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1.1ᓄᔠᱥᐳᓄᔠᱥᰚឋᑺᡈ ឋᑺ 1.2NaCl'jKBrᔜImolNaBr!KC1ᔜImol"#ᡠ%&'(*+,ὅ&#ᙳ+Na+,K+,Br-,CLᔜImolᵫCWCCLi!CHCbCH3clᙠ"#12ᑖ46ᙠ7ᡠ21,89(Ḅ;ᔠᱥ1.3C+624H+11CCH4#C#ᨵ4=ᵯ?ᡂ+SP3ᩖᓄB⍝,EF☢HI᪀CH4sp3ᩖᓄHHHHC1S2s2p2p2pyzx2pyxyz2pzxyz2pxxyz2sH1.4a.HCCHHHHCCHHHᡈb.HCHHCIC.HNHHd.HSHe.HONOOf.OHCHg.OPOOOHHHh.HCCHHHHHOPOOOHHHᡈi.HCCHj.HOSOHOOOSOOOᡈHH1.5b.CICCIHHc.HBrd.HCCICICIe.HaCOHH3coeH3f.1.6ᵯKឋ0>S,H20H2s'L7HzOᨵMḄᏔOᵨ!? Q⛳SᾦUV2.1a.2,4,4WᵬY5EZY[\5—butyl—2,4,4—trimethylnonaneb.ELA\hexanec.3,3Q]Y^\3,3—diethylpentaned.3ᵬY5—`aYb\5—isopropyl_3—methyloctanee.2-ᵬYa\(`Z\)2—methylpropane(iso-butane)f.2,2QᵬYa\(f^\)2,2—dimethylpropane(neopentane)g.3—ᵬY^\3—methylpentaneh.2ᵬY5]Yg\5—ethyl—2—methylheptane2.2a=b=d=e+2,3,5—WᵬYh\c=f+2,3,4,5—FᵬYh\2.3a.┯7j+2,2QᵬYZ\Cb.cde.f.┯7j+2,3,3—WᵬY^\g.┯7j+2,3,5—WᵬYg\h.2.5c>b>e>a>d2.63k123CICICI2.7a1ᐳ(Ḅ2.8BrHHBrHHABHHBrBrHHCBrHHHBrHDBrHHBrHH2.10l=ᓄᔠᱥ+2.11mnឋc>a>b W9⛳SᾦUo3.1ᵨpqrstrsuᑡᓄᔠᱥa.2—]Y1Zw2—ethyl—1—buteneb.2—aY1hw2—propyl—1—hexenec.3,5QᵬY3gw3,5—dimethyl—3—heptened.2,5QᵬY2hw2,5—dimethyl—2—hexene3.2a.b.┯7j+1—Zwc.def.┯7j+2,3QᵬY1^w9x.┯7j+2ᵬY3]Y2hw3.4uᑡwVz=ᨵ{ஹ}`᪀~ᑏ{ஹ}`᪀HḄ᪀7rsᫀc,d,e,fᨵ{}`᪀c.C2H5cHecH2lH(Z)1Ớ2^w(E)1Ớ2^wCC2H5CCH21HHd.CHCCH(CH3)2H(Z)4ᵬY2^wWCCHCHCH(CH3)2H3c(E)4ᵬY2^we.CH3CCHCH(Z)-1,3—^Qw2(^ẑ(^(£)-1,3^Qw%8.CH3cHe(2Z,4Z)-2,4gQwHCHHC2H5cH3CCHCHCHC2H5H(2Z,4E)-2,4-M^^CHCHCH3CCHC2HSH(2E,4E)2,4gQwCHCHC(2E,4Z)-2,4gQw(214HC2H53.5ᡂuᑡ}j7ᑏᱥᡈᡠ◤ᑺ.a.CH3cH2cH=CH2H2S4cH3cH2cHCH30so20Hb.(CH3)2C=CHCH3HBr(CH3)2C-CH2cH3Brc.CH3cH2cH=CH2BH3H2O2OHCH3cH2cH2cH20Hd.CH3cH2cH=CH2H2/H+CH3cH2cH-CH30He.(CH3)2C=CHCH2cH3O3Zn,
1H20,CH3coeH3+CH3cH2CH0f.CH2=CHCH20HCI2/H2OCICH2CH-CH2OHOH1).2).1).2).3.61hwEh\Br2/CCl4orKMn04}j⁐Eh\1hw3.7CH3cH=CHCH3CH2=CHCH2cH3ᡈ3.8uᑡEᢥmnឋᵫᜧᑡCCH3H3CCHCH3cH3++>CCH3H3cCHCH3cH3>CCH3H3CCH2CH2CH3+3.9ᑏuᑡ}jḄᓄC=CHCH2cH2cH2cH=CH3cH3CCH3H+CH3C-CH2cH2cH2cH2cH=CH3cH3cCH3CH3++H+H3.10or3.11a.4—ᵬY2—h¡4—methyl_2—hexyneb.2,2,7,7FᵬY3,5bQ¡2,2,7,7—tetramethyl_3,5—octadiynec.d.CHC3.13a.HCCHLindlarcatH2CCH2b.HCCHNi/H2CH3CH3c.HCCH+H20HgS04H2SO4CH3CHOd.HCCH+HCIHgCI2cH2=CHCIe.H3CCCHHgBr2HBrCH3C=CH2BrHBrCH3-CBrBr
2CH3f.H3CCCH+Br2cH3C=CHBrBrg.H3CCCH+H2OHgS04H2SO4CH3COCH3+H2LindlarcatH3CCCH+H2h.H3CCCH+HBrHgBr2cH3c=CH2Bri.CH3cH=CH2HBr(CH3)2CHBr3.14¢ᨵ£ᓄ¤¥( F᱐7§ᐲ)©ª⚪ᫀ-5-Eg\1,4gQw1g¡Ag(NH3)2+ᮞ⁐}j1gᯋEg\1,4gQwBr2/CCl4⁐}jEg\1,4gQwa.b.2ᵬY^\2hᙽ1hᯋAg(NH3)2*ᮞ⁐}j1hᙽ2hᙽBr2/CCl4⁐
3}j2h¡2ᵬY^\2ᵬY^\3.15a.CH3CH2CH2CCHHCI°±²CH3cH2cH2cClClCH3b.CH3CH2CCCH34-KMnO4H+CH3CH2COOH+CH3C00HHgS04c.CH3CH2CCCH3+H2OH2SO4CH3CH2CH2COCH3+CH3CH2COCH2CH3d.CH2=CHCH=CH2+CH2=CHCH0CHOe.CH3CH2CCH+HCNCH3cH2C=CH2CN3.16CH3CHCH2CCHH3c3.17AH3CCH2CH2CH2CCHBCH3cH=CHCH=CHCH33.18CH2=CHCH=CH2HBrCH3CHCH=CH2Br+CH3cH=CHCH2BrCH2=CHCH=CH22HBrCH3CHCHBrCH3Br+CH3CHCH2BrCH2BrCH2=CHCH2cH=CH2HBrCH3CHCH2cH=CH2BrCH2=CHCH2cH=CH22HBrCH3cHBrCH2CHBr
4CH3 F³o4.1C5H109⛳Sn=l¢ᨵ£ᓄ¤¥° F᱐7§ᐲ²©ª⚪ᫀ-6-a.³^\b.c.d.e.1ᵬY³Z\{1,2QᵬY³a\}1,2QᵬY³a\1,1QᵬY³a\cyclopentane1—methylcyclobutanecis—1,2—dimethylcyclopropanetrans—1,2—dimethyllcyclopropane1,1—dimethylcyclopropanef.]Y³a\ethylcyclopropane4.3a.´´Qµ³g\1,1—dichlorocycloheptaneb.2,6QᵬYₐ2,6—dimethylnaphthalenec.1ᵬY4`aY1,4³hQw1—isopropyl—4—methyl—1,4—cyclohexadiened.·`aYᵬ¸p-isopropyltoluenee.2µ¸¹⏚2—chlorobenzenesulfonicacidf.CH3N02Clg-CH3CH3h.2—chloro—4—nitrotoluene2,3—dimethyl—1—phenyl—1—pentenecis—1,3—dimethylcydopentane4.4ᡂuᑡ}ja.CH3HBrCH3Brb.+CI2»Clc.+CI2ClCl
5ClCl+d.CH2CH3+Br2FeBr3BrC2H5+BrC2H5e.CH(CH3)2+CI2»C(CH3)2Cl¢ᨵ£ᓄ¤¥( F᱐7§ᐲ)©ª⚪ᫀ-7-f.CH3O3Zn-powder,H2OCHOOg-CH3H2SO4H2O,CH3OHh.+CH2CI2AICI3CH2i.CH3+HNO3CH3NO2+CH3NO2j.+KMnO4H+COOHk.CH=CH2+CI2CHCH2CICl4.51.24.6
6CH3CH3CH3CH3+Br2FeBr3CH3CH3CH3CH3+BrBr+Br2FeBr3CH3CH3CH3CH3+BrBrCH3CH3+Br2FeBr3CH3CH3Br4.7b,dᨵ¼✏ឋ4.8 ᨵᓄ(᱐ᐲ)⚪ᫀ-8-a.ABC1,31Ag(NH3)2ᮞ ⁐ A
7BBr2/CCl4}j⁐BAb.AB³a\awKMnO4}j⁐AB4.9a*b C.d.e.f.ClCOOHNHCOCH3CH3NO2COCH3OCH34.10a.Br2FeBraBrNO2HNO3H2SO4Brb.HNO3H2SO4NO2Br2FeBraBrO2Nc.CH32CI2FeChCH3
8CH3+CI2FeCl3CH3ClKMnO4COOHCH3KMnO4COOHCl2FeChCOOHCl¢ᨵ£ᓄ¤¥° F᱐7§ᐲ²©ª⚪ᫀ-9-f.HNO3H2SO4NO2CH3H3c2Br2FeBraBrCH3BrNO2g.Br2FeBraCH3CH3BrKMnO4COOHBrHNOsH2SO4COOHBrNO24.11
9¾¿+ororororororᓽ³bw!³wÁÂà ÄÅÆÇYḄᑖ+C8Hl4O2Ḅᔜk`᪀H7È2Âᔜk`᪀H4.12H3cC2H54.13A.BrBr4.14A.BrClBrClBrBrClBrBrClBCD4.15uᑡI᪀ᦋᑏ+Ëa.b.c.d.e.000Hor¢ᨵ£ᓄ¤¥( F᱐7§ᐲ)©ª⚪ᫀ-10- ÌÍᐝ`᪀5.4a.CH2CH2CH2CH3OHBrCH2OHHBrCOOHHBrCOOHHBrCH2CH3(R)
10(2R,3R)CH2OHBrHCH2CH3(S)b.HOOCCHCHBrCOOHBr(meso-)COOHHBrCOOHBrHCOOHBrHCOOHHBr(2S,3S)c.H3CCHBrCHCOOHBrCOOHHBrCH3HBrCOOHBrHCOOHBrHCOOHHBrCOOHBrH(2S,3R)(2R,3S)(2S,3S)(2R,3R)COOHBrHCH3HBrd.CH3C=CHCOOHCH3( )5.6
11COOHHCH3CH2CH3(R)COOHH3CHCH2CH3(S)C5H10O25.7c6H12n=1ACH2=CHCHCH2CH3*CH3BCH3CH2CHCH2CH3CH35.10(I)COOHHOHCH3(R)Ï☢ÂÍ90oOHHOOCCH3H(S)ÐÏ☢ÍCOOHHOHCH3(S)(·`᪀)(·`᪀)¢ᨵ£ᓄ¤¥( F᱐7§ᐲ)©ª⚪ᫀ-11-"#ᓴ%&6.1a.CH3CH-CHCH3CH3Br
12CH3H3CCH3CH2Ic.Brd.ClClCle.f.2—Ớa\2—iodopropaneg.Wµᵬ\trichloromethaneorChloroformh.1,2—Qµ]\1,2—dichloroethanei.3µ1aw3chloro-1propenej.1µ1aw1—chloro_1—propene6.4ᑏuᑡ}jḄÒ⌕ᱥ7ᡈÔ⌕ᑺᡈᑺa.C6H5CH2CIMgEt2OC6H5CH2MgCICO2C6H5CH2COOMgCIH+H2OC6H5CH2COOHb.CH2=CHCH2Br+NaOC2H5CH2=CHCH2OC2H5
13CH=CHBrCH2Br+AgNO3EtOHr.tCH=CHBrCH2ONO2+AgBrd.+Br2KOH-EtOHCH2=CHCH0CHOBrBrKOH-EtOHᐝ᯿Bre.CH2CIClNaOHH2OCH2OHClf.CH3CH2CH2CH2BrMgEt2OCH3CH2CH2CH2MgBrC2H5OHCH3CH2CH2CH3+BrMgOC2H5g-CH3Cl+H2OOH-SN2ᔊCH3
14OHh.ClCH3+H2OOH-SN1ᔊCH3OH+CH3OHi.BrKOH-EtOHj.CH2=CHCH2CICN-CH2=CHCH2CNk.(CH3)3CI+NaOHH2O(CH3)3COH6.5uᑡᔜ·ᓄᔠᱥᢥSN2ᔊ×Ø}j7z=}jÙ᳛M¡?¢ᨵ£ᓄ¤¥( F᱐7§ᐲ)©ª⚪ᫀ-12-a.(CH3)2CHI>(CH3)3CCIb.(CH3)2CHI>(CH3)2CHCIc.CH2CI>Cld.CH3CHCH2CH2Br>CH3
