotherPassage25Chartsshouldbeusedwithprudencethereareareaswherethesourcedataareold,incompleteorofpoorquality.Themarinershouldusethelargestscaleappropriateforhisparticularpurposeapartfrombeingthemostdetailed,thelargerscalesareusuallycorrectedfirst.Whenextensivenewinformation(suchasanewhydrographicsurvey)isreceived,somemonthsmustelapsebeforeitcanbefullyincorporatedinpublishedcharts.Onsmallscalechartsofoceanareaswherehydrographicinformationis,inmanycases,stillsparse,chartedshoalsmaybeinerrorasregardsposition,leastdepthandextent.Undiscovereddangersmayexist,particularlyawayfromwell-establishedroutes.

16097.arethemostdetailed.A.thelargerscalechartsB.thesmallerscalechartsC.thechartscoveringtheareawherethesourcedataareold,incompleteorofpoorqualityD.thechartswhicharecorrectedtodate098.Intheareathechartedshoalsareunlikelytobeinerror.A.wherehydrographicinformationisstillsparseB.wherethesourcedataareold,incompleteorofpoorqualityC.awayfromwell-establishedroutesD.wherenewhydrographicsurveyinformationhasjustbeenincorporatedinthechartsO99.Iftheinformationprovidedbyachartcoveringanareawhereanewhydrographicsurveyhasjustbeencarriedouthasstillsomeerrorasregardsposition,leastdepthandextentofshoals,themostprobablereasonisthat.A.thesurveydidnotdiscovertheshoalsthereB.thesurveywasincompleteorofpoorqualityC.thesurveywasmadeawayfromwell-establishedroutesD.thesurveyinformationhasnotyetbeenfullyincorporatedinthechartlOO.ThispassageismostlikelyextractedfromofNM.A.SectionI-ExplanatoryNotesB.SectionII-UpdatestoStandardNavigationalChartsC.SectionIII-ReprintsofRadioNavigationalWarningsD.SectionIV-AmendmentstoAdmiraltySailingDirectionsPassage26TheoverallconceptuponwhichtheGMDSSisbasedisthatallshipswillcarryanEmergencyPositionIndicatingRadioBeacon(EPIRB).EPIRBsaredesignedtoalertashoreRescueCo-ordinationCentre(RCC),viaasatellitelink,intheeventofanemergency.Theycanbeoperatedbothmanuallyandautomatically.Theywillalsoprovidetheidentityandapproximatepositionoftheshipindistress.TheRCCwillthenusemoderncommunicationstodiscoverwhatshipsareinthevicinityandmarshalappropriateresourcestoprovideassistance.ForthispurposetheGMDSSestablishesDistressandSafetyCommunicationswhichwillbeusedbyships.TheseincludeVHF,MF,HFandsatelliteservices.Inaddition,theGMDSSestablishesbroadcastsystemsforthetransmissionandautomaticreceiptofMaritimeSafetyInformation(MSI).ThisincludesNavigationalWarnings,MeteorologicalWarnings,MeteorologicalForecasts,InitialDistressAlertsandotherurgentinformation.101.Intheeventofanemergency,RCCwillappropriateresourcesinthevicinitytoprovideimmediateassistance.A.arrangeappropriateresourcesinthevicinitytoprovideassistanceB.trytoprohibitshipsinthevicinityfromprovidinganyassistanceC.investigatethecasetoseeifitisnecessarytoprovideassistanceD.communicatetotheshipindistressallNavigationalWarnings,MeteorologicalWarnings,MeteorologicalForecasts,InitialDistressAlertsandotherurgentinformation102.Inanemergencycase,whichofthefollowingrelationshipsseemstobelogicalintheGMDSScommunication?A.Shipindistress/satellite/RCC/salvingshipB.Satellite/RCC/shipindistress/salvingshipC.RCC?satellite?shipindistress/salvingship

17D.Salvingship/RCC/satellite/shipindistress103.WhichofthefollowingisnottrueconcerningtheadvantagesinusingtheGMDSSsystem?A.TheassistanceindetailrequiredbytheshipindistresscanbeprovidedbyEPIRBB.TheidentityoftheshipindistresswillbeprovidedbyEPIRBC.AppropriatearrangementscanbemadetoassisttheshipindistressD.TheapproximatepositionoftheshipindistresswillbeprovidedbyRCCtoallshipsinvicinity104.WhichofthefollowingistrueconcerningtheuseofGMDSS?A.IntheDistressandSafetyCommunications,VHF,MFandHFareprohibited.B.GMDSScanonlyreceiveDistressandSafetyinformation,butnottransmitanyinformationtoothermobilestationsorstationsashoreC.NavigationalWarnings,MeteorologicalWarnings,MeteorologicalForecastsandInitialDistressAlertsareconsideredtobeMaritimeSafetyInformationD.EPIRBscanonlybeoperatedmanuallyPassage27CrewmembersandotherpersonnelonboardmustfamiliarizethemselveswiththeMusterlistandEmergencyInstructionspostedupinthecrew'squartersandotherconspicuous℉Ḅplaces.TheMusterlistspecifiesdetailsofthegeneralemergencyalarmsignalandalsoactiontobetakenbycrewandpassengerswhenthisalarmissounded;specifieshowtheordertoabandonshipshallbegiven;showsthedutiesassignedtothedifferentmembersofthecrewinconnectionwiththeclosingofvariousdoorsandmechanisms,theequippingofthelifeboatsandbuoyantapparatus,thegeneralpreparationofanyotherboats,buoyantapparatus,inflatableliferaftsandallothermatters,andtheextinctionoffire;specifieswhichofficersareassignedtoensurethatlife-savingandfire-fightingappliancesaremaintainedingoodconditionsandarereadyforimmediateuse;specifiesdefinitesignalsforcallingallmembersofthecrewtotheirboatandfirestationsandshallgivefullparticularsofthesesignals.105.WhichfunctionofthefollowingsisnotmentionedaboutMusterlistinthepassage?A.HowtoordertoabandonshipB.HowtoassemblethecrewandpassengersC.TheapparatusesusedtoreleasevariousalarmsD.Theactionsofacrewmemberonboardwheninemergencies106.Thephase"familiarizethemselveswith*'inthefirstparagraphmeans.A.BefamiliarwithB.FamiliaritywithC.GetintouchwithD.Usedto107.Theword^extinction"inthesecondparagraphmeans.A.IgnitionB.ExistingC.ExtinguishingD.Breakingout108.Whichoneofthefollowingsisfalse?A.Musterlistshowsofficers'dutiesonlyB.Musterlistispostedupinthecrew'squartersandotherconspicuousplacesC.MusterlistspecifieswhichofficersareinchargeofthemaintenanceoflifesavingandfirefightingappliancesD.AlloftheabovePassage28Intentioncanbeinferredinmanywaysbythecourts.ThusthedischargeatCadizinsteadofBombay"fornefariousreasons"wasanunreasonabledeviation.Atransshipmentwasdeclaredtobeanunreasonable

18deviation"sincenoexcusehasbeenprofferedforthedeviation.HAgeographicdeviationabrogatedthecontractbecause"therecanbenosuggestionthatthedeviationwasotherthanvoluntary."Ontheotherhand,wherethecourtwasunabletofindthatadefendant'sactionconstituted"avoluntarydeviationwithoutreasonablecause,“thedefendantwasexculpatedofliability.Thevastmajorityofdecisionsrequirethatintentionbeprovedincasesofdeviationandquasi-deviation.Thecarrierhastheburdenofprovingthatithadnointentiontodeviateorthatthedeviationwasnotforthecarrier'ssolebenefit.Accordingly,ageographicdeviationduetoanerroneouschangeofcoursebythemasterisnotadeviation,butanerrorinnavigation;insuchacase,thecarrierisprotectedundertheRules.If,however,themasterisorderedtoalterthecustomaryorplannedroute,ordeliberatelytakesituponhimselftodoso,forareasonotherthantosavepersonsorcargo(orsomesimilarreason),thenthecoursealterationisanunreasonabledeviation,becauseitisintentionalandforthecarrier'sownbenefit.109.Ifthecarrierhasprovedthathehadnointentiontodeviateorthatthedeviationwasnotforhissolebenefitᑭ.A.hewillbeexculpatedofliabilityB.heistoinvestigatethecasefurtherḄC.hewillnotbeexculpatedofliabilityD.hehastocontactwiththeshippertoseeifhehimselfisfreeofanyliability110.Ageographicdeviationduetoanerroneouschangeofcoursebythemaster.A.isnotareasonabledeviation!"ᔠᳮḄ$%B.isnotanerrorinnavigationC.isareasonabledeviationD.cannotbedeterminedifitconstitutesareasonabledeviation111.Wherethecourt&▾isunabletofindthatadefendant'sactionconstitutedMavoluntarydeviationwithoutreasonablecause,".A.thedefendantwillnotberesponsibleforthelossanddamageB.thedefendant)*willberesponsibleforthelossanddamage)*+,-./01ᜫC.ifthedefenantberesponsibleforthelossanddamagecannotbedeterminedD.thecourtshouldnotmakeanydecision112.Anunreasonabledeviationmustbecommittedbythemaster.A.intentionallyB.forthecarrier'sownbenefitC.intentionallyandforthecarrier'sownbenefitD.ReasonablyᔠᳮḄPassage29Atropicalstormisnotsoextensiveasthedepressionofhigherlatitudesbut,within75milesorsoofthecenter,thewindisoftenfarmoreviolent,andthehighandconfusedseasnearthecentermaycauseconsiderabledamagetolargeandwell-foundships,whilesmallvessels(forexample,destroyers)havefoundered.Thedangerisstillgreaterwhenshipsarecaughtinrestrictedwaterswithoutadequateroomtomaneuver.Within5to10milesofthecenterthewindislightormoderateandvariable,theskyisclearorpartiallyso,andthereisaheavy,sometimesmountainous,confusedswell.Thisareaisknownasthe"eye"ofthestorm.113.Theofthedepressionofhigherlatitudethatofatropicalstorm.A.scope/ismuchbiggerB.Wind/isalwaysmuchmoreviolentC.formation/isassameasD.Danger/isoftenmoreseriousthan

19114.Whichofthefollowingstatementsiscorrect?A.Thenearertothecenterofatropicalstorm,themoredangerousitwillbe.B.Thestrongwindcausedbythetropicalstormcanonlydamagesmallvessels.C.Thedangerwillbecomesmallwhenshipsareproceedinginrestrictedwaters.D.Thewindisthemostviolentwithinabout75milesofthetropicalstormcenter115.Whatphenomenonmayappearinthe"eye"ofatropicalstorm?A.ThewindforceneverchangesB.TheskyiswhollyclearC.TheseaislightormoderateD.Thereisoftenaheavyswell116.Theword"eye"hereinthepassagemeans.A.thedirectionfromwhichhewindblowsB.thecentralcalmareaC.theareawiththeradiusof15kilometersoftropicalstormD.theareawiththewindoflessthanforce6Passage30NEWANDAMENDEDTRAFFICSEPARATIONSCHEMESOFFTUSKARROCK(amendedscheme)(Referencechart:BritishAdmiralty17872004edition.Descriptionofthetrafficseparationscheme(a)Aseparationzone,twomileswide,iscentreduponthefollowinggeographicalpositions:(1)52°14\0N,6°00f.8W(2)52°08,.5N,6003*.8W(3)52°04r,7N,6°H;5W(b)Atrafficlane,threemileswide,isestablishedoneachsideoftheseparationzone.InshoretrafficzoneTheareaboundedbetweenthelandwardboundaryofthetrafficseparationschemeandlinesconnectingTuskarRockLighthouse(52°12,.2N,6°12\4W)andthefollowinggeographicalpositionsisdesignatedaninshoretrafficzone:(4)52°15\2N,6°57\0W(northerlycornerofthescheme)(5)52°07,.8N,6°15'.6W(westerlycornerofthescheme)117.Thedistancebetweentheseawardboundaryandlandwardboundarythetrafficseparationschemeis________miles.A.2B.3C.5D.8118.Thetrafficseparationschemeconsistsoftrafficlanes.A.2B.3C.4D.5119.TuskarRockLighthouseislocatednearbythe.A.westerlycorneroftheschemeB.northerlycorneroftheschemeC.middleoftheschemeD.outsideofthescheme12O.Thetrafficseparationschemeisprobablyleadingindirection.A.NW-SEB.N-SC.E-WD.NE-SWPassage31SuddensteeringsystemfailureofanoiltankerledtocollisionwithapassingbulkcarrierintheBalticSea.The

20collisionresultedinseriousdamagetobothvesselsandspillageof2,700tonnesoffueloilfromthetanker.Thecauseofthesuddensteeringfailurecouldnotbeestablished.Smallpassingdistance(0.5miles)betweenthetwovesselsprecludedeffectiveavoidanceactionbeingtakenonbothvessels.Bothvesselsunnecessarilyrestrictedtheirpassingdistancebychoosingthedeepwaterroutealthoughtheirrelativelyshallowdraftpermittedthemtousetherecommendeddirectionsoftrafficflowoutsidethedeepwaterroute.Vesselsshouldavoidusingdeepwaterrouteswhentheirdraftpermitsthemtouseatrafficseparationscheme.OOWshouldremainatheightenedalertwhenpassinganothervesselatcloserangeandshouldbevigilant(45)forequipmentfailureandunexpectedresponsefromownorothervesselincludinginteractionbetweenvesselspassingeachotheratclosedistances.121.Whathappenedinthestory?A.AnoiltankergroundedandspilledalargequantityofoilB.AbulkcarriercollidedwithasunkenrockandspilledsomefueloilC.AnoiltankercollidedwithabulkcarrierandspilledsomefueloilD.Abulkcarriercollidedwithanoiltankerandspilledsomefueloil122.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A.ImpropermaintenanceledtothesteeringsystemfailureB.BothvesselstookeffectiveavoidanceactionC.TherewasnotsufficientdepthofwaterinthechannelD.Bothvesselschosethedeepwaterroute123.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?A.VesselsshallneverusedeepwaterroutesB.OOWshallalwayskeepasharplookoutC.OOWshallbewatchfulfortheequipmentfailureD.OOWshallbecarefulattheresponsefromothervessel124.Whichofthefollowingmaybethecauseoftheaccident?A.SuddensteeringfailureB.RestrictedpassingdistancesC.BothAandBD.NeitherAnorBPassage32AnaircraftliftonboardRFAArguswasloadedbeyonditssafeworkingloadof18.4tonnes.Therewerenoinjuriestoanypersonnel,ormaterialdamagetotheshiporitsequipment.Duringaplannedstayinport,500compressedCO2cylinderswererequiredtobelanded.Thesewerenormallystowedonalowerdeckandneededtobetransferredtotheweatherdeckbeforebeingtakenashore.Beforethevessel'sarrivalinport,theplannedoperationwasdiscussedbetweenvariousofficersandseniorratings,oneofwhomwastosupervisefinaldischargeofthecylindersfromtheship.Onceinport,aseniorratinggaveinstructionstothreejuniorstotransferanumberofcylinderstotheweatherdeck.Hethenleftthemalonetoloadthecylindersontotheplatformofanaircraftlift.Thecylindersweighed19.95tonnes,whichwasgreaterthantheyhadbeeninstructedtoload.Inadditiontothisexcessweighttheyaddedaforklifttruckweighing5.5tonnes.Theliftwasthenraised.Whenitreachedtheweatherdeck,theliftwasunabletostowatthecorrectlevel.WheninvestigateditwasdiscoveredthattheloadofbothCO2bottlesandtheforklifttruckwasgreaterthanitssafeworkingload(SWL)andthishadpreventedthelockingcleatsattheflightdeck(weatherdeck)engaging.Theliftwastakenoutofservicefortestingandinspection.I25.Thesafeworkingloadoftheaircraftliftistonnes.A.18.4B.19.95C.5.5D.500

21126.TheaircraftliftwasoverloadedbyaweightwhichismorethanitsSWLA.1.55B.3.95C.5.5D.7.05127.Itwasthethathadpreventedthelockingcleatsattheflightdeck(weatherdeck)engaging.A.forkliftB.CO2bottlesC.overloadedweightD.thethreejuniors128.Itisimpliedinthepassagethat.A.theliftshouldberaisedslowlytoavoidtheaccident.B.theaircraftliftonboardRFAArgusshouldbedrivenbysuperpowerC.theseniorratingshouldgiveinstructionsinmoredetailtothethreejuniorstotransferanumberofcylinderstotheweatherdeck.D.iftheunloadingoperationwassupervisedbyanofficerwhohassufficientexperienceoftheloads,liftingequipmentandtheoveralloperation,theaccidentwouldhadbeenavoided.Passage33Theobjectiveoflashingthecoilsistoformonelarge,immovableblockofunitsintheholdbylashingthemtogether.Ingeneral,stripcoilsinthreeendrowsinthetoptiershouldbelashed.TDpreventfore-and-aftshiftinginthetoptierofbare-woundcoilsgroup-lashingshouldnotbeappliedduetotheirfragilenaturetheendrowofatoptiershouldbesecuredbydunnageandwires,whicharetobetightenedfromsidetoside,andbyadditionalwirestothebulkhead.Whencoilsarefullyloadedovertheentirebottomspaceandarewellshored,nolashingsarerequiredexceptforlockingcoils.Thelashingscanbeofaconventionaltypeusingwiresteelbandoranyequivalentmeans.Conventionallashingsshouldconsistofwireshavingsufficienttensilestrength.Thefirsttiershouldbechocked.Itshouldbepossibletore-tightenthelashingsduringthevoyage.Wirelashingsshouldbeprotectedagainstdamagefromsharpedges.Iftherearefewcoils,orasinglecoilonly,theyshouldbeadequatelysecuredtotheship,byplacingthemincradles,bywedging,orbyshoringandthenlashingtopreventtransverseandlongitudinalmovement.129.Thelockingcoilis.A.acoilsecuredbyshoringsB.acoilplacedincradleC.acoilusedtosecureothercoilsD.acoilsecuredbywedgings13O.Thegeneralobjectiveoflashingcoilsistopreventthemfrom.A.transverseandlongitudinalmovementB.rollingintheholdC.verticalmovementD.fore-and-aftshifting131.Whencoilsarefullyloadedovertanktopandarewellshored,.A.threeendrowsinthetoptiershouldbelashedB.nolashingsarerequiredexceptforlockingcoils7ᨵ9:⌕<◀>?ᢝAᙌC.theyshouldbesecuredtotheshipbywedgingD.theyshouldbeplacedincradles132.1fthereisasinglecoil,itssecuringshouldbedoneby.A.placingitincradleandthenlashingitCDᙠFGH9:B.shoringitandthenplacingitincradle

22C.placingitincradle,wedgingit,shoringitandlashingitD.lashingthethreeendrowsPassage34Asforsub-contractingandindemnity,theRepairershallbeentitledtosub-contractonanytermsthewholeoranypartoftheWorksandanyandallactsorthingsthatareintheopinionoftheRepairernecessaryordesirabletocarryoutandcompletetheWorks.TheCustomerundertakesthatnoclaimorallegationshallbemadeagainstanypersonbywhomsoevertheWorksisperformedorundertaken(includingallsub-contractorsoftheRepairer),otherthantheRepairer,whichimposesorattemptstoimposeuponanysuchpersonanyliabilitywhatsoeverinconnectionwiththeWorks,whetherornotarisingoutofnegligenceonthepartofsuchpersonand,ifanysuchclaimorallegationshouldneverthelessbemade,toindemnifytheRepaireragainstallconsequencesthereof.133.IfaclaimismadebytheCustomeragainstasub-contractor,.A.thesub-contractorshallindemnifytheRepaireragainstallconsequencesthereofB.theCustomershallindemnifythesub-contractoragainstallconsequencesthereofC.thesub-contractorshallindemnifytheCustomeragainstallconsequencesthereofD.theCustomershallindemnifytheRepaireragainstallconsequencesthereofIJKLᓽNᳮ….134.Accoringtothispassage,istrue.A.theCustomerundertakesnottomakeclaimsorallegationsagainsttheRepairerB.theRepairerundertakesnottomakeclaimsorallegationsagainsttheCustomerC.theCustomerundertakesnottomakeclaimsorallegationsagainstasub-contractorIJPQRST0ᑖQᒹᖪḄᢣYD.theRepairerundertakesnottomakeclaimsorallegationsagainstasub-contractor135.TheRepairerisentitledtosub-contracttoonanytermsallthingsthatareinhisopinionnecessarytocompletetheWorks.A.anypersonB.theCustomerC.aclaimerD.analleger136.Thispassageislikelyextracted᤺[from.A.aB/LB.GenconC.BaltimeD.aShipRepairContractPassage35Whilstpropercaremustbetakenwiththestowageofallironandsteel,cargoesofpigiron,steelbillets,roundbarsandpipesareparticularlydifficulttosecureeffectively.Intheuppertweendecksofmanytwoandthreedeckshipstheabsenceofhatchcoamingsmorethanafewincheshighaddstothedifficultyofsecuringpigironandbilletscarriedabreastthehatchwaysandthereappearstobeagreaterriskofcargoshiftinginthesespacesthaninthelowerholds.Themosteffectivewaytosecurethesecargoesistolevelthemandoverstowthemwithothersuitablecargo.Theoverstowshouldhavesufficientrigidityorweighttoactasapositivepreventativetothemovementofpigiron,steelbillets,bars,etc.Largequantitiesofuncoveredpigironorbilletsshouldnotbecarriedintheupper-tweendeckswiththeintentionofobtaininganundulylowmetacentricheightsincethisdoesnoteliminatetheriskofcargoshiftingandmayendangertheshipifitdoesshift.137.Wherethepigiron,steelbillets,roundbarsandpipesarestowedinofaship,theirriskofshiftingisthegreatest.A.theuppertweendeckB.thelowertweendeckC.thelowerhold

23D.inanytweendeckwithouthatchcoamings138.Themosteifectivewaytostowsuchcargoesaspigiron,steelbillets,roundbarsandpipesisto.A.placethemintheuppertweendeckB.overstowthemwithsufficientrigidityorweighttoactasapositivepreventativetothemovementC.lowerthemetacenteroftheshipD.obtainanundulylowmetacentricheight139.Itwillendangertheshipifthepigiron,steelbillets,roundbarsandpipes.A.havenoriskofshiftingB.areoverstowedwithothercargoesofsufficientrigidityorweightC.arestowedinlowerholdD.shift14O.Thispassageislikelyextractedfrom.A.aB/LB.GenconC.BaltimeD.aShipRepairContractPassage36Withonepossibleexception,activityintheDoverStraitduringtheclosinghoursof5May1998wasnormal.Itwasadarkclearnight,thewindwaswest-south-westforce5to6andtrafficwasmovingeasilybothwaysinthetrafficseparationscheme.Assooftenhappensa"rogue"shipwasheadingnorth-eastonthenorthernedgeofthesouth-westboundlane.Itwasnotidentified.Theonlyadditional,butbynomeansunusual,activitythatnightwasacrosschannelsurveybythe1,774gtsurveyvesselSTMAtria.ShewastraversingthechannelbetweenapositionoffStMargaret'sBayandtheBelgiancoast.Shewasshowingthelightsofavesselrestrictedinherabilitytomanoeuvre,redwhiteandredallroundlights,andalsodisplayinganorangeflashinglight.RegulartrafficinformationaboutheractivitieswasbroadcastbytheCNISeveryhour.Shewasmakinggoodbetween4and5knots.141.ThetrafficseparationschemeintheDoverStrait.A.wasnotestablishedB.willbeestablishedC.wasinoperationD.wasremoved142.STMAtriawas.A.a"rogue"shipB.asurveyvesselC.CNISD.DoverStrait143.Thespeedofthesurveyvesselisbetweenknots.A.4and5B.5and6C.6and7D.7and8144.Theshipheadingnorth-east.A.wasinthewronglaneofthetrafficseparationschemeB.wascarryingoutsurveyoperationsC.didnotcarryanycargoonboardD.wasapirateboatPassage37Thebulkcarrier,longrecognizedastheworkhorseoftheworldmerchantfleet,hasovertheyearshaditsdesignrefinedandoptimizedonthebasisofprevioussuccessfulexperience.Thisprovidedwhatmanyconsideredtobearelativelyuncomplicatedandsafestructuralconfiguration.Recently,andregrettablywithlossofhumanlives,aseriesoftragicshiplosseshasfocusedtheattentionofthemarineindustryandthepublicontheperformanceandinherentsafetyofthisshiptype.

