《职称英语》（理工类B级）真题,职称英语(理工类),职称英语

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1⚪⚪ᑖ:ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪⌱⚗Severalwindowshadbeensmashed.{A}.cleaned{B}.broken{C}.replaced{D}.fixed345ᫀ7B,2⚪⚪ᑖ:ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪⌱⚗HisknowledgeofFrenchisfair.{A}.quitegood{B}.veryuseful{C}.verylimited{D}.ratherspecial345ᫀ7A,3⚪⚪ᑖ:ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪⌱⚗Theyaretryingtoidentifywhatiswrongwiththepresent

1system.{A}.discover{B}.prove{C}.consider{D}.imagine345ᫀ7A,4⚪⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪>⌱⚗>Theworstagoniesofthewarwerenowbeginning.{A}.parts{B}.aspects{C}.pains{D}.results345ᫀ7C,5⚪⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪>⌱⚗>Afterwardstherewasjustafeelingoflet-down.{A}.excitement{B}.disappointment{C}.anger{D}.calm345ᫀ7B,

26⚪⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪⌱⚗Themajorityofpeoplearoundherearedecent.{A}.honest{B}.real{C}.normal{D}.wealthy345ᫀ7A,7⚪⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪>⌱⚗>Thecurriculumwastoonarrowandtoorigid.{A}.hidden{B}.traditional{C}.offical{D}.inflexible345ᫀ:D,8⚪⚪ᑖ:ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪>⌱⚗>Heledaverymorallife.{A}.honourable{B}.human{C}.intelligent

3{D}.natural345ᫀ7A,9⚪⚪ᑖ:ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪⌱⚗Itwasamagicnightuntilthespellwasbroken.{A}.time{B}.space{C}.opportunity{D}.charm345ᫀ:D,10⚪⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪⌱⚗Londonquicklybecameaflourishingport.{A}.major{B}.large{C}.successful{D}.commercial345ᫀ7C,n⚪⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪⌱⚗Thegroupdoesnotadvocatetheuseofviolence.{A}.limit

4{B}.support{C}.regulate{D}.oppose345ᫀ7B,12⚪⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪ு⌱⚗Thecommitteewasaskedtorenderareportonthehousingsituation.{A}.furnish{B}.copy{C}.publish{D}.summarize345ᫀ7A,13⚪⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪⌱⚗Hisprofessionalcareerspanned16years.{A}.started{B}.changed{C}.moved{D}.lasted345ᫀ:D,

514⚪⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪⌱⚗Hisstomachfelthollowwithfear.{A}.sincere{B}.respectful{C}.empty{D}.terrible345ᫀ7C,15⚪⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪⌱⚗>Shefeltthatshehaddonehergooddeedfortheday.{A}.homework{B}.act{C}.justice{D}.model345ᫀ7B,16⚪⚪ᑖ:ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪>▅NᑨPSoMany“Earths”TheMilkyWayVWXYcontainsbillionsofEarth-sizedplanetsthatcouldsupportlife.That'sthefindingofanewstudy.ItdrawsondatathatcamefromNASAstopplanet-hunting

6telescope.AmechanicalfailurerecentlyputthatKeplerspacetelescopeoutofservice.Keplerhadplayedabigroleincreatingacensusofplanetsorbitingsome170,000stars.Itsdatahavebeenhelpingastronomerspredicthowcommonplanetsareinourgalaxy.ThetelescopefocusedonhuntingplanetsthatmighthaveconditionssimilartothoseonEarth.Theauthorsofastudy,publishedinTheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,concludethatbetween14and30outofevery100stars,withamassandtemperaturesimilartotheSun,mayhostaplanetthatcouldsupportlifeasweknowit.SuchaplanetwouldhaveadiameteratleastaslargeasEarth's,butnomorethantwicethatbig.Theplanetalsowouldhavetoorbitinastar'shabitablezone.That'swherethesurfacetemperaturewouldallowanywatertoexistasaliquid.Thenewestimateofhowmanyplanetsmightfittheseconditionscomesfromstudyingmorethan42,000starsandidentifyingsuitableworldsorbitingthem.ThescientistsusedthosenumberstoextrapolateV]^Ytotherestofthestarsthat

7thetelescopecouldnotsee.Theestimateisrough,theauthorsadmit.Ifappliedtothesolarsystem,itwoulddefineashabitableazonestartingasclosetotheSunasVenusandrunningtoasfarawayasMars.NeitherplanetisEarthlike(althougheithermighthavebeeninthedistantpast).Usingtighterlimits,theresearchersestimatethatbetween4and8outofevery100sunlikestarscouldhostanEarth-sizedworld.Theseareonesthatwouldtake200to400daystocompleteayearlyorbit.Fouroutofevery100sunlikestarsdoesn'tsoundlikeabignumber.Itwouldmean,however,thattheMilkyWaycouldhostmorethanabillionEarth-sizedplanetswithachanceforlife.TheKeplerspacetelescopehasbeeninservicefor15years.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

8345ᫀ7C,17⚪⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪▅NᑨPSoMany“EarthsvTheMilkyWayVWXYcontainsbillionsofEarth-sizedplanetsthatcouldsupportlife.Thatsthefindingofanewstudy.ItdrawsondatathatcamefromNASAstopplanet-huntingtelescope.AmechanicalfailurerecentlyputthatKeplerspacetelescopeoutofservice.Keplerhadplayedabigroleincreatingacensusofplanetsorbitingsome170,000stars.Itsdatahavebeenhelpingastronomerspredicthowcommonplanetsareinourgalaxy.ThetelescopefocusedonhuntingplanetsthatmighthaveconditionssimilartothoseonEarth.Theauthorsofastudy,publishedinTheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,concludethatbetween14and30outofevery100stars,withamassandtemperaturesimilartotheSun,mayhostaplanetthatcouldsupportlifeasweknowit.Suchaplanetwouldhaveadiameteratleastaslargeas

9Earth's,butnomorethantwicethatbig.Theplanetalsowouldhavetoorbitinastar'shabitablezone.That'swherethesurfacetemperaturewouldallowanywatertoexistasaliquid.Thenewestimateofhowmanyplanetsmightfittheseconditionscomesfromstudyingmorethan42,000starsandidentifyingsuitableworldsorbitingthem.Thescientistsusedthosenumberstoextrapolate(]^)totherestofthestarsthatthetelescopecouldnotsee.Theestimateisrough,theauthorsadmit.Ifappliedtothesolarsystem,itwoulddefineashabitableazonestartingasclosetotheSunasVenusandrunningtoasfarawayasMars.NeitherplanetisEarthlike(althougheithermighthavebeeninthedistantpast).Usingtighterlimits,theresearchersestimatethatbetween4and8outofevery100sunlikestarscouldhostanEarth-sizedworld.Theseareonesthatwouldtake200to400daystocompleteayearlyorbit.Fouroutofevery100sunlikestarsdoesn'tsoundlikeabignumber.Itwouldmean,however,thattheMilkyWaycouldhostmorethanabillionEarth-sizedplanetswithachanceforlife.

10ThemaintaskoftheKeplerspacetelescopeistofindoutplanetswithsimilarconditionstoEarths.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned345ᫀ7A,18⚪⚪ᑖ:ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪▅NᑨPSoMany“Earths”TheMilkyWayVWXYcontainsbillionsofEarth-sizedplanetsthatcouldsupportlife.Thatsthefindingofanewstudy.ItdrawsondatathatcamefromNASAstopplanet-huntingtelescope.AmechanicalfailurerecentlyputthatKeplerspacetelescopeoutofservice.Keplerhadplayedabigroleincreatingacensusofplanetsorbitingsome170,000stars.Itsdatahavebeen

11helpingastronomerspredicthowcommonplanetsareinourgalaxy.ThetelescopefocusedonhuntingplanetsthatmighthaveconditionssimilartothoseonEarth.Theauthorsofastudy,publishedinTheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,concludethatbetween14and30outofevery100stars,withamassandtemperaturesimilartotheSun,mayhostaplanetthatcouldsupportlifeasweknowit.SuchaplanetwouldhaveadiameteratleastaslargeasEarth's,butnomorethantwicethatbig.Theplanetalsowouldhavetoorbitinastarshabitablezone.That'swherethesurfacetemperaturewouldallowanywatertoexistasaliquid.Thenewestimateofhowmanyplanetsmightfittheseconditionscomesfromstudyingmorethan42,000starsandidentifyingsuitableworldsorbitingthem.ThescientistsusedthosenumberstoextrapolateV]^Ytotherestofthestarsthatthetelescopecouldnotsee.Theestimateisrough,theauthorsadmit.Ifappliedtothesolarsystem,itwoulddefineashabitableazonestartingasclosetotheSunasVenusandrunningtoasfarawayasMars.

12NeitherplanetisEarthlike(althougheithermighthavebeeninthedistantpast).Usingtighterlimits,theresearchersestimatethatbetween4and8outofevery100sunlikestarscouldhostanEarth-sizedworld.Theseareonesthatwouldtake200to400daystocompleteayearlyorbit.Fouroutofevery100sunlikestarsdoesn'tsoundlikeabignumber.Itwouldmean,however,thattheMilkyWaycouldhostmorethanabillionEarth-sizedplanetswithachanceforlife.TheplanetthatcouldsupportlifemightbealittlebitsmallerthanEarth.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned345ᫀ7B,19⚪⚪ᑖ:ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪>▅NᑨP

13SoMany“Earths”TheMilkyWayVWXYcontainsbillionsofEarth-sizedplanetsthatcouldsupportlife.Thatsthefindingofanewstudy.ItdrawsondatathatcamefromNASAstopplanet-huntingtelescope.AmechanicalfailurerecentlyputthatKeplerspacetelescopeoutofservice.Keplerhadplayedabigroleincreatingacensusofplanetsorbitingsome170,000stars.Itsdatahavebeenhelpingastronomerspredicthowcommonplanetsareinourgalaxy.ThetelescopefocusedonhuntingplanetsthatmighthaveconditionssimilartothoseonEarth.Theauthorsofastudy,publishedinTheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,concludethatbetween14and30outofevery100stars,withamassandtemperaturesimilartotheSun,mayhostaplanetthatcouldsupportlifeasweknowit.SuchaplanetwouldhaveadiameteratleastaslargeasEarth's,butnomorethantwicethatbig.Theplanetalsowouldhavetoorbitinastarshabitablezone.That'swherethesurfacetemperaturewouldallowanywatertoexistasaliquid.

14Thenewestimateofhowmanyplanetsmightfittheseconditionscomesfromstudyingmorethan42,000starsandidentifyingsuitableworldsorbitingthem.Thescientistsusedthosenumberstoextrapolate(]^)totherestofthestarsthatthetelescopecouldnotsee.Theestimateisrough,theauthorsadmit.Ifappliedtothesolarsystem,itwoulddefineashabitableazonestartingasclosetotheSunasVenusandrunningtoasfarawayasMars.NeitherplanetisEarthlike(althougheithermighthavebeeninthedistantpast).Usingtighterlimits,theresearchersestimatethatbetween4and8outofevery100sunlikestarscouldhostanEarth-sizedworld.Theseareonesthatwouldtake200to400daystocompleteayearlyorbit.Fouroutofevery100sunlikestarsdoesn'tsoundlikeabignumber.Itwouldmean,however,thattheMilkyWaycouldhostmorethanabillionEarth-sizedplanetswithachanceforlife.TheEarthisaplanetorbitingintheSun'shabitablezone.

15A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned345ᫀ7A,20⚪⚪ᑖ:ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪▅NᑨPSoMany“EarthsvTheMilkyWayVWXYcontainsbillionsofEarth-sizedplanetsthatcouldsupportlife.Thatsthefindingofanewstudy.ItdrawsondatathatcamefromNASAstopplanet-huntingtelescope.AmechanicalfailurerecentlyputthatKeplerspacetelescopeoutofservice.Keplerhadplayedabigroleincreatingacensusofplanetsorbitingsome170,000stars.Itsdatahavebeenhelpingastronomerspredicthowcommonplanetsareinourgalaxy.ThetelescopefocusedonhuntingplanetsthatmighthaveconditionssimilartothoseonEarth.Theauthorsofastudy,publishedinTheProceedingsofthe

16NationalAcademyofSciences,concludethatbetween14and30outofevery100stars,withamassandtemperaturesimilartotheSun,mayhostaplanetthatcouldsupportlifeasweknowit.SuchaplanetwouldhaveadiameteratleastaslargeasEarth's,butnomorethantwicethatbig.Theplanetalsowouldhavetoorbitinastarshabitablezone.That'swherethesurfacetemperaturewouldallowanywatertoexistasaliquid.Thenewestimateofhowmanyplanetsmightfittheseconditionscomesfromstudyingmorethan42,000starsandidentifyingsuitableworldsorbitingthem.Thescientistsusedthosenumberstoextrapolate(]^)totherestofthestarsthatthetelescopecouldnotsee.Theestimateisrough,theauthorsadmit.Ifappliedtothesolarsystem,itwoulddefineashabitableazonestartingasclosetotheSunasVenusandrunningtoasfarawayasMars.NeitherplanetisEarthlike(althougheithermighthavebeeninthedistantpast).Usingtighterlimits,theresearchersestimatethatbetween4and8outofevery100sunlikestarscouldhostanEarth-sizedworld.Theseareonesthatwouldtake200to400daystocompleteayearlyorbit.