15CH3CH2CHCH2BrCH3e.CH3CH2CH2CH2CI>CH3CH2CH=CHCI6.6uᑡᓄᔠᱥᢥSN1ᔊ}jḄÜឋᵫᜧᑮᑡb>c>a6.7(a)}jÜᓄ¿(b)}jÞ(c)}jßàß6.8ACH3CH2CHCH3BrBCH2=CHCH2CH3C.CH3CH=CHCH3(Z)and(E)6.9á᪵äuᑡᔜ8ᓄᔠᱥ~åa,b,dAgNO3/EtOHc.Br26.10CH3CHCH2BrCH3KOH-EtOHCH3C=CH2CH3H+H2OCH3CCH3CH3a.OH
16CH3CCH3CH3BrHBrCH3CCH3CH2BrBrBr2HOBrCH3CCH3CH2OHBrd.c.e.6.11ABrCH2CH2CH3B.CH2=CHCH3C.CH3CHBrCH3 ᨵᓄ'᱐ᐲ(⚪ᫀ-13-)#⏣+,7.1rsuᑡᓄᔠᱥa.3Z —3—^w⏣3Z —3—penten—1—olb.2ça⏣2—bromopropanolc.2,5gQ⏣2,5—heptanediold.4¸Y2^⏣4—phenyl—2—pentanole.1R,2R —2ᵬY³h⏣1R,2R —2—methylcyclohexanolf,]Q⏣Qᵬè
17ethanediol-1,2-dimethyletherg.(S)—³éa\(S)—1,2—epoxypropaneh.êᵬY¸ëm-methylphenoli.1¸Y]⏣1—phenylethanolj.4ìY1—íë4—nitro-1-naphthol7.3ᡂuᑡᓄa.OHCrO3.Py2Ob.CH3CH2CH2OHîH2sO4CH3CH=CH2Br2BrBrCH3CH-CH2KOH/EtOHc.ACH3CH2CH2OH(CH3)2CHBrCH3cH2cH20cH(CH3)2H+CH3CH=CH2HBrCH3CHCH3BrCH3CCHNaB.CH3CH2CH2OHHBrH+CH3CH=CH2HOHCH3cH2cH2BrCH3CHCH3OHd.CH3CH2CH2CH2OHCH3cH2cH=CH2HOHCH3CH2CHCH3OHe.OHîH2s04OHS03Hf.CH2=CH2ïðKMnO4cH2-CH2OHOH20HOCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OHH2O+CI2CICH2CH2OHHOCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OH
18CICH2CH2OHg.CH3CH2CH=CH2B2H6Et20H2O2OHCH3CH2CH2CH2OHh.CICH2CH2CH2CH2OHNaOHONaOHH+NaCH3CHCH3ONaCH3cH2cH2BrT.MHBrCH3cH2cH2cH2BrNaOHCH3CH2OH1)2)JH+7.5uᑡᓄᔠᱥ1ᔲ¾òᡂᑖᑁ?~ᑏôᨵᑖᑁ?ᏉḄI᪀a,b,d¾2òᡂ¢ᨵ£ᓄ¤¥( F᱐7§ᐲ)©ª⚪ᫀ-14-a,N000Hcis—NOOOHtrans-NOH00OHN00
19HOH2H3cCCH3OH7.6ᑏuᑡ}jḄᔊOHH+OH2+abab++H+H+_H20+H7.7ᑏuᑡ}jḄᱥᡈ}jᱥa.CgCHCH2cH20H+HBrCgCHCH2cH2Brb.OH+HCI"ZnCHCIc.0CH3CH2CH2OCH3+HI°±²CH2cH2+CH3d.OCH3+HI°±²IIIIIe.CH32CHBr+NaOC2H5CH32CHOC2H5+CH3cH=CH2f.CH3CH23CHCH3KMnO40H-CH3CH23C
20oCH3g.CH3cOCHOHCH2CH3HIO4CH3COOH+CH3CH2CHOh.CH3OHOHHIO4CH3COCH2CH2CHOi.OHCH3+Br2OHCH3BrBrCCI4,CS2#ᓫÆÇOHj.CH3CH22CHOHCH2CH3îᑖᑁῃ"H2s04CH3cH2CH=CHCH2cH3+CH3cH2cH2CH=CHCH37.8¢ᨵ£ᓄ¤¥° F᱐7§ᐲ²©ª⚪ᫀ-15-A0CH3B.0HC.CH3I øèஹùஹú8.1a.`Zè2ᵬYaè2—methylpropanalisobutanalb.¸]èphenylethanalc.·ᵬY¸ᵬèp-methylbenzaldehyded.3ᵬY2Zù3—methyl—2—1L31101100.2,4QᵬY3^ù2,4—dimethyl—3—pentanonef.êᵬéY¸ᵬèm-methoxybenzaldehydeg.3—ᵬY2Zwè3—methyl—2—butenalh.BrCH2cH2cHOi.OOj.CCI3CH2COCH2CH3k. CH3²2CCHOI.CH3CH2COCH2CHO
21m.CH=CHCHOn.CCH3Oo.awèpropenalp.Q¸ᵬùdiphenylKetone8.3ᑏuᑡ}jḄÒ⌕ᱥa.CH3COCH2CH3+H2N-OHCH3CCH2CH3NOHb.ChCCHO+H2OCfeCCHOHOHc.H3CCHO+KMnO4HOOCCOOHH+d.CH3CH2CHOïNaOHCH3CH2CH-CHCHOOHCH3e.C6H5COCH3+C6H5MgBrC6H5cC6H5CH3OMgBrH+H2OC6H5cC6H5CH3OHf.O+H2NNHC6H5NNHC6H5g.(CH3)3CCHOîNaOH(CH3)3CCH20H+(CH3)3CCOOHh.O+(CH3)2C(CH2OH)2O"HCIOOi.+K2Cr2O7H+HOOC(CH2)3COOHj.CHOKMnO4û»COOH¢ᨵ£ᓄ¤¥( F᱐7§ᐲ)©ª⚪ᫀ-16-k.CCI2,H2O
22OH-COCH2CICH3COOH+CHCI3I.coCH3+CI2H+m.CH2=CHCH2CH2COCH3+HCICH3-CHCH2CH2COCH3Cl+ClOHCH3n.CH2=CHCOCH3+HBrBrCH2cH2coeH3o.CH2=CHCH0+HCNNCCH2CH2CHO+CH2=CHCHCNOHp.C6H5CHO+CH3COCH3-NaOHC6H5CHCH2C-CH3OOH8.4a.A.,B./C.⏣D0.⏣2,4123ᨵ45 45ABCDTollen6ᑺ12/NaOH45A 45B 45C8⁐45Db.A9,
23B2^ùC³^ùTollenᑺüýAüýBC12/NaOHCHI3üýBC8.4ᡂuᑡᓄa.C2H5OHCrO3.(Py)2CH3CHOCH3CHOHCNH+CH3CHCOOHOHb.COCl"AICI3C0c.0NaBH4OHd.HCCHHg,H++H2OCH3CHOïOHCH3cHQCHCHOH2/N1CH3CH2CH2CH2OHe.CH3CI2ᐝCH2CIMgEt2OCH2MgeIH+CH3COCH3CH2CCH3OHCH3f.CH3CH=CHCHOOHOH"HCICH3cH=CHCHOO
24ïðKMnO4OHOOCH3CH-CHCHOHOHH3O+CH3CH-CHCHOOHOHg.CH3CH2CH2OHHBrCH3cH2cH2BrMgEt2OCH3cH2cH2MgBrHCHOHCH3CH2CH2CH2OH+HCNH2OH2O1)2)1)2)8.5ACH3CH2CHO+CHaMgBrBCH3CHO+CHsCHaMgBr8.6ᑖ;ᵫ=ᵬᔠᡂ22A⏣¢ᨵ£ᓄ¤¥( F᱐7§ᐲ)©ª⚪ᫀ-17-CH3CI2ᐝ᯿CH2CIMgEt2OCH2MgeIHCHOH+1)CH2CH2OH2)BrMgBr0Br2H+FeMgEt2OH2O8.8a.B/b.CB/c.dCB,8.9b.H3COH+
25CH3CH0+HOCH2cH20H+0Ha.OHOOHOHOHOOHHOHOH+OHHOHOHOH+OHHO8.10A.CHH3CCHCH3OHB.CHH3CCCH3H3CH3COC.CH3CCHCH3H3C8.110CH38.12ACH3CH-C-CH2CH3CH3oB.H3CCHH3CCHCH2CH3OHC.H3C
26H3CCHCH2CH3D.CH3CH2CHOE.CH3COCH38.130000BrBrHOOCCOOHABCD¢ᨵ£ᓄ¤¥( F᱐7§ᐲ)©ª⚪ᫀ-18- þÿ⏚ᐸᱥ9.la.2ᵬ⏚2Methylpropanoicacid(⏚Isobutanoicacid)b.ᵬ⏚(ᩰ⏚)o—Hydroxybenzoicacidc.2⏚2—Butenoicacidd3—⏚3—Bromobutanoicacide.⏒ButanoylChloridef.⏚Butanoicanhydrideg.⏚Ethylpropanoateh.⏚Propylacetatei.ᵬ⏒Benzamidej. ⏚Maleicacids.COt.H3cCOk.COOCH3COOCH3I.HCOOCH(CH)2m.CH3CH2CONHCH339.2g>a>b>c>f>e>h>d9.3ᑏ ᑡ"#Ḅ%⌕'ᱥa.Na2Cr2O7-H2SO4COOHCOOH+COOHCOOHb.(CH3)2CHOH+H3CCOCIH3cCOOCH(CH3)2c.HOCH2CH2COOHL1AIH4HOCH2CH2CH2OHd.NCCH2CH2CN+H2ONaOH-OOCCH2CH2COO-H+HOOCCH2CH2COOHe.CH2COOHCH2COOHBa(OH)2Of.CH3COCI+CH3 DAICI3CH3
27C0CH3CH3C0CH3g.(CH3CO)2O+OHOCOCH3h.CH3CH2COOC2H5NaOC2H5CH3CH2COCHCOOC2H5CH3i.CH3COOC2H5+CH3CH2CH2OHH+CH3COOCH2CH2CH3+C2H5OHj.CH3cH(COOH)2cH3cH2coOHk.COOH+HCIClCOOH+CO2(ᨵ*ᓄ,-(./᱐123ᐲ)56⚪8ᫀ-19-I.2+HOCH2cH20HHCOOCH2CH2OOC+m.COOHLiAIH4CH2OHCOOHn.HCOOH+OHH+HCOOo.CH2CH2COOC2H5CH2CH2COOC2H5NaOC2H5OCOOC2H5P-NCONH2OH-NCOO+NH3q.CH2(C00C2H5)2+H2NCONH2HNNHO009.4a.KmnO4b.FeChc.BriorKmnO4d.জFeChঝ2,4- :;ᡈI2/NaOH9.5=ᡂᑡ?ᓄ@
28a.OCNOHH+COOHOHb.CH3cH2cH2BrCN—CH3CH2CH2CNH+CH3CH2CH2COOHc.(CH3)2CHOHCrO3.(Py)2(CH3)2CO(CH3)2CCNOHH(CH3)2CCOOH+OHd.CH3CH3KMnO4COOHCOOHCOOHCOOHBa(OH)2OOOOOOe.(CH3)2C=CH2HBr(CH3)3CBrMgEt2O(CH3)3CMgBrCO2H+/H2O(CH3)3CCOOHf.CH3BrAICI3CH3KMnO4COOHBr2FeCOOHBrg.HCCHH2OH,Hg2++CH3CHOKMnO4CH3COOHCH3CH2OH
29H+CH3COOC2H5HCNH2OHCN12H2OH2O(ᨵ*ᓄ,-A./᱐123ᐲB56⚪8ᫀ-20-h.0HNO3HOOCCH24COOHOi.CH3CH2COOHLiAIH4cH3cH2cH20HHBrCH3cH2cH2BrMgEt20CH3cH2cH2MgBrOHCH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH+KMnO4CH3CH2CH2CH2COOHᡈCH3coeH2COOC2H5EtONaCH3cH2cH2BrCH3COCHCH2CH2CH3COOC2H5COH-CH3CH23COOHj.CH3C00HCI2PCH2COOHClCN-CH2COOHCNEtOHH+,CH2C00C2H52k.OOONH3CH2COONH4CH2CONH2
30CO2CH3OHH+H2OCOOHOH(CH3CO)2OCOOHOOCCH3m.CH3CH2COOHSOCI2CH3CH2COCIOHCH3CH2COOn.CH3cH(COOC2H5)2OH-HCH3CH2COOH+1)2)H3O+1)2)3)9.6D⏣AF⏚BGᵬHCNaHCOaIJKF⏚LHCIF⏚Bᨵ*KF⏣GᵬHNaOHKᨵ*KF⏣AHLHCIHC9.7COOHCOOHCOOHCOOHCOOHCOOHCOOHHOOC
31HOOCCOOHHCH3CH2COOHHOOC(Z)᧕ᡂN(E)O᧕(Z)᧕ᡂP(E)O᧕ᡂgf9.8A.CH2COOHCH2COOHB.OOOC.H2cH2CCOCH3COCH3OOD.CH2CH2OHCH2CH2OH(ᨵ*ᓄ,-(./᱐123ᐲ)56⚪8ᫀ-21-.ᓝRST⏚10.1m.3--⏚(3—Chlorobutanoicacid)n.4••^T_⏚(4-oxopentanoicacid)10.2a.CH3CH2CH2COCH2COOCH3(A)OHCOOH(B)CH3CHCOOHOH(C)FeChCABV⁐OV⁐Na2c03ABIX1ᨵYZ[\ᓄ10.3ᑏ ᑡ"#Ḅ%⌕'ᱥ@a.CH3COCHCOOC2H5