24Extensiveresearchanddevelopment,principallybythemajorclassificationsocieties,hashighlightedthepossiblecausesofthebulkcarrierlossesandbroughtaboutnecessarychangestothedesignandscantlingsfornewships.Forexistingships,improvementstosafetyareanticipatedthroughthereinforcementoftheafttransversewatertightbulkhead,andthedoublebottomstructureinway,oftheforemostcargohold,theintroductionofamorerigoroussurveyregimeandgreaterattentiontooperatingprocedures,particularlyduringcargoloadinganddischarge,inordertoavoidoverstressingofthestructureormechanicaldamage.145.Inthisparagraph,theterm"workhorse"means.A.theshipthatperformsdependablyinmarineindustriesB.ahorsethatisusedforlaborratherthanforracingorriding.C.apersonwhoworkstirelessly,especiallyatdifficultortime-consumingtasks.D.somethingthatperformsdependablyunderheavyorprolongeduse146.Therefinedandoptimizeddesignofbulkcarriers,consideredbymanypeople,.A.isrelativelyuncomplicatedandsafeintheirstructuralconfigurationB.isrelativelycomplicatedcomparedwithpreviousstructuralconfigurationC.isrelativelynotsafeonthebasisofprevioussuccessfulexperience.D.willjoinworldfleetrecently147.Theisnotincludedintheanticipatedimprovementstosafetyforexistingbulkships.A.introductionofamorerigoroussurveyregimeandgreaterattentiontooperatingproceduresB.introductionofnecessarychangestothedesignandscantlings\I]^⌕Ḅᦋ`0abcdfghC.reinforcementoftheafttransversewatertightbulkheadD.reinforcementofthedoublebottomstructureinway148.Itisimpliedthataseriesoftragicbulkshiplosses.A.willnotbeavoidedevennewdesignoftheirstructureareintroducedB.werecontributedbytheimprovementstosafetyforexistingshipsC.haslittleeffectonthemarineindustryandthepublicD.werecausedbytheirinherentstructuresPassage38Theshiploadedwithgeneralcargohadparcelsofsteelpipesof13inchdiameterstowed6tiershighintheaftendofthe'tweendecks.Twolengthsof2.25inchsteelwirewerelaidathwartshipsacrossthetopofthethirdtierofpipes,takenbackoverthetopofthesixthtieroncompletionofstowageandtightenedbybottlescrewssecuredtotheship'sframing.Inveryheavyweatherthesteelpipesbrokeadriftandextensivedamageresultedtoframing,bulkheads,airandsoundingpipes,etc.Thewirelashingsandbottlescrewswerecompletelydestroyed.149.Thediameterofthesteelpipesisinches.13hA.notmentionedB.13C.6D.2.2515O.Thesteelpipeswerestowedinties.ijᙠkḄlmᨵ6ᣊoA.2B.3C.5D.6151.Thesteelpipesdidnotcausedamageto.A.framingB.bulkheadsC.airandsoundingpipesD.theaftendofthe'tweendecks152.Thesteelpipeswerelashedwithwires.9:lmᵨ>2᪷rsto

25A.2B.3C.4D.5Passage39DangerouscargoesofClass3areliquids,ormixturesofliquids,orliquidscontainingsolidsinsolutionorsuspension(e.g.paints,varnishes,lacquers,etc.,butnotincludingsubstanceswhich,onaccountoftheirotherdangerouscharacteristics,havebeenincludedinotherclasses)whichgiveoffaflammablevapouratorbelow61࠷(141°F)closedcuptest(correspondingto65.6࠷(150°F)opencuptest),normallyreferredtoastheflashpoint.Class3alsoincludessubstancestransportedorofferedfortransportatelevatedtemperaturesinaliquidstatewhichgiveoffaflammablevapourattemperaturesequaltoorbelowthemaximumtransporttemperature.However,theprovisionsofthisCodeneednotapplytosuchliquidswithaflashpointofmorethan35࠷(95°F)whichdonotsustaincombustion.Liquidsofferedfortransportattemperaturesequaltoorabovetheirflashpointare,inanycase,consideredasflammableliquids.Forthepurposeofabovesubsection,liquidsarenotconsideredtosustaincombustioniftheyhavepassedthesuitablecombustibilitytest(seeUnitedNationsRecommendationsontheTransportofDangerousGoods);ortheirfirepointaccordingtoISO2592isgreaterthan100࠷;ortheyaremisciblesolutionswithawatercontentofmorethan90%,bymass.153.Accordingtothisparagraph,flashpointobtainedfromclosedcuptestisthenthatobtainedfromopencuptest.A.9࠷lowerB.9°FhigherC.4.6࠷lowerD.4.6°Fhigher154.Liquidsarenotconsideredtosustaincombustionif.A.theyhavenotpassedthesuitablecombustibilitytestB.theirfirepointaccordingtoISO2592isnotgreaterthan100࠷C.theyaremisciblesolutionswithawatercontentofnotmorethan90%,bymassD.theirfirepointaccordingtoISO2592isgreaterthan100࠷155.Misciblesolutionsofferedfortransportatambienttemperaturewithaflashpointofmorethan35࠷(95°F)andwithawatercontentofmorethan90%,bymass,.A.isnotincludedinClass3B.isnotmentionedinthisparagraphC.isincludedinClass3D.willbeconsideredtobeincludedinotherclassofdangerouscargoes156.Thepropertopicofthisparagraphis.A.NonDangerousLiquidsB.MostLiquidsarenotIncludedinClass3C.DefinitionofDangerousCargoesofClass3D.LiquidsandTheirPhysicalPropertiesPassage40Modernbulkearnersarenormallydesignedtocarryavarietyofcargoesinordertoprovideoperationalflexibility.Forcargoessuchascoalorgraintheshipwouldhaveallholdsfilledwiththecargo(homogeneousloadingcondition)andbedowntomaximumdraught.Ifheavycargoes,withastowagerateofaboutonethirdofthatforcoalweretobecarriedinthehomogeneousconditioneachholdwouldonlybeaboutonethirdfull.Inthatconditiontheshipwouldhavealargemetacentricheightandalowcentreofgravityresultinginavery

26"stiff*ship.Modernbulkcarriers,intendedforthecarriageofore,aredesignedforthecarriageoforecargoesinalternateholdsandinlargershipsonlytheoddnumberedholdsareloadedwithore.Theadvantagesinthisarethatitiseasiertoachieveasatisfactorytrimontheshipandareducedtimespentinport.However,thedisadvantagesarethatthealternateholdloadingpatterngreatlyincreasesthestressesinthedoublebottomstructureandtheshearforcesinthesideshell.Thedoublebottom,hopperandtopsidetanksareairangedforthecarriageofwaterballastwiththedoublebottomandhoppertanksoftenbeinginter-connected,byverticaltrunksorpipes,withthetopsidetanks.157.Thehomogeneousloadingconditionreferstoloadingpatternthat.A.allcargoholdsarefullyloadedtothemaximumofbothvolumeandweightcapacitiesB.eachholdwouldonlybeaboutonethirdfullC.onlytheoddnumberedholdsareloadedD.allcargoholdsareloadedwithcargoes158."Stiff”shipistheconditionthat.A.shehasalargemetacentricheightB.shehasahighcentreofgravityC.hermetacenterabovebaselineishighD.hercentreofgravityislow159.ThearenotarrangedforthecarriageofballastwateuᚖwXXx᣸z{|{}A.doublebottomtanksB.topsidetanksC.hoppertanksD.verticaltrunksorpipes,16O.Thedisadvantage~ofthealternateholdloadingpatternisthat.A.itiseasiertoachieveasatisfactorytrimontheshipB.itincreasesthestressesinthedoublebottomstructureandtheshearforcesinthesideshellC.itiseasiertoachieveareducedtimespentinportD.thedoublebottomandhoppertanksareofteninter-connected,byverticaltrunksorpipes,withthetopsidetanksPassage41Bottomareafromkeeltolightloadlineabout2600sq.m.,includingrudder,post,sternframe,tobecleanedwithhighpressurefreshwater.Rustedareaabout300sq.,tobesand-blastedandpatchedwithtwocoatsofbottomprimeronthebaremetalsurface.Thenwholeareatobeappliedwithonecoatanti-corrosivepaintandonecoattropicalanti-foulingpaint.Boot-toppingstrake,fromlightloadline,about1600sq.m.tobecleanedwithhighpressurefreshwater.Rustedareatobeblastedandpatchedwithtwocoatsofprimer.Thenwholeareatobeappliedonecoatofboottoppinggreenpaint.Topsideabout1200sq.m.tobecleanedwithhighpressurefreshwater.Rustedareatobesand-blastedandpatchedwithtwocoatsofprimerandonecoatoflightgraypaint.Thenwholeareatobeappliedwithonecoatoflightgraypaint.Alldraftfigures,plimsollmarks,ship'snameandportofregistrytoberepaintedtwiceinoriginalcolor.161.toberepaintedtwiceinoriginalcolor.A.Bottomareafromkeeltolightloadlineabout2600sq.m.,includingrudder,post,sternframeB.ThewholeareaC.Boot-toppingstrake,fromlightloadline,about1600sq.m.D.Alldraftfigures,plimsollmarks,ship'snameandportofregistry162.Whereisboot-topping?.A.Theareaofthehullbetweenfullandlightloadlines

27B.Theareaofthehullabovethewaterlineinfullloadcondition.C.Theareafromkeeltolightloadline.D.Theareafromkeeltofullloadline.163.areatobeappliedwithonecoatoflightgraypaint.A.BottomB.ThewholeC.Boot-toppingD.Topside164.areatobeappliedwithonecoatanti-corrosivepaintandonecoattropicalanti-foulingpaint.A.BottomB.ThewholeC.Boot-toppingD.TopsidePassage42Thehullstructurewithinthecargoareaofabulkcarriercanbeconsideredascomprisingtwobarriers;namely,theprimaryandsecondarybarrieuTheprimarybarrierisformedbythesingleskinsideshellbetweentopsideandhoppertanks,andthecrossdeckstrips,hatchcoversandcoammings.Afailureoftheprimarybarrierwouldallowwatertoentertheholdspace.Thesecondarybarrierisformedbytheverticallycorrugatedtransversewatertightbulkheadsandtheinnerbottom.Afailureofthesecondarybarrierwillpermitfloodwaterintheholdtoentertheneighbouringholdspace.165.Crackingathatchcornerswilldirectlypermitwatertoenter.A.topsidetanksB.thecrossdeckstripsC.hoppertanksD.theprimarybarrier166.Grabandbulldozerdamagetotheinnerbottomwillallowwatertoenter.A.thesecondarybamerB.transversewatertightbulkheadsC.theprimarybarrierD.thetopsideandhoppertanks,167.Hatchcoversare.A.primarybarrierB.secondarybarrierC.eitherprimarybarrierorsecondarybarrierD.neitherprimarybarriernorsecondarybarrier168.Inaccordancewiththepassage,thebridgedeckshouldbeconsideredas.A.primarybarrierB.secondarybarrierC.eitherprimarybarrierorsecondarybamerD.neitherprimarybarriernorsecondarybarrierPassage43Thedamagescenariosapplicabletosinglesideskinbulkcarriersassumeinitialdamagetotheprimarybarrier,formedbytheshellandhatchcovers,followedbythefailureofthesecondarybarrierformedbythedoublebottomandthetransversebulkheads.Primarybarrierfailurecouldoccurinoneoftwoways.Thesideshellcouldbedamagedorthehatchcoverscouldfailunderthepressurefromgreenseasondeckorbesweptaway,therebyallowingwatertoenterthehold.Themostlikelycauseofinitialsideshellfailure,otherthancollision,resultsfromtheprogressivereductionofsupportfromcorrodedandfracturedsideshellframeendbracketconnectionstotopsidetanksandhoppertanks.Corrosionofendbrackettoescreatesastressconcentrationwiththelocationbeingsubjectedtofatigueloadingfromthepassageofwavesalongthesideshell.Thiscanleadtothegrowthoffatiguecracksuntiltheendbracketsarecompletelydetachedfromthesideshell.Similarly,weld

28groovingofsideframesandbracketscanleadtodetachment.Ineachcase,lossofsecondarysupportwillleadtolossofthesideshellandwaterwillenterthehold.169.Accordingtothispassage,willbesufferedfromdamagefirst.A.primarybarrierB.secondarybarrierC.doublebottomD.transversebulkheads170.Corrosionofisnotlikelyleadtodetachmentofthecorrespondingstructuralmember.A.weldgroovingofsideframesandbracketsB.endbrackettoesC.sideshellframeendbracketconnectionstotopsidetanksandhoppertanksD.theshellandhatchcovers0‧ῖ⇨!ᔂPḄ᪀Ḅ171.Fatigueloadingtoendbrackettoesᾢ:iscreatedby.A.thepassageofwavesalongthesideshell᜜B.thesideshellframeendbracketconnectionstotopsidetanksandhoppertanksC.thedetachmentD.thesecondarysupport172.1ngeneral,lossofsecondarysupportwill.ᩭ1ᜫFᥛ¡¢᜜./0}ᐭ¤‧A.createastressconcentrationwiththelocationB.assumeinitialdamagetotheprimarybarrierC.leadtolossofthesideshellandwaterwillentertheholdD.leadtothegrowthoffatiguecracksPassage44One,oracombinationof,thefollowingtwofailurescenarioscouldoccur.Firstly,thedoublebottomstructureofgirdersandfloorscouldsustainsufficientdamageunderthenegativebuoyancyconditionwherethedoublebottomstructureissubjectedtothecargoloadingonly.Ifthetransversefloorandlongitudinalgirderwebplatingstructures,havedeterioratedduetocorrosionormechanicaldamage,thenshearfailurecanresultandthedoublebottommaycollapse.Thelossofthehullgirderflange,formedbythedoublebottom,wouldinvariablyleadtothelossoftheship.Secondly,wherewaterentersaloadedhold,thetransversewatertightbulkheadsaresubjecttothecargoloadingincreasedbyastaticheadofwaterequaltothefloodeddraughtandadynamiceffectduetothefluidmotioninthehold.Ifthewatertightbulkheadhascorrodedthenplasticcollapse,orshearfailureofthecorrugatedbulkheadconnectiontothelowershelfplace,canoccurfollowedbybulkheadfailure.Withtwoholdsflooded,theshipwouldinalllikelihoodsink.173.Itisimpliedinthepassagethatwillinevitablyleadtothesinkingoftheship.A.thedoublebottomstructureissubjectedtothecargoloadingonlyB.waterentersaloadedholdC.bulkheadfailswhenthereisnowaterintheholdD.thelossofthehullgirderflange᪹ᩞ§ormorethanoneholdareflooded174.Negativebuoyancyconditionreferstotheconditionof.A.hoggingB.saggingC.rollingD.pitaching175.Thereasonwhytheshipwouldsinkwithtwoholdsfloodedisthatshewilllossher.A.stabilityB.strengthC.bouyancyD.gravity176.Wherewaterentersaloadedhold,thetransversewatertightbulkheadsarenotsubjectto.A.thecargoloading

29B.staticheadofwaterC.dynamiceffectduetothefluidmotionintheholdD.supportfromotherdeckcoversPassage45Itisherebyexpresslyagreedthateveryexemptionfromliabilityandeveryright,defenceandimmunityofwhatsoevernatureapplicabletotheRepairerortowhichtheRepairerisentitledhereundershallalsobeavailableandshallextendtoprotecteveryRepaireroragentoftheRepairer(includingeveryindependentcontractorfromtimetotimeemployedbytheRepairer)whileactinginthecourseoforinconnectionwithhisemploymentorengagement.TheRepairerisorshallbedeemedtobeactingasanagentortrusteeonbehalfofandforthebenefitofallpersonswhoareormightbeemployeesoragentsfromtimetotime(includinganyindependentcontractorsorsubcontractorsasaforesaid)andallsuchpersonsshalltothisextentbeorbedeemedtobepartiestothecontractenteredintobytheRepairer.177.Thisparagraphismostlikelytoappearin.A.ShipSlippingandRepairingContractB.TimeCharterC.VoyageCharterD.DemiseCharter178.Theexemptionfromliabilityandeveryright,defenceandimmunityofwhatsoevernatureapplicabletotheRepairerortowhichtheRepairerisentitledhereunderwillnotextendtoprotect.A.AgentoftheRepairerB.IndependentContractoremployedbytheRepairerC.SubcontractorappointedbytheRepairerD.Shipowner179.TheRepairerisnotorshallbenotdeemedtobeactingasanagentortrusteeonbehalfofandforthebenefitof.A.allpersonsastobedeemedtobepartiestothecontract.B.subcontractorsappointedbytheRepairerC.independentcontractorsemployedbyRepairerD.personswhoareormightbeemployeesoragentsoftheRepairer180.ltcanbeconcludedthatthisclauseisformulatedtoprotecttheinterestsof.A.Repairer'sB.independentcontractor'sC.shipowner'sD.cargoowner'sPassage46Manycarrierstodaymakeuseofrelayportsatwhichgoodsdestinedformoreremotelocationsaretransshippedontosubstitutedshipsor"feedervessels1*,inordertosecurefasterandmoreefficientdeliverythanwouldbepossibleifthecargoesconcernedwerecarriedallthewaytodestinationaboardthelinervesselsonwhichtheywerefirstloaded.Thetransshipmentofcargoatsuchintermediateportshasbeenjudgednottoconstituteanunreasonabledeviationwhereitisshowntobeacustomofthetrade.Nor,ofcourse,isitanunreasonabledeviationwheretheshipperacquiescedinit,hadnoticeofitorcouldhaveexpecteditbasedonpriorshipmentswiththesamecarrier,orwherethecarrierhasmadeknownitsordinarystopsbyitsadvertisements,publicationsorothermeans.181.ARelayPortmeansa/an.A.portofdestinationB.portofsailingC.intermediateportD.portofrefuge