17Fouroutofevery100sunlikestarsdoesn'tsoundlikeabignumber.Itwouldmean,however,thattheMilkyWaycouldhostmorethanabillionEarth-sizedplanetswithachanceforlife.Thenewfindingisbasedonathoroughstudyof170000starsintheMilkyWay.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned345ᫀ7B,21⚪⚪ᑖ:ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪>▅NᑨPSoMany“Earths”TheMilkyWayVWXYcontainsbillionsofEarth-sizedplanetsthatcouldsupportlife.Thatsthefindingofanewstudy.ItdrawsondatathatcamefromNASAstopplanet-huntingtelescope.

18AmechanicalfailurerecentlyputthatKeplerspacetelescopeoutofservice.Keplerhadplayedabigroleincreatingacensusofplanetsorbitingsome170,000stars.Itsdatahavebeenhelpingastronomerspredicthowcommonplanetsareinourgalaxy.ThetelescopefocusedonhuntingplanetsthatmighthaveconditionssimilartothoseonEarth.Theauthorsofastudy,publishedinTheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,concludethatbetween14and30outofevery100stars,withamassandtemperaturesimilartotheSun,mayhostaplanetthatcouldsupportlifeasweknowit.SuchaplanetwouldhaveadiameteratleastaslargeasEarth,s,butnomorethantwicethatbig.Theplanetalsowouldhavetoorbitinastarshabitablezone.That'swherethesurfacetemperaturewouldallowanywatertoexistasaliquid.Thenewestimateofhowmanyplanetsmightfittheseconditionscomesfromstudyingmorethan42,000starsandidentifyingsuitableworldsorbitingthem.ThescientistsusedthosenumberstoextrapolateV]^Ytotherestofthestarsthatthetelescopecouldnotsee.

19Theestimateisrough,theauthorsadmit.Ifappliedtothesolarsystem,itwoulddefineashabitableazonestartingasclosetotheSunasVenusandrunningtoasfarawayasMars.NeitherplanetisEarthlike(althougheithermighthavebeeninthedistantpast).Usingtighterlimits,theresearchersestimatethatbetween4and8outofevery100sunlikestarscouldhostanEarth-sizedworld.Theseareonesthatwouldtake200to400daystocompleteayearlyorbit.Fouroutofevery100sunlikestarsdoesn,tsoundlikeabignumber.Itwouldmean,however,thattheMilkyWaycouldhostmorethanabillionEarth-sizedplanetswithachanceforlife.Theestimateofthenumberofplanetsthatcouldsupportlifeisnotveryaccurate.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

20345ᫀ7A,22⚪⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪▅NᑨPSoMany“EarthsvTheMilkyWayVWXYcontainsbillionsofEarth-sizedplanetsthatcouldsupportlife.Thatsthefindingofanewstudy.ItdrawsondatathatcamefromNASAstopplanet-huntingtelescope.AmechanicalfailurerecentlyputthatKeplerspacetelescopeoutofservice.Keplerhadplayedabigroleincreatingacensusofplanetsorbitingsome170,000stars.Itsdatahavebeenhelpingastronomerspredicthowcommonplanetsareinourgalaxy.ThetelescopefocusedonhuntingplanetsthatmighthaveconditionssimilartothoseonEarth.Theauthorsofastudy,publishedinTheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,concludethatbetween14and30outofevery100stars,withamassandtemperaturesimilartotheSun,mayhostaplanetthatcouldsupportlifeasweknowit.Suchaplanetwouldhaveadiameteratleastaslargeas

21Earth's,butnomorethantwicethatbig.Theplanetalsowouldhavetoorbitinastarshabitablezone.That'swherethesurfacetemperaturewouldallowanywatertoexistasaliquid.Thenewestimateofhowmanyplanetsmightfittheseconditionscomesfromstudyingmorethan42,000starsandidentifyingsuitableworldsorbitingthem.Thescientistsusedthosenumberstoextrapolate(]^)totherestofthestarsthatthetelescopecouldnotsee.Theestimateisrough,theauthorsadmit.Ifappliedtothesolarsystem,itwoulddefineashabitableazonestartingasclosetotheSunasVenusandrunningtoasfarawayasMars.NeitherplanetisEarthlike(althougheithermighthavebeeninthedistantpast).Usingtighterlimits,theresearchersestimatethatbetween4and8outofevery100sunlikestarscouldhostanEarth-sizedworld.Theseareonesthatwouldtake200to400daystocompleteayearlyorbit.Fouroutofevery100sunlikestarsdoesn'tsoundlikeabignumber.Itwouldmean,however,thattheMilkyWaycouldhostmorethanabillionEarth-sizedplanetswithachanceforlife.

22Thisisthefirstresearchfindingabouttheplanetswithachanceforlife.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned345ᫀ7C,23⚪⚪ᑖ:ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪ᭆgᜧijkᡂmn>ClimateChange?TheLongReach1Earthiswarming.Sealevelsarerising.There'smorecarbonintheair,andArcticiceismeltingfasterthanatanytimeinrecordedhistory.ScientistswhostudytheenvironmenttobettergaugeVopYEarth'sfutureclimatenowarguethatthesechangesmaynotreverseforaverylongtime.2Peopleburnfossilfuels1ikecoalandoilforenergy.Thatburningreleasescarbondioxide,acolorlessgas.Intheair,thisgastrapsheatatEarth'ssurface.Andthemorecarbon

23dioxidereleased,themoretheplanetwarms.Ifcurrentconsumptionoffossilfuelsdoesn'tslow,thelong-termclimateimpactscouldlastthousandsofyearsqandbemoreseverethanscientistshadbeenexpecting.ClimatologistRichardZeebeoftheUniversityofHawaiiatManoaoffersthisconclusioninanewpaper.3Mostclimate-changestudieslookatwhat'sgoingtohappeninthenextcenturyorso.Duringthattime,changesintheplanet'senvironmentcouldnudgeV]rYglobalwarmingevenhigher.Forexample?Snowandicereflectsunlightbackintospace.Butasthesemelt,sunlightcannowreachqandwarmqtheexposedground.Thisextraheatraisestheairtemperatureevenmore,causingevenmoresnowtomelt.Thistypeofrapidexaggerationofimpactsiscalleda“fastfeedbackv.4Zeebesaysit'simportanttolookatfastfeedbacks.However,headds,they'relimited.Fromaclimatechangeperspective,“Thiscenturyisthemostimportanttimeforthenextfewgenerations,hetoldScienceNews."Buttheworldisnotendingin2100.Forhisnewstudy,Zeebenowfocuseson“slowfeedbacksn.Whilefastfeedbackeventsunfoldoverdecadesorcenturies,slowfeedbackscantakethousandsofyears.Meltingofcontinentalicesheetsandthemigrationofplantlife—astheyrelocatetomore

24comfortableareas——aretwoexamplesofslowfeedbacks.5Zeebegatheredinformationfrompreviouslypublishedstudiesinvestigatinghowsuchprocessesplayedoutoverthousandsofyearsduringpastdramaticchangesinclimate.Thenhecameupwithaforecastforthefuturethataccountsforbothslowandfastfeedbackprocesses.Climateforecaststhatuseonlyfastfeedbackspredicta4.5degreeCelsius(8.1degreeFahrenheit)changebytheyear3000.Butslowfeedbacksaddedanother1.5࠷qfora6࠷totalincrease,Zeebereports.Healsofoundthatslowfeedbackeventswillcauseglobalwarmingtopersistforthousandsofyearsafterpeoplerunoutoffossilfuelstoburn.Paragraph2_________________{A}.Fastfeedbacks{B}.Slowfeedbacks{C}.Risingofsealevels{D}.Impactofburningfossilfuels{E}.Unpredictabilityoffeedbackprocesses{F}.Apredictionoffutureclimatechange345ᫀ7D,24⚪⚪ᑖ:ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪ᭆgᜧij

25kᡂmn>ClimateChange?TheLongReach1Earthiswarming.Sealevelsarerising.There'smorecarbonintheair,andArcticiceismeltingfasterthanatanytimeinrecordedhistory.ScientistswhostudytheenvironmenttobettergaugeVopYEarth'sfutureclimatenowarguethatthesechangesmaynotreverseforaverylongtime.2Peopleburnfossilfuels1ikecoalandoilforenergy.Thatburningreleasescarbondioxide,acolorlessgas.Intheair,thisgastrapsheatatEarth'ssurface.Andthemorecarbondioxidereleased,themoretheplanetwarms.Ifcurrentconsumptionoffossilfuelsdoesn'tslow,thelong-termclimateimpactscouldlastthousandsofyearsqandbemoreseverethanscientistshadbeenexpecting.ClimatologistRichardZeebeoftheUniversityofHawaiiatManoaoffersthisconclusioninanewpaper.3Mostclimate-changestudieslookatwhat'sgoingtohappeninthenextcenturyorso.Duringthattime,changesintheplanet'senvironmentcouldnudgeV]rYglobalwarmingevenhigher.Forexample?Snowandicereflectsunlightbackintospace.Butasthesemelt,sunlightcannowreachqandwarmqtheexposedground.Thisextraheatraisestheairtemperatureevenmore,causingevenmoresnowtomelt.Thistypeofrapidexaggerationofimpactsiscalled

26a“fastfeedback”.4Zeebesaysit'simportanttolookatfastfeedbacks.However,headds,they'relimited.Fromaclimatechangeperspective,“Thiscenturyisthemostimportanttimeforthenextfewgenerations,hetoldScienceNews."Buttheworldisnotendingin2100.Forhisnewstudy,Zeebenowfocuseson“slowfeedbacks”.Whilefastfeedbackeventsunfoldoverdecadesorcenturies,slowfeedbackscantakethousandsofyears.Meltingofcontinentalicesheetsandthemigrationofplantlifeqastheyrelocatetomorecomfortableareasqaretwoexamplesofslowfeedbacks.5Zeebegatheredinformationfrompreviouslypublishedstudiesinvestigatinghowsuchprocessesplayedoutoverthousandsofyearsduringpastdramaticchangesinclimate.Thenhecameupwithaforecastforthefuturethataccountsforbothslowandfastfeedbackprocesses.Climateforecaststhatuseonlyfastfeedbackspredicta4.5degreeCelsius(8.1degreeFahrenheit)changebytheyear3000.Butslowfeedbacksaddedanother1.5࠷qfora6࠷totalincrease,Zeebereports.Healsofoundthatslowfeedbackeventswillcauseglobalwarmingtopersistforthousandsofyearsafterpeoplerunoutoffossilfuelstoburn.Paragraph3

27{A}.Fastfeedbacks{B}.Slowfeedbacks{C}.Risingofsealevels{D}.Impactofburningfossilfuels{E}.Unpredictabilityoffeedbackprocesses{F}.Apredictionoffutureclimatechange345ᫀ7A,25⚪⚪ᑖ:ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪ᭆgᜧijkᡂmn>ClimateChange?TheLongReach1Earthiswarming.Sealevelsarerising.There'smorecarbonintheair,andArcticiceismeltingfasterthanatanytimeinrecordedhistory.ScientistswhostudytheenvironmenttobettergaugeVopHEarth'sfutureclimatenowarguethatthesechangesmaynotreverseforaverylongtime.2Peopleburnfossilfuels1ikecoalandoilforenergy.Thatburningreleasescarbondioxide,acolorlessgas.Intheair,thisgastrapsheatatEarth'ssurface.Andthemorecarbondioxidereleased,themoretheplanetwarms.Ifcurrentconsumptionoffossilfuelsdoesn'tslow,thelong-termclimateimpactscouldlastthousandsofyearsqandbemoreseverethanscientistshadbeenexpecting.ClimatologistRichardZeebeof

28theUniversityofHawaiiatManoaoffersthisconclusioninanewpaper.3Mostclimate-changestudieslookatwhat'sgoingtohappeninthenextcenturyorso.Duringthattime,changesintheplanet'senvironmentcouldnudgeV]rHglobalwarmingevenhigher.Forexample?Snowandicereflectsunlightbackintospace.Butasthesemelt,sunlightcannowreachqandwarmqtheexposedground.Thisextraheatraisestheairtemperatureevenmore,causingevenmoresnowtomelt.Thistypeofrapidexaggerationofimpactsiscalleda“fastfeedbackv.4Zeebesaysit'simportanttolookatfastfeedbacks.However,headds,they'relimited.Fromaclimatechangeperspective,“Thiscenturyisthemostimportanttimeforthenextfewgenerations,hetoldScienceNews."Buttheworldisnotendingin2100.Forhisnewstudy,Zeebenowfocuseson“slowfeedbacks”.Whilefastfeedbackeventsunfoldoverdecadesorcenturies,slowfeedbackscantakethousandsofyears.Meltingofcontinentalicesheetsandthemigrationofplantlifeqastheyrelocatetomorecomfortableareasqaretwoexamplesofslowfeedbacks.5Zeebegatheredinformationfrompreviouslypublishedstudiesinvestigatinghowsuchprocessesplayedoutoverthousandsofyearsduringpastdramaticchangesinclimate.