32CH3`OHH+,H20CH3COCH2CH3b.CH3COCHCO2CH3CH2CO2CH3CNaOHCH2COOCH2COOc.CH3CH2CHCOOHOHHCOCCHOCOOCH3CH2CH2CH3d.COOCH3COCH3`H+CCH31)2)_+CH3COO+CH3OH+CO2+CH3OHOe.OCH2CH2CH3COOHOCH2CH2CH3f.HOOCCH2COCCOOHCH3CH3CH3coeH(CH3)2g.CH3CH2CHCOOHClNaOH-H2OCH3cH2cHeOONaOH
33h.CH3CHCH2COOHOHCH3CH=CHCOOHOOCH3NaOH-H2OCH3cHeHzCOONaCH2OHi.+CO2j.CH3CH2CCOOHOHCH3`H2s04k.CH3CH2COCO2H`H2s04CH3CH2CHO+CO2CH3CH2CCH3+HCOOHOI.CH3CHCOCO2HCH3CH3CHCOOHCH3+C0(ᨵ*ᓄ,-A./᱐123ᐲB56⚪8ᫀ-22-m.COOHCOOHCOOHOOOn.00NaOH,HCI,OOo,CH3CH2COOH+CI2PCH3CHCOOHCl1210.5=ᡂᑡ?ᓄ@a.BrCH2CH22CH2co2HNaOHOO
34b.OCO2CH3EtOC2H5CICH2COCH3OCO2CH3CH2COCH3`OHH+OCH2COCH3c.CH3COOHCH3CH2OHHCH3COOC2H5+NaOC2H5CH3COCH2COOC2H5NaOC2H5BrCH2cH2cH2BrCH3cOCCOOC2H5OHH+CH3CO1)2),1)2)2)1)d.CH3COOC2H5NaOC2H5CH3COCH2COOC2H5NaOC2H5BrCHsCH3COCHCOOC2H5CH3NaOC2H5CH3CHCOOC2H5BrCH3CCOOOC2H5COCH3CH3CHCOOC2H5COHCH3CHCOOHCH3CHCOOH1)2)
352)1)1)2)JH+(ᨵ*ᓄ,-(./᱐123ᐲ)56⚪8ᫀ-23-.ᓝRabᓄᔠᱥ11.2a.12AEb.pF12ᵬc.NA2Gd.HᵬIJKL⏚NᡈLᓄIJHᵬe.PLA⏒Gf.RSg.H12Th.1,6Gi.R⏒FGj.N—F12AGk.LᓄᓝE2W2ᵬX[(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]OH-m.HO+HOI.CH2CH2NH2n.[(CH3)3NCH2CH2OCOCH3]OH-+o.HOHOCH(OH)CH2NHCH3p.(CH3)2CHCH2NH2q.H2N-C-NH2r.N,N- ᵬNH11.4OHH0HHNH3CH3CH0NH3CH3CHNHNH3CH3CHIIIH3cH3cIadᨵmn1efghb.diᨵifghHHH11.5Z[\]ᑡ_`aa.bcᙠeGfNghijklᐸnHᵯpqrhᐳᱥᡠvwឋhE2G2ykzO2NNH2-NH2H3cNH2-NH2d1:ᐹᨵkḄᔾᵯnᦔ#dNqrGᵯnstᙢvᔣx1ᡠz{K|,ᐸ~ឋsb.d1ᵬᐹᨵḄᵯnᦔ#1dNqᡠz{K|,ᐸ~ឋᶍk.ᵯn1
3611.6+__CH3cH(NH2)CH2cH3(+)⏀⏚(+)(+)⏚(-)(ᓝ)⏚ᑖ,6ᑖNaOH᪆ .ᱥᳮឋO11.9=ᡂᑡ?ᓄ@a.HNO3H2SO4NO2FeHCINH2b.NH2(CH3co)20NHC0CH3HN03O2NNHC0CH3H+O2NNH2+C.CH3C00HP2O5(CH3CO)2ONH3CH3CONH2CH3COOHS0CI2CH3COCINH3CH3CONH2CH3C00HNH3CH3COO-NH4+CH3CONH2d.CH3CH2OHCrO3(Py)2CH3CHOCH3cH2MgeIHCH3cH(OH)CH2cH3+SOCI2CH3CHCH2CH3ClCH3CHCH2CH3NH3NH2HCICH3CH2CIMgEt20CH3cH2MgeI1)2)(ᨵ*ᓄ,-(./᱐123ᐲ)56⚪8ᫀ-24-NH00KOHNK
37ooNCHOOCH3CHCH2CH3CH3CH2CH3H+COOHCOOH+CH3CHCH2CH3ClNH2NH2(CH3CO)2ONHCOCH3NO2FeHCINH2Br2,FeNO2BrFeHCINH2BrNaNO2HCIN2CI-+BrNH2H+NBrNH2N0-5CoCH3g.HNO3CH3O2N
38Fe+HCICH3H2NNaN02HCI+0-5CoN2CI-+H3cOHOHH3CNHON11.10NHNNCH3a.COb.CNOH3cc.NH3cCH3+d.CNOCOOHNH3cCH3+e.CH3CH2CNOXXXXXN
39CH3SNOOg-NNONH3cH+h.NH3c+NHCl-HCl-NO211.11(ᨵ*ᓄ,-(./᱐123ᐲ)56⚪8ᫀ-25-a.CH3NH2NHCH3COOHCOOHOH(A)(B)(C)(D)NaOHAB
40DH3CSO2CINaOHFeCfeABDCq|q|}|}|~⁐q~⁐b.(CH3)3N.HCI(A)(CH3cH2)4N+Br-(B)AgNO3AgCIAgBr 8ABᡈὅᵨNaOHAᑖBᙳkᵫeᵬb.p.3C,⍎ 1ᑖINaOH,ᡠzᵨAgNO3¢P.11.12ᑏ ᑡ"#Ḅ%⌕'ᱥ@a.(C2H5)3N+CH3CHCH3Br(C2H5)3N+CHCH3CH3Br-b.[(CH3)3N+CH2cH2cH2cH3]CI-+NaOH[(CH3)3N+CH2cH2cH2cH3]+CI-+Na+OH-+c.CH3CH2COCI+H3cNHCH3CH3CH2CONCH3CH3d.N(C2H5)2+HNO2N(C2H5)2NO11.13ᵨHinsberg"#.(£¤ᑖ¥¦§¨©ªḄO)
41ANHCH3BNH2CNH3CCH3H3CSO2CINCH3SO2CH3NHSO2CH3NH3CCH3(D)(E)«¬◀®CNaOH¯◀Eᨵ*KNCH3SO2CH3(D)H+NHCH3.HCIOH-NHCH3§A11.15°±ஹ³⏣GᵬHḄ´ᔠᱥᑖ¥µef§Ḅ¶ᑖ(ᨵ*ᓄ,-(./᱐123ᐲ)56⚪8ᫀ-26-CH2NH2(A)CH20H(B)HOCH3(C)NaOHIJᨵ*KKABCḄLKᨵ*KHCIAḄ⏚
42BNaOHA`HCIC·¸ᑖ§ᓄ11.16Q=62+2+1-152=0⛳¨BᐹᨵCH3cHe4H9OH(·ºỚ¼"#)C(C6H12)KMnO4cH3COOH+CHaCHCOOHCH3ᡠzCµCH3cH=CHCHCH3CH3᎔¾¿®BCH3cHeH2cHOHCH3CH3ACH3CHCH2CHNH2CH3CH3X.ᓝ RaÀ¨aÁᨵ*ᓄᔠᱥ12.6ᵫᢣÃᧇᐸÅ[*Æᑺᑏ ᑡᔠᡂÈÉa.CH3CH2CH2CH2OHHCICH3CH2CH2CH2CINa2sCH3CH2CH2CH2SCH2CH2CH2CH3CH3CH2CH2CH2SO2CH2CH2CH2CH3b.CH3CH2s04SO3HCH3NO2HN03H2SO4H3CH3CFe+HCIH3cNH2H3CSO2NHCH3KMnO4orCH3CO3HPCI3H3CSO2CI
43(ᨵ*ᓄ,-A./᱐123ᐲB56⚪8ᫀ-27-.ᓝeRÊᓄᔠᱥ13.11CHOCH20HCHOCH20HCH20HCH20H013.12a.BendictÆᑺ;b.12c 12d.Br2e TollenÆᑺ_H1O13.13ᑏ ᑡ"#Ḅ%⌕'ᱥᡈ"#ᱥ@CHOCH2OHCH2OHa.NaOHHiOCH2OHoCH2OHCHOCH2OH0OHAg NBbB2b.+COOHCH2OHC.HOH2COOOCH3CH3OHHOH2C[HQooOBrz-HzOOCH2OHOCOOHd.B-ÌÍÎBOHCH2OHCH2OHCH2OH
44CH20HOHCH2OHOOCH2OHOCOOHAgNH32+ a•ÏÐ ÎBCH2OHf.CHOCH2OHHNO3COOHCOOH13.14(ᨵ*ᓄ,-A./᱐123ᐲB56⚪8ᫀ-28-CHOCH2OH0CH2OHD-ᵞ☄OOCH3OCH3OCH3CH2OCH30CH2OHCHOAcOAcOOAcOAcCH2OACCOOHCH2OHCH2OHCH2OHCOOHCOOH
45f.NaBH4h.ᓄKᓄa.Brz-HiOb.HNO3e.(CH3CO)2Oj.HIO45HCOOH+1HCHOC2H5OHHCI[(CH3O)2SO4NaOHd.c`HCI~OHOCH2CH3OCH2CH3CH2OHCOOH+CH2OHCOOHg-HCN,⏚ឋXOCH2OH-OH+C2H5OH13.15D ℍ⃔ÎᕈÕᕒx×1ᑣoCH2OHoCH2OHHCICH3OH(CH3)2SO4NaOHOCH3OCH3
46oOCH3HC10CH30CH30CH2OCH3HNO3COOHOCH3CH2OCH3COOHOCH3H3COCOOHÙ`+HOCH2OCH3H3COH3CO-OH~OCH3~-OHHOHCHOOCH3CH3OOHOCH3CH2OCH313.19a.D-ℍ⃔ÎOCH2OHOHb.O"#c.O"#d.ᵬᓄOOCH3CH2OCH3OCH3OOCH3OCH3OHon
4713.20oHONH2HOH2COOHOHOHOH2C+NH3CIOHa.oHOOHOH2CNH2Onb.(ᨵ*ᓄ,-A./᱐123ᐲB56⚪8ᫀ-29-.ᓝ/RÚ⏚ஹtÛ{ÜÝ14.2NH2COOHNCOO-HOCH2CHCOOHa.b.O-CH2CHCOO-c.CH2-CH-COOHOH+NH3CH2-CH-COO-OHNH2d.HOOC-CH2-CH-COOH+NH3-OOC-CH2-CH-COO-NH2++NH3NH214.3
48a.CHJCHCOOHNH2(A)H2NCH2CH2COOH(B)NH2(C)NaOHIOI(ᑖÞ)ABCße"#V⁐OV⁐ABb.OHNH2NH2àÚ⏚H3CCHCHCOOHáÚ⏚HOCH2cHeOOHhZNaOHCHb[\ᓄc.â⏚H3CCHCOOHOHÚ⏚H3CCHCOOHNH2ãeäV⁐OV⁐14.4(CH3)2CHCH(NH2)COOH(CH3)2CHCH(NH2)COO-H2N(CH2)4CH(NH2)COOHH2N(CH2)4CHCOO-NH2IP5.96PH=8å%⌕æᙠèéb.êÚ⏚IP9.74PH=10åa.ëÚ⏚CH2-CHCOOHCH2-CHCOOHOHNH2OHNH3c.áÚ⏚
49IP5.68PH=1åHOOC(CH2)2CHCOOHHOOC(CH2)2CHCOOHNH2d..ìÚ⏚IP3.22PH=3åNH3+14.5ᑏ ᑡ"#Ḅ%⌕'ᱥa.CH3CHCO2C2H5+H2ONH2HC1CH3CHCOOH+NH3CI-b.CH3cHe02c2Hs+NH2(CH3CO)2OCH3cHe02c2H5NHC0CH3c.CH3CHCONH2NH2+HNO2(íî)CH3cHeOOHOH(ᨵ*ᓄ,-(./᱐123ᐲ)56⚪8ᫀ-30-d.CH3CHCONHCHCONHCH2COOHH2OH+NH2cH2cH(CH3)2CH3CHCOOHNH3+H3N+CH2COOH+(CH3)2CHCH2CHCOOHNH3e.CH3CHCOOH+NH2+++CH3CH2COCICH3CHCOOHNHCOCH2CH3f.(ïÚ⏚)(CH3)2CHCH2cHeOOHNH2+CH30H(íî)HC1(CH3)2CHCH2CHCOOCH3NH2g.(ïÚ⏚)CH3cH2cH.cHCOOH+CH3cH2I(íî)CH3cH2cHeHCOOHCH3NH2CH3+N(CH2cH3)3h.(Ú⏚)CH3cHeOOHNH2i.HOCH2CH(NH2)COOHBn-HzOHOCH2CH(NH2)COOH
50BrBrðÚ⏚HCHNCCHNHCCH3H3COOj.AÚ⏚BCH3CHCOOHNH2+O2NNO2FNO202NCH3CHNHCOOHk.NH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH1.CH2COOHNH2.HCI+SOChCH2COCINH2.HCI14.6Q=2n+2+N-2ᦪò▭gᦪ32+2+1-72==1XôÚ⏚1eõÊ1ᨵöᐝøឋ1#µÚ⏚CH3CHCOOHNH214.7CH3CHCH2COOHP/C12CH3CH-CHCOOHNH3CH3CH-CHCOOHCH3CH3ClCH3NH2ùᙠ[úឋᩩü1ýᑮḄ'ᱥ[öᐝøឋ1ÿ ᙠ-⏚ᡂḄ⌱ឋ.