30182.Cargowillbepossiblydeliveredslowertoitsdestinationby.A.afeederB.asubstitutedshipC.thelineronwhichitwasfirstloadedD.thelineronwhichitwouldbeloadedshouldafeederorsubstitutedshipnotbeavailable183.Underwhichofthefollowingconditionsisitnotsufficienttojudgethattransshipmentattherelayportdoesnotconstituteanunreasonabledeviation?.A.thetransshipmentisshowntobeacustomofthetradeB.theshipperhadnoticeofthetransshipmentC.theshippercouldhaveexpecteditbasedonpriorshipmentswiththesamecarrierD.thecarrierhasnotmadeknownitsordinarystopsbyitsadvertisementsorpublications184.Thepurposeofmakinguseofarelayportbythecarrieristoachievetheendof.A.fasterandmoreefficientdeliveryB.avoidingunreasonabledeviationC.makingknownitsordinarytransportationbyitsadvertisements,publicationsorothermeansD.preventingtheadverseinfluencetothecarriagebyacustomofthetradePassage47Individualsinvolveddirectlyandindirectlyinthehandlingofdangerousgoodsshallreceivetrainingdesignedtoprovidefamiliaritywiththegeneralprovisionsofdangerousgoodstransportrequirements.Suchtrainingshallincludeadescriptionoftheclassesofdangerousgoods;labelling,marking,placardingandpackaging,segregationandcompatibilityrequirements;adescriptionofthepurposeandcontentofthedangerousgoodstransportdocument;andadescriptionofavailableemergencyresponsedocuments.Thesepersonsshallhavetoreceivedetailedtrainingconcerningspecificdangerousgoodstransportrequirementswhichareapplicabletothefunctionthepersonsperforms.Andofcoursetheyshallalsoreceivethecompletesafetytraining.Commensuratewiththeriskofexposureintheeventofareleaseandthefunctionsperformed,eachpersonshallreceivetrainingonMethodsandproceduresforaccidentavoidance,suchasproperuseofpackage-handlingequipmentandappropriatemethodsofstowageofdangerousgoods;Availableemergencyresponseinformationandhowtouseit;Generaldangerspresentedbythevariousclassesofdangerousgoodsandhowtopreventexposuretothosehazards,includingifappropriatetheuseofpersonalprotectiveclothingandequipment;andImmediateprocedurestobefollowedintheeventofanunintentionalreleaseofdangerousgoods,includinganyemergencyresponseproceduresforwhichthepersonisresponsibleandpersonalprotectionprocedurestobefollowed.185.Unintentional¨©ªḄReleaseofdangerousgoodsmeansprimarilyofthegoods.A.accidentalreleaseB.properreleaseC.slowreleaseD.emergencyrelease186."Properuseofpackage-handlingequipmentandappropriatemethodsofstowageofdangerousgoods"isanitemcoveredby.A.thetrainingoffamiliaritywiththegeneralprovisionsofdangerousgoodstransportrequirementsB.function-specifictrainingC.thetrainingofpropershippingbusinessD.thesafetytraining187.Theimmediateprocedurestobefollowedintheeventofanunintentionalreleaseofdangerousgoodsarecoveredby.A.thesafetytrainingB.thetrainingconcerningspecificdangerousgoodstransportrequirements

31C.thetrainingdesignedtoprovidefamiliaritywiththegeneralprovisionsofdangerousgoodstransportrequirementsD.theprotectionprocedures188.Thebesttitleofthispassageshouldbe.A.EmergencyResponseProceduresfortheCarriageofDangerousGoodsbySeaB.ReleaseofDangerousGoodsandExposureintheAccidentsC.ProperuseofDangerousGoodsD.TrainingofPersonsInvolvedinHandlingofDangerousGoodsPassage48Oneofthemajorproblemsisthatfloodingofaholdspacemayoccurwithouttheknowledgeofthecrew,particularlyinheavyweatherconditionswherevisibilitymaybeminimalandanychangesintheresponseoftheshipmaybemaskedbythestorm.TheinfluenceoffloodingNo.1holdonabulkcarriercarryingore,fromanavalarchitecturepointofview,isofcoursetocreateasignificanttrimbythehead.Itisconsideredthatonawellmaintainedshipthisshouldbeasurvivablesituation.IntheeventthatfloodingprogresstotheadjacentNo.2holdthentheconsequenttrimcanimmersethedeckforwardandthesurvivabilityoftheshipunderstormconditionbecomesdoubtful.Anotherisalsoimportantandifthisisaconsequenceoftransversewatertightbulkheadfailurethentheshockloadings,bothintermsofoverandunderpressurescouldcreateachainreactioninvolvinghatchcoversbeingdisplaced,bulkheadscollapsing,etc.,withinafewsecondsresultinginanalmostinstantaneouslossofhullbuoyancyandtheshipsinking.Knowingwhentheholdsaretakinginwateris,therefore,consideredveryimportant.189.Thefollowingisnotthereasonthatfloodingofaholdspacemayoccurwithouttheknowledgeofthecrew.A.thatthevisibilitymaybetoopooratthemomentB.thatchangesintheresponseoftheshipmaybemaskedbythestormC.thattheconditionsoftheweathermaypreventthecrewmembersfromdetectingtheresponseoftheshipD.thatthecrewmembersarepoorlyeducatedandhavenotenoughknowledgeᕒ¬~Ḅ®¯0ᐙᑖḄ>190.ThefloodingofNo.1hold.A.willresultinanalmostinstantaneouslossofhullbuoyancyandtheshipsinkingB.willcreateachainreactioninvolvingthehatchcoversbeingdisplaced,bulkheadscollapsingC.willprogresstotheadjacentNo.2holdD.isnormallyasurvivablesituationᙠ"c±²Ḅ³᝱191.If,theconsequenttrimcanimmersethedeckforwardandthesurvivabilityoftheshipunderstormconditionbecomesdoubtful.A.No.1holdisfloodedB.No.2holdisfloodedC.bothNo.1andNo.2holdarefloodedD.eitherbothNo.1orNo.2holdisflooded192.Thebesttitleofthisparagraphshallbe.A.ThefloodinganddivisionarrangementoftheshipB.KnowingwhentheholdsaretakinginwaterisveryimportantC.CrewmemberswillneverknowwhentheholdsarefloodedD.FloodingisunavoidablePassage49

32OnthebridgefortheapproachtothepilotboardinggroundweretheMaster,whohadthecon,theMate,asWatchOfficer,andaseamanatthewheel,whiletheThirdMatewentondecktomeetthepilot.ThenormalprocedureonboardwasfortheSecondMatetopreparethevoyageplanandtolayoffthecoursesonthecharts.However,becausethepassagefromBurnietotheTamarRiverwasrelativelyshortandbecauseheintendedstoppinganddriftingfortwotothreehours,theMasterdecidedtolayoffthecourseshimself.Inthepast,whenthecompanyemployedJapaneseofficers,theMasterwoulddiscussoperationalandnavigationalprocedureswiththem.However,sincetheintroductionoftheemploymentofFilipinoofficers,theMasternolongerdidthis,withtheresulttherewasnocohesivebridgeteam.Whenthepilotlauncharrivedalongside,theMatewenttotheportbridgewingandremainedthereuntilsuchtimeasthePilothadgainedthedeck.Atacriticalstage,whenmanoeuvringclosetoareef,hewasprovidingnoactivesupporttotheMasterbymonitoringthevessefsprogress,eitherbyradarorbytheelectronicplottingtable.WithnoactivesupportfromtheMate,theMasterhadquicklyplottedthepositionatatimeherecordedas0606,fromwhichherealisedtherewasadangerofthesternswingingintotheeasternshallowsofHebeReef.Ininstructingthehelmsmantosteadyon160o,however,hedoesnotappeartohaveappreciatedthedevelopingsituationwithWestReef,createdbythataction,andthevesselgroundedfastintheReef.193.TheMasterdidnotdiscussoperationalandnavigationalprocedureswithhismatesbecause.A.hehasethnicorculturalprejudiceinhisdealingswiththoseofficersᙠᕒḄµ¶·²ᙠ¸¹0ᦻᓄḄ¼½B.helaidoffthecourseshimselfC.thebridgewasadequatelymannedfortheoperationD.theSecondMatedidnotpreparethevoyageplanandlayoffthecoursesonthecharts194.Ofthefollowingisnotacontributingfactorleadingtothegroundingaccident.c¾¿"ÀᤁÂÃᦑḄűÆÇᵨA.thatMasterdidnotinformtheMateofhisintendedactionsorseektheMate'ssupportinmonitoringandadvisinghimontheprogressofthemanoeuvresB.thattheMatedidnotprovideactivesupporttotheMasterC.thatnavigationalequipmentwaseitherignoredornotusedtofulleffectD.thattheMatewenttotheportbridgewingÈÉÊËḄÌÊandremainedthere195.ItisinfeiTedthatthevesselstartedthevoyagein.A.anearlymorningB.alateeveningC.anafternoonD.amidnight196.Themaincauseofthisaccidentisthelackof_ÍÎ.A.seamanshipskilloftheMasterandtheMatesonthebridgeB.BridgeResourceManagementprocedures,ÈÉÊÏÐḄmᳮÑÒC.academiceducationofthecrewmembers,includingtheMasterandMatesD.communicationsbetweenthePilot,theMasterandtheMatesonboardthevesselPassage50TheeffectivenessofananchordependslargelyonthematerialthatconstitutestheseaorestuaryÓÔbottom,normallydeterminedbythehydrographerswhohavesurveyedtheseaandidentifieditfortheconvenienceofmarinersonthechart.Whenpreparingtoanchor,theship'sMasterneedstoknow,besidesthewaterdepth,the"qualityofthebottom"whetheritisofsandormud,orrocky.TheMasterwilltryandavoid"foulground"whichmayhaveunderwaterhazardsthatmaysnagtheanchor,andwillbehappierwherethebottomisofmudorsand,thatwillenabletheflukesoftheanchortodig᣾Öinandholdtheshipfast.Theholdingqualityisalsohelpedbyhavingplentyofcableouttolieonthebottom,whichitselfactsasabrakeonmovement.Tidesorwindsmayaffectthesafetyofananchorageandtheofficersofthewatchneedtowatchthepositionoftheshipcarefully,lestc×theanchordragsandtheshipbewashedashore.Visualcompassbearingsofshore

33markscanprovideagoodindicationofanyuntowardmovement,althoughcaremustbetakennottoconfuseananchordraggingwiththenormalswingingaroundthemooringasthetideorwindchanges.Whilemerchantshipstendtouseaconventionanchorwithtwoflukesthatcanbehousedinatubularhawsepipewhenrecoveredaboardship,specialistanchorshavebeendevisedfordifferenttypesofcraft.Drillingrigs,forinstance,haveanchorsthatareoptimalfortheparticularseabottom,andabigsemi-submersiblewilllietoapatternØ᪵ofperhapseightanchors,laidoutbyanchorhandlingsupplyboatswhichareinattendancewhentherigismoved.Permanentmoorings,fornavigationalbuoysmayusescrewanchorswhicharescrewedintotheseabottom,whilelightvesselsoftenemployveryheavyanchorsshapedlikeamushroom.197.—B___iscomparedto“abrake"onmovementbythepassage?A.ThefiukeoftheanchorB.ThechainslyingonthebottomC.ThechainshanginginthewaterD.Thebrought-upoftheanchor198.Thetotalholdingforcesofananchorcomefrom_D_.A.ThedigginginoftheflukesoftheanchorandthequalityofthebottomB.Thequalityofthebottomandthecableslyingonthebottom.C.Thebrakeandthecableslyingonthebottom.D.Thedigginginoftheflukesoftheanchor,thequalityofthebottomandthelengthofcablelyingonthebottom199.ThetermANCHORDRAGGINGmeans_B___.A.thenormalswingingaroundthemooringasthetideorwindchangesB.anuntowardmovementoftheanchorC.theshipbeingwashedashoreD.theshipbeingpulledalongwithdifficultyoreffortbyanothership200.WhichofthefollowingiscorrectastothespecialistanchoringÚÛÜÝÞCA.Thebestgroundforspecialistanchoringissandormud.B.Specialistanchoringcanbedoneanywhere.C.Specialistanchoringisusuallydesignedtocreatelargerholdingforces.D.TheholdingforcesofaspecialistanchoringisleastwhentheanchorisscrewedintotheseabottomPassage51Afireindry-dock,withtheshipconnectedtotheshorewatermains,canbeaproblemforfirefighting.IwasthechiefmateonanolddrycargoshipinaBritishdry-cockwhen,duringthelunchhour,awelderdecidedtoworkonthestarboardlifeboatdavit.Hewarnednobodyofhisintentionsandclimbedupintothelifeboatandstartedburningontheafterdavit.Thelifeboatwasmadeofwoodandhadapetrolengine,whichhadobviouslybeenoozingoutovertheyearsontothethwartsandbottomboards.Asparksentthewholethinguplikearocketandthewelderonlyjustmanagedtoescapewithhislife.Therewasnofirewatch,eitherbythedockyardortheshipbecausenobodyrealizedhewasworkingthrough.Weputthefireoutbeforethefirebrigadearrived,despitethelackofwaterpressure.Byitsverylocation,thefireintheboatwasisolatedfromtherestoftheshipsonothingelsecaughtfirefromit.Thelifeboatitselfwasawrite-off,though.201.Howdidthefirebreakout?A.AweldersetonfireB.Asplashingsparkmadetheoozingpetrolonfireßà·áâḄãäåæ¡¢ḄᜧãC.ArocketintheboatsetitonfireD.Thelackofwaterpressureresultedinthefire

342O24.Whatdidthewelderdoafterthefireburning?çèéᙠãêëìíîᑭḄ⌫ð>A.Heseteverythingupwitharocket,thenescapedB.Hewantedtoescape,butfailedC.HeescapedsuccessfullyD.Hedidhisbesttoputoutthefirebutfailed,thenheescaped2O3.Whafstheconsequenceñofthefire?A.Thelifeboatwascompletelydamagedᦗ±‷ôᐰ./B.AverylittledamagewascausedtotheboatC.NothingelsewasdamagedexcepttheafterdavitandengineD.Notmentionedinthepassage204.Whichoneofthefollowingsisincorrect?ᓽö÷øùú7ᨵÅ〈ᑮ⌼ᔆÿᨵ〈ᑮ■A.Nobodyknewthewelder'sintentionB.Itistheboat'spositionstowedthatsavedtherestofshipC.ThefirewasputoutinspiteofthelackofwaterpressureD.Eveninformed,neitherthedockyardnortheshipwouldsendafirewatchPassage52TheMaritimeSafetyCommitteehasissuedacircularin1998whichmakesthefollowingsuggestionsonsafetyofpersonnelduringcontainersecuringoperationsIthasbeennotedthatanumberoffatalaccidentstocrewanddockworkershaveinvolvedfallsfromthetopofcontainersduringcontainersecuringandunsecuringoperations.Althoughfallprotectionandfallarrestsystemsandequipmentareavailableforusewhenevercontainertopworkisinvolved,theyarecumbersomeandreducethespeedofloadingandunloadingoperationsofaship,andthusoflimiteduseandeffect.Theconventionalmeansofsecuringcontainersinnon-cellulardeckspacesareheavyanddifficulttohandle,resultinginaccidentsandnon-fatalphysicalinjuries.Newlydevelopedequipmentsuchassemi-automaticanddualfunctiontwistlocksareonlypartiallyeffectiveineliminatingdanger.Theydependonthestackingheightofcontainersondecknotexceedingfourandrequireasafeworkplaceonthequaysidefortheirapplicationorremoval.Asaferenvironmentforpersonnelinvolvedinthesecuringofcontainerscanbeachievedbyshipownersandshipdesignersfocusingonthesafetyofcontainersecurementattheinitialstagesofthebuildingofaship,ratherthanrelyingonoperationalmethodsforthispurposeaftertheshipisbuilt.2O5.Sincefallprotectionandfallarrestsystemsandequipmentareprovidedforuse,whydidsomanypersonsstillfalldownduringsecuringoperations?ᜓḄᕜ᳛A.ThepersonsinvolvedareusuallycarelessB.ThepersonsinvolvedareoccasionallynegligentC.FallsystemsandfallarrestsystemsandequipmentareheavyandawkwardtocarryanddecreasethehandlingspeedD.FallsystemsandfallaiTestsystemsandequipmentareoflittleuseandeffect206.Withregardtosemi-automaticanddualfunctiontwistlocks,whichofthefollowingsiscorrect?.A.TheyareveryusefulineliminatingdangerB.TheyareoflittleuseineliminatingdangerC.Theirapplicationislimitedᑡᐵ#$%&'()*┝,⚗./,12Ḅ3ᵨ567ᨵ▲ᑴD.Theirapplicationmayresultinaccidentsandnon-fatalphysicalinjuries207.Theoptimumopportunityisconsideredtobe.ᨬᨵᑭ=>Ḅ?@AᙠE⌼ḄGH▤JA.attheinitialstagesofthebuildingofashipB.aftertheshipisbuilt

35C.beforetheshipisdesignedD.dependedonoperationalmethods2O8.Whichoneofthefollowingsisnotmentionedinthepassage?A.ItisthefactthattherearecrewmembersanddockworkersfallingfromthetopofcontainersduringcontainersecuringoperationsandgetinjuredseriouslyB.Shipownersandship'sdesignerscangiveasaferenvironmenttocrewmembersinvolvedinthesecuringofcontainersC.MSCisseriouslyconcernedwiththisproblemD.ThespecificmeasureshavebeensuggestedinordertosolvetheproblemᱯLMNA@OQRS⚪Passage53Themostcommonkindsofpaintfoundonboardshipareasfollowsmetalprimers,whichareappliedtoabaresurfacetogiveprotectionagainstrustandtoactasakeytothenextcoat;undercoats,whichareusedovertheprimerbeforethetopcoat;topcoatswhichprovideahard-wearingsurfaceandgivetherequiredcolor;heat-resistantpaintsforradiatorsandpipesandfortheship'sfunnel;non-slippaintsforuseonweatherdecksandothersuitablesurfacessuchascompanion-ways;andvarnishestogiveaclearprotectivecoattowoodwork.Forpainting,thesurfaceofaship'shullisdividedintothreedistinctareasthetopside,boot-toppingandbottom.Topsidepaintissuppliedinthecompany'scolors.Thetopsideisappliedtotheareaoftheship'shullwhichisoutofthewaterwhentheshipisloaded.Boot-toppingisappliedtothatareaofthehullwhichisoutofthewaterwhentheshipisinthelightconditionandunderwaterwhentheshipisloaded.Aship'sbottomisgivenacoatingofanti-foulingpaint.Anti-foulingpaintscontaintoxicantswhicharepoisonoustomarinelife.Thetoxicantshavetodissolveoutofthepaintintothesurroundingwaterinordertobeeffective.209.Accordingtothepassage,themaindeckshouldbeappliedwith.A.heat-resistantpaintsB.VarnishesUjVC.boot-toppingpaintsD.non-slippaints21O.ThetoxicantshavetodissolveoutofthepaintintothesurroundingwaterinordertobeeffectivebecauseA.theyarepoisonoustomariners,lifeB.theyaretoxictomarinelifeC.theysupportmarinelifeinallaspectsD.theyhavenothingtodowithbothmariners,lifeandmarinelifeWᓻYZᕒ\]Z^\ᱥ211.Boot-toppingpaintsshouldbeappliedto.whentheshipisladentheshipisinthelightconditionA.theship'sbottomB.theareaofthehullwhichisoutofthewaterwhentheshipisinballastandunderwaterC.theareaofthehullwhichisoutofthewaterwhentheshipisloadedandunderwaterwhenD.theareaofhullwhichisoutofwaterwhentheshipisloaded`ab=ᙠcdḄefg212.Thebestheadingforthepassageshouldbe.hijᦻᨬlḄ᪗⚪AenVḄopA.MaintenanceonboardB.Typesofpaintonaship'shullC.Howtoapplytheship'spaintsD.Thetypesoftheship'spaintsandtheirapplicationsPassage54Failingtoidentifypre-shipmentdamageandneglectingtomakeappropriatenotationsonmate'sreceiptsandbillsofladingwilldeprivethecarrierofhisrights,limitationsandimmunitiesunderthecontractofcarriageand

36mayprejudiceclubcover.Assertionsaresometimesmadebycargointereststhatrustonaparticularshipmentisnormalandwillnotaffectitsmarketvalue.Suchcommentsshouldbedisregarded.Inallcaseswhereasteelcargoisfoundtoberusty,itisimperativethatremarksaremadeonthebillsoflading,irrespectiveoftheapparentseverityoftherust.Thebillsofladingshouldalsobeclausedtoreflectanyphysicalpre-shipmentdamagetothesteeland/orwrappers.Selectingthemostappropriateclausestodescribepre-shipmentdamageisnotalwayseasy,andtheattendingsurveyorshouldbeconsultedforadvice.Caremustbetakentoconfinetheremarksonlytotheapparentconditionofthesteel.Commentssuchas"damagedbystevedores^^and“loadedduringrain“havenovalue.Similarly,wordssuchas“slight“q“superficial”,“partial”and"atmospheric“maybeopentomisinterpretationandshouldneverbeused.Whereverpossible,theremarksshouldbespecific.213.Thecarrierwillberelievedoftheresponsibilityif.rs3tuvwxyzᱥḄAᔲ|}~ᙠᜧᦈᓫd6ᔠ〉Ḅ᪗A.hefailstoidentifycargo'spre-shipmentdamageB.hefailstoclausemates'receiptandbillsoflading.C.heidentifiescargo'spre-shipmentdamageandmakeproperremarksonmate'sreceiptandbillsoflading.D.hemakesassertionthattherustisnormalandwillnotaffectitsmarketvalue.214.Underwhatconditionshouldthebillofladingbeclaused?A.whenpre-shipmentdamageisseriousB.solongasasteelcargoisfoundrusty⌕zᱥA\┤ḄC.solongasitsphysicalpre-shipmentdamageisnoteasytodescribeD.Youshouldconsulttheattendingsurveyorforadviceaboutit.215.Whatdoyouthinkoftheremark''partialdamagetowrapper”?ᑖᒹy|}A.It'seasytocausemisunderstanding.B.Ithasnovalue.C.Itcannotexemptthecarrierfromtheliabilityifactualdamageisfoundatthedestination.D.Alloftheabove.216.Thebesttitleofthispassagemaybe.ᓫᩩA.Carrier'srights,limitationsandimmunitiesB.Cargo'spre-shipmentdamageC.ClausingbillsofladingD.ValueofremarksPassage55Duringananchoringoperation,avessel'sanchorwasrunoutundergravityto6shackles,checkedandfinallyadjustedto9shacklesondeck.Acrewmemberwhowasontheforecastlebutnotdirectlyinvolvedwiththeanchoringoperation,wasenvelopedbytheresultingdust/debriscloudandlatercomplainedofirritationtohiseyesrequiringtreatmentfromtheshoredoctortoalleviateit.Whenengagedinanchoring,thereisalwaysahazardfromdustanddebrisflyingofftheanchorcable.Withthisinmind,allpersonsinthevicinityshouldbewearingsuitablepersonalprotectionincludingeyeprotection.Thechiefofficerinchargemustalwaysensurethatneitherhimselfnoranyothercrewmemberstandsinlinewiththeanchorcableeitherinfrontorbehindthecablelifter,astherehavebeenfatalitiesinthepastcausedbycableswhichhavegoneoutofcontrol.Ifthereisanydoubtastotheefficiencyofthebrake,anchorsshouldalwaysbeloweredingear,usingthewindlassmotorandneverallowedtorunsofastastooverheatthebrake.217.Fromthefirstparagraph,wecangetthat.A.thecrewmemberwasdirectlyengagedinanchoringoperation.