29Thenhecameupwithaforecastforthefuturethataccountsforbothslowandfastfeedbackprocesses.Climateforecaststhatuseonlyfastfeedbackspredicta4.5degreeCelsius(8.1degreeFahrenheit)changebytheyear3000.Butslowfeedbacksaddedanother1.5࠷qfora6࠷totalincrease,Zeebereports.Healsofoundthatslowfeedbackeventswillcauseglobalwarmingtopersistforthousandsofyearsafterpeoplerunoutoffossilfuelstoburn.Paragraph4_________________{A}.Fastfeedbacks{B}.Slowfeedbacks{C}.Risingofsealevels{D}.Impactofburningfossilfuels{E}.Unpredictabilityoffeedbackprocesses{F}.Apredictionoffutureclimatechange345ᫀ7B,26⚪⚪ᑖ:ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪ᭆgᜧijkᡂmn>ClimateChange?TheLongReach1Earthiswarming.Sealevelsarerising.There'smorecarbonintheair,andArcticiceismeltingfasterthanatanytimeinrecordedhistory.Scientistswhostudytheenvironmentto

30bettergaugeVopYEarth'sfutureclimatenowarguethatthesechangesmaynotreverseforaverylongtime.2Peopleburnfossilfuels1ikecoalandoilforenergy.Thatburningreleasescarbondioxide,acolorlessgas.Intheair,thisgastrapsheatatEarth'ssurface.Andthemorecarbondioxidereleased,themoretheplanetwarms.Ifcurrentconsumptionoffossilfuelsdoesn'tslow,thelong-termclimateimpactscouldlastthousandsofyearsqandbemoreseverethanscientistshadbeenexpecting.ClimatologistRichardZeebeoftheUniversityofHawaiiatManoaoffersthisconclusioninanewpaper.3Mostclimate-changestudieslookatwhat'sgoingtohappeninthenextcenturyorso.Duringthattime,changesintheplanet'senvironmentcouldnudgeV]rYglobalwarmingevenhigher.Forexample?Snowandicereflectsunlightbackintospace.Butasthesemelt,sunlightcannowreachqandwarmqtheexposedground.Thisextraheatraisestheairtemperatureevenmore,causingevenmoresnowtomelt.Thistypeofrapidexaggerationofimpactsiscalleda“fastfeedback”.4Zeebesaysit'simportanttolookatfastfeedbacks.However,headds,they'relimited.Fromaclimatechangeperspective,“Thiscenturyisthemostimportanttimeforthenextfewgenerations,hetoldScience

31News."Buttheworldisnotendingin2100.Forhisnewstudy,Zeebenowfocuseson“slowfeedbacksv.Whilefastfeedbackeventsunfoldoverdecadesorcenturies,slowfeedbackscantakethousandsofyears.Meltingofcontinentalicesheetsandthemigrationofplantlifeqastheyrelocatetomorecomfortableareasqaretwoexamplesofslowfeedbacks.5Zeebegatheredinformationfrompreviouslypublishedstudiesinvestigatinghowsuchprocessesplayedoutoverthousandsofyearsduringpastdramaticchangesinclimate.Thenhecameupwithaforecastforthefuturethataccountsforbothslowandfastfeedbackprocesses.Climateforecaststhatuseonlyfastfeedbackspredicta4.5degreeCelsius(8.1degreeFahrenheit)changebytheyear3000.Butslowfeedbacksaddedanother1.5࠷—fora6࠷totalincrease,Zeebereports.Healsofoundthatslowfeedbackeventswillcauseglobalwarmingtopersistforthousandsofyearsafterpeoplerunoutoffossilfuelstoburn.Paragraph5_________________{A}.Fastfeedbacks{B}.Slowfeedbacks{C}.Risingofsealevels{D}.Impactofburningfossilfuels

32{E}.Unpredictabilityoffeedbackprocesses{F}.Apredictionoffutureclimatechange345ᫀ7F,27⚪⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪ᭆgᜧijkᡂmn>ClimateChange?TheLongReach1Earthiswarming.Sealevelsarerising.There'smorecarbonintheair,andArcticiceismeltingfasterthanatanytimeinrecordedhistory.ScientistswhostudytheenvironmenttobettergaugeVopYEarth'sfutureclimatenowarguethatthesechangesmaynotreverseforaverylongtime.2Peopleburnfossilfuels1ikecoalandoilforenergy.Thatburningreleasescarbondioxide,acolorlessgas.Intheair,thisgastrapsheatatEarth'ssurface.Andthemorecarbondioxidereleased,themoretheplanetwarms.Ifcurrentconsumptionoffossilfuelsdoesn'tslow,thelong-termclimateimpactscouldlastthousandsofyearsqandbemoreseverethanscientistshadbeenexpecting.ClimatologistRichardZeebeoftheUniversityofHawaiiatManoaoffersthisconclusioninanewpaper.3Mostclimate-changestudieslookatwhat'sgoingtohappeninthenextcenturyorso.Duringthattime,changesintheplanet'senvironmentcouldnudgeV]

33r)globalwarmingevenhigher.Forexample?Snowandicereflectsunlightbackintospace.Butasthesemelt,sunlightcannowreachqandwarmqtheexposedground.Thisextraheatraisestheairtemperatureevenmore,causingevenmoresnowtomelt.Thistypeofrapidexaggerationofimpactsiscalleda“fastfeedbackv.4Zeebesaysit'simportanttolookatfastfeedbacks.However,headds,they'relimited.Fromaclimatechangeperspective,“Thiscenturyisthemostimportanttimeforthenextfewgenerations,hetoldScienceNews."Buttheworldisnotendingin2100.Forhisnewstudy,Zeebenowfocuseson“slowfeedbacksn.Whilefastfeedbackeventsunfoldoverdecadesorcenturies,slowfeedbackscantakethousandsofyears.Meltingofcontinentalicesheetsandthemigrationofplantlife—astheyrelocatetomorecomfortableareasqaretwoexamplesofslowfeedbacks.5Zeebegatheredinformationfrompreviouslypublishedstudiesinvestigatinghowsuchprocessesplayedoutoverthousandsofyearsduringpastdramaticchangesinclimate.Thenhecameupwithaforecastforthefuturethataccountsforbothslowandfastfeedbackprocesses.Climateforecaststhatuseonlyfastfeedbackspredicta4.5degreeCelsius(8.1degreeFahrenheit)changebytheyear3000.Butslowfeedbacks

34addedanother1.5࠷qfora6࠷totalincrease,Zeebereports.Healsofoundthatslowfeedbackeventswillcauseglobalwarmingtopersistforthousandsofyearsafterpeoplerunoutoffossilfuelstoburn.Arcticicehasneverbeenmeltingsofastin{A}.theextraheat{B}.recordedhistory{C}.theexposedground{D}.averylongtime{E}.previouslypublishedstudies{F}.rapidexaggerationofimpacts345ᫀ7B,28⚪⚪ᑖ:ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪ுᭆgᜧijkᡂmn>ClimateChange?TheLongReach1Earthiswarming.Sealevelsarerising.There'smorecarbonintheair,andArcticiceismeltingfasterthanatanytimeinrecordedhistory.ScientistswhostudytheenvironmenttobettergaugeVopHEarth'sfutureclimatenowarguethatthesechangesmaynotreverseforaverylongtime.2Peopleburnfossilfuelslikecoalandoilforenergy.Thatburningreleasescarbondioxide,acolorlessgas.Intheair,

35thisgastrapsheatatEarth'ssurface.Andthemorecarbondioxidereleased,themoretheplanetwarms.Ifcurrentconsumptionoffossilfuelsdoesn'tslow,thelong-termclimateimpactscouldlastthousandsofyearsqandbemoreseverethanscientistshadbeenexpecting.ClimatologistRichardZeebeoftheUniversityofHawaiiatManoaoffersthisconclusioninanewpaper.3Mostclimate-changestudieslookatwhat'sgoingtohappeninthenextcenturyorso.Duringthattime,changesintheplanet'senvironmentcouldnudgeV]rYglobalwarmingevenhigher.Forexample?Snowandicereflectsunlightbackintospace.Butasthesemelt,sunlightcannowreachqandwarmqtheexposedground.Thisextraheatraisestheairtemperatureevenmore,causingevenmoresnowtomelt.Thistypeofrapidexaggerationofimpactsiscalleda“fastfeedback”.4Zeebesaysit'simportanttolookatfastfeedbacks.However,headds,they'relimited.Fromaclimatechangeperspective,“Thiscenturyisthemostimportanttimeforthenextfewgenerations,hetoldScienceNews."Buttheworldisnotendingin2100.Forhisnewstudy,Zeebenowfocuseson“slowfeedbacksn.Whilefastfeedbackeventsunfoldoverdecadesorcenturies,slowfeedbackscantakethousandsofyears.Meltingofcontinentalicesheetsand

36themigrationofplantlifeqastheyrelocatetomorecomfortableareasqaretwoexamplesofslowfeedbacks.5Zeebegatheredinformationfrompreviouslypublishedstudiesinvestigatinghowsuchprocessesplayedoutoverthousandsofyearsduringpastdramaticchangesinclimate.Thenhecameupwithaforecastforthefuturethataccountsforbothslowandfastfeedbackprocesses.Climateforecaststhatuseonlyfastfeedbackspredicta4.5degreeCelsius(8.1degreeFahrenheit)changebytheyear3000.Butslowfeedbacksaddedanother1.5࠷qfora6࠷totalincrease,Zeebereports.Healsofoundthatslowfeedbackeventswillcauseglobalwarmingtopersistforthousandsofyearsafterpeoplerunoutoffossilfuelstoburn.Meltingofsnowandiceenablessunlighttoreach{A}.theextraheat{B}.recordedhistory{C}.theexposedground{D}.averylongtime{E}.previouslypublishedstudies{F}.rapidexaggerationofimpacts345ᫀ7C,

3729⚪⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪ᭆgᜧijkᡂmn>ClimateChange?TheLongReach1Earthiswarming.Sealevelsarerising.There'smorecarbonintheair,andArcticiceismeltingfasterthanatanytimeinrecordedhistory.ScientistswhostudytheenvironmenttobettergaugeVopHEarth'sfutureclimatenowarguethatthesechangesmaynotreverseforaverylongtime.2Peopleburnfossilfuels1ikecoalandoilforenergy.Thatburningreleasescarbondioxide,acolorlessgas.Intheair,thisgastrapsheatatEarth'ssurface.Andthemorecarbondioxidereleased,themoretheplanetwarms.Ifcurrentconsumptionoffossilfuelsdoesn'tslow,thelong-termclimateimpactscouldlastthousandsofyearsqandbemoreseverethanscientistshadbeenexpecting.ClimatologistRichardZeebeoftheUniversityofHawaiiatManoaoffersthisconclusioninanewpaper.3Mostclimate-changestudieslookatwhat'sgoingtohappeninthenextcenturyorso.Duringthattime,changesintheplanet'senvironmentcouldnudgeV]rYglobalwarmingevenhigher.Forexample?Snowandicereflectsunlightbackintospace.Butasthesemelt,sunlightcannowreach——andwarm——theexposedground.Thisextraheatraisestheairtemperatureevenmore,causingevenmoresnowtomelt.