5114.8,N⏚,Cᵞ⏚. ឋ.14.10a ⏚“ᵞ⏚-⏚ ᑏ " “ᵞ”b$⏚"&'⏚-(⏚ ᑏ "$“&'”(14.11)*+ᨵ-.Ḅ/0 1/02NH33ᡂ⏒5.14.12' ᵞ" 'ᡈ'”'■■ᵞ14.13899ᵞ&' 9&'8:ᨵ;ᓄ=>(@A᱐ CDᐲ)GH⚪Jᫀ-31-@ᓝMNOᾦᓄᔠᱥ15.3a.KOH,Ab.BnorKMnO4c.KOHd.Ca(OH)2e.BrzorKMnO415.4ᑏSᵫUVW⏚ᵞWXᑴᜓ⊤☢]ឋᑺᓝ_`0a⏚bḄcdeCH2OCCHO(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)5CH30CH2OC(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)5CH3oC(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)5CH3oKOHH+CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOHH2CatCH3(CH2)14COOHLiAlH4CH3(CH2)14CH2OHH2SO4CH3(CH2)14OSO3HNaOHCH3(CH2)uCH2OSO3Na15.5ᓿgᾦh᪀ j+kl0,m+ᨵnl0 o)pqrl2WsὅuvḄwxᙠy15.6zᑡᓄᔠᱥ|}ᨵ⊤☢]ឋᑺḄ~ᵨaஹdᨵ⊤☢]ឋᑺḄ~ᵨ15.7CH2OCCHO0CH2OC(CH2)14CH30C(CH2)14CH30(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CH3*15.8
52CH20CCHOOCH2OC(CH2)14CH3OC(CH2)14CH3O(CH2)14CH3KOHH+3CH3(CH2)14COOHLiAIH4cH3(CH2)14CH20HH+,CH3(CH2)14COO(CH2)15CH315.9ᾯ᧖ᾦᵫ ᑮḄ♆ᾦrl rᑮ|ᱥ0CH20H0HHOCH2CHNH2CHOHCHCH(CH2)12CH3++HOCO(CH2)22CH315.10a-(4)b—ফc-(3)d-(1)15.11acbcdcecfc15.13ᑏSↈ₹⏣Ḅ}᪀Ḅe᪀(ᑏS):ᨵ;ᓄ=>(@A᱐ CDᐲ)GH⚪Jᫀ-32-H3cOHↈ₹⏣H3cOHH3cOHOHCH312315.16cCHH2CH2C
53HCH3CCHCH3H3CCH3cCHCHH2CH2CHCH3CCH3CCH3CH315.17CH3CHH2CH2CHCH2CCCH3CH3OHC15.18ᑭᵨ¡⏣Ḅ¢£0⏚ឋ ᵨNaOHlx¤ᑖ.15.19¦ᡂzᑡcde"a.ClClb.BrHOC.CH=CH-COCH3(1.OHOCOCH3e.OHOHCH3COCH3+OHCHOO
54oBr15.20CH3H+oCH30+CH3o+ H++:ᨵ;ᓄ=>§@A᱐ CDᐲ¨GH⚪Jᫀ-33-@ᓝ_Nᩖªᓄᔠᱥ16.1ᡈᑏ᪀a.0C00Hb.NNNHNOHHOc.NHCH3d.NNOHCH3f.NCOOHSSO3Hh.«¬i.ᖂᑖᵬ0°|²8•£0´ᴉ2•&0&¶·ᗏ
55Jᫀ"a.2•ᔬᗏᵬ⏚b.2,6•¡£0ᘽ»c.3•ᵬ0·¼d.5•£0ᗌ¾e.N•ᵬ0¿À¼f.3•¿À¾ᵬ⏚g.2•ÁᔵÃ⏚h.OCHOi.SNJ.NHCH3k.NOHI.O16.2a.ÄÅAÆOb.ÄÅBIN2,B6Ç12ᩖªᓄᔠᱥc.ÄÅPPᩖªᓄᔠᱥd.ÄÅCᓫḄÉᱥe.ÄÅDÊËÉᱥf.ÄÅKÌg.Í⏚ᩖªᓄᔠᱥ16.4a.pxÎ⏚b.jpxÎ⏚mpxÎÏc.jpxÎÏmpxÎ⏚e.pxÎÏ16.5Ð▅ᦟᩞP293.16.6§ᦟᩞP294᪶᧖ᵫ᪶ᡈῃÖ᪶2×»ᡈᗌ¾ᓄᔠØᡂ ᪶᧖⏚ᑣ᪶᧖g⏚X.16.8O9-6-D-ᔬᗏ᪶0ᘊ»lÛÜÅCH2HHOHHOHHHONNNN16.9NHNHFO05.ÝÞᗌ¾
5616.10ᑏSzᑡcdḄᱥ":ᨵ;ᓄ=>§@A᱐ CDᐲ¨GH⚪Jᫀ-34-a.O+(CH3CO)2OBF3OCOCH3b.S+àH2s04áâSSOsHc.N+HBrNH+BrDel.N+CH3cH2BrNCH2CH3Br+-e.OCHOàNaOHOCH2OH+OCOOHf.OCHO+CH3COCH3ãOH—OCH=CHC0CH3g-NH+KOHNNCH3N
57KMnO4NCOOHCOOHCOOHi.KMnO4CH3NCOOH16.11Jᫀ"Ð▅ᦟᩞP286᎔4å4 ,·¼æ·ỏḄÏឋ.16.12Jᫀ"NCH3KMnO4NCOOHNH2NH2NCONHNH2SOCI2NCOCI16.13a.&5è⏚b.àH2so4,áâc.KOHorHClorLd.HCl16.15NHHOHCOOHCH3:ᨵ;ᓄ=>§@A᱐ CDᐲ¨GH⚪Jᫀ-35-@ᓝéN18.3a.CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2NH2105¨ ᐹᨵzᑡIRᔾᦈívN-II3490-3400cm-1§ ¨,8N-H1650-1550cm-1§ ¨6N-H900~650cm1§î¨ᓄᔠᱥCH3cH2cH2NCH32ïðᔾᦈíb.CH3cH2cH2COOH§/⏚¨ ᐹᨵzᑡIRᔾᦈíUO-II3000-2500cm-i§ñஹî¨,5O-H1440-1375cm-i§ñஹî¨,6O-H-955cm-i§ñஹî¨
58ᓄᔠᱥCH3cH2COOCH3ïðᔾᦈíc.CH3cH2COOCH3X¨ ᐹᨵzòIJIRᔾᦈíuC=o“735cm-i95c-o-c1300-1150cm-i§ñ¨,1140*1030cm-1ᓄᔠᱥCH3cH2coeH2cH3ïðᔾᦈíóvc=o-1715cm-i18.4⏣£0-OH ᱯõíöᜫ Øóø0§CO ᱯõíSù pqᑨûcdüýþÿ18.8ᵨCH3cH2”SiCH3“Siᑁ᪗TMSḄ┦ᑭ ᙠ CH3cH24Si!ᨵ#$Ḅ%ᑖ'(ᑁ᪗18.9a.CH3CH2OHb.c. ttqsdqt)*+,CH3cH20cH2cH3tq)-+,CH33CIs)+,d.CH3CHCH3Br)-+,dm18.11'(sd.' dBrCH2cH2BrCH3CCI3CI2CHCH2CIBrCWCBr2cH3CI3CCHCICH3'(s'('1:2sse.d2:31:318.12BCl2cHeHOCH2cH3218.13
59ClC0CH318.1487.3S,5H C6HS-84.3t,2H -CH2O ᨵ.ᓄ01)23᱐56ᐲ,89⚪;ᫀ-36-82.9t,2H C6H5cH_282.0s,3H COCH318.151 CH3cH2le 2 CH3CH2CH2NO2d 3 CH3coOCH2cH318.16a.ᓫḄCH3C=CCH32,CH3cH2cH2cH2cH=CH2ᨵI2b.ᨵḄCH3coeH2cH3 CH3CH2CH2CHOᐸ,2ᙠ69~10ᜐᨵIc.ᨵᓫḄCHsCOOCHi,CH3coeᓫ62~3d.ᨵᓫḄH3cCH3,CH3CH2ᨵ't,q,s o18.17a.IR,CH3CH2CH2OHᨵOHᱯᔾᦈb.iHNMR,CH3CH2OHᔾᦈMbs HOCH2CH2OHs,s «c.iHNMR,CICH2CH2CIᓫCH3cH20Ht,qs ᡈIR,CH3cH20Hᨵ¡~ḄOHᔾᦈd.iHNMR,CHOCHH3cH3cCH3CH3m,d CH3cH2cH2 2t,m,t »e.IR,NHuNH3490~3400cm-i8NH1650~1550cm-i900-650cm-1ᨵᔾᦈ¢NCH3ᑣ ¤¥ᔾᦈf.iHNMR,CH3coeH3ᓫ62~3CH3cH2coOHt,q,s ,6COOH=10-12
60ᡈIR,CH3cH2coOHvo-n3000-2500cm-i18.18ᓄᔠᱥ@᪀BCH2COCH3IHNMRCD67.1H(s,5H)83.5CoCH2(s,2H)S2.0CoCH3(s3H)9IRCE⌕D~3050cm-1-2900cm-iGuC-H-1700cm-ivc=oHᨵ.ᓄ01(23᱐56ᐲ)89⚪;ᫀ-37-*1600,1500cm-iKuc=c-1380cm-i8CH318.19ᓄᔠᱥ@᪀CH3IHNMRCD67.2H(S,5H)82.3-CHJ(S,3H)IRCE⌕D3010cm-iKL5!1600,1500cm-1KMNOuc=c720,690cm——QK6C-H,1380cm-i5CH318.20ᓄᔠᱥ@᪀COH3cCH3IHNMRCD82.1-CH3(S,3H)IR2960cm-ivC-H1730cm-1vc=o1380cm-13cH318.21ᓄᔠᱥ@᪀HCOHH3cH3ciHNMRCD84.8-OH(s,lH)63.8
61CHH3cH3c(m,lH)61.1CHH3cH3c(d,6H)oIR3500cm-iv-O-H1180cm-iuc-o2900cm-1vC-H1380cm-i8CH18.22KRᐹᨵT᧕VWḄᵯY18.23a.ᐰ[BCH3(CH=CH)HCH3>ᐰ[BCH3(CH=CH)IOCH3>ᐰ[BCH3(CH=CH)9CH3b.cN(CH3)2N(CH3)2+(CH3)2Nc(CH3)2NN(CH3)218.24n—►n*n->n*_Hᨵ.ᓄ01)23᱐56ᐲ,89⚪;ᫀ-1-2]^_1.1`Yaᓄᔠᱥᐳcaᓄᔠᱥᰚef ghijhklឋhᑺhkpᡈqឋhᑺrj g1.2NaClsKBrᔜImolsNaBruKC1ᔜImolhkvᡠxhyz#ὅhyᙳNa+,K+,Br-,Cl-`YᔜImolᵫk-CH4sCC14uCHC13sCH3clᙠv~ᑖYᙠᡠ~#+Ḅᔠᱥ1.3C+624H+11CCH4Cᨵ4ᵯYsᡂaSP3