37B.thecrewmemberwasenvelopedbyanchorchains.C.thecrewmemberhadbeeninjuredbyanchorchains.D.thecrewmemberhadforeignmaterialinhiseyes.hiᕒḄᨵᩖ218.“Fatality”]Ḅinthesecondparagraphmeans.A.injuryB.deathC.fractureD.fate219.Whenengagedinanchoring,whatyoushouldnotdois.A.tostandnearbehindthewindlassB.toweargogglesC.towearglovesD.toloweranchorsingearifthereisnodoubtastotheefficiencyofthebrake22O.Whichoneofthefollowingsisnotmentionedinthepassage?A.Anchorcanbeloweredundergravity.B.Duringanchoring,dustanddebrisarealwaysflyingofftheanchorcable.C.Thechiefofficershouldensurethesafetyofthosewhoengagedinanchoring.D.Thebrakeisalwaysoverheatedduringanchoring.hiᑴ&ᘤᙠHAḄPassage56On22February2005theBahamasflagbulkcarrierClipperKawawaslyingattheouteranchorageofftheportofAlbany,WesternAustralia.Atabout0815,theBosun,withthetwodeckcadetsandtwoseamensettoworktransferringuseddunnagelyingonthehatchcoverofNo.3hold,tothespacebetweenthebreakoftheforecastleandNo.1hatch.TheBosunandthetwocadetswenttounlashtheforwardgantrycraneoftheship.Thisdone,theseniorcadetremainedinthestarboarddrivingcabwhiletheBosun,thejuniorcadetandthetwoseamenslungthedunnage.Oncompletion,theBosunandthetwoseamenalightedfromtheportsideofthehatchcover,whilethejuniorcadetalightedonthestarboardside.Thetwoseamenthenwentforward,andtheBosun,havingreceivedan"allclear'1signalfromthecadetonthestarboardside,signaledthedrivertomovethegantryforwardtoNo.lhatch.AfterthegantrycranearrivedatNo.lhatchandloweredthedunnage,theBosunnoticedthatthejuniorcadethadnotarrivedupforward.Hewalkedaftonthestarboaidsideandfoundthecadet,apparentlyunconscious,lyingagainstthehatchcoammingofNo.2hold.Thecrewcarriedhimintothecrew'srecreationroomintheaccommodationandtheChiefOfficerstartedtoapplyCPRCardiopulmonaryresuscitation,¡¢£¤.Shortlyafterwards,onunzippingtheoverallsofthecadet,itwasfoundthathisabdomenhadburstopenanditwasconcludedthathewas.Thepostmortemrevealedthathehaddiedfromshockandhaemorrhage¥ᜧ¦⊈¤followingmultiplecrushinjuries.22l.Thedeadpersonwas.A.oneofthetwoseamenB.thejuniorcadetC.theseniorcadetD.thedriverofthecrane222.ALLCLEARwassignaledby.A.oneofthetwoseamenB.theBosunC.thejuniorcadetD.theseniorcadet223.Therewerepeopleworkingontheforedeckatthetimeoftheaccident.A.4B.5C.6D.7224.ltcanbeconcludedthat.A.EitherfatigueoralcoholorbothshallbeconsideredtohavebeencontributingfactorsinthedeathB.thepersonwaskilledbyoneofthecrewmembers,suchasC/O,Bosunoranyotherpersonsonboardthe

38shipC.thedeadpersoncommittedsuicidehimselfforunknownreasonsD.thepersondiedofanaccidentPassage57Coilsshouldbeproperlysecuredandlashedonboardship.Theobjectiveistoformonelarge,immovableblockofcoilsintheholdbylashingthemtogether.Ingeneral,stripcoilsinthreeendrowsinthetoptiershouldbelashed.Topreventfore-and-aftshiftinginthetoptierofbare-woundcoilsgroup-lashingshouldnotbeappliedduetotheirfragilenature;theendrowofatoptiershouldbesecuredbydunnageandwires,whicharetobetightenedfromsidetoside,andbyadditionalwirestothebulkhead.Whencoilsarefullyloadedovertheentirebottomspaceandarewellshored,nolashingsarerequiredexceptforlockingcoils.Thelashingscanbeofaconventionaltypeusingwiresteelbandoranyequivalentmeans.Conventionallashingsshouldconsistofwireshavingsufficienttensilestrength.Thefirsttiershouldbechocked.Itshouldbepossibletore-tightenthelashingsduringthevoyage.Wirelashingsshouldbeprotectedagainstdamagefromsharpedges.Iftherearefewcoils,orasinglecoilonly,theyshouldbeadequatelysecuredtotheship,byplacingthemincradles,bywedging,orbyshoringandthenlashingtopreventtransverseandlongitudinalmovement.225.LOCKINGCOIListhecoil,¨©ª«ᙠ¬iᙌḄ☢ª«12°A.whichisplacedbetweentwounderneathcoilstopreventtheirshiftingB.whichhasafewlocksonorarounditC.whichcanbelockedfrominsideoftheaxeinthefore-and-aftdirectionD.towhichwedgesshouldbeusedasstopperswhennecessaryduringloadinganddischargingtopreventshifting226.shouldbesecuredbydunnageandwires.A.thetoptierofbare-woundcoilsB.stripcoilsinthreeendrowsinthetoptierC.thefirsttiercoilsD.theendrowofatoptier⚔²coils⚔²ᨬ³Ḅ᣸ᙌ227.Cradlesareusuallyneededforthestowageof.A.theendrowofatoptierofcoilsB.stripcoilsinthreeendrowsinthetoptierC.afewcoilsoronlyonecoilonboardtheshipµᡈὅᨵiᙌᙠdD.thetoptierofbare-woundcoils228.Thispassageisprobablyextracted¸¹ºfrom.A.IMDGCodeB.BCCodeC.CSSCodeD.SOLASPassage58Ontheeveningof22March2004,Tomwasgiventojobof'hatchman'atNo.6hatch,loadingbulkpaperonboardTasmanIndependence.HemadehiswayontothevesselanddownintoNo.6hatch.Jack,whowasalsorosteredtoworkthathatch,joinedhiminthehold.At1900hours,havingcompletedhisassessment,Tomcalledinthefirstloadofbulkpaperandstoweditawayonthesecondtierofthestow.Jackwaspreparingthebellystrapsandgenerallashingforbothtiersofcargo.At2035hours,oneoftheship'screwthrewdownalargebundleoftiedownsontothesecondlevelofthestowwhereTomwasworking.HepickedupthebundleandthrewthemdowntothedeckwhereJackwouldbeable

39toaccessthem.AsTomdidthis,oneofthetiedownhooksfouledhisoverallsandhewaspulledoffthelevelhewasworkingon.Hefellabout1.6metrestothenextlevelofthestowofcargoandthenfellontothedeck,afurther1.6metresbelow.Jackwasgettingthebellylashingsready,whenheheardacrash.Hethoughtthiswastheratchetshittingthedeckandcontinuedworking.Afteraboutaminute,JackturnedaroundandcouldnotseeTom.JackthenmovedandsawTomleaningupagainstthelowerlevellookingshaken.Atthistime,athirdstevedore,John,cameintoNo.6hatchandassistedJack.JackandJohngavefirstaidtoTomwhilethepulpspreaderattachedtothecranewaschangedovertoapeoplecarrier.Duringthistimeanambulancewascalledtothevessel.TomwasremovedtotheambulancebythespreaderandcraneandtakentoWellingtonHospitalforassessment.229.Tomfell.»¼ᜧᭆ¾3.2MḄ¿ÀA.fromtheweatherdecktothesecondlevelofthestowB.fromthesecondlevelofthestowtothefirstlevelC.aboutadistanceof1.6metresD.aboutadistanceof3.2metres23O.JackworkingonJACKÁ6ᙠᵬÃḄ6ÄzÅA.thefirstlevelofthestowB.thesecondlevelofthestowC.theweatherdeckD.thedeckofNo.6hatch23LitwaswhocausedTomtofalldownandinjured.»¼1¹ÆÇḄÈÉA.TomhimselfB.JackC.JohnD.oneoftheship'screw232.ltcanbeconcludedthatTomwas.hijᦻᡃ2ËÌÍΦ»¼AiyᔂÁsA.astevedoreB.oneoftheship'screwC.anofficeroftheshipD.amanwhosejobhadnothingtodowiththeshipPassage59Apleasurecraft(8meters)whilstanchored28milesfromthenearestlandforthenightinashippinglaneofftheNorthEastcoastofAustralia,withallhandsonboardsleeping,wasstruckbyapassingbulkcarrier.Fortunatelytherewerenocasualties.ThecollisionwentunnoticedbytheOOWandthelookoutonthebulkcarrier.Availableevidenceindicatesthatproperradarandvisuallookoutwasmaintainedonthebulkcarrier.Therecouldbeseveralpossiblereasonsforthepleasurecraftnotbeingobservedonthebulkcarrier:(i)pleasurecraftpresentedapoorradartarget;(ii)anchorlightonthepleasurecraftwastooweakanddidnotcomplywithCOLREGs;and(iii)reflectionofmoonlightfromthewaterpreventedthepleasurecrafthullbeingseenfromthebulkcarrierbridge.Anothercontributorycausetothecollisionwasthelackofalookoutonthepleasurecraftwhichwasanchoredinashippinglaneatnight.Numerouscollisionsoccurbetweenlargeshipsandsmallcrafteveryyearresultingfromlackofproperlookoutononeorbothvessels.Allwatchkeepersneedtobeawarethatsmallcraftmaynotbereadilysightedbyradarorvisuallyfromthenavigatingbridgeoflargeships.Theimportanceofproperlookoutonallvessels,largeandsmall,cannotbeoveremphasizedandwatchkeepersshallalsobeguidedbyRule5onLook-outoftheCOLREGs.Smallershipsshouldconsiderwarninglargershipsofanydevelopingcollisionriskbyusingallavailablemeansincludinglightsignals,soundsignalsandradiocommunication.LargershipsmustrememberthatprovisionofproperradarlookoutdoesnotobviatetheneedforeffectivevisuallookoutandvesselswithoperationalradarshallbeguidedbyRule6(b)oftheCOLREGs.Allshipsincludingsmallcraft,shallavoid

40anchoringinaknownshippinglane.233.Whathappenedinthestory?A.ApleasurecraftgroundedinthechannelB.ApleasurecraftwasstruckbyapassingshipÐÑ‷ÓÔOiÕÖC.AbulkcarriergroundedinthechannelD.Abulkcarrierwasstruckbyapleasurecraft234.WhichofthefollowingwasNOTthecausefortheincident?A.poorradartargetofthebulkcarrierB.poorlookoutofthepleasurecraftC.weakanchorlightonthepleasurecraftD.reflectionofthemoonlightᨴᐝḄÙÚ235.WhatisemphasizedÛÜinthepassage?◤⌕Þyᔠ〉ḄßA.theimportanceofproperradaruseB.theimportanceofproperlookoutC.theproperfittingofanchorlightD.theproperassessmentoftheriskofcollision236.WhichofthefollowingactionsisNOTrightaccordingtotheauthor6ὅàA.ToobservetheCOLREGSB.Touseradarproperlyinadditiontolookout◀Oâãä᜜æ3./ḄᵨçèC.TouseradarallthetimeinsteadoflookoutD.ToavoidanchoringintheshippinglanePassage60Reballastingatsea,asrecommendedbytheIMOguidelines,currentlyprovidesthebest-availablemeasuretoreducetheriskoftransferofharmfulaquaticorganisms¥c\ᱥ¤qbutissubjecttoseriousship-safetylimits.Evenwhenitcanbefullyimplemented,thistechniqueislessthan100%effectiveinremovingorganismsfromballastwater.Somepartiesevensuggestthatreballastingatseamayitselfcontributetothewiderdispersalofharmfulspecies,andthatislandstateslocated'down-stream*ofmid-oceanreballastingareasmaybeatparticularriskfromthispractice.Itisthereforeextremelyimportantthatalternative,effectiveballastwatermanagementand/ortreatmentmethodsaredevelopedassoonaspossible,toreplacereballastingatsea.Optionsbeingconsideredinclude:Mechanicaltreatmentmethodssuchasfiltrationandseparation;Physicaltreatmentmethodssuchaselectriccurrentsandheattreatment;Chemicaltreatmentmethodssuchaddingbiocides¥ᩔ\ᱥêU
toballastwatertokillorganisms,andvariouscombinationsoftheabove.Allofthesepossibilitiescurrentlyrequiresignificantfurtherresearcheffort.Majorbarriersstillexistinscalingthesevarioustechnologiesuptodealeffectivelywiththehugequantitiesofballastwatercarriedbylargeships.Treatmentoptionsmustnotinterfereundulywiththesafeandeconomicaloperationoftheshipandmustconsidershipdesignlimitations,andanycontrolmeasurethatisdevelopedmustmeetanumberofcriteria.237.WhatdoesthepassageimplyᨩìàA.ReballastingatseaisnotalwaysadvisableB.SomealternativesmayaffectsafetyoperationsoftheshipC.ItisdifficulttodevelopamoreeffectivewayotherthanreballastingforlargeshipscurrentlyD.Alloftheabove238.Themainriskofballastwateraccordingtothepassageisthat.᪷jᦻ᣸ªîbcï⌕Ḅᓻ◅AA.itmaykillallotherspeciesintheoceansotherthantheorganismsthemselvesB.thedisposalofballastwatermaykillallotherspeciesintheoceans

41C.ThequantityofballastwatertobedisposedofishugeD.itmayendangerotherspeciesintheoceansᓻñZ^Ḅᐸ1ᱥó239.Accordingtoyourknowledge,whichcouldbethebestalternativetohandleballastwaterwithleastenvironmentaleffectsupontheoceans?᪷ôḄOQqᑡ,óᦋöËÌ᣸ªîbc÷Z^Ḅø᛻ᦔ3ḄûüèᑮᨬýA.filtratingandseparatingB.usingbiocidesC.reballastingD.allofA,BandC24O.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestasthebestalternativetohandleballastwater?6ὅEþᨬ)ᦋöîbcḄA>ÿᜐᳮḄA.MechanicaltreatmentmethodsB.PhysicaltreatmentmethodC.ChemicaltreatmentmethodsD.NotmentionedChapter1ὃᫀPassage1ABDAPassage21I)AABPassage41DADAPassage2ADAAPassage22CCABPassage42DAADPassage3BDDDPassage23BABI)Passage43ADACPassage4ABAAPassage24BBCDPassage44DBADPassage5CCBDPassage25ADDAPassage45ADAAPassage6DADCPassage26AAACPassage46CCDAPassage7CDCBPassage27CACAPassage47ADADPassage8CACAPassage28BABDPassage48DDCBPassage9BADAPassage29ADDBPassage49ADABPassage10BACAPassage30DACDPassage50BDBCPassage11ABDAPassage31CDACPassage51BCADPassage12DACDPassage32ADCDPassage52CCADPassage13BDBAPassage33CABAPassage53BDDBPassage14BCADPassage34DCADPassage54CBDCPassage15DAADPassage35ABDDPassage55DBDDPassage16DBDDPassage36CBAAPassage56BCBDPassage17DDCAPassage37AABDPassage57ADCCPassage18ABDDPassage38BDDAPassage58DDAAPassage19BCAAPassage39CDACPassage59BDCBPassage20DDDDPassage40DADBPassage60DDDADuringaplannedstayinport,C500compressedoxygencylinderswererequiredtobelanded.Thesehapter2Passage1-1werenormallystowedonalowerAnaircraftliftonboardRFAdeckandneededtobetransferred^^rguswasloadedbeyonditssafetotheweatherdeckbeforebeingworkingloadof18.4tonnes.takenashore.Beforethevessefs!▅#ᳮ$32Therewerenoinjuriestoanyarrivalinport,theplannedpersonnel,ormaterialdamagetooperationwasdiscussedbetween%theshiporitsequipment.variousofficersandseniorratings,

42oneofwhomwastosuperviseA.forkliftB.cylindersofficer.ThesehadbeenmarkedonfinaldischargeofthecylindersC.overloadedweightD.thethevariouschartsandhadalreadyfromtheship.threejuniorsbeenenteredintotheGPSOnceinport,aseniorrating004Itisimpliedinthepassagenavigator.Whenheamendedthegaveinstructionstothreejuniorsthat.&'=ᦻᨩ@ApassageplanheusedtheGPStototransferanumberofcylindersBCcalculateanewcoursefromatotheweatherdeck.HethenleftA.theliftshouldberaisedwaypointoffLowestoftdirecttothemalonetoloadthecylindersslowlytoavoidtheaccident.theSunkpilotstation.Indoingso,ontotheplatformofanaircraftlift.B.theaircraftliftonboardhedidn'trealisehehadmissedoutThecylindersweighed19.95RFAArgusshouldbedrivenbyapre-programmedwaypointinthetonnes,whichwasgreaterthansuperpowerGPSforapositiontotheeastoftheyhadbeeninstructedtoload.C.theseniorratingshouldtheEastShipwashbuoy.InadditiontothisexcessweightgiveinstructionsinmoredetailtoHelaidthenewcourseoffontheyaddedaforklifttruckthethreejuniorstotransferathetwosmallerscalechartsweighing5.5tonnes.Theliftwasnumberofcoveringthatpartofthepassage,thenraised.cylinderstotheweatherbutdidn'tnoticethathiscourseWhenitreachedtheweatherdeck.lineintersectedthe5mdepthdeck,theliftwasunabletostowatD.iftheunloadingoperationcontourtothewestoftheEastthecorrectlevel.WhenwassupervisedbyanofficerwhoShipwashbuoy.The2/Ocameoninvestigateditwasdiscoveredthathassufficientexperienceofthewatchagainfourhoursbeforethetheloadofbothoxygenbottlesloads,liftingvesselwasduetoarriveattheandtheforklifttruckwasgreaterequipmentandtheoverallpilotstation.Onehourbeforethanitssafeworkingload(SWL)operation,theaccidentwouldhadarrivalattheSunk,andnowintheandthishadpreventedthelockingbeenavoided.vicinityoftheShipwashBank,thecleatsattheflightdeck(weather2/Opreparedtoembarkthepilot.deck)engaging.TheliftwastakenPassage1-2ItdidnotoccurtohimthatoutofservicefortestingandTheSwedishdrycargovesselanythingmightbewrong.Shortlyinspection.Skagern,afterpartlydischargingafterwards,SkagernranagroundhercargoatHull,sailedforheratafullspeedof14knots.001Thesafeworkingloadofthenextport,Strood,withadraughtAlthoughtwotugswereaircraftliftistonnes.&of5.95m.ThemastersoondispatchedfromHarwichto'(ᓣ*+Ḅ,-.₹018.4realised,however,thathewouldstandby,themasterwasabletoᔴnotmakethetideforberthingifde-ballasthisvesselandrefloatA.18.4B,19.95C.heproceededtotheMedwayashersuccessfullywiththeaidofthe5.5D.500planned,topickupthepilotatthemainengine.Therewasno002TheaircraftliftwasNorthEastSpit.Hethereforepollutionandthereappearedtobeoverloadedbyaweightwhichisdecidedtochangethepassagenodamage.morethanitsSWL&planbyshorteningthedistance'(ᓣ*+234ᐰ67.₹andembarkinghispilotatthe005Toembarkthepilotearlier7.05ᔴSunklightvessel.TheofficeronSkagern.D᦮FᑜHA.1.55B.3.95C.watch,the2/O,wastoldtomakeIJK=LM5.5D.7.05thenecessaryadjustmentsandlayA.speededupB.003Itwasthethathadoffthenewcourses.shortenedthedistancebypreventedthelockingcleatsattheThe2/Omadetheoriginaladjustingtheplannedpassageflightdeck*8ᵬ:(weatherplanbasedonwaypointsC.madethetideD.deck)engaging.calculatedandenteredbyanotherengagedtradeeverytwoweeks