38Thistypeofrapidexaggerationofimpactsiscalleda”fastfeedback.4Zeebesaysit'simportanttolookatfastfeedbacks.However,headds,they7re1imited.Fromaclimatechangeperspective,“Thiscenturyisthemostimportanttimeforthenextfewgenerations,hetoldScienceNews."Buttheworldisnotendingin2100.Forhisnewstudy,Zeebenowfocuseson“slowfeedbacks”.Whilefastfeedbackeventsunfoldoverdecadesorcenturies,slowfeedbackscantakethousandsofyears.Meltingofcontinentalicesheetsandthemigrationofplantlifeqastheyrelocatetomorecomfortableareasqaretwoexamplesofslowfeedbacks.5Zeebegatheredinformationfrompreviouslypublishedstudiesinvestigatinghowsuchprocessesplayedoutoverthousandsofyearsduringpastdramaticchangesinclimate.Thenhecameupwithaforecastforthefuturethataccountsforbothslowandfastfeedbackprocesses.Climateforecaststhatuseonlyfastfeedbackspredicta4.5degreeCelsius(8.1degreeFahrenheit)changebytheyear3000.Butslowfeedbacksaddedanother1.5࠷qfora6࠷totalincrease,Zeebereports.Healsofoundthatslowfeedbackeventswillcauseglobalwarmingtopersistforthousandsofyearsafterpeoplerunoutoffossilfuelstoburn.Zeebecameupwithhis

39futureclimatepredictionbyanalyzing{A}.theextraheat{B}.recordedhistory{C}.theexposedground{D}.averylongtime{E}.previouslypublishedstudies{F}.rapidexaggerationofimpacts345ᫀ7E,30⚪⚪ᑖ:ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪ᭆgᜧijkᡂmn>ClimateChange?TheLongReach1Earthiswarming.Sealevelsarerising.There'smorecarbonintheair,andArcticiceismeltingfasterthanatanytimeinrecordedhistory.ScientistswhostudytheenvironmenttobettergaugeVopHEarth'sfutureclimatenowarguethatthesechangesmaynotreverseforaverylongtime.2Peopleburnfossilfuels1ikecoalandoilforenergy.Thatburningreleasescarbondioxide,acolorlessgas.Intheair,thisgastrapsheatatEarth'ssurface.Andthemorecarbondioxidereleased,themoretheplanetwarms.Ifcurrentconsumptionoffossilfuelsdoesn'tslow,thelong-termclimateimpactscouldlastthousandsofyears——andbemoreseverethan

40scientistshadbeenexpecting.ClimatologistRichardZeebeoftheUniversityofHawaiiatManoaoffersthisconclusioninanewpaper.3Mostclimate-changestudieslookatwhat'sgoingtohappeninthenextcenturyorso.Duringthattime,changesintheplanet'senvironmentcouldnudgeV]rYglobalwarmingevenhigher.Forexample?Snowandicereflectsunlightbackintospace.Butasthesemelt,sunlightcannowreachqandwarmqtheexposedground.Thisextraheatraisestheairtemperatureevenmore,causingevenmoresnowtomelt.Thistypeofrapidexaggerationofimpactsiscalleda“fastfeedback”.4Zeebesaysit'simportanttolookatfastfeedbacks.However,headds,they'relimited.Fromaclimatechangeperspective,“Thiscenturyisthemostimportanttimeforthenextfewgenerations,hetoldScienceNews."Buttheworldisnotendingin2100.Forhisnewstudy,Zeebenowfocuseson“slowfeedbacks”.Whilefastfeedbackeventsunfoldoverdecadesorcenturies,slowfeedbackscantakethousandsofyears.Meltingofcontinentalicesheetsandthemigrationofplantlifeqastheyrelocatetomorecomfortableareasqaretwoexamplesofslowfeedbacks.5Zeebegatheredinformationfrompreviouslypublishedstudiesinvestigatinghowsuchprocessesplayedout

41overthousandsofyearsduringpastdramaticchangesinclimate.Thenhecameupwithaforecastforthefuturethataccountsforbothslowandfastfeedbackprocesses.Climateforecaststhatuseonlyfastfeedbackspredicta4.5degreeCelsiusI8.1degreeFahrenheitHchangebytheyear3000.Butslowfeedbacksaddedanother1.5࠷—fora6࠷totalincrease,Zeebereports.Healsofoundthatslowfeedbackeventswillcauseglobalwarmingtopersistforthousandsofyearsafterpeoplerunoutoffossilfuelstoburn.Afterfossilfuelsareusedup,globalwarmingwillcontinuefor{A}.theextraheat{B}.recordedhistory{C}.theexposedground{D}.averylongtime{E}.previouslypublishedstudies{F}.rapidexaggerationofimpacts345ᫀ:D,31⚪Vᓫ⚗⌱t⚪YVu⚪3.00ᑖY⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪▅NᳮwApproachestoUnderstandingIntelligencesItpaystobesmart,butwearenotallsmartinthesameway.Youmaybeatalentedmusician,butyou

42mightnotbeagoodreader.Eachofusisdifferent.Psychologistsdisagreeaboutwhatisintelligenceandwhataretalentsorpersonalabilities.Psychologistshavetwodifferentviewsonintelligence.Somebelievethereisonegeneralintelligence.Othersbelievetherearemanydifferentintelligences.SomepsychologistssaythereisonetypeofintelligencethatcanbemeasuredwithIQtests.Thesepsychologistssupporttheirviewwithresearchthatconcludesthatpeoplewhodowellononekindoftestformentalabilitydowellonothertests.Theydowellontestsusingwords,numbers,orpictures.Theydowellonindividualorgrouptests,andwrittenororaltests.Thosewhodopoorlyononetest,dothesameonalltests.Studiesofthebrainshowthatthereisabiologicalbasisforgeneralintelligence.Thebrainsofintelligentpeopleuselessenergyduringproblemsolving.Thebrainwavesofpeoplewithhigherintelligenceshowaquickerreaction.Someresearchersconcludethatdifferencesinintelligenceresultfromdifferencesinthespeedandeffectivenessofinformationprocessingbythebrain.HowardGardner,apsychologistattheHarvardSchoolofEducation,hasfourchildren.Hebelievesthatallchildrenaredifferentandshouldn,tbetestedbyone

43intelligencetest.AlthoughGardnerbelievesgeneralintelligenceexists,hedoesn'tthinkittellsmuchaboutthetalentsofapersonoutsideofformalschooling.Hethinksthatthehumanmindhasdifferentintelligences.Theseintelligencesallowustosolvethekindsofproblemswearepresentedwithinlife.Eachofushasdifferentabilitieswithintheseintelligences.Gardnerbelievesthatthepurposeofschoolshouldbetoencouragedevelopmentofallofourintelligences.Gardnersaysthathistheoryisbasedonbiology.Forexample,whenonepartofthebrainisinjured,otherpartsofthebrainstillwork.Peoplewhocannottalkbecauseofbraindamagecanstillsing.So,thereisnotjustoneintelligencetolose.Gardnerhasidentified8differentkindsofintelligence?1inguistic,mathematical,spatial,musical,interpersonal,intrapersonal,body-kinestheticVxyrzḄY,andnaturalistic.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?{A}.Theimportanceofintelligence.{B}.Thedevelopmentofintelligencetests.{C}.Howtounderstandintelligence.{D}.Howtobecomeintelligent.345ᫀ7C,

4432⚪Vᓫ⚗⌱t⚪YVu⚪3.00ᑖY⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪▅NᳮwApproachestoUnderstandingIntelligencesItpaystobesmart,butwearenotallsmartinthesameway.Youmaybeatalentedmusician,butyoumightnotbeagoodreader.Eachofusisdifferent.Psychologistsdisagreeaboutwhatisintelligenceandwhataretalentsorpersonalabilities.Psychologistshavetwodifferentviewsonintelligence.Somebelievethereisonegeneralintelligence.Othersbelievetherearemanydifferentintelligences.SomepsychologistssaythereisonetypeofintelligencethatcanbemeasuredwithIQtests.Thesepsychologistssupporttheirviewwithresearchthatconcludesthatpeoplewhodowellononekindoftestformentalabilitydowellonothertests.Theydowellontestsusingwords,numbers,orpictures.Theydowellonindividualorgrouptests,andwrittenororaltests.Thosewhodopoorlyononetest,dothesameonalltests.Studiesofthebrainshowthatthereisabiologicalbasisforgeneralintelligence.Thebrainsofintelligentpeopleuselessenergyduringproblemsolving.Thebrainwavesofpeoplewithhigherintelligenceshowaquickerreaction.Someresearchersconcludethat

45differencesinintelligenceresultfromdifferencesinthespeedandeffectivenessofinformationprocessingbythebrain.HowardGardner,apsychologistattheHarvardSchoolofEducation,hasfourchildren.Hebelievesthatallchildrenaredifferentandshouldn'tbetestedbyoneintelligencetest.AlthoughGardnerbelievesgeneralintelligenceexists,hedoesn'tthinkittellsmuchaboutthetalentsofapersonoutsideofformalschooling.Hethinksthatthehumanmindhasdifferentintelligences.Theseintelligencesallowustosolvethekindsofproblemswearepresentedwithinlife.Eachofushasdifferentabilitieswithintheseintelligences.Gardnerbelievesthatthepurposeofschoolshouldbetoencouragedevelopmentofallofourintelligences.Gardnersaysthathistheoryisbasedonbiology.Forexample,whenonepartofthebrainisinjured,otherpartsofthebrainstillwork.Peoplewhocannottalkbecauseofbraindamagecanstillsing.So,thereisnotjustoneintelligencetolose.Gardnerhasidentified8differentkindsofintelligence?1inguistic,mathematical,spatial,musical,interpersonal,intrapersonal,body-kinestheticVxyrzḄY,andnaturalistic.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueconcerninggeneralintelligence?

46{A}.Peopledoingwellononetypeofintelligencetestdowellonothertests.{B}.Mostintelligentpeopledowellonsomeintelligencetests.{C}.Intelligentpeopledonotdowellongrouptests.{D}.Intelligentpeopledobetteronwrittenteststhanonoraltests.345ᫀ7A,33⚪Vᓫ⚗⌱t⚪YVu⚪3.00ᑖY⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪>▅Nᳮw>ApproachestoUnderstandingIntelligencesItpaystobesmart,butwearenotallsmartinthesameway.Youmaybeatalentedmusician,butyoumightnotbeagoodreader.Eachofusisdifferent.Psychologistsdisagreeaboutwhatisintelligenceandwhataretalentsorpersonalabilities.Psychologistshavetwodifferentviewsonintelligence.Somebelievethereisonegeneralintelligence.Othersbelievetherearemanydifferentintelligences.SomepsychologistssaythereisonetypeofintelligencethatcanbemeasuredwithIQtests.Thesepsychologistssupporttheirviewwithresearchthatconcludesthatpeoplewhodowellononekindoftestformentalabilitydowellonothertests.Theydowellontestsusingwords,

47numbers,orpictures.Theydowellonindividualorgrouptests,andwrittenororaltests.Thosewhodopoorlyononetest,dothesameonalltests.Studiesofthebrainshowthatthereisabiologicalbasisforgeneralintelligence.Thebrainsofintelligentpeopleuselessenergyduringproblemsolving.Thebrainwavesofpeoplewithhigherintelligenceshowaquickerreaction.Someresearchersconcludethatdifferencesinintelligenceresultfromdifferencesinthespeedandeffectivenessofinformationprocessingbythebrain.HowardGardner,apsychologistattheHarvardSchoolofEducation,hasfourchildren.Hebelievesthatallchildrenaredifferentandshouldn'tbetestedbyoneintelligencetest.AlthoughGardnerbelievesgeneralintelligenceexists,hedoesn'tthinkittellsmuchaboutthetalentsofapersonoutsideofformalschooling.Hethinksthatthehumanmindhasdifferentintelligences.Theseintelligencesallowustosolvethekindsofproblemswearepresentedwithinlife.Eachofushasdifferentabilitieswithintheseintelligences.Gardnerbelievesthatthepurposeofschoolshouldbetoencouragedevelopmentofallofourintelligences.Gardnersaysthathistheoryisbasedonbiology.Forexample,whenonepartofthebrainisinjured,