62ᩖᓄ⍝,3☢@᪀CH4sp3ᩖᓄHHHHC1S2s2p2p2pyzX2pyXyz2PzXyz2pxxyz2sH1.4a.HccHHHHCCHHHᡈb.HCHHCIC.HNHHd.HSHe.HONOOHCH
63g.opoooHHHh.HCCHHHHHOPOOOHHHᡈI.HCCHj.HOSOHOOOSOOOᡈHH1.5b.ClcClHHc.HBrd.HCClClCle.H3COHH3COCH3f.1.6ᵯឋO>S,H2OsH2szH2OᨵTlḄᏔᵨuaHᨵ.ᓄ01)23᱐56ᐲ,89⚪;ᫀ
64-2-2-]⛳ᾦᚗ2.1a.2,4,4*ᵬ5G5—butyl—2,4,4—trimethylnonaneb.Ghexanec.3,3-G3,3—diethylpentaned.3ᵬ5—G5—isopropyl—3—methyloctanee.2-ᵬG(G)2—methylpropane(iso-butane)f.2,2-ᵬG(G)2,2—dimethylpropane(neopentane)g.3ᵬG3—methylpentaneh.2—ᵬ5—G5—ethyl—2-methylheptane2.2a=b=d=e2,3,5—*ᵬGc=f2,3,4,5—3ᵬG2.3a.┯¢2,2-ᵬGCb.c.d.e.f.┯¢2,3,3—*ᵬGg.┯¢2,3,5—*ᵬGh.2.5c>b>e>a>d2.63$123ClClCl2.7aᐳḄ2.8BrHHBrHHABHHBrBrHHCBrHHHBrHDBrHHBr
65HH2.10£ᓄᔠᱥ2.11¤¥ឋc>a>b2*]⛳ᾦ¦3.1ᵨ§¨©ª«©ª¬ᑡᓄᔠᱥa.2—1®2—ethyl—1—buteneb.21®2—propyl_1—hexenec.3,5-ᵬ3®3,5-dimethyl-3—heptened.2,5-ᵬ2®2,5—dimethyl—2—hexene3.2 ᨵᓄ(᱐ᐲ)⚪ᫀ-3-a.b.┯¢1—®c.d.e.f.┯¢2,3-ᵬ1®g.h.┯¢2ᵬ32®3.4¬ᑡ®¦¯ᨵ°ஹ[᪀²ᑏ°ஹ[᪀Ḅ᪀´µ©ª;ᫀDc,d,e,fᨵ°[᪀C.C2H5cHcCH2lH(Z)—1—Ớ2®(E)—1—Ớ2®CC2H5CCH2IHHd.CHCCH(CH3)2H(Z)-4ᵬ2®H3cCHCHCH(CH3)2H3c(E)—4ᵬ2®
66e.cH3cCHCH(Z)—1,3—D®HCH2CHCHCH(E))3—-®H3cCH2f.CH3cCHC(242)—2,4-®HCHHC2H5CH3cCHCHCHC2H5H(2Z,4E)—2,4-®CHCHCH3cC
67HC2H5H(2E,4E)-2,4-®CHCHC(2£,42)—2,4-®H3cCHHC2H53.5·ᡂ¬ᑡ[¢Bᑏ¸ᱥᡈᡠ◤ºᑺ.a.CH3cH2cH=CH2H2SO4CH3CH2CHCH3OSO2OHb.(CH3)2C=CHCH3HBr(CH3)2C-CH2cH3Brc.CH3cH2cH=CH2BH3H2O2OH-CH3CH2CH2CH2OHd.CH3cH2cH=CH2H2O/H+CH3CH2GH-CH3OHe.(CH3)2C=CHCH2cH303Zn,H2OCH3COCH3+CH3CH2CHOf.CH2=CHCH20HCI2/H2OCICH2CH-CH2OHOH1).2).1).2).3.61®GBr2/CCl4orKMnO4
68¼[¢½⁐G1®3.7Hᨵ.ᓄ01)23᱐56ᐲ,89⚪;ᫀ-4-CH3cH=CHCH3CH2=CHCH2cH3ᡈ3.8¿¬ᑡÀ`Yᢥ¤¥ឋᵫᜧÃ6ᑡ:CCH3H3cCHCH3CH3++>cCH3H3cCHCH3CH3>cCH3H3cCH2CH2CH3+3.9ᑏ¬ᑡ[¢ḄÆᓄÇÈDC=CHCH2cH2cH2cH=CH3cH3cCH3H+CH3CCH2cH2cH2cH2cH=CH3CH3CCH3CH3H+H3.10or
693.11a.4—ᵬ2—É4—methyl_2—hexyneb.2,2,7,73ᵬ3,5—-Ê2,2,7,7—tetramethyl—3,5—octadiynec.d.CHC3.13a.HCCHLindlarcatH2CCH2b.HCCHNi/H2CH3CH3c.HCCH+H2OHgSO4H2SO4CH3CHOd.HCCH+HCIHgCI2cH2=CHCIe.H3CCCHHgBr2HBrCH3c=CH2BrHBrCH3-CBrBrCH3f.H3CCCH+Br2cH3C=CHBrBrg.H3CCCH+H2OHgSO4H2SO4CH3COCH3+H2LindlarcatH3CCCH+H2h.H3CCCH+HBrHgBr2cH3c=CH2Bri.CH3cH=CH2HBr(CH3)2CHBr3.14Hᨵ.ᓄ01(23᱐56ᐲ)89⚪;ᫀ-5-G1,4-®1ÉAg(NH3)2+ᮞÌ⁐¼[¢1É
70G1,4-®Br2/CCl4½⁐¼[¢G1,4-®a.b.2ᵬG2ᙽ1ÊAg(NH3)2+ᮞÌ⁐¼[¢1É2ᯋBr2/CCl4½⁐¼[¢2É2ᵬG2ᵬG3.15a.CH3CH2CH2CCHHCI(ÇÏ)CH3cH2cH2cClClCH3b.CH3CH2CCCH34-KMnO4H+CH3CH2COOH+CH3COOHHgS04c.CH3CH2CCCH3+H2OH2SO4cH3cH2cH2coeH3+CH3cH2coeH2cH3d.CH2=CHCH=CH2+CH2=CHCH0CHOe.CH3CH2CCH+HCNCH3cH2c=CH2CN3.16CH3CHCH2CCHH3c3.17AH3CCH2CH2CH2CCHBCH3cH=CHCH=CHCH33.18CH2=CHCH=CH2HBrCH3CHCH=CH2Br
71+CH3cH=CHCH2BrCH2=CHCH=CH22HBrCHaCHCHBrCH3Br+CH3CHCH2BrCH2BrCH2=CHCH2cH=CH2HBrCH3cHCH2cH=CH2BrCH=CHCH2CH=CH222HBrCH3cHBrCH2CHBrCH323]M¦4.1C5H10⛳jn=lHᨵ.ᓄ01)23᱐56ᐲ,89⚪;ᫀ-6-a.MGb.c.d.e.1ᵬMG°1,2-ᵬMG[1,2-ᵬMG1,1-ᵬMGcyclopentane1—methylcyclobutanecis—1,2—dimethylcyclopropanetrans—1,2—dimethyllcyclopropane1,1—dimethylcyclopropanef.MGethylcyclopropane4.3a.1/-ÐMG1,1—dichlorocycloheptaneb,2,6—-ᵬÑ2,6—dimethylnaphthalenec.1ᵬ41,4M-®1—isopropyl—4—methyl—1,4—cyclohexadiened.ÒᵬKp-isopropyltoluenee.2ÐKÓ⏚2—chlorobenzenesulfonicacid
72CH3NO2Clg-CH3CH3h.2—chloro—4—nitrotoluene2,3—dimethyl—1-phenyl-1—pentenecis—1,3—dimethylcyclopentane4.4·ᡂ¬ᑡ[¢Da.CH3HBrCH3Brb.+CI2 ÕClc.+CI2ClClClCl+d.CH2CH3+Br2FeBrsBrC2H5+BrC2H5e.CH(CH3)2+CI2 ÕC(CH3)2ClHᨵ.ᓄ01(23᱐56ᐲ)89⚪;ᫀ-7-f.CH303Zn-powder,H2OCHOOg-CH3H2SO4H20,CH3OHh.+CH2CI2AICI3CH2
73CH3+HN03CH3N02+CH3NO2j.+KMnO4H+COOHk.CH=CH2+CI2CHCH2CICl4.51.24.6CH3CH3CH3CH3+Br2FeBr3CH3CH3CH3CH3+BrBr+Br2FeBr3CH3CH3CH3CH3+BrBrCH3CH3+Br2
74FeBr3CH3CH3Br4.7b,dᨵÖ✏ឋ4.8Hᨵ.ᓄ01(23᱐56ᐲ)89⚪;ᫀ-8-a.ABC1,3—M-®K1—ÉAg(NH3)2+CᮞÌ⁐¼[¢ABBr2/CCl4¼[¢½⁐BAb.ABMG®KMnO4¼[¢½⁐AB4.9a.b.c(d.e.f.ClCOOHNHCOCH3CH3N02COCH3OCH34.10a.Br2
75FeBraBrNO2HN03H2SO4Brb.HN03H2SO4NO2Br2FeBraBrO2Nc.CH32CI2FeCl3CH3CH3+CI2FeCl3CH3ClKMnO4COOHCH3KMnO4COOHCI2FeChCOOHClHᨵ.ᓄ01)23᱐56ᐲ,89⚪;ᫀ-9-f.HNO3H2SO4NO2CH3H3c
762Br2FeBraBrCH3BrNO2g.Br2FeBr3CH3CH3BrKMnO4COOHBrHNO3H2SO4COOHBrNO24.11ÙororororororᓽM®uM®ÛaÀÜ!qÝÞQḄᑖYBC8H.O2Ḅᔜ$᪀ß~Üᔜ$᪀4.12H3cC2H54.13A.BrBr4.14A.BrClBrClBrBrClBrBrClBCD4.15¿¬ᑡ@᪀ᦋᑏaâBd.e.