43006ThegroundingwascausedbysecurityandassumetheVTSthenintervenedandthereasonofᤁOḄP⌕positionindicatediscorrectconfirmedwithVegesackthatsheRSHVᨵᙠᨵYZ0[\Hᵫwantedbothvesselstopasstothe^_ᑮPassage1-3north.Atthistime,DanaAngliaA.thesecondofficermissedThetugVegesackwastowingwasapproachingNorthWestawaypointwhensteamingtotheabargeengagedin"stone-fishing”BeachbuoyandcouldseepilotstationinthevicinityoftheBeachEndVegesackheadingsouth,inB.thedeptharoundthepilotbuoyinHarwichChannel.Tugcontraventiontowhatshehadstationis5.95mwhichisnotandtowwerepartofadredgingbeenaskedtodoandhadagreed.sufficienttoallowthevesseltoprogramme.DuringthedredgingVegesackthenstartedturningkeepalwaysafloatcontract,thepracticewasforthetothenorth.DanaAngliasoundedC.theGPShadsomethingdredgingcraft,Vegesack,toherwhistleandputherenginestowrongwhencalculatingthecoursenominatethepassingsideforfullastern.VegesackthenpassedD.thevesseldidnotmakevessels.ThebargewasdifficulttoclosedownthestarboardsideofthetideduetoherlatearrivalcontrolintidalandtrafficDanaAnglia.007Thevesselwasrefloatedconditions,andthemasterneededabcdHᵫ^toexerciseconsiderableskilland009Vegesackandhertowefg᣸3Jijk-lanticipation,aswellashavingtoᙠq⍝stuvijA.withtheaidofrevertingliaisecloselywithVTSandwᙽhermainenginepassingvessels.TheGermanA.werelayingstonesintotheB.herselfbypumpingoutmasterhadbeenissuedwithachanneltomakethenavigationsomeofherballastpilotageexemptioncertificateandmoresaferC.withtheaidofhermainhadbeenoperatinginthechannelB.werefishingintheengineandthetwotugsfromfornearlytwomonthsbeforethechannelHarwichincident.C.werepassingvesselsintheD.withtheaidoftideTheferryDanaAngliawaschannel008ThelessenofthisaccidentisoutboundfromHarwichinD.weredredginginthethatmᦑḄᦟpHAdaylightandgoodvisibility.Whenchannelbypicking-upstonesBCshewasclosetoNorthShelfbuoy,010Itisthethathas,inA.withoutproperplanningVTScalledVegesackandagreedaccordancewiththepractice,theoftheballastingandde-ballastingthatVegesack,whowasintherighttodeterminewhichsideprogrammethevesselislikelytomiddleofthechannel,wouldtopassforbothinboundandbeinvolvedmovetothenorthside.ThisoutboundvesselsinsuchaccidentaswouldenablebothDanaAngliaA.DanaAngliaB.groundingandBencomo,aninboundvesselBencomoC.VTSD.B.avesselshouldbewellcurrentlypassingNo5buoy,toVegesackpreparedforgroundingwhenpasstothesouth.VTSgavethis011ThesituationwasthatproceedingtowardpilotstationpassinginformationtothetwoC.whengrounded,avesselvessels.A.bothDanaAngliaandshouldtrytocontactthenearestWhilepassingPlattersbuoy,BencomowereinboundcoaststationtoapplyfortheaidofBencomocalledVegesack,B.bothDanaAngliaandtugsrequestinghertomovetotheBencomowereoutboundD.inthisageoftheGPSandnorth.VegesacksaidshewasC.DanaAngliawaspush-buttonnavigation,itisallgoingtomovetotheHarwich(oroutbound,Bencomo,inboundtooeasytobelulledintoafalsesouth)side,andinstructedD.DanaAngliawasinbound,senseofBencomotopasstothenorth.Bencomo,outbound

44012ThelessonfromthisaccidentwasrecoveredfromtheseasomePassage1-5isthat.&'myḄᦟpHfourhourslater.HewasnotWhileberthedalongsideinᙠzḄ{iym|}◤⌕i'wearingalifejacket.Tenerife,thecruiseshipArcadiaḄ!wascarryingoutalifeboatdrill.A.clarityoflanguageis013Ambassadorᜧ⁚OnelifeboatwassuccessfullyeverythingatseaBridgewasnot◤⌕launchedandasitwasbeingB.DanaAngliashouldk-lrecovered,thewinchhoistingitproceedinthemiddleoftheA.aninboundvesseltothefailed.ThelifeboatwasstillchannelEnglishchannelB.aconnectedtothefallsanditC.VegesackshouldbeawayPanamanianregisteredcontainerdroppedbackintothesea.fromanyinboundandoutboundvesselToinvestigatewhathadvesselC.inballastD.nearthehappened,thecrewhadtowindD.itisnotnecessaryforVTSDevoncoastthefallsbackontothewinchdrum.tointervenewiththe014Ofthefollowing,isThelifeboatwasdisconnectedcommunicationbetweenvesselsinnotcorrect.whilethecrewtriedtorestarttheheavytrafficareaA.thevesselwasreceivingwinch.TheywereunsuccessfulherpilotwhowastocomedownbecauseofafaultonthehandPassage1-4fromthepilotstationwhichwascrankcutoutswitch.Intheearlyhoursofa4mabovetheThecrewthenattemptedtoNovembermorning,thefullySeaqᕒzJᙠwindthefallsbackonusingtheladen42,259gtPanamanianqM☢4Ḅhandcrank,butbecauseoftheregisteredcontainervesselB.thedeceaseddidnotrigtimeandeffortinvolved,theAmbassadorBridgewasinboundthepilotladdercutoutswitchwasbypassedandtotheEnglishChannel,andhadC.thedeceasedreportedtopowerrestoredtospeeduptheclosedthesouthDevoncoasttothebridgeassoonashearrivedoperation.ThecrankhandlewasembarkapilotoffBrixham.thereleftinplace.InpreparingtoembarktheD.thevesselwasreceivingThewinchwasstarted.Itpilotattheportsidepilotstationherpilotatportsidebegantoturnandsotoodidthesituatedsome4mabovethe015Thebodyofthedeceasedhandlewhichhitoneofthecrewwaterline,aseamanwasdetailedseamanwasrecoveredbyoverthehead.offtorigthepilotladderandstandTheinvestigationfoundthatbytoreceivehim.HemadeaA.theC/OB.thePilotthewinchfailedinthefirstplaceradiocheckwiththebridgewhenC.asalverD.someonenotbecausetheoilusedinthewinchhearrived,butwhenthebridgementionedgearboxwasnotonetriedtocontacthimagainasthe016Itcanbeconcludedthattherecommended.Itwastooviscosepilotboatapproached,therewasdeceasedseamanlandwouldhavepreventedthenoreply.AnofficerwassentdownḄḄHcouplinglockingmechanismfromtoinvestigate.A.worealifejacketbutlostitoperatingcorrectly.ThechiefofficerfoundthewhenoverboardintheseaB.pilotdoorwideopen,theladdercommittedsuicide017IIwasthefaultontheunrigged,watersloshingaroundC.droppedintotheseatothatcausedthefailurethestationdeck,butnosignofthecatchthepilotladdertorecovertheliftboatseamandetailedofftopreparetheD.wasgiveninstructionsinA.crankhandleB.handladderforembarkation.detailbeforebeingsenttohiscrankcutoutswitch᤯Thebodyofaman,laterstationᘤ¡ᐵC.powersystemidentifiedasthedeceasedseaman,D.falls

45018Itwasthethathitcalm..ÄÅᩚHi'Çᑴthecrewmemberonhishead.Thefirstliftwasa10'x8'ÉᘤḄ,±A.fallsB.handcrankcontainer.ThedeckcrewattachedA.controllingruddersB.cutoutswitchC.crankhandlethehookoftheinstallation'scranecontrollingshorecranes᤯D.winchdrumtothecontainer,andmovedC.controllingtheoperation019Thecauseoftheaccidentwasforwardtoasafeposition.TheofcargoesD.controllingthethatAB£¤Jmᦑmasterthennoticedthatthevesselpropellersᙠ¥¦§+¨©0ª«¬®wasmovingforwardoutof023Onnoticingthatthevessel¯positionandmovedthejoysticktowasmovingforwardoutofA.theoilusedinthewinchcounteracttheaheadmovement.position,themaster.gearboxwastooviscoseHethensawthattheportpropellerᔣË̵0Ḅi'ÍÎHB.thewinchdrumwaswasindicatingfullaheadpitch,soA.movedthejoystickconnectedwiththefallschangedfromjoysticktomanualforwardtogotogetherwiththeC.thelifeboatwastooheavypitchcontrolsandpromptlyputaheadmovementD.thebypasstothecutoutthemtofullastern.B.movedtheshorecranetoswitchwasmisusedbythecrewThisdidnotpreventthegoaftward020ThelessonfromthisaccidentvesselmovingaheadsofarthatC.madethecontainermoveisthat.ᙠ᤯Vᨵtheattachedcontainerbedraggedaftwardbyoperatingthejoystick°±²Ḅ0᎛⌕´µᦗ·‷overthestemandintothesea.D.operatedthejoysticktoḄ¹ºᵯ+PlacingthemanualpitchcontrolscontrolthevesselandmoveherA.seafaringisnotallabouttozerothencausedbothaftwardÏÄ7ÄÅᩚÇᑴfacingunforeseensituationspropellerstoreturntoneutral.ᔣÐ̵B.itisnotnecessarytowearControlofthevesselwasregained,hardhatstopreventsoreheadsandtheproblemdidnot024ItisclearlydemonstratedthatC.thewrongoilcannothaveimmediatelyre-occur.Latertests.&'=ᦻḄÑseriousrepercussionsandinspectionsbyspecialistA.althoughthetestingofD.donotstartlifeboatwinchcontrolengineersandthepropellerenginesandsteeringbeforemotorswiththecrankhandleinmanufacturersshowednofaultworkingcargoataninstallationplacewiththecontrolsystemsorthefoundnothing,itisanportpropeller.However,someimportantprecautionÒÓPassage1-6wearwasfoundinthefeedbackÔÕÖµ+ÄÅ×ËVᨵ4,Duringthemorningof2linkagesonthecontrolsystemof§ᱥ஺஺஺Hi'a⌕Ḅ⚜■ÜÝAugust1999thesupplyvesselthestarboardpropeller.ThiswasB.thetestingofenginesandPutfordWorkerwasworkingrectified,andmanoeuvringtestssteeringbeforeworkingcargoatcargoatinstallationsintheNorthcompletedsatisfactorily.aninstallationwasnotfollowedSea.ShehadcompletedbyPutfordoperationsatoneinstallation021InthispassagethesupplyWorkerwithoutincident.vesselis•=ᦻ½¾ᑮḄC.thereisnovalueofAt1110sheapproachedthe¿ÀHi✌ÂḄÃ,¬movingthedeckcrewclearonceasecondinstallationandcarriedoutA.onethatsuppliesfueloilsliftisattachedprecautionaryengineandsteeringtootherdeepseavesselsD.hadthedeckcrewnottests.Theseweresatisfactory,andB.onethatsuppliesstorestobotheredtomoveclearfrom,theat1115thevesselwasinpositionotherdeepseavesselsconsequencescouldhavebeentoworkcargo.ThemasterwasonC.atugboatD.smalleravoidedthebridgeatthejoystickcontrol;containervesseltheweatherwasfineandthesea022ThejoystickisadevicePassage1-7

46ThecontractofcarriageofHᡲÞçèÞßçshippedgoodsbyseaisusuallyconcludedA.thesellerandthebuyerasbetweentheshipperandtheB.theshipperandtheconsigneePassage1-8carrier,eitherdirectlyorthroughorendorseeThe56000gtOBOvesseltheirrespectiveagents.C.thecarrierandtheHyphestosarrivedattheoilConsequently,byvirtueoftheconsigneeorendorseeD.theterminalinMalmo,Sweden,athistoricprincipleofprivityofshipperandthecarrierᡲÞçèaboutnoonon16March1998.contract,onlytheshipperandtheÞßçVisibilitywasabout1mile,therecarrierhavetherighttotake026Whengoodsaresoldpriortowasnowindandthecurrentwasactionagainstoneanotherundershipmenttheriskinthegoodsminimal.Withanexperiencedthecontractofcarriage.Theonlypasses.├êὅ}ëpilotandhisapprenticepilotclearexceptiontotherulewas§ᱥ3ê×Ëì⍗ᑮi'îembarked,andthreetugsinwherethepartyhavingtherightto◅attendance,HyphestosenteredthesueassignedthatrightunderaA.fromtheshippertothebasin.TheintentionwastostopseparateagreementtoanothercarrierB.fromthesellertotheship,swingofftheberthandparty.Ontheotherhand,whenthebuyergoportsideto,withthebowgoodsaresold(astheytypicallyC.fromthecarriertothepointingseawards.Thevesselwasare)priortoshipment,thetermsshipperD.fromthebuyertorelativelylargeforthesizeoftheofsalegenerallyresultintheriskthesellerbasin.inthegoodspassingfromthe027ItisconcludedthatTheship'sbridgestaffseller(theshipper)tothebuyeronlytheshipperandthecarrierconsistedofthemaster,second(theconsigneeorendorsee,inthehavetherighttotakeactionofficer,ahelmsmanandacaseofabilloflading,ortheagainstoneanotherdeckhand,whenenteringharbour.partyentitledtotakedeliveryunderthecontractofTherewerenotechnicalorunderawaybill)whenthegoodscarriage.languagedifficulties.Oncecrosstheship'srailintheportofA.bymaritimelawsB.Hyphestoshadstoppedofftheloading.Therefore,althoughthebyamainstayofthecommonlawberth,theswingwasstartedwithlawrecognizesthattheshipperinparticulartheheadtugpullingthebowtoalonehastherighttosuetheC.byvirtueofthehistoricstarboard,andthetractortugaftcarrierincontractforsubsequentprincipleofprivityofcontractpullingthestemtoport.AthirdcargolossordamageoccurringD.byshippingpracticetugpushedonthestarboardwhilethecarrierhadchargeofthe028Whengoodsaresoldpriortoquarter.Towardstheendoftheshipment,theshipperisnotshipmenttheshipper.§manoeuvre,thesterntugfoundusuallythepartywhoactuallyᱥᙠ3ê×ËÞᑮᡲÞçðherselfveryclosetoabuoysuffersthatloss.Frequently,also,▭zòóJÐᩭḄõᜫmarkingthefairway,andindependingonthetermsofsale,A.isnotusuallythepartydangerofdamaginghertowingtheshipperwillnolongerbethewhoactuallysuffersthecable.Herskipperinformedtheownerofthegoodsatthetimesubsequentlosspilotoftheproblem,andwastoldwhenthelossordamageoccurs,B.isusuallythepartywhotoslackenthecableand"followandsowillbeunabletosuetheactuallysuffersthesubsequentalong".Hewastoldtoawaitcarrierintort.lossfurtherorders.C.willstillbetheownerofWiththeturnnearly025Thecontractofcarriageofthegoodsatthetimewhenthecomplete,Hyphestoswascantedgoodsbyseaisusuallyconcludedlossordamageoccurstowardsthejettyatanangleofasbetween.ᙠzḄÞD.willberesponsiblefortheabout45°andthebowsome200mߧᱥḄᔠáâã3äὅlossofordamagetothecargoheoffit.Toclosethedistance,the

47pilotordered"deadslowahead1'.ᑮi'ÂḄÿᙢ
about1403whentheheadinghadFor"technicaF'reasonsthemasterᜧḄbeen137°.Theforwardtughadinterpretedthisas"slowahead".D.heintendedtocauseanbeenletgobuttheafteroneShebegantomoveaheadandtheaccidenttoteachthepilotalessenremainedattached.Visibilityhadspeedbegantobuildup.Thebow031Theskipperisafurtherdeterioratedtoabout0.2tugmeanwhilecontinuedtopullmiles.ahead,andbythetimethevesselA.captainB.C/OC.At1408,knowingthatthewassome40-50moffthejetty,pilotD.helmsmanvesselwasnotturningquicklyandstillheadingforit,Hyphestos032Itcanbeconcludedthatthereenough,thepilotorderedslowwasmakinggoodabout2knots.werepersonsontheaheadand,soonafterwards,halfThepredicamentwasrealised,bridgewhentheaccidentoccurs.ahead.SealandMercurycontinuedasternpropulsionwasordered,theA.4B.5C.6D.toturntooslowly,lefttheaheadtugchangedherdirectionof7deepwaterchannelandprobablytowtobroadonthestarboardbow.ᦑ
ᨵ6firsttouchedbottomatabout1410.ThestemtugwhichwasstillᙠTheengineswereincreasedtofull"followingalong",wasorderedtoaheadat1411inafinalattempttopullthestemroundtoport.Passage1-9steerthevesseltostarboardandNothinghappened.TheheadwaySealandMercury,a49,985gtoutofdanger.Withlittleornowastoogreat,andHyphestoscontainershipof292minlengthunderkeelclearancethiswasrammedthejettyandtwoshoreandmaximumdraught12.5m,unsuccessfulandat1413shecranes.sailedfromTrinityContainercametoastophardagroundaboutTerminal,Felixstowe,at1343.0.1milefromFortbuoywiththe029HyphestosoriginallyintendedThetidewasflooding.Lowwatership'shead190°.Thevesselwastoberth.Hyphestos÷hadbeenat1104;theheightoftowedbackintothechannelatøḄÎùHeḄ✌ᔣútidewasnow1.8m.Shehadtwo1610whenthetidehadrisenḱ☠ýtugsmadefast,oneonhersufficiently.SubsequentA.starboardsidealongsidestarboardbowandanotherinspectionsrevealedthatshehadwithherbowpointingseawardthroughhercentreleadaft.Thenotbeendamaged.B.starboardsidealongsidevisibilitywasnotgoodandhadwithherbowpointinginwardrecentlydeterioratedtoabout0.3033SealandMercuryassistedbyC.portsidealongsidewithmiles.Apilotwasonboard.twotugs,.!"#$herbowpointinginwardDuetothepoorvisibilityandᙠ%Ḅ&✌($)*+D.portsidealongsidewithinaccordancewithHarwichḄ,-☠/herbowpointingseawardHavenAuthorityguidelines,theA.oneonherstarboardaft030ThereasonthatthemasterdutyVTSmanagerhadclosedupandanotherthroughhercentreinterpreted"deadslowahead"asafogwatchpilotintheVTSleadforward"slowahead"wasprobablythatcentre.OthervesselmovementsB.oneonherportbowandwereadjustedsothatSealandanotherthroughhercentreleadA.hedidnotunderstandtheMercury'spassagetoseawasforwardpilot'slanguageproperlyunimpeded.C.oneonherportbowandB.hedidnotbelievetheAt1406shepassedNorthanotherthroughhercentreleadaftpilotsordersatthatparticularShelfbuoyandwasheading152°D.oneonherstarboardbowmomentwithherenginespropellingatandanotherthroughhercentreC.hesufferedaheavystressdeadslowahead.Shehadalreadyleadaftwhenhandlingsuchabigvesselbegunaslowturntostarboard034VTSmanagerhadusedsuchintoasmallerbasinþÄÅi✌ᜧhavingappliedstarboardhelmateffortsasadjustingothervessel

48movements.VTSḄ0Atabout0854onthe9theentireincident.ᳮὅ345Ḅ6᦮ᐸ%ḄMarch1999,the9.96mfishing9:vesselBeverleyAnnIIcollided037PriortotheaccidentCypressA.tocleartheseapassagewiththeLiberianregisteredPass'senginewas.ᙠforSealandMercury;<Ḅ)*CypressPass,a42,447gtvehicle⍗D᜜ᦑFGXXḄ9H@)*“SealandMercury”carrier.ThewindwasIᑴḄB.toimpedeSealandeast-north-eastforce4to5withA.ondeadslowaheadB.Mercuryfromgoingoutwardinvisibilityat1to2milesbutlessinstoppedC.onbridgecontrolfogsqualls.D.engagedbyautopilotC.nottoimpedethetugsCypressPasswasonpassage038CypressPassdidnotdetectfromassistingSealandMercuryfromAmsterdamtotheRiverBeverleyAnnIIonheradar,D.toassistSealandMercuryTyne,andmakinggoodaspeedofbecausethelatter/ὅistospeedupwhenshewasmaking15.7knotsonacourseof302°as.KᴻM‷Ḅ᪀⌼theturnsheapproachedheranchorageoffA.GRPconstructedB.035VTSfogwatchpilotistheNorthumberlandcoast.ThetwinhulledC.crewedbythemaster,thirdofficerandalookoutskipperandadeckhandD.A.anautopilotemployedtomannedthebridge,andfishingcontrolthetrafficaroundthepreparationswerebeingmadeto039BeverleyAnnIIisastationB.apilotusedattheanchor.TheenginewasonbridgestationcontrolandtheautomaticpilotA.vehiclecarrierB.C.amanagerD.adeviceengaged.fishingboatC.coasterD.forcontrollingtheinwardandThetwinhulled,GRP(glassriverboatoutwardtrafficreinforcedproducts)constructed,040Accordingtothepassage,036isnotthelessenBeverleyAnnII,crewedbytheisnotcorrect.Cypressfromthisaccident.=>?@skipperandadeckhand,wasPassḄᕒ)*RS(TU3ᦑḄᦟBtrawlinginaneast-south-eastVᙳXYZ@%[\ᨵA.Thelimitationsofthedirectionatjustover2knots.The]^_`Ḅ⚜■cdefassistingtugsinfogmustbeskippersawanechoappearontheA.Havingassessedthatriskconsidered.edgeofhisradarscreenatarangeofcollisionexists,askipperB.Vesselsshouldconsiderofabout3miles.Soonafterwardsshouldbearinmindthattheotherdelayingtheiroutwardpassageinhesawaverylargeshipappearvesselmightnottheeventofimminentdensefog.outofthemurkonhisstarboardhavedetectedhisown.C.Manoeuvringlargevesselsbowheadingtowardshim.AwareB.Whenanothervesselisinpoorvisibilityrequiresathathewasindangerofbeingrundetectedonradar,especiallyasdetailedknowledgeofthevessel'sdown,hestopped,andthencloseas3miles,theinstinctivehandlingreversedhistwoengines,butwasreactionshouldbe,characteristicsunabletoavoidcollidingwiththemustbe,toestablishD.Largecoursealterationsportbowofthelargervessel.Itwhetherriskofcollisionexists.basedonradarobservationofawasaglancingblowandcausedC.Themorenoticeafishingchannelbuoyinpoorvisibilitysomeminordamage.vesselskippercanhaveofandoesnottendtoTheskipperofBeverleyAnnapproachingvesselthemorelikelyresultin"overshoot"dueIIcalledthecoastguardonVHFheistoavoidatodelayedactioninputtingtheradiototellthemoftheincident,closequartersencounter.helmoverandthencalledtheship.D.TheofficersandtheThebridgeteamofCypresslookoutinCypressPasshadseenPassage1-10Passhadbeentotallyunawareofthefishingvesseleitheronradar