48otherpartsofthebrainstillwork.Peoplewhocannottalkbecauseofbraindamagecanstillsing.So,thereisnotjustoneintelligencetolose.Gardnerhasidentified8differentkindsofintelligence?1inguistic,mathematical,spatial,musical,interpersonal,intrapersonal,body-kinestheticVxyrzḄY,andnaturalistic.Gardnerbelievesthat{A}.allchildftnarealike.{B}.childrenshouldtakeoneintelligencetest.{C}.thereisnogeneralintelligence.{D}.childrenhavedifferentintelligences.345ᫀ7D,34⚪Vᓫ⚗⌱t⚪YVu⚪3.00ᑖY⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪▅NᳮwOApproachestoUnderstandingIntelligencesItpaystobesmart,butwearenotallsmartinthesameway.Youmaybeatalentedmusician,butyoumightnotbeagoodreader.Eachofusisdifferent.Psychologistsdisagreeaboutwhatisintelligenceandwhataretalentsorpersonalabilities.Psychologistshavetwodifferentviewsonintelligence.Somebelievethereisonegeneralintelligence.Othersbelievetherearemanydifferent

49intelligences.SomepsychologistssaythereisonetypeofintelligencethatcanbemeasuredwithIQtests.Thesepsychologistssupporttheirviewwithresearchthatconcludesthatpeoplewhodowellononekindoftestformentalabilitydowellonothertests.Theydowellontestsusingwords,numbers,orpictures.Theydowellonindividualorgrouptests,andwrittenororaltests.Thosewhodopoorlyononetest,dothesameonalltests.Studiesofthebrainshowthatthereisabiologicalbasisforgeneralintelligence.Thebrainsofintelligentpeopleuselessenergyduringproblemsolving.Thebrainwavesofpeoplewithhigherintelligenceshowaquickerreaction.Someresearchersconcludethatdifferencesinintelligenceresultfromdifferencesinthespeedandeffectivenessofinformationprocessingbythebrain.HowardGardner,apsychologistattheHarvardSchoolofEducation,hasfourchildren.Hebelievesthatallchildrenaredifferentandshouldn,tbetestedbyoneintelligencetest.AlthoughGardnerbelievesgeneralintelligenceexists,hedoesn'tthinkittellsmuchaboutthetalentsofapersonoutsideofformalschooling.Hethinksthatthehumanmindhasdifferentintelligences.Theseintelligencesallowustosolvethekindsofproblemsweare

50presentedwithinlife.Eachofushasdifferentabilitieswithintheseintelligences.Gardnerbelievesthatthepurposeofschoolshouldbetoencouragedevelopmentofallofourintelligences.Gardnersaysthathistheoryisbasedonbiology.Forexample,whenonepartofthebrainisinjured,otherpartsofthebrainstillwork.Peoplewhocannottalkbecauseofbraindamagecanstillsing.So,thereisnotjustoneintelligencetolose.Gardnerhasidentified8differentkindsofintelligence?1inguistic,mathematical,spatial,musical,interpersonal,intrapersonal,body-kinestheticVxyrzḄY,andnaturalistic.AccordingtoGardner,schoolsshould{A}.teststudents'IQs.{B}.trainstudentswhodopoorlyontests.{C}.promotedevelopmentofallintelligences.{D}.focusonfindingthemostintelligentstudents.345ᫀ7C,35⚪Vᓫ⚗⌱t⚪HIu⚪3.00ᑖY⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪▅NᳮwApproachestoUnderstandingIntelligencesItpaystobesmart,butwearenotallsmartinthesameway.Youmaybeatalentedmusician,butyou

51mightnotbeagoodreader.Eachofusisdifferent.Psychologistsdisagreeaboutwhatisintelligenceandwhataretalentsorpersonalabilities.Psychologistshavetwodifferentviewsonintelligence.Somebelievethereisonegeneralintelligence.Othersbelievetherearemanydifferentintelligences.SomepsychologistssaythereisonetypeofintelligencethatcanbemeasuredwithIQtests.Thesepsychologistssupporttheirviewwithresearchthatconcludesthatpeoplewhodowellononekindoftestformentalabilitydowellonothertests.Theydowellontestsusingwords,numbers,orpictures.Theydowellonindividualorgrouptests,andwrittenororaltests.Thosewhodopoorlyononetest,dothesameonalltests.Studiesofthebrainshowthatthereisabiologicalbasisforgeneralintelligence.Thebrainsofintelligentpeopleuselessenergyduringproblemsolving.Thebrainwavesofpeoplewithhigherintelligenceshowaquickerreaction.Someresearchersconcludethatdifferencesinintelligenceresultfromdifferencesinthespeedandeffectivenessofinformationprocessingbythebrain.HowardGardner,apsychologistattheHarvardSchoolofEducation,hasfourchildren.Hebelievesthatallchildrenaredifferentandshouldn,tbetestedbyone

52intelligencetest.AlthoughGardnerbelievesgeneralintelligenceexists,hedoesn'tthinkittellsmuchaboutthetalentsofapersonoutsideofformalschooling.Hethinksthatthehumanmindhasdifferentintelligences.Theseintelligencesallowustosolvethekindsofproblemswearepresentedwithinlife.Eachofushasdifferentabilitieswithintheseintelligences.Gardnerbelievesthatthepurposeofschoolshouldbetoencouragedevelopmentofallofourintelligences.Gardnersaysthathistheoryisbasedonbiology.Forexample,whenonepartofthebrainisinjured,otherpartsofthebrainstillwork.Peoplewhocannottalkbecauseofbraindamagecanstillsing.So,thereisnotjustoneintelligencetolose.Gardnerhasidentified8differentkindsofintelligence?1inguistic,mathematical,spatial,musical,interpersonal,intrapersonal,body-kinestheticVxyrzḄY,andnaturalistic.Gardnerthinksthathistheoryhasa{A}.musicalfoundation,{B}.intrapersonalfoundation.{C}.biologicalfoundation.{D}.linguisticfoundation.345ᫀ7C,

5336⚪Vᓫ⚗⌱t⚪YVu⚪3.00ᑖY⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪▅NᳮwTheMirSpaceStationTheRussianMirSpaceStation,whichcamedownin2001atlastafter15yearsofpioneeringtheconceptoflong-termhumanspaceflight,isrememberedforitsaccomplishmentsinthehumanspaceflighthistory.Itcanbecreditedwithmanyfirstsinspace.TheSovietUnionlaunchedMir,whichwasdesignedtolastfromthreetofiveyears,onFebruary20,1986,andhoused104astronautsover12yearsandsevenmonths,mostofwhomwerenotRussian.Infact,itbecamethefirstinternationalspacestationbyplayinghostto162peoplefrom11countries.From1995through1998,sevenastronautsfromtheUnitedStatestook

54turnslivingonMirforuptosixmonthseach.Theywereamongthe37Americanswhovisitedthestationduringninestopoversbyspaceshuttles.Themorethan400milliontheUnitedStatesprovidedRussianforthevisitsnotonlykeptMiroperating,butalsogavetheAmericansandtheirpartnersintheinternationalstationprojectvaluableexperienceinlong-termflightandmultinationaloperations.AdebatecontinuesoverMir'scontributionstoscience.Duringitsexistence,Mirwasthelaboratoryfor23,000experimentsandcarriedscientificequipment,estimatedtobeworth$80million,frommanynations.ExperimentsonMirarecreditedwitharangeoffindings,fromthefirstsolidmeasurementoftherationofheavyheliumV{Yatomsinspacetohowtogrowwheatinspace.Butforthosefavouringhumanspaceexploration,Mirshowedthatpeoplecouldliveandwork

55inspacelongenoughforatriptoMars.Thelongestsinglestayinspaceisthe437.7daysthatRussianastronautValeryPolyakovspentonMirfrom1994to1995.AndSergieAvdeyevaccumulated747.6daysinspaceinthreetripstothespacestation.ThelongestAmericanstaywasthatofShannonLucid,whospent188daysaboardMirin1996.DespitethemanyfirstsMiraccomplished,1997wasabadyearoutof15forMir.In1997,anoxygengeneratorcaughtfire.Later,themaincomputersystembrokedown,causingthestationtodriftseveraltimesandtherewerepowerfailures.Mostoftheseproblemswererepaired,withAmericanhelpandsuppliers,butMir'sriputationasaspacestationwasruined.Mir'ssetbacksarenothing,though,whenwecomparethemwithitsaccomplishments.Mirwasatremendoussuccess,whichwillberememberedasamilastoneinspaceexplorationandthespacestationthatshowedlong-termhumanhabitationinspace

56waspossible.Butit'stimetomoveontothenextgeneration.TheInternationalSpaceStationbeingbuiltwillbebetter,butitowesagreatdebttoMir.WecanlearnfromthepassagethattheMirSpaceStationA.wasbuiltbyRussians.B.wasdesignedtolastover5years.C.playedhostto7astronautsfromdifferentcountries.

57D.wasvisitedonlybyAmericans.345ᫀ7A,37⚪Vᓫ⚗⌱t⚪YVu⚪3.00ᑖY⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪▅NᳮwTheMirSpaceStationTheRussianMirSpaceStation,whichcamedownin2001atlastafter15yearsofpioneeringtheconceptoflong-term

58humanspaceflight,isrememberedforitsaccomplishmentsinthehumanspaceflighthistory.Itcanbecreditedwithmanyfirstsinspace.TheSovietUnionlaunchedMir,whichwasdesignedtolastfromthreetofiveyears,onFebruary20,1986,andhoused104astronautsover12yearsandsevenmonths,mostofwhomwerenotRussian.Infact,itbecamethefirstinternationalspacestationbyplayinghostto162peoplefrom11countries.From1995through1998,sevenastronautsfromtheUnitedStatestookturnslivingonMirforuptosixmonthseach.Theywereamongthe37Americanswhovisitedthestationduringninestopoversbyspaceshuttles.Themorethan400milliontheUnitedStatesprovidedRussianforthevisitsnotonlykeptMiroperating,butalsogavetheAmericansandtheirpartnersintheinternationalstationprojectvaluableexperienceinlong-termflightand

59multinationaloperations.AdebatecontinuesoverMir'scontributionstoscience.Duringitsexistence,Mirwasthelaboratoryfor23,000experimentsandcarriedscientificequipment,estimatedtobeworth$80million,frommanynations.ExperimentsonMirarecreditedwitharangeoffindings,fromthefirstsolidmeasurementoftherationofheavyheliumV|Yatomsinspacetohowtogrowwheatinspace.Butforthosefavouringhumanspaceexploration,MirshowedthatpeoplecouldliveandworkinspacelongenoughforatriptoMars.Thelongestsinglestayinspaceisthe437.7daysthatRussianastronautValeryPolyakovspentonMirfrom1994to1995.AndSergieAvdeyevaccumulated747.6daysinspaceinthreetripstothespacestation.ThelongestAmericanstaywasthatofShannonLucid,whospent188daysaboardMirin1996.DespitethemanyfirstsMiraccomplished,1997wasabad

60yearoutof15forMir.In1997,anoxygengeneratorcaughtfire.Later,themaincomputersystembrokedown,causingthestationtodriftseveraltimesandtherewerepowerfailures.Mostoftheseproblemswererepaired,withAmericanhelpandsuppliers,butMir'sriputationasaspacestationwasruined.Mir'ssetbacksarenothing,though,whenwecomparethemwithitsaccomplishments.Mirwasatremendoussuccess,whichwillberememberedasamilastoneinspaceexplorationandthespacestationthatshowedlong-termhumanhabitationinspacewaspossible.Butifstimetomoveontothenextgeneration.TheInternationalSpaceStationbeingbuiltwillbebetter,butitowesagreatdebttoMir.OneofthecontributionsMirmakestoscienceisthatit

61A.helpsastronautsgetclosetoMars.B.enablesscientiststodevelopnewscientificequipment.C.setsarecordofthelongestsinglehumanstayinspace.D.showsthatmultinationaloperationsinspacearelessexpensive.