77oooHorHᨵ.ᓄ01(23᱐56ᐲ)89⚪;ᫀ-10-2ã]äᐝ᪀5.4a.CH2CH2CH2CH3OHBrCH2OHHBrCOOHHBrCOOHHBrCH2CH3(R)(2R,3R)CH2OHBrHCH2CH3(S)b.HOOCCHCHBrCOOHBr(meso-)COOHHBrCOOHBrHCOOHBrHCOOHHBr(2S,3S)c.H3CCHBrCHCOOHBrCOOHHBr
78CH3HBrCOOHBrHCOOHBrHCOOHHBrCOOHBrH(2S,3R)(2R,3S)(2S,3S)(2R,3R)COOHBrHCH3HBrd.CH3C=CHCOOHCH3( )5.6COOHHCH3CH2CH3(R)COOHH3CHCH2CH3(S)C5H10O25.7C6H12n=1ACH2=CHCHCH2cH3*CH3BCH3CH2CHCH2CH3CH35.10(I)COOHHOHCH3(R)¦☢¤¨©90oOHHOOCCH3H
79`æç☢äÆCOOHHOHCH3 S)Ò᪀,)Ò᪀,Hᨵ.ᓄ01)23᱐56ᐲ,89⚪;ᫀ-11-2é]ᓴ¦6.1a.CH3CH-CHCH3CH3Brb.CCH3H3CCH3CH2Ic.Brd.ClClCie.f.2—ỚG2—iodopropaneg.*ÐᵬGtrichloromethaneorChloroformh.1,2—-ÐG1,2—dichloroethanei 3Ð1®3—chloro—1propenej.1Ð1®1—chloro-1-propene6.4ᑏ¬ᑡ[¢ḄE⌕¸ᱥᡈë⌕hᑺᡈºᑺa.C6H5cH2clMgEt2OC6H5cH2MgeICO2c6H5cH2coOMgCIH+H2OC6H5CH2COOHb.CH2=CHCH2Br+NaOC2H5cH2=CHCH20c2H5c.CH=CHBrCH2Br+AgNOaEtOHr.tCH=CHBrCH2ONO2+AgBrBr2
80KOH-EtOHCH2=CHCHOCHOBrBrKOH-EtOHᐝ᯿Bre.CH2CIClNaOHH2OCH2OHClf.CH3cH2cH2cH2BrMgEt2OCH3cH2cH2cH2MgBrC2H5OHCH3CH2CH2CH3+BrMgOC2H5g-CH3CI+H2OOH-SNíÈCH3OHh.ClCH3+H2OOH-SN1ᔊÈCH3OH+CH3OHi.BrKOH-EtOHj.CH2=CHCH2clCN-CH2=CHCH2CNk.(CH3)3CI+NaOHH2O(CH3)3COH6.5¬ᑡᔜÒᓄᔠᱥᢥSN2ᔊÈïð[¢¯[¢ñ᳛TÉ?Hᨵ.ᓄ01(23᱐56ᐲ)89⚪;ᫀ-12-a.(CH3)2CHI>(CH3)3CCIb.(CH3)2CHI>(CH3)2CHCIc.CH2CI>Cld.CH3cHeH2cH2Br>
81CH3CH3cH2cHeH2BrCH3e.CH3CH2CH2CH2CI>CH3CH2CH=CHCI6.6¿¬ᑡᓄᔠᱥᢥSNiᔊÈ[¢Ḅôឋᵫᜧᑮ6ᑡb>c>a6.7(a)[¢ôᓄ(b)[¢Çö(c)[¢÷ø÷6.8ACH3CH2CHCH3BrBCH2=CHCH2cH3C.CH3CH=CHCH3(Z)and(E)6.9ù᪵ü¬ᑡᔜ+ᓄᔠᱥ²üa,b,dAgNOa/EtOHc.Bn6.10CH3cHeH2BrCH3KOH-EtOHCH3c=CH2CH3H+H2OCH3cCH3CH3a.OHb.CH3cCH3CH3BrHBrCH3cCH3CH2BrBrBr2HOBrCH3cCH3CH2OHBrd.c.e.6.11ABrCH2cH2cH?B.CH2=CHCH3C.CH3cHBrCHjHᨵ.ᓄ01(23᱐56ᐲ)89⚪;ᫀ-13-)#⏣+,
827.1©ª¬ᑡᓄᔠᱥa.(3Z)—3—®⏣(3Z)—3—penten—1—olb.2—þ⏣2—bromopropanolc.2,5-⏣2,5—heptanediold.4K2⏣4—phenyl-2—pentanole.(1R,2R)—2ᵬM⏣(1R,2R)—2—methylcyclohexanolf.-⏣-ᵬÿethanediol—1,2—dimethyletherg (S)— (S)—1,2—epoxypropaneh.ᵬm-methylphenoli.1⏣1—phenylethanolj.41—ⅉ4—nitro—1—naphthol7.3ᡂᑡᓄa.OHCrO3.Py2Ob.CH3CH2CH2OHH2sO4CH3CH=CH2Br2BrBrCH3CH-CH2KOH/EtOHc.ACH3CH2CH2OH(CH3)2CHBrCH3cH2cH20cH(CH3)2H+CH3CH=CH2HBrCH3CHCH3BrCH3CCHNaB.CH3CH2CH2OHHBrH+CH3CH=CH2HOHCH3cH2cH2BrCH3CHCH3OHd.CH3CH2CH2CH2OHCH3CH2CH=CH2HOHCH3CH2CHCH3OHe.OHH2s04OHS03Hf.CH2=CH2KMnO4cH2 CH2
83OHOH20HOCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OHH2O+CI2CICH2CH2OHHOCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OHCICH2CH2OHg.CH3CH2CH=CH2B2H6Et20H2O2OHCH3CH2CH2CH2OHh.CICH2CH2CH2CH2OHNaOHONaOHH+NaCH3CHCH3ONaCH3cH2cH2BrT.MHBrCH3cH2cH2cH2BrNaOHCH3CH2OH1)2)JH+7.5ᑡᓄᔠᱥᔲ ᡂᑖᑁ"#$ᑏ&'ᨵᑖᑁ"ᏉḄ+᪀-a,b,d / ᡂ0ᨵ1ᓄ23(56᱐89:ᐲ)=>⚪@ᫀ-14-a,N000Hcis—NOOOHtrans—NH
8400OHN00b.OHOH2H3CCCH3d.OOH7.6ᑏ&ᑡBCḄᔊEOHH++0H2abab++H+H+_H20+H7.7ᑏ&ᑡBCḄFᱥᡈBCᱥa.CH32CHCH2CH2OH+HBrCH3”CHCH2cH2Brb.OH+HCIHIZnCI2clc.OCH3CH2CH2OCH3+HIJKLMCH2cH2+CH3d.OCH3+HIJKLMIIIII
85e. CH3M2CHBr+NaOC2H5JCH3”CHOC2H5+CH3cH=CH2f.CH3JCH2M3CHCH3KMnO4OH-CH3JCH2M3COCH3g.CH3cOCHOHCH2CH3HIO4CH3COOH+CH3CH2CHOh.CH3OHOHHIO4CH3COCH2CH2CHOi.OHCH3+Br2OHCH3BrBrCCl4,CS2NᓫPQOHj.CH3CH22CHOHCH2CH3ªᑖpᑁῃDH2so4CH3cH2CH=CHCH2cH3+CH3cH2cH2CH2cHeH37.80ᨵ1ᓄ23J56᱐89:ᐲM=>⚪@ᫀ-15-A0CH3B.0HC.CH3I5RSTஹVஹW8.1a.XYT2ᵬT2—methylpropanalisobutanalb.Tphenylethanalc.ZᵬᵬTp-methylbenzaldehyded.3—2—YV3—methyl—2—butanonee.2,4[ᵬ3\V2,4—dimethyl—3—pentanonef.ᵬᵬTm-methoxybenzaldehydeg.3—
86ᵬ2Y]T3—methyl—2—butenalh.BrCH2cH2cHOi.OOj.CCI3CH2COCH2CH3k.(CH3)2CCHOI.CH3CH2COCH2CHOm.CH=CHCHOn.CCH3Oo.]Tpropenalp.[ᵬVdiphenylKetone8.3ᑏ&ᑡBCḄ^⌕Fᱥa.CH3COCH2CH3+H2N-OHCH3CCH2CH3NOHb.CfeCCHO+H2OChCCHOHOHc.H3cCHO+KMnO4HOOCCOOHH+d.CH3CH2CHO-NaOHCH3CH2CH-CHCHOOHCH3e.C6H5COCH3+C6H5MgBrC6H5cC6H5CH3OMgBrH+H2OC6H5cC6H5CH3OHf.O+H2NNHC6H5NNHC6H5g.(CH3)3CCHOªNaOH(CH3)3CCH2OH+(CH3)3CCOOHh.O+(CH3)2C(CH2OH)2O DHCIOOi.+K2Cr2O7H+HOOC(CH2)3COOHj.CHOKMnO4®COOH0ᨵ1ᓄ23(56᱐89:ᐲ)=>⚪@ᫀ
87-16-k.COCl2,H2OOH-COCH2CICH3COOH+CHCI3I.COCH3+CI2H+m.CH2=CHCH2CH2COCH3+HCICH3-CHCH2CH2COCH3Cl+ClOHCH3n.CH2=CHCOCH3+HBrBrCH2cH2coeH3o.CH2=CHCH0+HCNNCCH2CH2CHO+CH2=CHCHCNOHp.C6H5CHO+CH3COCH3-NaOHC6H5cHeH2c-CH3OOH8.4a.A.,B./C.⏣D0.⏣2,412¯ᨵ45 45ABCDTollen6ᑺ12/NaOH45A 45B 45
88c`⁐bcDb.A\TB2\VC \VTollendᑺbcAHbcBC12/NaOHCHI3HbcBC8.4°ᡂ]ᑡ©ᓄa.C2H5OHCrO3.(Py)2CH3CHOCH3CHOHCNH+CH3CHCOOHOHb.C0ClHIAICI3C0c.0NaBH4OHd.HCCHHg+,H+H2OCH3CHOOHCH3cH[CHCHOH2/NiCH3CH2CH2CH2OHe.CH3CI2ᐝCH2CIMgEt2OCH2MgeIH+CH3COCH3CH2CCH3OHCH3
89f.CH3cH:CHCHOOHOHHIHCICH3CH=CHCHOOKMnCMOHOOCH3CH-CHCHOHOHH3O+CH3CH-CHCHOOHOHg.CH3CH2CH2OHHBrCH3cH2cH2BrMgEt2OCH3cH2cH2MgBrHCHOHCH3CH2CH2CH2OH+HCNH2OH2O1)2)1)2)8.5ACH3CH2CHO+CH?MgBrBCH3cHO+CH?CH2MgBr8.6ᑖgᵫiᵬᔠᡂ2⏣0ᨵ1ᓄ23(56᱐89:ᐲ)=>⚪@ᫀ-17-CH3CI2ᐝ᯿CH2CIMgEt2OCH2MgeIHCHOH+1)CH2CH2OH2)BrMgBr0Br2H+FeMgEt2OH2O8.8a.kVb.lkVc.dlkT8.9
90b.H3COOH+CH3CH0+HOCH2CH2OH+OHa.OHOOHOHOHOOHOc.HOHOH+OHHOHOHOH+OHHO8.10A.CHH3CCHCH3OHB.CHH3CCCH3H3CH3COH3CCHCH3H3C8.11OCH38.12ACH3CH-C-CH2CH3CH3OB.H3CCH
91H3CCHCH2CH3OHC.H3CCH3CCHCH2CH3D.CH3CH2CHOE.CH3COCH38.130000BrBrHOOCCOOHABCD0ᨵ1ᓄ23(56᱐89:ᐲ)=>⚪@ᫀ-18-5mSn⏚iᐸqrᱥ9.la.2ᵬ⏚2Methylpropanoicacid(XY⏚Isobutanoicacid)b.stᵬ⏚(Iᩰ⏚)o—Hydroxybenzoicacidc.2Y]⏚2—Butenoicacidd3—vY⏚3—Bromobutanoicacide.Y⏒xButanoylChloridef.Y⏚yButanoicanhydrideg.⏚zEthylpropanoateh.⏚zPropylacetatei.ᵬ⏒{Benzamidej.}Y][⏚Maleicacids.COt.H3cCOk.COOCH3COOCH3I.HCOOCH(CH3)2m.CH3CH2CONHCH39.2g>a>b>c>f>e>h>d9.3ᑏ&ᑡBCḄ^⌕Fᱥa.Na2Cr2O7-H2SO4COOHCOOH+COOHCOOHb.(CH3)2CHOH+H3CCOCIH3cCOOCH(CH3)2c.HOCH2CH2COOHLiAIH4HoeH2cH2cH20Hd.NCCH2CH2CN+H2ONaOH-OOCCH2CH2COO-H+HOOCCH2CH2COOHe.CH2COOHCH2COOHBa(0H)2O
