张奎武英美概况课后答案

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ᑖᙢᳮ1ᯠᙢᳮExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhereistheU.K.?Andwhatisitmadeupof?Whatisitstotalarea?Key:TheU.K.issituatedinNorthwesternEurope,lyingtothenorthofFranceandthewestoftheNetherlandsandDenmark.ItismadeupofEngland,Scotland,Wales,andNorthernIreland.Itstotalareais242534squarekilometers.2.WhichmountainisthehighestintheU.K.,andinwhichpartoftheScottishHighland?Key:BenNevis,1343metershigh,isthehighestmountainintheU.K.AnditisinthewestempartoftheScottishHighlands.3.WhyistheclimateofBritainmuchmilderthanthatofmanyplacesinthesamelatitude?Key:Firstly,theclimateofBritainismoderatedbytheAtlanticGulfStream,whichisawarmcurrent,passesthewesterncoastofBritishIslesandwarmsthem.Secondly,theWesterliesblowoverthecountryalltheyearroundandbringwarmandwetairfromtheAtlanticOcean.Thirdly,BritainissuiToundedbyseawaters,whichcanbalancetheseasonaldifferencesbyheatingupthelandinwinterandcoolingitoffinsummer.4.WhatarethepresentfeaturesoftheclimateofBritain?Key:Britainhasamaritimeclimate.Wintersarenottoocoldandsummersarenottoohot.Therefore,itstemperaturevarieswithinasmallrange,rarelyfallingbelow-5࠷inwinterorrisingabove24࠷insummer.Sunshinehoursarefewerthaninmoresoutherlyclimates.Meanwhile,ithasasteadyrainfallthroughthewholeyear.ThereisraininBritaineverymonth.5.WheredothemainriverspartinginBritainrun?Key:ThemainriverspartinginBritainrunfromnorthtosouth,keepingwelltothewestuntilthebasinoftheRiverSevern.6.WhatarethecharacteristicsoftheSpey,Don,Tay,Forth,TweedofeasternScotland?Key:Theseriversflowfastandrungenerallyacrossimpermeablerocks,andtheirdischargesincreaserapidlyafterrain.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.theEnglishChannelKey:ItisastiaitbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernFrance.ItconnectstheAtlanticOceanwiththeNorthSeathroughtheStraitofDover.Itis560kmlongandgraduallynarrowsfromabout180kminthewesttoonly34kmintheeast.2.theDeeestuaryKey:IrisalargeestuarywheretheRiverDeeflowsintoLiverpoolBay.3.theActofUnionof1801Key:In1801theEnglishParliamentpassedanactbywhichScotland,WalesandtheKingdomofEnglandwereconstitutionallyjoinedastheKingdomofGreatBritain.4.GaelicKey:ItisoneofCelticLanguages,andisspokeninpartsoftheHighlandsofBritain.5.the-backboneofEnglandIIKey:ItreferstothePennines,arangeofhillsextendingabout257kmsouthwardfromtheCheviotHillsontheScottishbordertocentralEngland.2ᯠExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhatmineralsisU.K.richin?Key:TheUnitedKingdomisrichincoal,iron,tin,copper,lead,andsilver.2.WhenwasthenaturalgasandtheoilintheNorthSeadiscovered?Key:Naturalgaswasdiscoveredin1964-1966;themajoroildepositswerediscoveredin1970.3.Whatpercentageofthecountry4swaterrequirementsareobtainedfromundergroundsources?Key:About35%ofthecountry'swaterrequirementsdependonundergroundsources.

14.TheU.K.hassomeofthebigcoalfieldsoftheworld.Wheredotheylie?Key:Britain'sbigcoalfieldsoftheworldareinthemid-landvalleyofScotland,exactlyineasternCambria,Northumberland,Durham,Lancashire,DerbyshireandNottinghaminEngland,andinSouthWales.5.WhatisthefeatureofBritishleadores?Key:Britishleadorescontainsilver.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.leadoreKey:Britishleadoreshavebeenworkedsincepre-Romantimes.Itcontainssilver.2.chinaclayKey:ThedepositsofchinaclayinCornwallareofgreateconomicvalue.3.salinedepositKey:MostofthecommonsaltusedinBritainisobtainedfromcontrolledbrine-pumpingofthethicksaltseriesbeneathCheshire.Reservesarebelievedtobeadequateforcenturiestocome.4.theAtomicEnergyAuthorityKey:Itwasestablishedin1954asastatutorycorporationtooverseeandpioneerthedevelopmentofnuclearenergywithintheUnitedKingdom.Itisnowanexecutivenon-departmentalwithintheDepartmentofTradeandIndustry.
3Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions?1.WhatarethecharacteristicsoftheBritisheconomy?Key:TheBritisheconomywasthefirsttohavebeenfullyindustrialized.Britainwasoneoftheworld'smostadvancedmanufacturingandtradingnations.Thepoundsterlingistheexchangecurrencyforaboutonethirdoftheworld'sforeigntrade.Theagriculturedoesnotproduceenoughfoodtomeetthecountry'sbasicneedsandpartofallvitalfoodstuffshastobeimported.Thelaborforceishomogeneous.2.WhatwastheindustrialstructureoftheU.K.basedonbeforetheSecondWorldWar?Whatarethemainminingindustries?Key:BeforeWorldWarIItheindustrialstructureoftheUnitedKingdomwasbasedlargelyonexporttradesdevelopedinthe19thcentury.Mostoftheindustrieswereconcentratedinspecializedindustrialareas.Thespecializedmanufacturingregionswerealsothechiefcoal-miningdistricts,forcoalhadbeenthemostpowerfullocalizingforce.Themainminingindustryarecoalandiron-oreminingindustries.3.HowmuchlandisavailableforfarminginBritain?Whatcropsaregrownthere?Key:ThelandavailableforfarminginBritainis29.3millionacres,anditshrinkseveryyearasdemandsforroadsandtheexpansionoftownsslowlyerodetheareasoffarmland.ThecropsgrowninBritainarewheat,barley,oats,rye,corn,potatoes,sugarbeets,kale,andbeans.4.Whatarethechieflivestockindustries?Key:Thechieflivestockindustriesincludecattle,sheep,pigsandpoultry.5.WhatdoesBritainimportandexport?Key:Britainisbasicallyanimporteroffoodandrawmaterialsandanexporterofmanufactures.6.IstheBankofEnglandthecentreoftheBritishfinancialsystem?Whenwasitfoundedandwhenwasitnationalized?Key:Yes,itisthecentreoftheBritishfinancialsystem.Itwasfoundedin1694andwasnationalizedin1946.7.WhatarethepoliciesthattheBankfinanciallyappliesinordertomaintaintheBritisheconomyandgovernmentcontrol?Key:ThepreferredpoliciesoftheBankofEnglandareusuallyofarestrictivekindbecauseitseesitsroleasprotectingthegoldandcurrencyreserveandmaintainingtheinternationalvalueofpound.OneofthetwotraditionalinstrumentsoffinancialpolicyinBritainisthe-bankrateII,theofficialrediscountratechargedbytheBankofEngland.ThebankratetrendstodeterminethegenerallevelofallinterestratesinLondon.Theotheristhefiscalpolicywhichisnotonlyusedforpurposesofeconomiccontrolbutalsohastoprovideforacomplexsetofdesiderataexpectedformthebudget.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.thedevelopmentareasKey:TheseareasrefertotherelativelypoorareasofthenorthandwestofEngland.2.theBankofEnglandKey:ItisthecentreoftheBritishfinancialsystem,foundedin1694andnationalizedin1946.3.-bankrateII

2Key:ItisoneofthetwotraditionalinstrumentsoffinancialpolicyinBritain,thatis,theofficialrediscountratechargedbytheBankofEngland.4.-invisibletradeIIKey:Itisthetraderelatedtoprofits,dividendsandcapitalinvestment.
4Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhatisthepopulationoftheU.K.?Key:Britainhasagrowingpopulation.Inmid-2005,Britishpopulationincreasedto60.2million.2.Whatlanguageistheofficiallanguage?WhatotherlanguagesarespokenintheU.K.?Andinwhichpartofthecountryaretheyspokenmainly?Key:TheofficiallanguageisEnglish.InWalesoneinfourpeoplespeakWelsh,andinScotlandabout80000peopleintheHighlandsspeakGaeliclanguage.3.WhichraceinvadedEnglandintheearliesttimes?Key:Intheearliesttimesthedark-hairedMediterraneanracecalledtheIberianssaileduptothewestcoastofEngland.4.WhatarethethreeGennanictribeswhoformthebasisofthemodemBritishpeople?Key:TheAngles,theSaxonsandtheJuteswhichinvadedBritainformthemodernBritishpeople.5.WhatdoesBritishdensepopulationimply?Howmuchpercentageofthepopulationliveincitiesortowns?Key:AdensepopulationsuchasBritain'simpliesahighdegreeofurbanization.About80%ofthepopulationlivesincitiesortowns.6.Whathasbecomeanincreasinglyimportantfactorinpopulationchangedsincethelate1990s?Key:Sincethelate1990s,althoughtherehasstillbeennaturalincrease,netinternationalmigrationintotheUKfromabroadhasbeenanincreasinglyimportantfactorinpopulationchange.7.WhydotheBritishpeoplethinkofthemselvesasEnglishmen,Scotsmen,WelshmenandIrishmen,notasBritons?Key:Innornialtimes,theytakethenationaldivisionverymuchforgranted.Theyhavetheirowntraditions.Forexample,Scotlandhasitsownnationalchurchanditsownsystemoflaw.Walesspeaksitsownlanguageandhasacultureofitsown.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.BritonKey:ItisoneofaCelticpeopleinhabitingancientBritainatthetimeoftheRomaninvasion2.urbanizationKey:Itmeansthechangingfromaruralintoatownorcitycharacter.3.Anglo-SaxonKey:ItrefersamemberofoneoftheGermanicpeoples,theAngles,theSaxons,andtheJutes,whosettledinBritaininthefifthandsixthcenturies.4.theNormanKey:ItisamemberofaScandinavianpeoplewhosettledinnorthernFranceinthe10thcenturyandtheyconqueredEnglandinthe11thcentury.5.CelticKey:AsubfamilyoftheIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilycomprisingtheInsularandtheContinentalbranches.NowinBritainitisthelanguageofmanyWelsh.6.IberiansKey:TheywereoneoftheancientpeoplesthatinhabitedtheIberianPeninsula,whoweredark-hairedMediterraneanrace.TheyinvadedBritaininabout3000BC.
5⌕Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhichcityisthecapitalofEnglandandGreatBritain?IsitthepoliticalcentreoftheCommonwealth?Key:LondonisthecapitalofEngland,anditisalsothepoliticalcentreoftheCommonwealth.2.WhatdoesLondonconsistofadministratively?Key:LondonadministrativelyconsistsofthecityofLondon,theoriginalnucleus,retainingamedievalsystemofgovernmentofcourtsofaidermenandanelectedlordmayor;andGreaterLondonametropolitancounty,madeupofInnerLondonboroughsand.20OuterLondonboroughs.3.WhatisthepopulationofBirmingham?WhatisBirminghamfamousfor?

3Key:BirminghamisthesecondlargestcityintheU.K.hasonemillionpeople.Itisfamousformetalgoods,hardware,cars,electricalequipment,machinetools,jewelery,smallarmsandplastics.4.WherecanyoufindtheUniversityofGlasgowandStrathclydeUniversity?Key:TheUniversityofGlasgowandStrathclydeUniversityarebothinthecityofGlasgowinScotland.5.WhichcityisthecapitalofScotland?Whatkindofinternationalfestivalisheldthereeveryyear?Key:ThecapitalofScotlandisthecityofEdinburgh.Internationalfestivalofmusicandartisheldthereeveryyear.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.Queen'sUniversityofBelfastKey:ItisoneofthehigheducationalinstitutionsinthecapitalofNorthernIreland,thecityofBelfast.TheUniversitytracesitsrootstoQueenVictoria'sfoundingoftheQueen'sUniversityinIrelandin1845.2.theManchesterShipCanalKey:Itisa58kmlongriverwithaminimumdepthof9M,connectingManchesterandWestEngland,withtheMerseyestuaryatEastham,aboveBirkenhead.Begunin1887,itwasopenedin1894andchangedManchesterfromariverporttoaseaport.3.BlackCountryKey:Itisahighlyindustrializedregionofwest-centralEnglandcenteredonBirmingham.Itwasnamedforthegrimeaccumulatedfromfactorysmokeandotherindustrialpollutants.4.CoventGardenOperaHouseKey:ItisatheatreinLondon,nowalsoknownastheRoyalOperaHouse,builtin1858;itisthehomeoftheRoyalOperaandRoyalBalletSoitisalsooneofculturalinstitutionsinLondon.5.GreaterLondonKey:Itisametropolitancounty(pop.7million),madeupof12InnerLondonboroughs,20OuterLondonboroughs.6.CardiffKey:ItisthecapitalandlargestcityofWales,atthemouthoftheriverTall,inthesoutheastpartofthecountryonBristolChannel.Therefore,itisalsoaport.Itsindustriesareshipping,ironandsteel.Itisnowaneducationalandindustrialcenter.