62345ᫀ7C,38⚪Vᓫ⚗⌱t⚪YVu⚪3.00ᑖY⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪>▅Nᳮw>TheMirSpaceStationTheRussianMirSpaceStation,whichcamedownin2001atlastafter15yearsofpioneeringtheconceptoflong-termhumanspaceflight,isrememberedforitsaccomplishmentsinthehumanspaceflighthistory.Itcanbecreditedwithmanyfirstsinspace.TheSovietUnionlaunchedMir,whichwasdesignedtolastfromthreetofiveyears,onFebruary20,1986,andhoused104astronautsover12yearsandsevenmonths,mostofwhomwere

63notRussian.Infact,itbecamethefirstinternationalspacestationbyplayinghostto162peoplefrom11countries.From1995through1998,sevenastronautsfromtheUnitedStatestookturnslivingonMirforuptosixmonthseach.Theywereamongthe37Americanswhovisitedthestationduringninestopoversbyspaceshuttles.Themorethan400milliontheUnitedStatesprovidedRussianforthevisitsnotonlykeptMiroperating,butalsogavetheAmericansandtheirpartnersintheinternationalstationprojectvaluableexperienceinlong-termflightandmultinationaloperations.AdebatecontinuesoverMir'scontributionstoscience.Duringitsexistence,Mirwasthelaboratoryfor23,000experimentsandcarriedscientificequipment,estimatedtobeworth$80million,frommanynations.ExperimentsonMirarecreditedwitharangeoffindings,fromthefirstsolid

64measurementoftherationofheavyheliumV{Yatomsinspacetohowtogrowwheatinspace.Butforthosefavouringhumanspaceexploration,MirshowedthatpeoplecouldliveandworkinspacelongenoughforatriptoMars.Thelongestsinglestayinspaceisthe437.7daysthatRussianastronautValeryPolyakovspentonMirfrom1994to1995.AndSergieAvdeyevaccumulated747.6daysinspaceinthreetripstothespacestation.ThelongestAmericanstaywasthatofShannonLucid,whospent188daysaboardMirin1996.DespitethemanyfirstsMiraccomplished,1997wasabadyearoutof15forMir.In1997,anoxygengeneratorcaughtfire.Later,themaincomputersystembrokedown,causingthestationtodriftseveraltimesandtherewerepowerfailures.Mostoftheseproblemswererepaired,withAmericanhelpandsuppliers,butMir'sriputationasaspacestationwasruined.Mir'ssetbacksarenothing,though,whenwecomparethem

65withitsaccomplishments.Mirwasatremendoussuccess,whichwillberememberedasamilastoneinspaceexplorationandthespacestationthatshowedlong-termhumanhabitationinspacewaspossible.Butifstimetomoveontothenextgeneration.TheInternationalSpaceStationbeingbuiltwillbebetter,butitowesagreatdebttoMir.WhathappenedtoMirin1997?A.Itranoutofitsfund.B.Itwascompletelydamagedbyfire.

66C.Itsmaincomputersystembrokedown.D.Itsreputationwasruinedduetopowerfailures.345ᫀ7C,39⚪Vᓫ⚗⌱t⚪YVu⚪3.00ᑖY⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪▅NᳮwTheMirSpaceStation

67TheRussianMirSpaceStation,whichcamedownin2001atlastafter15yearsofpioneeringtheconceptoflong-termhumanspaceflight,isrememberedforitsaccomplishmentsinthehumanspaceflighthistory.Itcanbecreditedwithmanyfirstsinspace.TheSovietUnionlaunchedMir,whichwasdesignedtolastfromthreetofiveyears,onFebruary20,1986,andhoused104astronautsover12yearsandsevenmonths,mostofwhomwerenotRussian.Infact,itbecamethefirstinternationalspacestationbyplayinghostto162peoplefrom11countries.From1995through1998,sevenastronautsfromtheUnitedStatestookturnslivingonMirforuptosixmonthseach.Theywereamongthe37Americanswhovisitedthestationduringninestopoversbyspaceshuttles.Themorethan400milliontheUnitedStatesprovided

68RussianforthevisitsnotonlykeptMiroperating,butalsogavetheAmericansandtheirpartnersintheinternationalstationprojectvaluableexperienceinlong-termflightandmultinationaloperations.AdebatecontinuesoverMir'scontributionstoscience.Duringitsexistence,Mirwasthelaboratoryfor23,000experimentsandcarriedscientificequipment,estimatedtobeworth$80million,frommanynations.ExperimentsonMirarecreditedwitharangeoffindings,fromthefirstsolidmeasurementoftherationofheavyheliumV|Yatomsinspacetohowtogrowwheatinspace.Butforthosefavouringhumanspaceexploration,MirshowedthatpeoplecouldliveandworkinspacelongenoughforatriptoMars.Thelongestsinglestayinspaceisthe437.7daysthatRussianastronautValeryPolyakovspentonMirfrom1994to1995.AndSergieAvdeyevaccumulated747.6daysinspaceinthreetripstothespacestation.ThelongestAmericanstaywasthatofShannonLucid,whospent188daysaboardMirin1996.

69DespitethemanyfirstsMiraccomplished,1997wasabadyearoutof15forMir.In1997,anoxygengeneratorcaughtfire.Later,themaincomputersystembrokedown,causingthestationtodriftseveraltimesandtherewerepowerfailures.Mostoftheseproblemswererepaired,withAmericanhelpandsuppliers,butMir'sriputationasaspacestationwasruined.Mir'ssetbacksarenothing,though,whenwecomparethemwithitsaccomplishments.Mirwasatremendoussuccess,whichwillberememberedasamilastoneinspaceexplorationandthespacestationthatshowedlong-termhumanhabitationinspacewaspossible.Butifstimetomoveontothenextgeneration.TheInternationalSpaceStationbeingbuiltwillbebetter,butitowesagreatdebttoMir.

70ItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatA.spaceexplorationwillnotexperiencesetbacks.B.itisdifficultforotherspacestationstoexceedMir'ssuccess.C.Miristhebestlong-termhumanhabitationinspaceinhistory.D.multinationalspaceoperationsaregettingmoreaccomplishments.

71345ᫀ:D,40⚪Vᓫ⚗⌱t⚪YVu⚪3.00ᑖY⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪▅NᳮwTheMirSpaceStationTheRussianMirSpaceStation,whichcamedownin2001atlastafter15yearsofpioneeringtheconceptoflong-termhumanspaceflight,isrememberedforitsaccomplishmentsinthehumanspaceflighthistory.Itcanbecreditedwithmanyfirstsinspace.

72TheSovietUnionlaunchedMir,whichwasdesignedtolastfromthreetofiveyears,onFebruary20,1986,andhoused104astronautsover12yearsandsevenmonths,mostofwhomwerenotRussian.Infact,itbecamethefirstinternationalspacestationbyplayinghostto162peoplefrom11countries.From1995through1998,sevenastronautsfromtheUnitedStatestookturnslivingonMirforuptosixmonthseach.Theywereamongthe37Americanswhovisitedthestationduringninestopoversbyspaceshuttles.Themorethan400milliontheUnitedStatesprovidedRussianforthevisitsnotonlykeptMiroperating,butalsogavetheAmericansandtheirpartnersintheinternationalstationprojectvaluableexperienceinlong-termflightandmultinationaloperations.

73AdebatecontinuesoverMirQscontributionstoscience.Duringitsexistence,Mirwasthelaboratoryfor23,000experimentsandcarriedscientificequipment,estimatedtobeworth$80million,frommanynations.ExperimentsonMirarecreditedwitharangeoffindings,fromthefirstsolidmeasurementoftherationofheavyheliumV{Yatomsinspacetohowtogrowwheatinspace.Butforthosefavouringhumanspaceexploration,MirshowedthatpeoplecouldliveandworkinspacelongenoughforatriptoMars.Thelongestsinglestayinspaceisthe437.7daysthatRussianastronautValeryPolyakovspentonMirfrom1994to1995.AndSergieAvdeyevaccumulated747.6daysinspaceinthreetripstothespacestation.ThelongestAmericanstaywasthatofShannonLucid,whospent188daysaboardMirin1996.DespitethemanyfirstsMiraccomplished,1997wasabadyearoutof15forMir.In1997,anoxygengeneratorcaughtfire.Later,themaincomputersystembrokedown,causingthestationtodriftseveraltimesandtherewerepowerfailures.Mostoftheseproblemswererepaired,withAmericanhelpand

74suppliers,butMir'sriputationasaspacestationwasruined.Mir'ssetbacksarenothing,though,whenwecomparethemwithitsaccomplishments.Mirwasatremendoussuccess,whichwillberememberedasamilastoneinspaceexplorationandthespacestationthatshowedlong-termhumanhabitationinspacewaspossible.Butifstimetomoveontothenextgeneration.TheInternationalSpaceStationbeingbuiltwillbebetter,butitowesagreatdebttoMir.WhatistheauthorsattitudetowardMir?A.Indifferent.

75B.Favorable.C.Ironic.D.Negative.345ᫀ7B,41⚪Vᓫ⚗⌱t⚪YVu⚪3.00ᑖY⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ

76⚪ஹ⚪▅NᳮwEye-trackerLetsYouDragandDropFileswithaGlanceBoredofusingamouse?Soonyou,11beabletochangestuffonyourcomputerscreenqandthenmoveitdirectlyontoyoursmartphoneortabletI}~ᵯᾯHqwithnothingmorethanaglance.AsystemcalledEyeDropusesahead-mountedeyetrackerthatsimultaneouslyrecordsyourfieldofviewsoitknowswhereyouarelookingonthescreen.Gazingatanobjectqaphoto,sayqandthenpressingakey,selectsthatobject.Itcanthenbemovedfromthescreentoatabletorsmartphonejustbyglancingattheseconddevice,aslongasthetwoareconnectedwirelessly.

77“Thebeautyofusinggazetosupportthisisthatoureyesnaturallyfocusoncontentthatwewanttoacquire,saysJaysonTurner,whodevelopedthesystemwithcolleaguesatLancasterUniversity,UK.TurnerbelievesEyeDropwouldbeusefultotransferaninteractivemaporcontactinformationfromapublicdisplaytoyoursmartphoneorforsharingphotos.Abuttonneedstobeusedtoselecttheobjectyouarelookingatotherwiseyouendupwiththe“Midastouch”VᡂYeffect,wherebyeverythingyoulookatgetsselectedbyyourgaze,saysTurner.'IImagineifyourmouseclickedoneverythingitpointedat,“hesays.

78ChristianHolz,aresearcherinhuman-computerinteractionatYahooLabsinSunnyvale,California,saysthesystemisanicetakeongettingroundthisfundamentalproblemofusinggaze-trackingtointeract."EyeDropsolvesthisinaslickVᮣḄYwaybycombiningitwithinputonthetouchdeviceswecarrywithusmostofthetimeanywayandusingtouchinputasaclutchingmechanism,“hesays."ThisnowallowsuserstoseamlesslyVᙢYinteractacrossdevicesfarandcloseinaverynaturalmanner.”Whilecurrenteye-trackersareratherbulky,mainstreamconsumerdevicesarenottoofaraway.SwedishfirmTobiiisdevelopinggaze-trackingtechnologythatcanbeinstalledinlaptopsandtabletsandisexpectedtobeavailabletobuynextyear.AndtheGoogleGlassheadsetisexpectedtoincludeeye-trackinginthefuture.Turnersayshehasalsolookedathowcontentcanbecut

79andpastedordrag-and-droppedusingamixofgazeandtapsonatouchscreen.ThesystemwaspresentedattheConferenceonMobileandUbiquitousMultimediainSweden,lastweek.Theeye-trackertechnologyenablesustoA.changeourcomputerscreen.B.focusonanythingthatinterestsus.C.getasmartphoneconnectedwirelessly.

80D.moveanobjectfromscreenwithaglance.345ᫀ7D,42⚪Vᓫ⚗⌱t⚪YVu⚪3.00ᑖY⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪▅NᳮwEye-trackerLetsYouDragandDropFileswithaGlanceBoredofusingamouse?Soonyou'11beabletochangestuffonyourcomputerscreen——andthenmoveitdirectlyonto

81yoursmartphoneortabletI}~ᵯᾯHqwithnothingmorethanaglance.AsystemcalledEyeDropusesahead-mountedeyetrackerthatsimultaneouslyrecordsyourfieldofviewsoitknowswhereyouarelookingonthescreen.Gazingatanobjectqaphoto,sayqandthenpressingakey,selectsthatobject.Itcanthenbemovedfromthescreentoatabletorsmartphonejustbyglancingattheseconddevice,aslongasthetwoareconnectedwirelessly.“Thebeautyofusinggazetosupportthisisthatoureyesnaturallyfocusoncontentthatwewanttoacquire,saysJaysonTurner,whodevelopedthesystemwithcolleaguesatLancasterUniversity,UK.

82TurnerbelievesEyeDropwouldbeusefultotransferaninteractivemaporcontactinformationfromapublicdisplaytoyoursmartphoneorforsharingphotos.Abuttonneedstobeusedtoselecttheobjectyouarelookingatotherwiseyouendupwiththe“Midastouch”VᡂYeffect,wherebyeverythingyoulookatgetsselectedbyyourgaze,saysTurner.'IImagineifyourmouseclickedoneverythingitpointedat,“hesays.ChristianHolz,aresearcherinhuman-computerinteractionatYahooLabsinSunnyvale,California,saysthesystemisanicetakeongettingroundthisfundamentalproblemofusinggaze-trackingtointeract.uEyeDropsolvesthisinaslickVᮣḄYwaybycombiningitwithinputonthetouchdeviceswecarrywithusmostofthetimeanywayandusingtouchinputasaclutchingmechanism,nhesays."ThisnowallowsuserstoseamlesslyVᙢYinteractacrossdevicesfarand

83closeinaverynaturalmanner.Whilecurrenteye-trackersareratherbulky,mainstreamconsumerdevicesarenottoofaraway.SwedishfirmTobiiisdevelopinggaze-trackingtechnologythatcanbeinstalledinlaptopsandtabletsandisexpectedtobeavailabletobuynextyear.AndtheGoogleGlassheadsetisexpectedtoincludeeye-trackinginthefuture.Turnersayshehasalsolookedathowcontentcanbecutandpastedordrag-and-droppedusingamixofgazeandtapsonatouchscreen.ThesystemwaspresentedattheConferenceonMobileandUbiquitousMultimediainSweden,lastweek.