49orvisually,butstereospeakerfusedtoit.TheminutesC.117minutesD.theyfailedtotakeanywoodendesktopwasburntunder109minutesactionforthepreventionoftheandaroundthetorchandthe043Itwasthatcausedcollision.bulkheadbehinditwasalsothefire.4lyḄdamaged.Thebulkheadelectrical$ᐙᵯḄᵯPassage1-11socket,intowhichatwopinA.thestereospeakerB.The32,5OOgtcontainerchargingleadforthetorchwasthebulkheadelectricalsocketvesselCapBlancowasinstillinserted,wasflamedamagedC.rechargeabletorchD.mid-AtlanticonpassagefromaswereadjacentbookshelvesandSCBAairbottlesEuropewhen,at1855,thedeckheadpanelling.Thesupply044Itcanbeconcludedthatautomaticfirealarmsystemcablestothesockethadbeen._`$?@activatedshowingafireintheburntaway.Despiteheavysmoke᪗Ḅᵯᜓ஺஺஺accommodationon"C"deck.damagetothecabinandbathroom,A.anyitemofelectricalImmediateinvestigationfoundathefirehadnotpenetratedintotheequipmentthatisnonstandardtofireinthecook*scabin.Thevoidspacesabove.Theavesselhasthepotentialtocauseventilationtothatareawasrechargeabletorchhadbeendamagestopped,with"Cudeck.nD"deckboughtintheUKfromareputablehoweverreputableitsaboveand"Budeckbelowstorejustbeforedeparture.Itwasmanufacturerorwhereitwaselectricallyisolated.At1903,asuppliedwithachargingpurchased.firepartycomprisingthechieftransformerandaUKstandardB.Theswiftresponsetoaofficer,cadet,andAB,allwearingthree-pinplug.Althoughthefirealarmintheaccommodationself-containedbreathingapparatuswiringwasdamaged,therewasnospaceswasineffective(SCBA)becauseofthethickevidencetoindicatethattheC.thecrewdidnotfullysmoke,tackledthefire.Itwastransformeradapterhadcausedappreciatethepotentialdangerextinguishedwithinaminutethefire.Examinationofthetorchfromsmoulderingfiresinvoidusingtwoportableextinguishers;suggestedthatashortcircuitinthespacesaboveonewaterandtheotherCO2.torch*sinternalwiringwasdeckheadpanelsandVentilationwasthenrestartedtoresponsible.fromwatercascadingontocleartheareaofsmoketoallowelectricalinstallationsonthedeckthecausetobeinvestigated.041Totacklethefire,belowDecks"DMand"B"werecheckedwasnotameasurethathadbeenD.thecrew'sactionsshowedforhotspotsandaheadcountused.2ghḄijklᑺkthatthereisnovalueofthinkingtakenofthecrew;theywerealllthroughthesituationoncethefirefoundsafe.AfirecheckintheareaA.electricalisolationB.wasoutcontinuedbytakingdownapplicationofwaterandCO2deckheadpanelsandcheckingtheC.cuttingofftheventilationPassage1-12electricalcircuitsfordamage.TheD.fightingthefirewithtwoIntentioncanbeinferredinareawasdeclaredclearat2052.Aportablepowderextinguishersmanywaysbythecourts.Thusthenewfiredetectorheadwasfitted042FromthetimethatthedischargeatCadizinsteadofinthecabinandelectricalpowerautomaticfirealarmsystemBombay"fornefariousreasons'*restored.Fireextinguishersandactivatedhadelapsedwasanunreasonabledeviation.ASCBAairbottleswererefilled.whenitwasdeclaredthattransshipmentwasdeclaredtobeTheinvestigationfoundafirewasclear஺op9llqanunreasonabledeviation"sincerechargeabletorchlyinginarstuvᑮxlyzk{noexcusehasbeenprofferedformoltenheaponthecook'scabin|ᐳᵨ117ᑖthedeviation."AgeographicdesktopwiththeremainsofaA.197minutesB.149deviationabrogatedthecontract

50because"therecanbeno046AgeographicdeviationduetoD.byanactionwhichissuggestionthatthedeviationwasanerroneouschangeofcoursebyconsideredtobe"avoluntaryotherthanvoluntary.'1Onthethemaster.$?ᔠᳮdeviationwithoutreasonableotherhand,wherethecourtwasḄcause,"unabletofindthatadefendant'sA.isnotareasonableactionconstituted"avoluntarydeviationB.isnotanerrorin®¯°deviationwithoutreasonablenavigationproffer±²cause,nthedefendantwasC.isnotanunreasonablenefarious³´ូḄexculpatedofliability.ThevastdeviationD.cannotbeabrogate¶◀¨^zmajorityofdecisionsrequirethatdeterminedifitconstitutesaexculpate¸ῃintentionbeprovedincasesofreasonabledeviationdeviationandquasi-deviation.The047WherethecourtisunabletoPassage1-13carrierhastheburdenofprovingfindthatadefendant's|actionItisneverthelesssubmittedthatithadnointentiontodeviateconstituted"avoluntarydeviationthatalthoughrecklessnessandorthatthedeviationwasnotforwithoutnegligencearenoteasilythecarrier'ssolebenefit.reasonablecause/'.distinguished,inthesamewayAccordingly,ageographicA.thedefendantwillnotberecklessnessandwilfuldeviationduetoanerroneousresponsibleforthelossandmisconductarenoteasilychangeofcoursebythemasterisdamage|?ᜫ(distinguished.Anargumentcanbenotadeviation,butanerrorinmadethatintentionalorrecklessnavigation;insuchacase,theB.thedefendantwillbe(aswellasgrosslynegligent)carrierisprotectedundertheresponsibleforthelossandquasi-deviationsshouldbeRules.If,however,themasterisdamagerecognized,simplybecauseorderedtoalterthecustomaryorC.ifthedefendantbeCOGSAdoesnotexcludethem.plannedroute,ordeliberatelyresponsibleforthelossandMoreover,ifthereisfearthatthetakesituponhimselftodoso,fordamagecannotbedeterminedsanctioningofrecklessareasonotherthantosavepersonsD.thecourtshouldnotmakequasi-deviationswillleadorcargo(orsomesimilarreason),anydecisioneventuallytosanctioningmerelythenthecoursealterationisan048Anunreasonabledeviationisnegligentquasi-deviations,theunreasonabledeviation,becauseitnotcommittedbythemasterCourtsmayturntocivilianisintentionalandforthecarrier'sPothier'sclassicdefinitionofownbenefit.A.byalteringthecustomaryrecklessnesstodistinguishitfromorplannedrouteordeliberatelynegligence.Pothierwrotethat045Ifthecarrierhasprovedthattakingituponhimselftodoso,forrecklessness,or”…grosshehadnointentiontodeviateorareasonnegligence,orculpablefault(latathatthedeviationwasnotforhisotherthantosavepersonsculpa),consistsofnotbringingtosolebenefit—.%ᨵ$ᵭorcargo(orsomesimilarreason)theaffairsofanotherthecarethatḄ_B.byalteringroutetosavepersonswhoaretheleastcarefulA.hewillbeexculpatedofpersonsorcargo(orsomesimilarandthemoststupidwouldnotfailliabilityB.heistoinvestigatereason)forboththecarrier'sandtobringtotheirownaffairs.Thisthecasefurthertheshipper'sfaultisopposedtogoodfaith."C.hewillnotbeexculpatedBenefitᦋ¡¢£(translation).Inotherwords,thereofliabilityᦗᡈ¦ᱥ¨©ª«¬(ᡲisafundamentalbreachwheneverD.hehastocontactwiththe¬thereisgrossnegligenceshippertoseeifhehimselfisfreeC.intentionallyandfortheequivalenttoculpablefaultorofanyliabilitycarrier'sownbenefitrecklessnessopposedtogoodfaith.

51reckless³?Ì/ÍḄ¨¾¿thevoyageortimecharterer×Ø049Recklessquasi-deviationsandḄ¨Î᳛Ḅisnotapartytothecontractofnegligentquasi-deviationsareculpableÐᜐÒḄ¨carriageare.ÙᐭᩩÜÓḄ¨ᨵḄA.effectiveB.withintheA.differentthingsB.thelataculpa³ÐᜐÒḄ*meaningofHague/VisbyRulessamethingsᜫ¨ÓḄ*ᜫÅÔÕÖÇandtheHamburgRulesC.arenotnecessarilytobeC.nullandvoidandofnodistinguishedD.cannotbePassage1-14effect.ᦔD.compulsorydistinguishedByinsertinginbillsoflading054Accordingtothepassage,the050AccordingtoPothier,suchclausesastostatethattheclausesmentionedabovearedoesnotconsistofnotvoyageortimechartererisnotabringingtotheaffairsofanotherpartytothecontractofcarriageA.againstthethecarethatpersonsandisthusnota"carrier"withinandpublicorderwhoaretheleastcarefulandthemeaningoftherelevantoftheHague/VisbyRulesandthethemoststupidwouldnotfailtonationallegislationorHamburgRulesbringtotheirownaffairs.internationalconventions,timeB.ineffectivelyA.recklessnessB.grossandvoyagechartererspurporttonon-responsibilityclausesnegligenceC.culpablefaultdenyanyliabilityundertheC.preparedbythecourtsofD.wilfulmisconduct_ឋḄ?contractofcarriage,despitethecontinentalandcivilianEuropean0ᳮrealityoftheirinvolvementinthecountries051isopposedtogoodloading,dischargingandtrimmingD.guidanceforthefaith.»¼ofthecargo,inchoosingtheship*soperationsofloading,dischargingA.grossnegligence½ᜧ*route,inhiringthestevedores,andandtrimmingofthecargoᜫB.wilfulmisconductinmanyotherfacetsoftheship*s055*'Thisposition"referstoC.intentionalwillD.operation.Suchclausesare.3ÞḄßà@ᢣnegligenceeffectivelynon-responsibilityA.thetendancyofthecourts052Thepropertitleofthisclauseswhichcontravenetheofcontinentalandcivilianpassageshouldbe.¾¿mandatorynatureandpublicorderEuropeancountriestodenythe(_ឋḄ?0ᳮḄÀÁoftheHague/VisbyRules,theattemptsbyA.recklessnessandwilfulHamburgRules,whichstatethatchartererstoavoidtheirmisconducthavethesameanyclausesrelievingorexcludingliabilityinthecarriageofgoodsmeaningthecarrierfromliabilityunderabyseaB.noonecantellthecontractofcarriageshallbenullB.theconsiderationofthedifferencesbetweenrecklessnessandvoidandofnoeffect.ThiscourtsofcontinentalandcivilianandwilfulmisconductpositionhasbeengenerallyEuropeancountriestoaccepttheC.itisnotnecessarytoacceptedbythecourtsofcharterers'distinguishthedifferencescontinentalandcivilianEuropeanliabilitybetweenrecklessnessandwilfulcountries,whichhaverightlyC.theconsiderationofthemisconductviewedsuchclauseswithcharteresnottopreventtheD.thedifferencesbetweensuspicionasillegalattemptsbycharterersfromevadingtherecklessnessandwilfulchartererstoavoidtheirliabilitymandatoryapplicationofmisconductandevadethemandatorytheinternationalapplicationoftheinternationalconventions.submit³ÂÃĨÂÅpÆÇconventions.D.theillegalattemptsbyÄo«ÁḄDÈᡈᩗÊchartererstoavoidtheirliabilityquasi-deviation³Ë¡053Theinsertedclausesthatstateandevadethemandatory

52applicationofthenewlyconstructedpassengerandC.theyareleftinslowaheadinternationalconventionscargovesselsfittedwithmainD.theyareleftinfullahead056Theeffectivelyenginebridgecontrolsare060Itisinferredthat•non-responsibilityclausesrequiredbyChèterII-IofIᑴôH\ᨵᙠ.â▭äᩩÜᨵ?SOLAStohaveasystemthatùú,ûßàòóüᡂᔠåḄæᶧpreventsthepropellerthrustfromA.thebridgecontrolsforA.aresuspectedtobeillegalalteringsignificantlywhenmainengineswerenotleftinB.aremandatoryapplicationoftransferringcontrolbetweenneutraloncompletionoftestingtheinternationalconventionsengineroomandbridge;thatB.thecrewmembersareallC.havemanyfacetsofthealthoughthisisnotarequirementfromIrelandship'soperationforoldervessels,thisincidentC.intheabsenceofaD.havebeenexcludedindemonstratesthevalueofsuchasuitablemodification,operatingcontinentalandcivilianEuropeansystem;thatitmaybepossibletoandcheckingproceduresneednotcountriesmodifycontrolsystemsfittedtotobestrictlyoldervesselstoincorporatethisfollowedtopreventPassage1-15safetyfeature;thatintheabsenceincidentsofthistypeTheIrishregisteredro-roofasuitablemodification,D.anyinvoluntaryvesselNormandycompletedoperatingandcheckingmovementofaro-rovesselwhenloadingon22February1999andproceduresneedtobestrictlyloadingorunloadinghasnotthewaspreparingtosailfromfollowedtopreventincidentsofpotentialtodislodgeorPembrokeDockforRosslare.Thethistype;andthatanyinvoluntarydamagetherampsbridgegearwastestedasnonnal.movementofaro-rovesselwhenThemainengineswereloadingorunloadinghasthe®¯startedandtheengineerspotentialtodislodgeordamagedislodgeÿ⌲
ill,contactedthebridgetosaytheytheramps.werechangingtobridgecontrol.Passage1-16Thiswasaccepted,butverysoon057NormandyéêëThe5,669gtro-rocargoafterwardsNormandybegantoaccidentallymoved.évesselPicassowasbeingoperatedmoveslowlyahead.ShemadeêëᏔᯠḄî9ᑮG☢ð஺஺஺ontheBoulognetoFolkestonecontactwiththeupperloadingA.aftwardB.forwardcross-channelroute.ShortlyafterrampbutfurthermovementwasC.portsideD.starboardsidesailingfromBoulogneonthepreventedbythemooringlines.058ThemovementofNormandymorningof22February1999,andAninvestigationintowhathadwaseventuallypreventedbyhavingjustdroppedthepilotshehappenedrevealedthatafterthelostallelectricalandmainenginegearhadbeentested,theportA.theupperloadingramppower.ThetughadbeenwingmainenginecontrolhadnotB.themooringlinesdismissed.Thewindwasnorthbeenleftinneutral.WhencontrolC.thehandlingoperationsbywest30knotsbecoming45knots.waspassedfromtheengineroomhercrewD.wharfTheportanchorwasletgo,buttothebridgetheportpropeller059Whoeveristestingthebridgewithinfiveminutesitbegantorespondedtotheaheadpitchcontrolsformainenginesmustdrag.Thestarboardanchorwassettingandstartedtopropeltheensurethat.ñòóalsoletgoandshewasbroughtupvesselahead.IᑴôHõö÷ø%[ᙠwithintwocablesofasubmergedItisconcludedthatwhoeverùú,ûḄßàüᡂbreakwater.Shedidn'tgroundoristestingthebridgecontrolsforA.theyareleftinneutralontouchthebreakwaterbutitwasmainenginesmustensuretheyarecompletionB.theyareleftinclose,veryclose.Theelectricalleftinneutraloncompletion;thatdeadslowaheadfailurewascausedbyaflexible

53hosehangingclosetothe062Theelectricalfailurewasbeensentashoreforrefilling.generatorsdailyservicetank,causedby.ḱḄEachwasfittedwithavalvesafetywhichcaughtthequickclosingញ!▀#$%cover.Inaddition,avalvecovervalveandtrippedit.ItwasA.thewinginghosecaughtfittedwithaliftingeyewaspresumedthehosehadswungtheandavailableonboardtofacilitatewhentheshipstartedtorollontrippeditloading.puttingtosea.B.theclosingoftheTheloadingmethodinvolvedEffortstorestorethefuelgeneratorwhenitsdailyserviceusingasmallswingingdavitarmsupplyandremoveairfromthetankrollsonherputtingtoseaandahandoperatedblockandsystemuseduptheentirestartingC.theflexiblehosethattackle.Thecrewhaddecidednotairsupply.Attemptsweremadetotrippedthegenerator'sdailytousethespecialliftingvalvefillonestartingairbottleusingtheservicetankcoverand,tomakelifeeasierforemergency,manuallypowered,airD.theenginecrewmembersthemselves,hadremovedthecompressor.Becauseleakingwhodidnotexerciseduediligencestandardvalvecovers.Theyliftedbottleheadvalvesallowedairto063Therewere17eachcylinderverticallywiththefillallthreebottlesthisprovedpassengersonboardwhenthevalveuppermostandaropedifficultandslow.Recognisingaccidentoccurred.&ᦑ()securedtothebasewithatimberthatthismethodwasunlikelyto*+,-17.hitchandahalfhitcharoundthebesuccessful,engineerscoupledA.atleastB.morethanbodyatabouttwothirdsheight.theemergencyswitchboardtoaC.lessthanD.exactAnotherhalfhitcharoundthemainaircompressorusing064Theaccidentlastaboutvalvespindlewasseenasaneasyextensionpowerleads.Thisminutes.&ᦑᢝ0ᜧwaytoensurethecylinderwouldallowedalltheairbottlestobe2320ᑖ4!notslip.Thesystemworkedfilled.Arequestwasmade,A.5B.20C.300insofarastheymanagedtoliftthemeanwhile,forhelicopterandtugD.320cylinderupandoverthesiderailassistance.Ofthe34peopleonandontothedeck.Butoneboard,17passengersandPassage1-17cylinderdidnotlandsmoothly.Itnon-essentialcrewwereevacuatedTheaccidentoccurredwhilepossiblylandedondiscardedropebyhelicopter.thedeckcrewofAintree,afromtheblockandtackleand,AboutfivehoursafterthePanamanianregisteredliquidgaswithnothingtokeepitupright,itinitialpowerfailure,amaincarrier,wereloadingthefirstoftoppledoverasitwasuntied.generatorwassuccessfullystarted,three50litrenitrogencylindersatfollowedtwentyminuteslaterbyFawleyOilTerminal.Although065Theinjuredmanwashitbythemainengines.Thevesselthecylinderwassafelyembarked,.678Ḅᵱ.:;weighedanchorandwasabletoittoppledoveronceondeck.The<=>?Ḅ@completeitspassagetoFolkestonevalvehitthesiderailingsandA.thepressurizednitrogenwithoutfurtherincident.fractured.Gasat3000psiwasB.thecylindersuddenlyreleased,hitoneoftheC.thevalveofthecylinder061WhenthevesselwasbroughtseameninthechestandseriouslyD.thevalvecoverofthecylinderupwithtwoanchorsdropped,sheinjuredhim.Hewasrushedto066ThevalvecoverA▀wasḄ2ᢕSouthamptonGeneralHospital.A▀BC*Dᱞ
Ḅ2ᙠ■andadmittedintointensivecareEᙊGHIJKLᑭA.groundedB.begantowhere,fortunately,hemadeafullA.fittedonthecylinderfordragC.wastwocablesfromarecovery.ThecylindersbelongedprotectionofthevalvesafetybreakwaterD.touchedthetothevessel'sfixeddrypowdercoverfrombeingdamagedbreakwaterfireextinguishingsystemandhadB.preparedonboardfor