92f.CH3coeI+CH3HIAICI3CH3C0CH3+CH3C0CH3g.(CH3CO)2O+OH0C0CH3h.CH3CH2COOC2H5NaOC2H5CH3CH2COCHCOOC2H5CH3i.CH3COOC2H5+CH3CH2CH2OHHCH3COOCH2CH2CH3+C2H5OH+j.CHCH(COOH)2CH3CH2COOH3k.COOH+HCIClCOOH+CO20ᨵ1ᓄ23(56᱐89:ᐲ)=>⚪@ᫀ-19-I.2+HOCH2cH20HHCOOCH2CH2OOC+m.COOHUAIH4CH2OHCOOHn.HCOOH+OHH+HCOOo.CH2CH2COOC2H5CH2CH2COOC2H5NaOC2H5OCOOC2H5P-NCONH2OH-NCOO+NH3q.CH2(C00C2H5)2+H2NCONH2HNNH
93o009.4a.KmnO4b.FeChc.BnorKmnChd.জFeChঝ2,4•[ᡈb/NaOH9.5ᡂᑡᓄa.0CNOHHCOOH+OHb.CH3CH2CH2BrCN-CH3CH2CH2CNH+CH3CH2CH2COOHc.(CH3)2CHOHCrO3.(Py)2(CH3)2CO(CH3)2CCNOHH(CH3)2CCOOH+OHd.CH3CH3KMnO4COOHCOOHCOOHCOOHBa(0H)2OOOOOOe.(CH3)2C=CH2HBr(CH3)3CBrMgEt20(CH3)3CMgBrCO2H+/H2O(CH3)3CCOOHf.CHaBrAICI3CH3KMnO4COOHBr2FeCOOHBrg.HCCH
94H20H,Hg2++CH3CH0KMnO4cH3coOHCH3CH2OHH+CH3COOC2H5HCNH2OHCN12H2OH2O0ᨵ1ᓄ23J56᱐89:ᐲM=>⚪@ᫀ-20-h.0HNO3HOOCCH24COOHOi.CH3CH2COOHLiAIH4cH3cH2cH20HHBrCH3cH2cH2BrMgEt20CH3cH2cH2MgBrOHCH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH+KMnO4CH3CH2CH2CH2COOHᡈCH3coeH2COOC2H5EtONaCH3cH2cH2BrCH3COCHCH2CH2CH3COOC2H5OH—CH3CH23COOHj.CH3C00HCI2PCH2COOHClCN-CH2COOHCNEtOHH+,CH2COOC2H52O
95oNH3CH2COONH4CH2CONH2I.CO2CH3OHH+H2OCOOHOH(CH3CO)2OCOOHOOCCH3m.CH3CH2COOHSOCI2CH3CH2COCIOHCH3CH2COOn.CH3cH(COOC2H5)2OH-HCH3CH2COOH+1)2)H3O+1)2)3)9.6⏣A⏚BZᵬCNaHCO3II⏚HCI⏚Bᨵ1⏣ZᵬNaOHIᨵ1⏣AHCIC9.7COOHCOOHCOOHCOOH
96COOHCOOHCOOHHOOCHOOCCOOHHCH3CH2COOHHOOC(Z)᧕ᡂ(E)᧕(Z)᧕ᡂy(E)᧕ᡂ9.8A.CH2COOHCH2COOHB.OOOC.H2CH2CCOCH3COCH3OOD.CH2CH2OHCH2CH2OH0ᨵ1ᓄ23(56᱐89:ᐲ)=>⚪@ᫀ-21-5ᓝSPQ⏚10.1m.3-xY⏚(3--Chlorobutanoicacid)n.4--Q\⏚(4—oxopentanoicacid)10.2a.CH3CH2CH2COCH2COOCH3(A)OHCOOH(B)CH3CHCOOHOH(C)FeChCAB⁐⁐Na2c03AB
978ᨵHᓄ10.3ᑏ&ᑡBCḄ^⌕Fᱥ:a.CH3COCHCOOC2H5CH3OHH+,H2OCH3coeH2cH3b.CH3COCHCO2CH3CH2CO2CH3NaOHCH2COOCH2COOc.CH3CH2CHCOOHOHHCOCCHOOCH3CH2CH2CH3d.C00CH3COCH3H+CCH31)2)_+CH3COO+CH30H+CO2+CH30HOCH2CH2CH3COOHOCH2CH2CH3f.HOOCCH2COCCOOHCH3CH3CH3coeH(CH3)2g.CH3CH2CHCOOH
98NaOH-H2OCH3cH2cHeOONaOHh.CH3CHCH2COOHOHCH3CH=CHCOOHOOCH3NaOH-H2OCH3cHeH2coONaCH2OHi.+CO2j.CH3CH2CCOOHOHCH3H2so4k.CH3CH2COCO2HH2s04CH3CH2CHO+CO2CH3CH2CCH3+HCOOHOI.CH3CHCOCO2HCH3CH3CHCOOHCH3+C00ᨵ1ᓄ23J56᱐89:ᐲM=>⚪@ᫀ-22-m.COOHCOOHCOOHOn.00NaOH,HCI,OOo,CH3CH2COOH+CI2PCH3CHCOOH1
992)10.5ᡂᑡᓄa.BrCH2(CH2)2CH2co2HNaOHOOb.OCO2CH3EtOC2H5CICH2COCH3OCO2CH3CH2COCH3OHH+OCH2COCH3c.CH3COOHCH3CH2OHHCH3COOC2H5+NaOC2H5CH3COCH2COOC2H5NaOC2H5BrCH2cH2cH2BrCH3cOCCOOC2H5OHH+CH3CO1)2),1)2)2)1)d.CH3COOC2H5NaOC2H5CH3COCH2COOC2H5NaOC2H5BrCH3CH3COCHCOOC2H5CH3NaOC2H5CH3CHCOOC2H5BrCH3CCOOOC2H5COCH3CH3CHCOOC2H5
100ªOHCH3CHCOOHCH3CHCOOH1)2)2)1)1)2)JH+ ᨵᓄ(᱐ᐲ)⚪ᫀ-23-5ᓝSᓄᔠᱥ11.2a.12AEb.pF12ᵬc.NA2Gd.HᵬIJKL⏚NᡈLᓄIJHᵬe.PLA⏒Gf.Rᨒg.H12Th.1,6Gi.R⏒FGj.NF12AGk.LᓄᓝE2₋2ᵬ╆[(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]OH-m.HO+HOI.CH2CH2NH2n.[(CH3)3NCH2CH2OCOCH3]OH-+o.HOHOCH(OH)CH2NHCH3p.(CH3)2CHCH2NH2q.H2N-C-NH2r.N,N ᵬ2AGNH11.4OHH0HHNH3CH3CH0NH3CH3CHNHNH3CH3CIIIIIH3cH3cIafᨵinn1´Kµb.f¶ᨵi´KµHHH11.5Z[\]ᑡ_`aa.bcᙠ·GfNghijklᐸnHᵯpqrhᐳ¸ᡠvwឋhE2G2ykzO2NNH2-NH2H3cNH2-NH2f12ᐹᨵºḄᔾᵯpᦔfN¤nHᵯp¼ᙢ¾ᔣᡠvhGkÀ,ᐸwឋ¼Â
101N8ᵬᐹᨵḄᵯᦔC8NNᡠ/{,ᐸឋᶍ£.¤ᵯ¥¦§¨©811.6+_CH3cH(NH2)CH2cH3(+)⏀¬⏚(+){(+)⏚(-){(+)⏚®ᑖ,>¯ᑖg©NaOH᪆&{.ᱥᳮឋ²³ 11.9ᡂᑡᓄa.HNO3H2SO4NO2FeHCINH2b.NH2(CH3CO)2ONHCOCH3HNO3O2NNHCOCH3H+O2NNH2+C.CH3COOHP2O5(CH3co)20NH3CH3CONH2CH3COOHSOCI2CH3COCINH3CH3CONH2CH3COOHNH3CH3COO-NH4+CH3CONH2d.CH3CH2OHCrO3(Py)2CH3CHOCH3cH2MgeIHCH3cH(OH)CH2cH3+SOCI2CH3CHCH2CH3ClCH3CHCH2CH3NH3NH2HCICH3CH2CIMgEt20CH3cH2MgeI1)2)0ᨵ1ᓄ23(56᱐89:ᐲ)=>⚪@ᫀ-24-
102ooKOHNKOONCHOOCH3CHCH2CH3CH3CH2CH3H+COOHCOOH+CH3CHCH2CH3ClNH2NH2(CH3CO)2ONHCOCH3NO2FeHCINH2Br2,FeNO2BrFeHCINH2BrNaNO2HCIN2CI-+BrNH2H+NBrNH2N0-5Co´
103CH3g.HN03CH3O2NFe+HCICH3H2NNaN02+HCI0-5CoN2CI-+H3COHOHH3CNHON11.10NHNNCH3a.COb.CNOH3cc.NH3cCH3+d.CNOCOOHNH3cCH3+e.CH3CH2CNOXX
104XXXNHNCH3f.SNOOg-NNONH3cH+h.NH3c+NHCl-HCl-IINO211.110ᨵ1ᓄ23J56᱐89:ᐲM=>⚪@ᫀ-25-a.CH3NH2NHCH3COOHCOOH(B)
105(D)NaOHABCDH3CSO2CINaOHFeCfeABDC ⁐⁐b.(CH3)3N.HCI(A)(CH3cH2)4N+Br—(B)AgNQ?AgCIAgBrµ8ABᡈὅᵨNaOHAᑖBᙳkᵫ¶·ᵬ{b.p.3࠷, ¸⍎&8º ¸»ᑖ¶NaOH,ᡠ/ᵨAgNO3½g¿y.11.12ᑏ&ᑡBCḄ^⌕Fᱥa.(C2H5)3N+CH3CHCH3Br(C2H5)3N+CHCH3CH3Br-b.[(CH3)3N+CH2cH2cH2cH3]CI—+NaOH[(CH3)3N+CH2cH2cH2cH3]+CI-+Na+0H-+c.CH3CH2COCI+H3cNHCH3CH3CH2CONCH3CH3N(C2H5)2
106+HN02N(C2H5)2NO11.13¤ᵨHinsbergBC.(ÀÁᑖÂÃÄÅgEÆḄ³)ANHCH3BNH2CNH3CCH3H3CSO2CINCH3SO2CH3NHSO2CH3NH3CCH3(D)(E)Ç┶◀ÊCNaOHIË◀Eᨵ1NCH3SO2CH3(D)H+NHCH3.HCIOH-NHCH3ÄA11.15Ì☩{ஹ⁚⏣iZᵬḄÏᔠᱥᑖÂзÑÄḄÒᑖ0ᨵ1ᓄ23(56᱐89:ᐲ)=>⚪@ᫀ-26-CH2NH2(A)CH2OH(B)HOCH3(C)NaOHIᨵ1IB
107CḄIᨵ1HCIAḄ⏚BNaOHAHCIC¯ÓÔᑖgÄᓄ11.16Q=62+2+1-152=0⛳Å{BᐹᨵCH3cHe4H9OH( ÓÖỚØBC)C(C6H12)KMnO4cH3COOH+CH3CHCOOHCH3ᡠ/CÐCH3cH=CHCHCH3CH3᎔ÚÛÊBCH3CHCH2CHOHCH3CH3ACH3CHCH2CHNH2CH3CH3Xᓝ#ÃÄÅÃÆᨵᓄᔠᱥ12.6ᵫᢣÈÉᧇ=ᐸË 6ᑺᑏ]ᑡᔠᡂÌÍa.CH3CH2CH2CH2OHHCICH3CH2CH2CH2CINa2sCH3CH2CH2CH2SCH2CH2CH2CH3CH3CH2CH2CH2SO2CH2CH2CH2CH3b.CH3H2s04SO3HCH3NO2HN03H2SO4H3CH3CFe+HCIH3CNH2
108H3CS02NHCH3KMnO4orCH3CO3HPCI3H3CSO2CI0ᨵ1ᓄ23J56᱐89:ᐲM=>⚪@ᫀ-27-5ᓝ·SÜIᓄᔠᱥ13.11CHOCH20HCHOCH2OHCH2OHCH2OHO13.12a.Bendictdᑺ;b.12c.12d.Br2e.Tollendᑺ_H2O13.13ᑏ&ᑡBCḄ^⌕FᱥᡈBCᱥCHOCH2OHCH2OHa.NaOHH2OCH2OHoCH2OHCHOCH2OHOOHAgNH32b.+COOHCH2OHC.HOH2CooOCH3CH3OHHOH2CHIHC1ooOBr2-H2OCH2OHoCOOHd.