84Whyisabuttonneeded?A.Toselectwhatwewant.B.TominimizethecostofEyeDrop.C.Tochooseasmanyobjectsaspossible.D.TomakeEyeDropdifferentfromothers.

85345ᫀ7A,43⚪Vᓫ⚗⌱t⚪YVu⚪3.00ᑖY⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪▅NᳮwEye-trackerLetsYouDragandDropFileswithaGlanceBoredofusingamouse?Soonyou,11beabletochangestuffonyourcomputerscreenqandthenmoveitdirectlyontoyoursmartphoneortabletV}~ᵯᾯY--■withnothingmorethanaglance.AsystemcalledEyeDropusesahead-mountedeyetrackerthatsimultaneouslyrecordsyourfieldofviewsoitknowswhereyouarelookingonthescreen.Gazingatanobject——aphoto,

86sayqandthenpressingakey,selectsthatobject.Itcanthenbemovedfromthescreentoatabletorsmartphonejustbyglancingattheseconddevice,aslongasthetwoareconnectedwirelessly.“Thebeautyofusinggazetosupportthisisthatoureyesnaturallyfocusoncontentthatwewanttoacquire,saysJaysonTurner,whodevelopedthesystemwithcolleaguesatLancasterUniversity,UK.TurnerbelievesEyeDropwouldbeusefultotransferaninteractivemaporcontactinformationfromapublicdisplaytoyoursmartphoneorforsharingphotos.Abuttonneedstobeusedtoselecttheobjectyouarelookingatotherwiseyouendupwiththe“Midastouch”V

87ᡂYeffect,wherebyeverythingyoulookatgetsselectedbyyourgaze,saysTurner.'IImagineifyourmouseclickedoneverythingitpointedat,“hesays.ChristianHolz,aresearcherinhuman-computerinteractionatYahooLabsinSunnyvale,California,saysthesystemisanicetakeongettingroundthisfundamentalproblemofusinggaze-trackingtointeract."EyeDropsolvesthisinaslickVᮣḄYwaybycombiningitwithinputonthetouchdeviceswecarrywithusmostofthetimeanywayandusingtouchinputasaclutchingmechanism,nhesays."ThisnowallowsuserstoseamlesslyVᙢYinteractacrossdevicesfarandcloseinaverynaturalmanner.”Whilecurrenteye-trackersareratherbulky,mainstreamconsumerdevicesarenottoofaraway.SwedishfirmTobiiisdevelopinggaze-trackingtechnologythatcanbeinstalledinlaptopsandtabletsandisexpectedtobeavailabletobuynext

88year.AndtheGoogleGlassheadsetisexpectedtoincludeeye-trackinginthefuture.Turnersayshehasalsolookedathowcontentcanbecutandpastedordrag-and-droppedusingamixofgazeandtapsonatouchscreen.ThesystemwaspresentedattheConferenceonMobileandUbiquitousMultimediainSweden,lastweek.Theword"this"inParagraph6referstoA.applicationofgaze-trackinginhuman-computerinteraction.

89B.combinationofgaze-trackingwithinputontouchdevices.C.interactionbetweenhumanandcomputer.D.generalizationofEyeDropsystem.345ᫀ7B,44⚪Vᓫ⚗⌱t⚪YVu⚪3.00ᑖY⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ

90⚪ஹ⚪▅NᳮwEye-trackerLetsYouDragandDropFileswithaGlanceBoredofusingamouse?Soonyou,11beabletochangestuffonyourcomputerscreenqandthenmoveitdirectlyontoyoursmartphoneortabletI}~ᵯᾯHqwithnothingmorethanaglance.AsystemcalledEyeDropusesahead-mountedeyetrackerthatsimultaneouslyrecordsyourfieldofviewsoitknowswhereyouarelookingonthescreen.Gazingatanobjectqaphoto,sayqandttiaipressingakey,selectsthatobject.Itcanthenbemovedfromthescreentoatabletorsmartphonejustbyglancingattheseconddevice,aslongasthetwoareconnectedwirelessly.

91“Thebeautyofusinggazetosupportthisisthatoureyesnaturallyfocusoncontentthatwewanttoacquire,saysJaysonTurner,whodevelopedthesystemwithcolleaguesatLancasterUniversity,UK.TurnerbelievesEyeDropwouldbeusefultotransferaninteractivemaporcontactinformationfromapublicdisplaytoyoursmartphoneorforsharingphotos.Abuttonneedstobeusedtoselecttheobjectyouarelookingatotherwiseyouendupwiththe“Midastouch”VᡂYeffect,wherebyeverythingyoulookatgetsselectedbyyourgaze,saysTurner.'IImagineifyourmouseclickedoneverythingitpointedat,“hesays.

92ChristianHolz,aresearcherinhuman-computerinteractionatYahooLabsinSunnyvale,California,saysthesystemisanicetakeongettingroundthisfundamentalproblemofusinggaze-trackingtointeract."EyeDropsolvesthisinaslickVᮣḄYwaybycombiningitwithinputonthetouchdeviceswecarrywithusmostofthetimeanywayandusingtouchinputasaclutchingmechanism,vhesays."ThisnowallowsuserstoseamlesslyVᙢYinteractacrossdevicesfarandcloseinaverynaturalmanner.”Whilecurrenteye-trackersareratherbulky,mainstreamconsumerdevicesarenottoofaraway.SwedishfirmTobiiisdevelopinggaze-trackingtechnologythatcanbeinstalledinlaptopsandtabletsandisexpectedtobeavailabletobuynextyear.AndtheGoogleGlassheadsetisexpectedtoincludeeye-trackinginthefuture.Turnersayshehasalsolookedathowcontentcanbecut

93andpastedordrag-and-droppedusingamixofgazeandtapsonatouchscreen.ThesystemwaspresentedattheConferenceonMobileandUbiquitousMultimediainSweden,lastweek.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofeye-trackersforconsumeruse?ATheyarecostly.BTheyareavailable.CTheyareexpectedtocomeoutsoon.

94DTheyareinstalledinGoogleGlassheadset.345ᫀ7C,45⚪Vᓫ⚗⌱t⚪YVu⚪3.00ᑖY⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪▅NᳮwEye-trackerLetsYouDragandDropFileswithaGlanceBoredofusingamouse?Soonyou'11beabletochange

95stuffonyourcomputerscreenqandthenmoveitdirectlyontoyoursmartphoneortabletI}~ᵯᾯHqwithnothingmorethanaglance.AsystemcalledEyeDropusesahead-mountedeyetrackerthatsimultaneouslyrecordsyourfieldofviewsoitknowswhereyouarelookingonthescreen.Gazingatanobjectqaphoto,sayqandttiaipressingakey,selectsthatobject.Itcanthenbemovedfromthescreentoatabletorsmartphonejustbyglancingattheseconddevice,aslongasthetwoareconnectedwirelessly.“Thebeautyofusinggazetosupportthisisthatoureyesnaturallyfocusoncontentthatwewanttoacquire,saysJaysonTurner,whodevelopedthesystemwithcolleaguesatLancasterUniversity,UK.

96TurnerbelievesEyeDropwouldbeusefultotransferaninteractivemaporcontactinformationfromapublicdisplaytoyoursmartphoneorforsharingphotos.Abuttonneedstobeusedtoselecttheobjectyouarelookingatotherwiseyouendupwiththe“Midastouch”VᡂYeffect,wherebyeverythingyoulookatgetsselectedbyyourgaze,saysTurner.'iImagineifyourmouseclickedoneverythingitpointedat,“hesays.ChristianHolz,aresearcherinhuman-computerinteractionatYahooLabsinSunnyvale,California,saysthesystemisanicetakeongettingroundthisfundamentalproblemofusinggaze-trackingtointeract.EyeDropsolvesthisinaslickVᮣḄYwaybycombiningitwithinputonthetouchdeviceswecarrywithusmostofthetimeanywayandusingtouchinputasaclutchingmechanism,vhesays."Thisnowallows

97userstoseamlesslyVᙢYinteractacrossdevicesfarandcloseinaverynaturalmanner.”Whilecurrenteye-trackersareratherbulky,mainstreamconsumerdevicesarenottoofaraway.SwedishfirmTobiiisdevelopinggaze-trackingtechnologythatcanbeinstalledinlaptopsandtabletsandisexpectedtobeavailabletobuynextyear.AndtheGoogleGlassheadsetisexpectedtoincludeeye-trackinginthefuture.Turnersayshehasalsolookedathowcontentcanbecutandpastedordrag-and-droppedusingamixofgazeandtapsonatouchscreen.ThesystemwaspresentedattheConferenceonMobileandUbiquitousMultimediainSweden,lastweek.

98WhatisTurnerlikelytostudynext?AHowtodraganddropwithgazeandtaps.BHowtopresentthesysteminpublic.CHowtogettouchscreeninvolved.DHowtocutandpastecontentfromapublicdisplay.

99345ᫀ7A,46⚪Vᓫ⚗⌱t⚪YVu⚪2.00ᑖY⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪ு⊡ᐰᦻTheDayaLanguageDiedWhenCarlosWestezdiedattheageof76,alanguagedied,too.Westez,morecommonlyknownasRedThunderCloud,wasthelastspeakeroftheNativeAmericanlanguage,Catawba.AnyonewhowantstohearvarioussongsoftheCatawbacancontacttheSmithsonianInstitutioninWashington,D.C.,where,backinthe1940s,RedThunderCloudrecordedaseriesofsongsforfuturegenerations.I46HTheyareallthatisleftoftheCatawbalanguage.Thelanguagethatpeopleusedtospeakisgoneforever.Weareallawareofthedamagethatmodemindustrycandototheworld?secologyV᝱Y.However,fewpeopleareawareof

100theimpactthatwidelyspokenlanguageshaveonotherlanguagesandwaysoflife.Englishhasspreadallovertheworld.Chinese,Spanish,Russian,andHindihavebecomepowerfullanguages,aswell.(47)Whenthishappens,hundredsoflanguagesthatarespokenbyonlyafewpeopledieout.Scholarsbelievethereareabout6,000languagesaroundtheworld,butmorethanhalfofthemcoulddieoutwithinthenext100years.Therearemanyexamples.ArakiisanativelanguageoftheislandofVanuatu,locatedinthePacificOcean.Itisspokenbyonlyafewolderadults,solikeCatawba,Arakiwillsoondisappear.ManylanguagesofEthiopiawillhavethesamefatebecauseeachonehasonlyafewspeakers.(48)IntheAmericas,100languages,eachofwhichhasfewerthan300speakers,alsoaredyingout.RedThunderCloudwasoneofthefirsttorecognizethethreatoflanguagedeathandtotrytodosomethingaboutit.HewasnotactuallybornintotheCatawbatribe,andthelanguagewasnothismothertongue.(49)ThesongshesangfortheSmithsonianInstitutionhelpedtomakeNativeAmericanmusicpopular.Nowheisgone,andthelanguageisdead.