54facilitatingloadingofthecylindervesselwasonpassagefromtheC.attachedtothecylinderMedwaytoAntwerpandwas069ThetrafficdirectioninthewhentherepairwasmadeashorestartingtocrosstheDoverStraitseparationschemesisD.asafetycoverfixedonthetrafficseparationschemeat8approximately.|}~cylinderknotsandverynearlyrightanglesḄᑖ◞ᔣᜧ2ᙠ035°ᑮ067Thecrewhaddecidedtouseonacourseof120°.215°toliftthecylinders.6AtapproximatelythesameA.120°and300°B.ᕒOPQᵨSᓣU6timea40,000gtcontainershiphad215°andsouth-westC.ᙊGHjoinedthesouth-westtrafficlanesouthandwestD.035°andA.ropesB.timberssome4milestothenorthand215°C.valvespindleD.ropesandsteadiedonacourseof215°ata070is(are)thestandtimbersspeedof14knots.Shewasseenonvessel.}Ḅ068Baseduponthepassage,thebythemasterofthesmallervesselk✌followingprecautionsshouldbewhoquicklyassessedthatariskofA.Thegeneralcargovesselobservedexcept.᪷Wcollisionexisted.ThesmallerB.Thecontainership*☢ḄYᦻ
[\]^᝞Ḅ⚜vesselwas,bythe'Rules*,theC.Neitherofthetwoships■aJb◀defgḄᓣstandonvessel.D.BothofthetwoshipsIᜓ(ijk+ᔠ〉Ḅ
nodWhenthedistancebetween071Intheopinionofthemasterofe.ḄḄpqbothvesselshadreducedto2.75thesmallervessel,apassingA.Specialliftingequipmentmilesandtherewasnosignofanydistanceoforhalfamiletoensurecylinderscanbeloadedavoidingactionbythelargership,wastoodangerous.safelyisthereforapurpose.Useit.thesmallership'smasterreducedA.2.75milesB.2.5B.NevertransportagasspeedtohalfaheadandsoundedmilesC.1.5milesD.5cylinderwithoutfirstensuringitsfiveshortandrapidblaststocablesvalvesafetycoverisscrewedinattractattention.Ḅ]k5⁚position.WhenthedistancebetweenḄᡈὅu}C.Beforeeveryoperationbothvesselshadreducedfurtherᓻ◅ᙢconsiderthepotentialfbranto1.5milesthesmallership's072Thefollowingaretrueexceptaccidentandtakeappropriatemasterstoppedhisengines.He.\◀kprecautions.wasunabletoaltercoursetoḄD.IfforanyreasonthestarboardbecauseofothertrafficA.Sincethesmallervesselliftingequipmentisfoundtobeandwasunwillingtoaltertoporthadsloweddown,thelargerunsuitable,makesuretheincasethecontainervesselalteredvesselwouldbewatchingaverydeficiencyisnotdrawntocoursetostarboardatthelastdifferentsituationanyone'sattention.minute.tothatwhichhadexistedShedidnot,andpassedearlier.halfantimberhitchrᙊᩞtaheadatarangeof5cables.B.Itisunlikelythatfive>ut஺Themasterofthesmallershortandrapidblastsonthehalfhitchrut(St)஺vesselcalledDoverCoastguardonwhistleatarangeinexcessof2.5timberhitchrᙊᩞt஺VHFtoreporttheencounterasamileswillbeheardiftimberhitchandhalfhitchhazardousincident.Thethewatchkeepersintheyᩞt஺watchkeeperonboardtheothervesselaremaintainingavalvespindle▀ᩚ
▀{஺containershipdeniedthatanyrisklookoutfromanenclosedbridgeoofcollisionhadexisted.BothC.OfficersofthewatchmustPassage1-18shipscontinuedontheirrespectivetakeaccountofanyothershippingA1,300gtgeneralcargopassages.thatmightbecomean

55embarrassmentoncetrappedbetweenaloosecontainertosummonthealterationhasbeenandthesafetybarrier.Assoonasassistanceondeckmade.hebecameawareofwhathadB.oneofthetwocrewmenD.Itisnecessarytomakehappenedthemastersoundedthesufferedfromaseverefractureanotherhomilyforwatchkeepinggeneralalarmtosummonwithlacerationstothearmandofficersaboutkeepingagoodassistanceondeck.Bothmenelbow,theotheralookout,assessingweretakenintotheknocktotheheadwhethercollisionexistsaccommodationwhilethevesselC.onecrewmansufferedaorinterpretingtheRulespulledawayfromtheplatform.knocktothehead,theotherwas¡¢ᕒ£ᦟk¥Themanwhosearmhadbeensufferingfromashock⌕Ḅ஺Ḅ¡¢ᕒ§ᢝ¨trappedwasinseverepainandD.bothmenwereḄ©ª
«¬P:ᓻ◅®ᙠwassemi-conscious.Hewassemi-consciouswhilsttransferredᡈὅ¯°±ᑣsufferingfromaseverefractureashoretoAberdeenRoyalhomily³⍝
£ᦟwithlacerationstothearmandInfirmaryelbow.Theothercrewmanwas076ItcanbeconcludedthatPassage1-19sufferingfromshock.ThestandbyvesselGrampianAfterbeingtreatedonboardA.itisnecessarytoventureHighlanderwastransferringcargobythefirstaider,bothmenwereontothedeckevenwithoutbetweenoilplatformsinthetransferredashoretoAberdeeninstructionsfromthebridgetodoFortiesField.RoyalInfirmarybycoastguardsoThevesselhadbeenworkinghelicopter.B.goingoutondecktostartattheFortiesAlphaplatformthepreparingtoloadordischargethepreviousnightbutduetothe073Theremainingcargoonboardcargoisessentialbeforethevesselweatherconditions,hadbeenGrampianHighlandertobeisunderforcedtosuspendthedischargeofdischargedare.*§therigandsettledincargoleavingfivelifts(containers)ᶇ¶ᱥ
¸ᙠGrampianpositionstillonboard.ItwastheintentionHighlanderᙢ¹ᔂ¶»C.eventhetwocrewmenhadtofinishthedischargewhentheA.FortiesFieldB.oilwornthecorrectsafetygear,theweatherimproved.ThefollowingplatformsC.someheavyliftsaccidentcouldnothavebeenmorningbroughtthatD.fivecontainersavoidedimprovement.Thewindwasa074ThetwocrewmenwereD.goingoutondecktomakesouth-easterlyforce4to5andainjuredwhentheywerepreparationforloadingormoderateswellwasrunning.At.2ᕒ78¼ᙠdischargingcargois,inallbutthetherequestoftheFortiesAlpha½ᵬ¿finestweather,aplatformtheGrampianHighlanderA.inaloosecontainerB.dangerousbusinessproceededastern(backingup)intheaccommodationtowardstherigtopreparefortheC.onaftquarterdeckD.firstaiderrញᦗᒹ஺dischargeoftheremainingcargo.inAberdeenRoyalInfirmaryTwocrewmenwereondeck075TheinjuryaccidentwasthatPassage1-20unlashingthecargowhenalarge,678Ḅ&ᦑk6Thero-rovessel,EuropeanseabrokeoverthestarboardaftᕒḄÁÂ#ᾢÄ7ÅPioneer,wasundergoingquartertowashthemboth,anda»ᥟÇ#ÇÈ
ÉᜮËÄᑮrefurbishmentworkinBirkenhead.loosecontainer,forward.:;Oneofthetaskswastode-scaleOnecrewmansufferedaA.oneofthetwocrewmenandrecoatthevessel'stwoknocktotheheadandthearmofbecameconsciouswhentheforepeaktanks.theotherbecamemomentarilymastersoundedthegeneralalarmAshore-basedcontractorwas

56employedtode-scalethetanksC.gettingalongsideinheavy1968;RiverLeaorBowCreekusingimpressedcurrent.EachweatherwiththeassistanceofawithinthejurisdictionofthetankhadbeenfittedwithanumberhandsomepilotBritishWaterwaysBoard;TheofelectrodesandfilledwithsaltD.usingimpressedcurrenttoGrandUnionCanalandRegentswater.Thecurrentwasthende-scalecargotanksCanalDock.ForLondonDistrictswitchedonandtheprocessleft078ThevesseFselectricianwasRiverPilotstheupperlimitisforseveraldays.inthebowthrusterLondonBridgeandthedownriverFourdayslater,thevessel'sroom.ḄᵯÚÛÜᙠ✌ÝlimitisjustbelowGravesend.ForelectricianenteredthebowÞDßàátheLondonDistrictSeaPilotsthethrusterroomtocarryoutroutineA.trainedB.Trappedupriverlimitisanimaginarylinemaintenance.HesoonbegantoC.trippedD.trendedfromtheSealinkferrypieratcoughviolentlyandattemptedto079officerswereGravesendtoTilburyPassengerleavebutcouldn'tbecausetheenclosedinthebowthruster.LandingStageandthelowerlimithandleonthenearestdoorcameA.1B.2C.3D.isalinerunningfromFelixstoweoffandhewasunabletoopenit.4acrossthemouthoftheThamesUsinghisportableradiohecalled080TheessentiallessenfromthisoutsidetheGoodwinSandstoforhelp.accidentisthat.¥⌕ḄFolkestone.Thesecondofficerrespondedâ,&ᦑḄk*Ḅden◍TheThamesBarrier,builtforquicklyandjoinedhiminthebowäåæçè#éäḄêëtheGreaterLondonCouncilatthrustspace.ThedoorwiththeA.contractorsshouldnotbeWoolwichReachtoaffordbrokenhandleclosedbehindhim.allowedtoworkbeforetheyhaveprotectionagainsttidalfloodsisAlthoughtwootherexitsweresuppliedrelevantinformationnowundercontroloftheThamesavailable,andcouldhavebeenB.AnydefectonboardashipWaterAuthority.Itallowsused,theyusedtheirradiostocallshouldbereported,recordedandshippingtoandfromtheupperforfurtherassistance.HelparriveddealtwithassoonaspracticableareasofthePortofLondontopromptly;thedoorwasopenedC.tankde-scalingisnotpasswithoutrestrictionduringandbothofficerswereabletonecessaryperiodsofnon-surgewalkfromthespacewithnoD.impressedcurrentsystemconditions.Spanning520macrossapparentlongtermill-effects.shouldneverbeusedtheriver,itcomprisestenrisingTheareawasimmediatelysectorgates,ofwhichfourmaindeclaredunsafe,doorswererefurbishmentìí
îï஺gatesfornavigationhaveawidthlocked,noticespostedandpowerof61mandtwosubsidiarygatestotheimpressedcurrentsystemPassage1-21haveawidthof35m.wasswitchedoff.FurtherworkThePortofLondonwashaltedwhilethetankswerecomprisesthe147kmofthetidal081doesnotbelongtopumpedout,ventilatedandtheRiverThames,andtheenclosedthePortofLondon.+ð-ñatmospheretested.docksystematTilbury.ThelimitsᦦóÈMedwayPortsoftheportarefromTeddingtontoReorganisationScheme1968d077TherefurbishmentworkÎthoseterritorialwaterswithinaeóÈḄPôÏÐÑrefersto.ᢣḄklimitasfollows:fromFoulnessÎÏᐝÔÕÖᐝ×ḄPoint(Essex)toGunfleetoldA.RiverLeaorBowCreekØlighthouseto5lo2636nN,withinthejurisdictionoftheA.alterationofthe01o2530"EtoWardenPointBritishWaterwaysBoardconstructionofthevessel(Kent),excludedisanypartofB.TheGrandUnionCanalB.theprocessofmakingtheportasdefinedintheMedwayandRegentsCanalDockclean,bright,orfreshingagainPortsReorganisationSchemeC.fromFoulnessPoint

57(Essex)toGunfleetoldwitheachsetindependentfrom,ᙠ"#Ḅlighthouseto51026,36"N,theother.‧01஺25'30dtoWardenPointShortlyafterleavingStA.boththeenginerooms(Kent)D.anypartofHelier,Jersey,with31passengersB.neitherengineroomstheportasdefinedintheMedwayand18crew,thefirealarmC.theportengineroomPortsReorganisationSchemesoundedindicatingafireintheD.thestarboardengineroom1968starboardengineroom.Thiswas087Thefirewasmainly082FortheLondonDistrictSeaconfirmedbytheclosedcircuitextinguishedwith.Pilotstheupriverlimitistelevisionsurveillancesystem⌕'()ᓄ+,ᑺᰐ,ḄwhichshowedflamesintheA.waterB.chemicalA.LondonBridgeB.justvicinityofthestarboardouteragentC.foamD.waterbelowGravesendmainengine.Thevesselwas088ItcanbeconcludedthatC.animaginarylinefromtheimmediatelystopped,all./0123Ḅ4ᕒSealinkferrypieratGravesendtomachineryinthestarboardengine6789:ᦑḄ᪷=TilburyPassengerLandingStageroomwasstoppedandthefuelA.noofficialsfromanyD.alinerunningfromsuppliesshutdown.JerseyRadioauthorityknowtheaccidentafterFelixstoweacrossthemouthofwasinformedofthesituationtwoithappenedtheThamesoutsidetheGoodwinminutesafterthealarmsounded.B.someofficialsashoremustSandstoFolkestoneAfterclosingallventilationhavelearnttheaccidentatvery083isspanning520mopeningsandaccountingforallbeginningacrosstheriver,comprisingtenpersonnel,halonfiresmotheringC.theremustbecasualtiesrisingsectorgates,ofwhichfourgaswasreleasedintothestarboardeventheywerenotmentionedinmaingatesforengineroom.ThiswasdonefivethereportnavigationhaveawidthofminutesafterthefirealarmfirstD.fireisnotdangerouson61mandtwosubsidiarygatessounded.boardvesselhaveawidthof35m.ThecrewmaintainedA.TheThamesBarrierõᖊboundarycoolingandPassage1-23÷øᐵᓱB.FelixstoweacrossintermittentlyoperatedtheThecrudeoilwashingthemouthoftheThamessprinklersystemtotheaffectedinstallationandassociatedC.WoolwichReachD.space.equipmentandarrangementsshallThamesWaterTwentyminutesafterthecomplywiththerequirements084ThispassageismostHkelyalarmsoundedthesituationwasestablishedbytheAdministration.extractedfrom.6Yconsideredtobeundercontrol.Suchrequirementsshallcontainatᦻᨬ[üýþóÈḄÿUsingtheportmainenginestheleastalltheprovisionsofᢣᓭvesselreturnedtoStHelierwhereSpecificationsfortheDesign,A.GuidetoPortEntryB.assistancewasavailablefromOperationandControlofCrudeNoticestoMarinersshorebasedemergencyservices.OilWashingSystemsadoptedbyC.AttachmenttoaChartertheInternationalConferenceonPartyD.OceanPassage085CondorhastwoTankerSafetyandPollutionmainengines.(Prevention,1978,inResolution15Passage1-22ᑴḄ)ᨵ2andasmayberevisedbytheCondoracatamaranvesselḄOrganization.operatingbetweentheChannelA.combinedB.AninertgassystemshallbeIslandsandFrance.ThevesselhasIndependentC.coupleprovidedineverycargotankandtwomainenginesineachhull.AllD.doublesloptankinaccordancewiththepropulsionunitsareduplicated,086ThefireaccidenthappenedinappropriateResolutionsof

58ChapterII-2ofSOLASC.AnOperationsandtheaccuracyatthetimeofWithrespecttotheballastingEquipmentManualdetailingtheshipmentofthemarks,number,ofcargotanks,sufficientcargocrudeoilwashingsystemandquantityandweight,asfurnishedtanksshallbecrudeoilwashedequipmentandbyhim,andtheshippershallpriortoeachballastvoyageinspecifyingoperationalindemnifythecarrieragainstallorderthat,takingintoaccounttheprocedures@AB‧CᜓEFGloss,damagesandexpensestankefstradingpatternandHᢣᓭIJCᜓḄGKḄEarisingorresultingfromexpectedweatherconditions,FLMinaccuraciesinsuchparticulars.ballastwaterisputonlyintocargoD.InternationalConferenceTherightofthecarriertosuchtankswhichhavebeencrudeoilonTankerSafetyandPollutionindemnityshallinnowaylimithiswashed.Prevention,1978responsibilityandliabilityunderEveryoiltankeroperating091Itcanbeconcludedthatthecontractofcarriagetoanywithcrudeoilwashingsystems.NO/0PQḄ>Apersonotherthantheshipper.shallbeprovidedwithan‧RᙠSTUVWXYZUnlessnoticeoflossorOperationsandEquipmentcow[8A\ᢝᔠ〉ḄTUdamageandthegeneralnatureofManualdetailingthesystemand`ᨵab>A‧ḄTUsuchlossordamagebegivenequipmentandspecifyingA.itisnotnecessarytodobeforeoratthetimeoftheoperationalprocedures.SuchacrudeoilwashingpriortoballastremovalofthegoodsintotheManualshallbetothesatisfactionvoyagecustodyofthepersonentitledtooftheAdministrationandshallB.takingintoaccountthedeliverythereofunderthecontractcontainalltheinformationsetouttanker'stradingpatternandofcarriage,or,ifthelossorintheSpecificationsreferredtoinexpectedweatherconditions,itisdamagebenotapparent,withinthisRegulation.Ifanalterationsometimesnecessarythreedays,suchremovalshallbeaffectingthecrudeoilwashingtodocrudeoilwashingprimafacieevidenceofthesystemismade,theOperationsaftereachballastvoyagedeliverybythecarrieroftheandEquipmentManualshallbeC.ifitispossibleballastgoodsasdescribedinthebillofrevisedaccordingly.watershallalwaysbeputintolading.cargotankspriortocommencingThenoticeinwritingneed089Accordingtothispassage,theircrudeoilnotbegivenifthestateofthewithrespecttotheballastingofwashingoperationsgoodshas,atthetimeoftheircargotanks,ballastwaterisputD.sufficientcargotanksshallreceipt,beenthesubjectofjointonlyinto.becrudeoilwashedpriortoeachsurveyorinspection.A.sloptankswhichhaveballast\inorderthattheInanyeventthecarrierandbeencleanedwithwaterB.tankercouldtheshipshallbedischargedfromgasfreedcargotanksbekeptproperlyballastedallliabilityinrespectoflossorC.inertizedcargotankswithoutbrakinganyregulationsdamageunlesssuitisbroughtD.cargotankswhichhavebeeninconnectionwithballastingofwithinoneyearafterdeliveryofcrudeoilwashed>?‧67⌕cargotanksthegoodsorthedatewhentheᨵCOW!092Thisparagraphismostlikelygoodsshouldhavebeendelivered.090shallbeapprovedextractedfrom.InthecaseofanyactualorbytheAdministration.A.MARPOL73/78oB.apprehendedlossordamagetheA.SpecificationsfortheSALOSC.IBCD.IGCcarrierandthereceivershallgiveDesign,OperationandControlofallreasonablefacilitiestoeachCrudeOilWashingSystemsPassage1-24otherforinspectingandtallyingB.AppropriateResolutionsTheshippershallbedeemedthegoods.ofChapter11-2ofSOLAStohaveguaranteedtothecarrier

59093Itcanbeconcludedthatthedeemedtohaveguaranteedtothewillbepromptlybroughttothepurposeofthisclauseistoprotectcarriertheaccuracyatthetimeofknowledgeofthoseconcernedandtheinterestof.ᡃdeshipmentofthecommunicatedtootherinterested/0Jfgᩩi\jkḄmarks,number,quantityGovernments.ᑭmandweight,asfurnishedbyhimThetransmissionofA.shipownersB.ᡲtwx[ytwRz•\messagesrespectingthedangersshippersC.charterersD.|}ᙠtḄ~᪗specifiedisfreeofcosttothethemerchantᦪIOḄᜓ3shipsconcerned.094ThedurationoftheliabilitynoofthecarrierorshipinPassage1-25097Theword"inlelligence”respectoflossofordamagetoThemasterofeveryshipinthelastparagraphmeanscargois.whichmeetswithdangerousice,a.ᙠᨬᦻA.oneyearB.threedaysdangerousderelict,oranyotherA.witB.mentalityC.notmentioneddirectdangertonavigation,oraC.wisdomD.infoimationD.variablewiththekindoftropicalstorm,orencounterssub098Theinformationofdangerouscargocarriedandthevoyagethefreezingairtemperaturescircumstancesandconditionsvesselhascompletedassociatedwithgaleforcewindsspecifiedinthefirstparagraph095Thisclauseismostlikelycausingsevereiceaccretiononshallbeextractedfrom.Jᩩsuperstructures,orwindsofforcetransmittedinapassageipNeq1942r3>ᱥt10oraboveontheBeaufortscaleunderthetitleof.ᙠJufforwhichnostormwarninghasᦻḄ᪗⚪}ᨵᐵA.HagueRules1942r3>beenreceived,isboundtoᓻ◅᛻IᱯᩩRᱥtufB.Marpol73/78communicatetheinformationbyOᐰ¡¢〈஺C.SOLASD.IMDGCodeallthemeansathisdisposaltoA.urgencyB.safety096Itisprovidedintheclauseshipsinthevicinity,andalsotoC.distressD.immediatethat.thecompetentauthoritiesatthedangerA.theshippershallnotfirstpointonthecoastwithwhich099Thisclauseismostlikelyindemnifythecarrieragainstallhecancommunicate.Theforminextractedfrom.Jᩩloss,damagesandexpenseswhichtheinformationissentisipNe᤺qSOLAS¦§arisingorresultingfromnotobligatory.ItmaybeA.HagueRulesB.inaccuraciesinparticularstransmittedeitherinplainMarpol73/78C.SOLASconcerningcargoeslanguage(preferablyEnglish)orD.IMDGCodeB.theshippershallbymeansoftheInternational100ItisnotrecommendedinthisindemnifythecarrieragainstnoCodeofSignals.Itshouldbeclausethattheinformationbesentloss,damageandexpensearisingbroadcasttoallshipsinthe.J¨/₞Oªorresultingfromvicinityandsenttothefirstpoint«〈inaccuraciesinparticularsonthecoasttowhichA.inplainlanguageconcerningcargoescommunicationcanbemade,withB.bymeansoftheC.theshippershallnotbearequestthatitbetransmittedtoInternationalCodeofSignalsdeemedtohaveguaranteedtothetheappropriateauthorities.C.bybroadcastingtoallcarriertheaccuracyatthetimeofEachContractingshipsinthevicinityshipmentofGovernmentwilltakeallstepsD.tothefirstpointonthethemarks,number,necessarytoensurethatwhencoasttowhichcommunicationcanquantityandweight,asfurnishedintelligenceofanyofthedangersbemadewitharequestnottobyhimspecifiedintheaboveparagraphtransmitittoanyD.theshippershallbeofthisregulationisreceived,itauthorities¬஺஺஺