109B-ÞßàMOHCH2OHCH2OHCH2OHe.oCH2OHoOHCH2OH00CH2OHoCOOHAgNH3 2+a-áâ[àMCH20Hf.CHOCH2OHHNO3COOHCOOH13.140ᨵ1ᓄ23J56᱐89:ᐲM=>⚪@ᫀ-28-CHOCH20H0CH20HD-ᵞ☄à00CH3OCH3OCH3CH2OCH30CH20HCHOAcOAcOOAcOAcCH2OACCOOHCH2OH
110CH20HCH20HCOOHCOOHf.NaBH4h.åᓄᓄa.Bn-HiOb.HNOJe.(CH3CO2Oj.H1O45HCOOH+1HCHOC2H5OHHCIHI(CH3O)2SO4NaOHd.cHCI~OHOCH2CH3OCH2CH3CH2OHCOOH+CH2OHCOOHg-HCN,¯⏚ឋIOCH2OH~OH+C2H5OH13.15ℍ⃔àᕈêᕒ ì8ᑣOCH2OHoCH2OHHCICH3OH
111(CH3)2SO4NaOHOCH3OCH3OOCH3HC1OCH3OCH3OCH2OCH3HNO3COOHOCH3CH2OCH3COOHOCH3H3COCOOH D+HOCH2OCH3H3COH3COLOHLOCH3~~OHHOHCHOOCH3CH3OOHOCH3CH2OCH313.19a.D-ℍ⃔àOCH2OHOHb.BCc.BCd.ᵬᓄOOCH3CH2OCH3OCH3OCH3
1120CH3OHOon13.20oHONH2HOH2COOHOHOHOH2C+NH3CIOHa.oHOOHOH2CNH2Onb. ᨵᓄ'᱐ᐲ(⚪ᫀ-29-5ᓝ6Sî⏚ஹïðñµ²14.2NH2COOHNCOO-HOCH2CHCOOHa.b.O-CH2CHCOO-c.CH2-CH-COOHOH+NH3CH2-CH-COO-OHNH2d.HOOC-CH2-CH-COOH
113+NH3-OOC-CH2-CH-COO-NH2++NH3NH214.3a.CHaCHCOOHNH2(A)H2NCH2CH2COOH(B)NH2(C)NaOH (ᑖò)ABCó·´BC⁐⁐ABb.OHNH2NH2ôî⏚H3CCH-CHCOOHõî⏚HOCH2cHeOOHh/NaOHCHBHᓄc.ö⏚H3CCHCOOHOHî⏚H3CCHCOOHNH2÷·V⁐⁐14.4(CH3)2€HCH(NH2)COOH(CH3)2CHCH(NH2)COO-H2N(CH2)4CH(NH2)COOHH2N(CH2)4CHCOO-NH2IP5.96PH=8ø^⌕ùᙠ -b.ûî⏚IP9.74PH=10ø
114a.üî⏚CH2-CHCOOHCHz-CHCOOHOHNH2OHNH3c.õî⏚IP5.68PH=1ø+HOOCCH2 2CHCOOHHOOCCH22CHCOOHNH2d..ýî⏚IP3.22PH=3øNH3+14.5ᑏ&ᑡBCḄ^⌕Fᱥa.CH3cHe02c2H5+H2ONH2HC1CH3CHCOOH+NH3CI-b.CH3cHe02c2H5+NH2CH3CO2OCH3cHe02c2HsNHC0CH3c.CH3CHCONH2NH2+HNO2JKLMCH3CHCOOHOH0ᨵ1ᓄ23J56᱐89:ᐲM=>⚪@ᫀ-30-d.CHaCHCONHCHCONHCHzCOOHH2OH+NH2cH2cHCH32CH3CHCOOH+NH3&N+CH2COOH+CH32CHCH2CHCOOHNH3C.CH3CHCOOH+NH2CH3cH2coe1CH3CHCOOHNHCOCH2CH3f.Jþî⏚MCH32CHCH2cHeOOHNH2+CH3 HJKLMHC1CH32CHCH2cHeOOCH3NH2g.JXþî⏚MCH3cH2cH.cHCOOH+CH3cH2IJKLMCH3cH2cH.cHCOOHCH3NH2CH3
115+N(CH2cH3)3h.(.Î⏚)CH3cHeOOHNH2i.HOCH2CH(NH2)COOHBrz-HzOHOCH2CH(NH2)COOHBrBrÏÎ⏚HCHNCCHNHCCH3H3COOj.(.Î⏚)CH3CHCOOHNH2+O2NNO2FNO2O2NCH3CHNHCOOHk.NH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COOHHNO1.CH2COOHNH2.HCI+SOC12CH2COCINH2.HCI14.6Q=2n+2+N-2ᦪ ▭ᦪ32+2+1-72==1X⏚ᨵᐝឋ⏚CH3cHeOOHNH214.7
116CH3CHCH2COOHP/Cl2CH3CH-CHCOOHNH3CH3CH-CHCOOHCH3CH3ClCH3NH2ᙠឋᩩ ᑮḄ ᱥᐝឋ,"ᙠa-$%⏚&ᡂḄ()*+,⌱.ឋ.14.81,N23⏚,C2ᵞ⏚.5ឋ.14.10a6⏚--ᵞ⏚-3⏚7ᑏ96 ᵞ)3b:⏚--;⏚-<⏚7ᑏ9:);“<14.11>?1@ᨵABḄCDCEFᡂ⏒H.14.12“ᵞ"ᡈ■■“ᵞ14.13L)M)M)ᵞ);)6)M);)LNᨵOᓄQR(TU᱐WXᐲ)[\⚪^ᫀ 31-Tᓝabcᾦᓄᔠᱥ15.3a.KOH,Ab.BrorKMnOfc.KOH2d.Ca(OH)ze.Br20rKMnO415.4ᑏgᵫijk⏚ᵞklᑴᜓ⊤☢ឋᑺᓝrst⏚uḄvwCH20CCHO(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)5CH30CH2OC(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)5CH3oC(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)5CH3oKOHH+CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOHH2CatCH3(CH2)14COOHIJA1H4CH3(CH2)14CH2OHH2SO4CH3(CH2)14OSO3HNaOHCH3(CH2)i4CH2OSO3Na15.5ᓿzᾦ{᪀5}@~,@ᨵ">EkὅḄᙠ)15.6ᑡᓄᔠᱥᨵ⊤☢ឋᑺḄᵨaஹdᨵ⊤☢ឋᑺḄᵨ15.7CH20CCHO0CH20C(CH2)14CH30
117C(CH2)14CH3o(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CH3*15.8CH2OCCHOOCH2OC(CH2)14CH3OC(CH2)14CH3O(CH2)14CH3KOHH+3CH3(CH2)14COOHLiA1H4cH3(CH2)i4CH20HH+,CH3(CH2)14COO(CH2)15CH315.9ᾯᾦᵫ5 ᑮḄ)♆ᾦ ᑮ ᱥ0CH20HOHHOCH2CHNH2CHOHCHCH(CH2)12CH3++HOCO(CH2)22CH315.10a-(4)b-(2)c-(3)d—প15.11avbcdvevfv15.13ᑏgↈ₹⏣Ḅ£᪀,Ḅw᪀¥(¦§ᑏg¨,)NᨵOᓄQR(TU᱐WXᐲ)[\⚪^ᫀ-32-H3cOHↈ₹⏣H3cOHH3cOHOHCH312315.16c
118CHH2CH2CHCH3CCHCH3H3CCH3ÐcCHCHH2CH2CHCH3CCH3CCH3CH315.17CH3CHH2CH2CHCH2CCCH3CH3OHC15.18ᑭᵨ«¬⏣Ḅ®⏚ឋᵨNaOHᑖ15.19¯ᡂᑡvw93.CICIb.BrHOCH=CH-COCH3d.OHOCOCH3
119OHOHCH3COCH3+OHCHOOOBr15.20CH3H+oCH30+CH3o+ H+ ᨵᓄ'᱐ᐲ(⚪ᫀ-33-Tᓝrbᩖ±ᓄᔠᱥ16.1ᡈᑏ᪀a.OCOOHb.NNNHNOHHOCH3d.NNOHe.NCH3f.N
120COOHSSO3Hh.²³i.´µ3•ᵬ¸¹8•®ºᴉ2•;;¼½ᗏ^ᫀ9a.2•ᔬᗏᵬ⏚b.2,6•¬®ᘽÁc.3•ᵬ½Âd.5•®ÃÄe.N-ᵬ½Âf.3•ÅÆỏᵬ⏚g.2•ṑᔵÊ⏚h.OCHOi.SNj.NHCH3OHI.O16.2a.Ë&ÌAÍcb.Ë&ÌBi,B2,B6,Bi2ᩖ±ᓄᔠᱥc.Ë&ÌPPᩖ±ᓄᔠᱥd.Ë&ÌCᓫḄÏ&ᱥe.Ë&ÌDÐÑÏ&ᱥf.Ë&ÌKÒg.Ó⏚ᩖ±ᓄᔠᱥ16.4a.Ô⏚b.}Ô⏚ÔÕc.}ÔÕÔ⏚e.ÔÕ16.5Ö▅ᦟᩞP293.16.6ÚᦟᩞP294 ᪶᧖ᵫ᪶ᡈῃÞ᪶EßÁᡈᗌÄᓄᔠáᡂ᪶ᵞ⏚ᑣ᪶᧖z⏚l.16.8O9-P-D-ᙽᗏ᪶ᘊÁåæÌCH2HHOHHOHHHONNNN16.9
121NHNHFO05-çèᗌÄ16.10ᑏgᑡvḄ ᱥ9NᨵOᓄQR(TU᱐WXᐲ)[\⚪^ᫀ-34-a.0+(CH3co)2BF30C0CH3b.S+êH2s04ëìSS03Hc.N+HBrNH+Br-d.N+CH3cH2BrNCH2CH3Br+—e.OCHOêNaOHOCH2OH+OCOOHf.OCHO+CH3COCH3íOH-OCH=CHC0CH3NH+KOHN
122NCH3NKMnO4NCOOHCOOHCOOHi.KMnO4CH3NCOOH16.11^ᫀ9Ö▅ᦟᩞP286᎔4ï4 □ÆÂñÅÆÄḄÕឋ.16.12^ᫀ9NCH3KMnO4NCOOHNH2NH2NCONHNH2SOCI2NCOCI16.13a.;Hò⏚b.êH2s04,ëìc.KOHorHCIorhd.HCl16.15NHHOHCOOHCH3NᨵOᓄQRÚTU᱐WXᐲó[\⚪^ᫀ-35-Tᓝôb18.3a.CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2NH210HóᐹᨵᑡIRᔾᦈøVN-H3490-3400cm-iÚ5ó6-H1650-1550cm-iÚ5óN6N-H900*650cm-iÚùóᓄᔠᱥCH3cH2cH2NCH32úûᔾᦈø
123b.CH3cH2cH2coOH'Ñ⏚(ᐹᨵ]ᑡIRᔾᦈvo-H3000-2500cm-1'ºஹÓ(,6O-H1440-1375cm-i'ºஹÓ(8O-H-955cm-1'ºஹÓ(ᓄᔠᱥCH3cH2COOCH3 ¤¥ᔾᦈc.CH3CH2COOCH3'Ô(ᐹᨵ]ᑡIRᔾᦈvc=o~1735cm-i,6c-o-c1300-1150cm-1'º(,1140-1030cm-iᓄᔠᱥCH3cH2coeH2cH3 ¤¥ᔾᦈ/uc=o-1715cm-i18.4⏣Õ2-OHᱯÖᜫ¢/Ø2'coᱯÙ}vᑨÛ ÜÝÞß18.8qrᵨCH3cH24Si%àCHMSiáᑁ᪗bcTMSfKãäḄ¶åæ┦ᑭ¢éÙᙠêëCH3cH24SifÃᨵ´qäḄKìᑖIqráᑁ᪗18.9a.CH3CH2OHb.c.ttqsdqt'(CH3cH20cH2cH3tq'(CH33CIs'(d.CH3CHCH3Br'(dm18.11'(sd.'(dBrCH2cH2BrCH3CCI3CI2CHCH2CIBrCHzCBr2cH3CI3CCHCICH3'('('1:2
124d2:31:318.12BCl2cHeHOCH2cH3 218.13ClCOCH318.1467.3ÚS,5HC6H5-843t,2H -CH2Oᨵᓄ᱐ᐲ⚪ᫀ-36-82.9t,2H C6H5CH_252.0S,3HCOCH318.15 1 CH3CH2Ie 2 CH3CH2CH2NO2d 3 CH3coOCH2cH318.16a.!"ᓫ$Ḅ&CH32C=CCH32,CH3cH2cH2cH2cH=CH2ᨵ'($b.ᨵ*"$Ḅ&CH3coeH2cH3,CH3CH2CH2CHOᐸ,-ᙠ69~10ᜐᨵ*($c.ᨵ0"ᓫ$Ḅ&CH3COOCH3,CH3coeH3!"ᓫ$82~3d.ᨵ0"ᓫ$Ḅ&H3CCH3,CH3cH2ᨵ*"$t,q,s o18.17a.1R,CH3CH2CH2OHᨵ!OHᱯ2ᔾᦈ$b.iHNMR,CH3CH2OH*"ᔾᦈ$t,q56HOCH2CH2OH0"$s,s c.iHNMR,CICH2CH2CI!"ᓫ$6CH3cH20H*"$t,qQᡈIR,CH3cH20Hᨵ89Ḅ!OHᔾᦈ$d.iHNMR,CHOCHH3cH3cCH3CH30"$m,d CH3cH2cH2 20*"$t,m,t oe.IR,NHuNH3490-3400cm-i8NH1650-1550cm-i900*450cm-1ᨵᔾᦈ;N
125CH3ᑣ>?@ᔾᦈf.iHNMR,CH3COCH3^^#LI^,623CH3cH2coOH*"$(t,q,s),8coon=10*12ᡈIR,CH3cH2coOHuO-H3000-2500cm-i18.18ᓄᔠᱥC᪀ECH2CoCH3IHNMRFGH87.1H(s,5H)63.5COCH2(s,2H)82.0CoCH3(s93H)IRFGI⌕$H-3050cm-1Ku=C-H-2900cm-iLuC-H-1700cm-ivc=oᨵᓄ(᱐ᐲ)⚪ᫀ-37--1600,1500cm-iKuc=c-1380cm-i8CH318.19ᓄᔠᱥC᪀CH3IHNMRFGH67.2H(S,5H)62.3-CH3(S,3H)IRFGI⌕$H3010cm-1V=C-H1600,1500cm-1KOPQuc=c720,690cm-.!RSK6C-H,1380cm-i6CH318.20ᓄᔠᱥC᪀COH3cCH3IHNMRFGH62.1-CHs(s,3H)IR2960cm-ivC-H1730cm-ivc=o1380cm-iSCH3
12618.21ᓄᔠᱥC᪀HCOHH3cH3ciHNMRFGH84.8-OH(s,lH)63.8CHH3cH3c(mJH)CHH3cH3c(d,6H)oIR3500cm-iu-O-H1180cm-1uc-o2900cm-1uC-H1380cm-i8CH18.22KTᐹᨵV᧕XYḄᵯ[18.23a.ᐰ]ECH3(CH=CH)IICH3>ᐰ]ECH3(CH=CH)IOCH3>ᐰ]ECH3(CH=CH)9CH3b.cN(CH3)2N(CH3)2+(CH3)2Nc(CH3)2NN(CH3)218.24ᑍfᑍ♦nfn*
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