101Whatdoesitmeanwhenalanguagedisappears?Whenaplantorinsectoranimalspeciesdies,itiseasytounderstandwhatwe'velostandtoappreciatewhatthismeansforthebalanceofthenaturalworld.However,languageisonlyaproductofthemind.Tobethelastremainingspeakerofalanguage,likeRedThunderCloud,mustbealonelydestiny,almostasstrangeandterribleasbeingthelastsurvivingmemberofadyingspecies.(50)APapuaNewGuineaisanextremelyrichsourceofdifferentlanguages,butmorethan100ofthemareindangerofextinction().BTheselanguagesdon'thavemanynativespeakers.CSomepeoplemightwanttotrytolearnsomeofthesesongsbyheart.DHowever,hewasafrequentvisitortotheCatawbareservation

102inSouthCarolina,wherehelearnedthelanguage.EFortherestofus,whenalanguagedies,welosethepossibilityofauniquewayofseeinganddescribingtheworld.FAstheselanguagesbecomemorepowerful,theiruseastoolsofbusinessandcultureincreases.345ᫀ7C,47⚪V⚗⌱t⚪YVu⚪2.00ᑖY⚪ᑖ:ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪>⊡ᐰᦻ>TheDayaLanguageDied

103WhenCarlosWestezdiedattheageof76,alanguagedied,too.Westez,morecommonlyknownasRedThunderCloud,wasthelastspeakeroftheNativeAmericanlanguage,Catawba.AnyonewhowantstohearvarioussongsoftheCatawbacancontacttheSmithsonianInstitutioninWashington,D.C.,where,backinthe1940s,RedThunderCloudrecordedaseriesofsongsforfuturegenerations.(46)TheyareallthatisleftoftheCatawbalanguage.Thelanguagethatpeopleusedtospeakisgoneforever.WeareallawareofthedamagethatmodemindustrycandototheworldJsecology(᝱).However,fewpeopleareawareoftheimpactthatwidelyspokenlanguageshaveonotherlanguagesandwaysoflife.Englishhasspreadallovertheworld.Chinese,Spanish,Russian,andHindihavebecomepowerfullanguages,aswell.(47)Whenthishappens,hundredsoflanguagesthatarespokenbyonlyafewpeopledieout.

104Scholarsbelievethereareabout6,000languagesaroundtheworld,butmorethanhalfofthemcoulddieoutwithinthenext100years.Therearemanyexamples.ArakiisanativelanguageoftheislandofVanuatu,locatedinthePacificOcean.Itisspokenbyonlyafewolderadults,solikeCatawba,Arakiwillsoondisappear.ManylanguagesofEthiopiawillhavethesamefatebecauseeachonehasonlyafewspeakers.(48)IntheAmericas,100languages,eachofwhichhasfewerthan300speakers,alsoaredyingout.RedThunderCloudwasoneofthefirsttorecognizethethreatoflanguagedeathandtotrytodosomethingaboutit.HewasnotactuallybornintotheCatawbatribe,andthelanguagewasnothismothertongue.(49)ThesongshesangfortheSmithsonianInstitutionhelpedtomakeNativeAmericanmusicpopular.Nowheisgone,andthelanguageisdead.

105Whatdoesitmeanwhenalanguagedisappears?Whenaplantorinsectoranimalspeciesdies,itiseasytounderstandwhatwe'velostandtoappreciatewhatthismeansforthebalanceofthenaturalworld.However,languageisonlyaproductofthemind.Tobethelastremainingspeakerofalanguage,likeRedThunderCloud,mustbealonelydestiny,almostasstrangeandterribleasbeingthelastsurvivingmemberofadyingspecies.(50)APapuaNewGuineaisanextremelyrichsourceofdifferentlanguages,butmorethan100ofthemareindangerofextinction().BTheselanguagesdon'thavemanynativespeakers.

106CSomepeoplemightwanttotrytolearnsomeofthesesongsbyheart.DHowever,hewasafrequentvisitortotheCatawbareservationinSouthCarolina,wherehelearnedthelanguage.EFortherestofus,whenalanguagedies,welosethepossibilityofauniquewayofseeinganddescribingtheworld.FAstheselanguagesbecomemorepowerful,theiruseastoolsofbusinessandcultureincreases.

107345ᫀ7F,48⚪V⚗⌱t⚪YVu⚪2.00ᑖY⚪ᑖ:ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪>⊡ᐰᦻ>TheDayaLanguageDiedWhenCarlosWestezdiedattheageof76,alanguagedied,too.Westez,morecommonlyknownasRedThunderCloud,wasthelastspeakeroftheNativeAmericanlanguage,Catawba.AnyonewhowantstohearvarioussongsoftheCatawbacancontacttheSmithsonianInstitutioninWashington,D.C.,where,backinthe1940s,RedThunderCloudrecordedaseriesofsongsforfuturegenerations.(46)TheyareallthatisleftoftheCatawbalanguage.Thelanguagethatpeopleusedtospeak

108isgoneforever.WeareallawareofthedamagethatmodemindustrycandototheworldJsecology(᝱).However,fewpeopleareawareoftheimpactthatwidelyspokenlanguageshaveonotherlanguagesandwaysoflife.Englishhasspreadallovertheworld.Chinese,Spanish,Russian,andHindihavebecomepowerfullanguages,aswell.(47)Whenthishappens,hundredsoflanguagesthatarespokenbyonlyafewpeopledieout.Scholarsbelievethereareabout6,000languagesaroundtheworld,butmorethanhalfofthemcoulddieoutwithinthenext100years.Therearemanyexamples.ArakiisanativelanguageoftheislandofVanuatu,locatedinthePacificOcean.Itisspokenbyonlyafewolderadults,solikeCatawba,Arakiwillsoondisappear.ManylanguagesofEthiopiawillhavethesamefatebecauseeachonehasonlyafewspeakers.

109(48)IntheAmericas,100languages,eachofwhichhasfewerthan300speakers,alsoaredyingout.RedThunderCloudwasoneofthefirsttorecognizethethreatoflanguagedeathandtotrytodosomethingaboutit.HewasnotactuallybornintotheCatawbatribe,andthelanguagewasnothismothertongue.(49)ThesongshesangfortheSmithsonianInstitutionhelpedtomakeNativeAmericanmusicpopular.Nowheisgone,andthelanguageisdead.Whatdoesitmeanwhenalanguagedisappears?Whenaplantorinsectoranimalspeciesdies,itiseasytounderstandwhatwe'velostandtoappreciatewhatthismeansforthebalanceofthenaturalworld.However,languageisonlyaproductofthemind.Tobethelastremainingspeakerofalanguage,likeRedThunderCloud,mustbealonelydestiny,almostasstrangeandterribleasbeingthelastsurvivingmemberofadying

110species.(50)APapuaNewGuineaisanextremelyrichsourceofdifferentlanguages,butmorethan100ofthemareindangerofextinction().BTheselanguagesdon'thavemanynativespeakers.CSomepeoplemightwanttotrytolearnsomeofthesesongsbyheart.DHowever,hewasafrequentvisitortotheCatawba

111reservationinSouthCarolina,wherehelearnedthelanguage.EFortherestofus,whenalanguagedies,welosethepossibilityofauniquewayofseeinganddescribingtheworld.FAstheselanguagesbecomemorepowerful,theiruseastoolsofbusinessandcultureincreases.345ᫀ7A,49⚪V⚗⌱t⚪YVu⚪2.00ᑖY⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ

112⚪ஹ⚪>⊡ᐰᦻ>TheDayaLanguageDiedWhenCarlosWestezdiedattheageof76,alanguagedied,too.Westez,morecommonlyknownasRedThunderCloud,wasthelastspeakeroftheNativeAmericanlanguage,Catawba.AnyonewhowantstohearvarioussongsoftheCatawbacancontacttheSmithsonianInstitutioninWashington,D.C.,where,backinthe1940s,RedThunderCloudrecordedaseriesofsongsforfuturegenerations.(46)TheyareallthatisleftoftheCatawbalanguage.Thelanguagethatpeopleusedtospeakisgoneforever.Weareallawareofthedamagethatmodemindustrycandototheworld,secology(᝱).However,fewpeopleareawareoftheimpactthatwidelyspokenlanguageshaveonotherlanguagesandwaysoflife.Englishhasspreadalloverthe

113world.Chinese,Spanish,Russian,andHindihavebecomepowerfullanguages,aswell.(47)Whenthishappens,hundredsoflanguagesthatarespokenbyonlyafewpeopledieout.Scholarsbelievethereareabout6,000languagesaroundtheworld,butmorethanhalfofthemcoulddieoutwithinthenext100years.Therearemanyexamples.ArakiisanativelanguageoftheislandofVanuatu,locatedinthePacificOcean.Itisspokenbyonlyafewolderadults,solikeCatawba,Arakiwillsoondisappear.ManylanguagesofEthiopiawillhavethesamefatebecauseeachonehasonlyafewspeakers.(48)IntheAmericas,100languages,eachofwhichhasfewerthan300speakers,alsoaredyingout.RedThunderCloudwasoneofthefirsttorecognizethethreatoflanguagedeathandtotrytodosomethingaboutit.HewasnotactuallybornintotheCatawbatribe,and

114thelanguagewasnothismothertongue.(49)ThesongshesangfortheSmithsonianInstitutionhelpedtomakeNativeAmericanmusicpopular.Nowheisgone,andthelanguageisdead.Whatdoesitmeanwhenalanguagedisappears?Whenaplantorinsectoranimalspeciesdies,itiseasytounderstandwhatwe'velostandtoappreciatewhatthismeansforthebalanceofthenaturalworld.However,languageisonlyaproductofthemind.Tobethelastremainingspeakerofalanguage,likeRedThunderCloud,mustbealonelydestiny,almostasstrangeandterribleasbeingthelastsurvivingmemberofadyingspecies.(50)

115APapuaNewGuineaisanextremelyrichsourceofdifferentlanguages,butmorethan100ofthemareindangerofextinctionVY.BTheselanguagesdon'thavemanynativespeakers.CSomepeoplemightwanttotrytolearnsomeofthesesongsbyheart.DHowever,hewasafrequentvisitortotheCatawbareservationinSouthCarolina,wherehelearnedthelanguage.

116EFortherestofus,whenalanguagedies,welosethepossibilityofauniquewayofseeinganddescribingtheworld.FAstheselanguagesbecomemorepowerful,theiruseastoolsofbusinessandcultureincreases.345ᫀ:D,50⚪V⚗⌱t⚪YVu⚪2.00ᑖY⚪ᑖ7ᢥ⁚ᑖḄ⚪ஹ⚪>⊡ᐰᦻ>TheDayaLanguageDied

117WhenCarlosWestezdiedattheageof76,alanguagedied,too.Westez,morecommonlyknownasRedThunderCloud,wasthelastspeakeroftheNativeAmericanlanguage,Catawba.AnyonewhowantstohearvarioussongsoftheCatawbacancontacttheSmithsonianInstitutioninWashington,D.C.,where,backinthe1940s,RedThunderCloudrecordedaseriesofsongsforfuturegenerations.(46)TheyareallthatisleftoftheCatawbalanguage.Thelanguagethatpeopleusedtospeakisgoneforever.Weareallawareofthedamagethatmodemindustrycandototheworld?secology(᝱).However,fewpeopleareawareoftheimpactthatwidelyspokenlanguageshaveonotherlanguagesandwaysoflife.Englishhasspreadallovertheworld.Chinese,Spanish,Russian,andHindihavebecomepowerfullanguages,aswell.(47)Whenthishappens,hundredsoflanguagesthatarespokenbyonlyafew

118peopledieout.Scholarsbelievethereareabout6,000languagesaroundtheworld,butmorethanhalfofthemcoulddieoutwithinthenext100years.Therearemanyexamples.ArakiisanativelanguageoftheislandofVanuatu,locatedinthePacificOcean.Itisspokenbyonlyafewolderadults,solikeCatawba,Arakiwillsoondisappear.ManylanguagesofEthiopiawillhavethesamefatebecauseeachonehasonlyafewspeakers.(48)IntheAmericas,100languages,eachofwhichhasfewerthan300speakers,alsoaredyingout.RedThunderCloudwasoneofthefirsttorecognizethethreatoflanguagedeathandtotrytodosomethingaboutit.HewasnotactuallybornintotheCatawbatribe,andthelanguagewasnothismothertongue.(49)ThesongshesangfortheSmithsonianInstitutionhelpedtomakeNativeAmericanmusicpopular.Nowheisgone,andthelanguage

119isdead.Whatdoesitmeanwhenalanguagedisappears?Whenaplantorinsectoranimalspeciesdies,itiseasytounderstandwhatwe'velostandtoappreciatewhatthismeansforthebalanceofthenaturalworld.However,languageisonlyaproductofthemind.Tobethelastremainingspeakerofalanguage,likeRedThunderCloud,mustbealonelydestiny,almostasstrangeandterribleasbeingthelastsurvivingmemberofadyingspecies.(50)

120APapuaNewGuineaisanextremelyrichsourceofdifferentlanguages,butmorethan100ofthemareindangerofextinctionVY.BTheselanguagesdon'thavemanynativespeakers.CSomepeoplemightwanttotrytolearnsomeofthesesongsbyheart.DHowever,hewasafrequentvisitortotheCatawbareservationinSouthCarolina,wherehelearnedthelanguage.EFortherestofus,whenalanguagedies,welosethepossibilityofauniquewayofseeinganddescribingtheworld.

121FAstheselanguagesbecomemorepowerful,theiruseastoolsofbusinessandcultureincreases.345ᫀ7E,