60(®¯⌕°〈ᑮo²daysfromtheexpiryofthetimeᨬᨵNe᤺qÖtL᪀fordeliveryᑣC.thecarrierhasfaultinA.theHagueRulesB.Passage1-26makingthedeliveryofthegoodstheMARPOL73/78DelayindeliveryoccurstothepersonwhoisentitledtoC.theMaritimeCodeofwhenthegoodshavenotbeenreceivethemChinaD.SOLASdeliveredatthedesignatedportofD.thegoodshavenotbeendischargewiᵫinthetimedeliveredatthedesignatedportofPassage1-27expresslyagreedupon.ThecarrierdischargewithinthetimeAt1800,thehydraulicshallbeliableforthelossoforexpresslyagreedsteeringsystemfailedonceagain.damagetothegoodscausedbyuponThemasterrealizedhewoulddelayindeliveryduetothefault102Thecarriershallnotbeliablerequireshoreassistancetorectifyofthecarrier,exceptthosearisingforthegoodscausedbytheproblem,anddivertedtowardsorresultingfromcausesforwhichdelayindeliveryduetothefaultPortlandusingthethrustertosteerthecarrierisnotliableasprovidedofthecarrier.ᵫÀ>ᱥµ¶·by.TheweatheratthistimewasforintherelevantArticlesofthis¸}ytw¯RyÁfgnsouth-south-westforce5.AboutChapter.Thecarriershallbeliableo}Â['ᵫÀtuÃᐹḄÅ◍threehourslater,theaquamasterfortheeconomiclossescausedbyÇḄdriveunitfailedduetoaleakingdelayindeliveryofthegoodsdueA.thelossofB.thefuelinjectorpipeonthepowertothefaultofthecarrier,evenifdamagetoC.theeconomicunit.ThiswasreplacedusingthenolossofordamagetothegoodslossesofD.thechangedsparecarriedonboard.hadactuallyoccurred,unlesssuchnatureofImmediatelyfollowingtheengineeconomiclosseshadoccurred103Inferencecanmadefromthisrestart,anadjacentfuellinefailedfromcausesforwhichthecarrierparagraphthatÈJcausingshutdownoftheunit.isnotliableasprovidedforintheᦻᡃde/0ª«ÉWithnofuellinesparesavailable,relevantArticlesofthisA.evenifnolossofortheaquamasterpowerunitcouldChapter.Thepersonentitledtodamagetothegoodshadactuallynotbeused.Thefailureofthismakeaclaimforthelossofgoodsoccurred,thecarriermaystillbeunit,andthatofthemainmaytreatthegoodsaslostwhenimposedcertainhydraulicsteeringsystem,leftthethecarrierhasnotdeliveredtheliabilitiesᓽË>ᱥ`vesselwithoutanysteeringgoodswithin60daysfromtheᨵ¹▭3ḄÍÎIÏᜫ}ytwcapability.expiryofthetimefordeliveryÑᯠÒᜐOÔnÕnoAt2155,withtheweatherspecifiedinpreviousparagraphofB.ifnolossofordamagetodeterioratingandnosteering,thethisArticle.thegoodshadactuallyoccurred,mastercontactedthePortlandthecarrierwillsuffernoliabilitiesCoastguardanda"PanPan"101DelayindeliveryreferstotheC.ifanylossofordamagetomessagewasbroadcast.Atowtofactthatµ¶·¸Ḅ:thegoodshadactuallyoccurred,PortlandHarbourwasarranged¹ᢣḄ'>ᱥ`ᨵᙠᢣ¬Ḅtheearnershallbeblamedandshearrivedalongsideat0240ᔂ>¬·¸}p»ᯠ3☢'¾¿D.ifanylossofordamagetothefollowingmorning.TheḄthegoodshadactuallyoccurred,subsequentinvestigationfoundA.thegoodshavebeenthecarriershouldbeentitletothatthemainhydraulicsteeringdeliveredatthedesignatedportofmaketheclaimsystemfailurewasduetoaseizeddischargewithinthetimefromtheshipperoranyshuttlevalveinthemainhydraulicexpresslyagreeduponotherpersonsinterestedsolenoidvalveblock.TheB.thecarrierhasnot104Thisparagraphismostlikelysolenoidvalvehadbeenrecentlydeliveredthegoodswithin60abstractedfrom,Joverhauled.Itwasthoughtthatthe

61"OHringsfittedtotheshuttleeitherthewrongtypeorwereproportionofsecuritybeforethevalvewereofeitherthewrongdefectivecargoisreleased.Untilsecuritytypeorweredefective.ThevalveÜTEᜫᦔḄé¹@Âhasbeenprovidedasaforesaidthehadseizedinsuchapositionthat'æç▀3ḄêᜓḄOëᙌËSalvorshallhaveamaritimelienhydraulicpressureby-passedtheᵨ8┯î¡¢ᡈὅñòó'ᨵonthepropertysalvedforhissystempreventinguseofthehandÅ◍Ḅremuneration.steering.Passage1-28TheSalvorshallimmediately109Theamountofsecurity105Thevesselwassteeredbyaftertheterminationoftheprovidedbyownersshallbethruster,becausefailed.servicesorsoonernotifytheØÙ~()Ú/ᘤ}Â[ÜCouncilandwherepracticabletheA.assmallaspracticabletoTEᜫᦔOwnersoftheamountforwhichensurenottoaffectthenormalA.thehydraulicsteeringhedemandssecurity(inclusiveofbusinessoftheownersB.systemB.theaquamastercostsexpensesandinterest)fromsufficienttocoveralldriveuniteachoftherespectivecostsexpensesandinterestC.thesolenoidvalveD.Owners.Wheretheexceptiontothesalvorhadsustainedinthethehandsteeringtheprincipleofnocure-nopayprocessoforinconnectionwith106ThetimethattheaquamasterunderConventionArticle14thesavagedriveunitfailedwashrs.becomeslikelytobeapplicableoperationsJßḄᜫᦔ~ᜧᭆ'theownersofthevesselshallonC.actualcostsexpensesand2100othedemandoftheSalvorprovideinterestincurredtothesalvorA.1800B.2100C.securityfortheSalvor'sspecialcalculableimmediatelyafterthe2155D.0240compensation.Theamountofterminationofthe107Whenthehydraulicsteeringanysuchsecurityshallbeservicessystemfailed,.reasonableinthelightoftheD.reasonableinthelightofA.thehandsteeringsystemknowledgeavailabletotheSalvortheknowledgeavailabletothecouldstillbeusedB.theautoatthetimewhenthedemandisSalvorᦗõatthetimewhensteeringsystemcouldstillbeusedmade.UnlessotherwiseagreedthedemandismadeC.bothhandandautosuchsecurityshallbeprovided(i)110WheretheprincipleofnosteeringsystemswereoutofusetotheCouncil(ii)inaformcure-nopayislikelynottobe¯âËᵨäÜTEᜫapprovedbytheCounciland(iii)applicabletheownersoftheᦔ~2åIE`bypersonsfirmsorcorporationsvessel.ᨵwâËᵨeitheracceptabletotheSalvororA.isexemptedfromD.neitherhandsteeringresidentinP.R.ChinaandprovidinganysecurityforthesystemnorautosteeringsystemacceptabletotheCouncil.TheSalvor'sspecialcompensationwasoutofuseCouncilshallnotberesponsibleB.shallnotprovideany108Therealreasonthatcausedforthesufficiency(whetherinsecurityfortheSalvor'sspecialthehydraulicsteeringsystemtoamountorotherwise)ofanycompensationunlessotherwisefailwasthat.securitywhichshallbeprovidedprovidedintheA.nofuellinespareswerenorforthedefaultorinsolvencysalvagecontractavailableB.theaquamasterofanypersonfirmorcorporationC.shallnotprovideanypowerunitfailedprovidingthesame.TheownerssecurityfortheSalvor'sspecialC.theweatherwasofthevesseltheirServantsandcompensationeventheSalvorsodeterioratingAgentsshallusetheirbestdemandsD.thenOHringsfittedtotheendeavourstoensurethattheD.shallonthedemandoftheshuttlevalveæç▀wereofcargoownersprovidetheirSalvorprovidesecurityforthe

62Salvor'sspecialcompensationᱯwasdiscoveredtobewet.RoughpassagethatMSGreatLakesö÷øweatherduringthevoyagewas.ᨵḄ111TheCounciltowhichtheallegedbuttheCourtinsistedon᝞᝞ᙠsecurityhasbeenprovidedshallstrictproofofhowandwhentheូ"Ḅᜩ$%&'Ḅ()roughweathercausedthewetting.A.wasliableforthewetA.beresponsibleforitsTherefore,torebutthedamageifitcouldnotprovesufficiency(whetherinamountorpresumptionoffaultwhenrelyinghowandwhentheroughweatherotherwise)uponitsownreasonablecare,thecausedthewetting.B.beresponsibleforthecarriermustfurtherprovethattheB.wasliableforthewetdefaultorinsolvencyofanydamagewascausedbysomethingdamageevenitcouldprovehowpersonfirmorcorporationotherthanitsownnegligence.andwhentheroughweatherprovidingthesameOncetheshipperestablishesacausedthewetting.C.beresponsibleforitsprimafaciecase,under"thepolicyC.wasliableforthewetsufficiency(whetherinamountorofthelaw'1thecarriermustdamageevenitcouldnotproveotherwise)butnotforthedefault"explainwhattookplaceorsufferhowandwhentheroughweatherorinsolvencyoftheconsequences".Thelawcastscausedthewetting.anypersonfirmoruponthecarriertheburdenoftheD.wasnotliableforthewetcorporationprovidingthesamelosswhichitcannotexplainor,damageifitcouldnotprovehowD.beresponsibleneitherforexplaining,bringwithintheandwhentheroughweatheritssufficiency(whetherinamountexceptioncaseinwhichheiscausedtheorotherwise)norforthedefaultrelievedfromliability.wetting.or116Accordingtothispassage,insolvencyofanyperson113Thebesttitleofthispassage.᪷+,-.ᦻ஺12firmorcorporationprovidingtheis.JᦻᨬûḄ᪗⚪)3(ᱥ5ᜫ7same'ytwḄü|noḄ89-:᜜89<◀112AconclusionùúcanbeA.Theliabilitiesonthepart>?@reachedfromthisparagraphthatofthecarrierandshipperB.A.IfacarriercannotbringiswellinsuredandLossofanddamagetocargoesthereasonofthelossintotheprotected.C.TheburdenofproofonexceptioncaseinwhichheisA.thecounciFsinterestthepartoftheshipperD.Therelievedfromliability,B.thesalvor'sinterestburdenofproofillontheheisliablefortheloss.C.theowners'interestD.partoftheearnerB.Evenaearnercanbringtheinterestofservants*andagents'114Theprimafacie᪷ý⊤☢thereasonofthelossintotheoftheownerscaseofnegligenceÿinthisexceptioncaseinwhichheispassagereferstotheoneinwhichrelievedfromliability,Passage1-29heisstillheldliablefortheThefactthatthegoodswereA.apresumptionoffaultwaslossbythecourt.damagedraisesaprimafaciecasemadeonthepartoftheearnerC.ShouldacarrierbringtheofnegligencewhichcanonlybeJ'Ḅᑖ┯reasonofthelossintotheclearedbythecarrierbyshowingB.apresumptionoffaultwasexceptioncaseinwhichheiswhatactuallyoccurred.madeonthepartoftheshipperrelievedfromliability,Forexample,ashipcarriedC.areasonablecarewasusedhecouldbeheldliableforthegrainonMSGreatLakestoaportbythecarrierlossbythecourt.whereitwasstoredaboardtheD.areasonablecarewasD.Shouldacarriernotbringshipunderaspecialstorageusedbytheshipperthereasonofthelossintothecontractfor22daysafterwhichit115Itisconcludedfromthisexceptioncaseinwhichheis

63relievedfrom117Accordingtothepassage,costtotheunderwritersofcargoliability,hecouldnotbeheldlimitingtheliabilityonthepartoffromtheunderwritersoftheliableforthelossbythecourtthestevedoreswill.stevedoresisA.transferthelosssufferednecessaryintheeyesofPassage1-30byunderwritersofcargototheshippinglawsThebenefittocommerceofunderwritersofstevedoresD.personswhoareallowingstevedoresandterminalB.transferthelosssufferedresponsibleforlossesshouldbeoperatorstocompletelylimittheirbyunderwritersofstevedorestoheldaccountable,insomeway,forliabilityisoftenputforwardbytheunderwritersofcargothoselosses.supportersontheirpart.SuchC.nottransferanyliabilityinreasoning,however,ignoresthepracticeofshippingPassage1-31factthatinthecommercialworldD.increasetheliabilityonThe65,475gtcontaineritispreferableforpersonswhotheirpartvesselNOLwithanoveralllengthcausedamagetocargotobeheld118Intheauthor'sopinion,theof274mandadraughtof11mwasresponsibleforthatdamage.insuredcargoaccountingtofiftyinboundfortheportofFelixstowe.OtherwisetheywillcontinuetobepercentoftotalshipmentsAB(Itwasdaylight,thevisibilitywasnegligentandwilldonothingtoCbyseaontheNorthAtlanticisgoodandthespringtidewasaltertheirpractices.DὅḄFGHI◅Ḅrunningathalf-ebbinaTransferringthelosstothe(ᱥᓰAB(CḄLᑖMNᓝnorth-easterlydirectionacrosstheunderwritersofcargofromtheᙠᓅᜧRSTUVWXYapproachchannel.underwritersofthestevedoresḄ@Thepilot,onceonboard,doesnotmerelyshiftthecostofA.reasonablypracticablediscussedandagreedtheinwardinsurance.IfthestevedoresandB.normalC.toomuchD.passageplanwiththemaster.terminaloperatorswhohavethetoolittleHowever,neitherthepilotnorthecareandchargeofcargodonot119Ifthepersonswhoareport'sVTSinformedthemasteractcarefullywhencarryingoutresponsibleforlossesandthatNos3and4mainchanneltheirduties,thenresponsibilityfordamagesarenotheldaccountable,buoyswereoffstationby50mtolossanddamagetocargowillnotinsomeway,forthosethenorthandsouthrespectivelytoonlybeshiftedbutthatlossandlossesanddamages,thefacilitateon-goingdredgingdamagewillbeincreasedaswell.lossesanddamageswill.operations.ThismadethechannelNorareallcargoesorrisksfullyA.beincreasedB.beappearwiderby100m.orevenpartiallyinsured.decreasedC.bepreventedThepilothadbeeninformedTherefore,thepremiumofcargoD.nothappenbyVTSthattwovesselswereinsuranceissohighthatithas120Theauthorofthispassageisaoutwardboundandhealsoknewbeenestimatedthatnotmuchsupporteronthesideᨩᙢ\thatthatanotherlargecontainervesselmorethanfiftypercentofwasintheprocessofsailing.InshipmentsbyseaontheNorthA.theliabilityonthepartofviewofthisthepilotdecidedtoAtlanticareactuallyinsuredatall.thestevedoresandterminalproceedslowlyalongthechannelItisafundamentalprincipleoperatorsshouldbecompletelyuntiltheoutboundcontainerofgoodbusinesspracticeandoflimitedvesselhadroundedLandguardefficient,fairandlow-costB.transferringthelosstothePoint.insurancethatpersonswhoareunderwritersofcargofromtheSpeedwasreducedfromhalfresponsibleforlossesshouldbeunderwritersofthestevedoresistoslowaheadasNOLapproachedheldaccountable,insomeway,forimpossibleinthefirstofthetwooutwardboundthoselosses.shippingpracticevesselsthatwasonareciprocalC.transferringtheinsurancecourseandinthemiddleofthe

64channel.BothvesselswereA.northandsouthB.responsibleforkeepingfullandapproachingthepointwherethewestandeastC.inacompleterecordsofallbuoyshadbeenrepositioned.north-easterlydirectionmovementsandexpenditureTherewasnocommunicationD.inadirectionwhichattributabletothegeneralaverage.betweenthemandneitherthepilotcannotbedeterminedAfteranyincident,alargenortheVTScontactedthe123Nos3and4mainchannelnumberofsurveyorsrepresentingoutwardboundvesseltodrawbuoysatthetime.10ᨴvariousinterestswilldescendonattentiontothefactthatby34ij_⍝Ḅk᪗HᨵHḄthevessel.Someofthesekeepingtothecentreoftheᙠmn)opqrs@surveyorswillnotbeinvolvedchannel,shewasmakingNOLA.driftedoffcausedbydirectlyinthegeneralaveragestaywelltostarboard.AlthoughunknownforcesB.wereprocess.However,ifithastheradarechoofNOLwas,bypurposefullyrepositionedbecomenecessarytosacrificeornow,overlappingthenorthernC.wereremovedtowidendischargeapartofthecargoedgeofthechannel,VTSdidnotthechannelbeforearrivalatthefinaladvisethepilotthathewasveryD.werereinstalledondestinationstatedonthebillofclosetotheedge.NOLwasstillcompletionofdredgingoperationslading,theshipownerwillappointproceedingveryslowlyandtheinthechannelsurveyorstoreportonthepilotassumedhewassafe.124Aninferencecanbemadethatconditionandquantityofcargo.AfterpassingtheoutwardNOLwasproceedingtoSuchsurveyors,usuallycalledboundvesseltoportandNo3whenshegrounded.ᡃuvwgeneralaveragesurveyors,willactbuoytostarboard,NOL'sbowxyḄz{|}ᑮR☢)intheinterestsofallthepartiesbeganswingingtostarboard.Fullᤁ@involved(andmayalsorepresentporthelmandbowthrustwereA.eastB.southC.hullandmachineryinterests).IfappliedandthemainenginespeedwestD.northpossible,theaccountrepresentingwasincreasedbuttheswingtoexpenditureincurredshouldbestarboardcontinued.MomentsPassage1-32examinedandapprovedbythelaterNOLgroundedonthenorthFollowingageneralaveragegeneralaveragesurveyorbeforesideofthechannel.Initialincident,shipagentsandsettlement.attemptstorefloatheronarapidlysurveyorsplayasignificantrole.Afallingtidewereunsuccessfulbut,shipagent,inadditiontothe125.WhichofthefollowingiswiththeassistanceoffourtugsnormaldutiesofportandNOTcorrectastothegeneralshewassuccessfullyrefloatedonhusbandryagency,willassisttheaverageᐳmTsurveyors?᝞thenexthightide.Thevesselwasmasterintheaftermathofa%ᐵᐳmTW-xundamagedandtherewasnogeneralaverageincidenttomakeapollution.declarationwhichcomplieswithA.Theymaysometimesbethelocallawandcustomoftheinvolvedintotheexaminationand121Thebreadthoftheapproachport.OncetheaverageadjusterapprovalofgeneralaveragechannelinwhichNOLgroundedhasconfirmedthatsecurityhasexpenditures.]^_⍝Ḅab.ᦻbeenobtainedfromalltheB.TheymaysometimesbeWcᨵdeinterestedparties,theagentisinvolvedintotheexaminationandA.was50mB.wasinstructedbytheshipownertoapprovalofgeneralaverage100mC.was150mD.permitdeliveryofthecargo.Ifsacrificeswasnotmentionedinthepassagecargohasbeendischargedtouᨵ)ᒹᐳmT122Theapproachchannellieslightenthevessel,orcargohasḄᢇ@.]^_⍝ᙠRfgbeentransshippedtoafinalC.Theywillactinthefdestination,theagentwillbeinterestsofallthepartiesinvolved

65D.TheywilllookatWᳮdᑮgḄᑭaveragecontributionsঞSecuringparticularlythegeneralaverage!allthepaymentofSueandLabourmattersA.forthebenefitofthecargoটcontributing126.WhatdoesthispassageimplyownerB.forthebenefitᑭ¡tothelossesanddamagesofᨩfortheshipmasterswhenaoftheshipownerparticularaveragenaturegeneralaverageincidentoccurredC.forthebenefitoftheA.B.onboard?,-.ᦻᨩUsalvorsD.forthebenefitofজঝঞC.BᐳmT)ytheinterestedpartiesotherthanজঝD.Ḅᳮ@theaboveAnswer:BঝঞটA.Hecanrelyongreatlythe128.Thesecurityrequiredbythegd¥¦ᐰ⌕©ᨵᐵgeneralaveragesurveyorsB.ownerofshipandprovidedbyªḄᑭ¡ᙠᐳmTḄ89HecanrelyongreatlytheshiprelevantinterestedpartiesinজᐳmTḄឋ5ᜫagentgeneralaverage7®Dᵨঝᡠᨵ¦ᐰᐳmC.HecanrelyongreatlythecasesisforthepurposeofT®DᵨinterestedparitiesD.Hecan.জcontributingtotherelyongreatlyothersurveyorslossesanddamagesofgeneral127.Theshipagentmentionedinaveragenatureঝthepassagebehaves..ᦻsecuringallthegeneral