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IExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhatdoyouknowabouttheRomaninfluenceonBritain?Key:TheRomanoccupationlastedforalmost350years.Theresultinggrowthofitscivilizationwasmoreobviousinurbanareasthanamongtheagriculturalpeasantsandweakestintheresistanthighlandzone.Inthesoutheasternpart,theRomansinfluencedlifeandcultureradically.TheEnglishupperclasseswerethoroughlyRomanizedandtransformedintoRomanlandlordsandofficials.YettheRomanscametogovernandtotrade,nottosettle;andtheyweretoofewinnumbertochangethelanguage.andcustomsofthepeopleastheydidinFranceandSpain.SomeofthenativepeoplebecomeslavesoftheRomans;trueslavesocietywasintroducedintoEngland.2.HowdidtheHeptarchycomeintobeingduringtheAnglo-Saxontimes?Key:ThethreeGermanictribescametoEnglandinthemiddleofthe5thcentury.Theycombinedallthequalitiesthatwerenecessarytodevelopanddefendanindependentisland.Beforelongthedistinctionbetweenthesethreetribeslostsignificance.Bytheendof7thcentury,theyregardedthemselvesas-thenationoftheEnglish.ButtheylackedunityandEnglandwasdividedintosevenkingdomsandthereforecalled-heptarchyII.3.WhoweretheVikingsandhowdidtheyinvadeBritain?Key:TheywerenorthernwairiorsandsomeofthemcamefromNorwaybutthemainbodycamefromDenmark,andtheyinvadedBritainaroundtheturnofthe8thcentury.TheyattackedtherockycoastsofScotlandandnorthernEngland.TheysaileduptheriversoftheeastandsouthandseizedonesmallSaxonkingdomafteranother.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.Hadrian'sWallKey:About122A.D.,inordertokeepbackthePictsandScots,theRomansbuiltawallfromtheSolwaytotheTyne,

4whichwascalledHadrian'sWall.2.JuliusCaesarKey:HewasaRomangeneral,andbetween55and54B.C.,heledhisarmytoinvadeBritaintwice.3.AlfredKey:HeistheKingofWessexinBritainintheturnof8thcenturywhodefeatedtheDanes.HewasconsideredthefirstnationalheroinBritain.4.EdmundKey:HeissonoftheKingEthelredinBritainwhofoughtheroicallyagainsttheDanes.5.VikingsKey:Theywerethenorthernwarriors,mainlyfromNorwayandDenmark,whoinvadedBritainaroundtheturnofthe8lhcentury.
2Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhatweretheconsequencesoftheNormanconquest?Key:(1)TheNormanConquestcausedimportantconsequences.Itincreasedtheprocessoffeudalism,whichhadbegunduringAnglo-Saxontimes.Bytheearlypartof12thcentury,themanorsystemhadreplacedthevillagesystemcompletely,andFeudalismwasfinallyestablishedinEngland.(2)WilliamtheConquerorestablishedastrongmonarchyinEngland.ThefeudalsystemofEnglandacquiredamorecentralizedcharacterthaninotherEuropeancountriesofthetime.(3)Itbroughtaboutchangesinthechurch.TheupperranksoftheclergywereNormanizedandfeudalized,followingthepatternoflaysociety.(4)AlongwiththeNormancametheFrenchlanguage,whichwouldbethelanguageofcourtandupperclassesuntilthe14thcentury.2.InwhatwaysdidHenryIIconsolidatethemonarchy?Key:HenryIItooksomemeasurestoconsolidatethemonarchy.Firstly,hecarriedoutaseriousofreformstostrengthenhispower.HestrengthenedtheGreatCouncil.Butthemostimportantstepistoreformthelawcourts,whichreducedtheinfluenceoflocalbaronsonthelawcourtsystem.Thereformoflawcourtsledtotheemergenceofcommonlaw.Secondly,hegreatlystrengthenedtheCourtandextendeditsjudicialwork.Hedividedthewholecountryintosixcircuitsandappointedjusticestoeach.Duringhisreign,acommonlawwasgraduallyestablishedinplaceofthepreviouslawsofthelocalbarons.Healsointroducedanewjurysystemtoreplacetheoldordeal-basedtrialsystem.Besides,heshiftedthetrialofclergymenchargedwithcriminaloffensesfromtheBishop'scourttotheKing'scourt.Thirdly,asfortheadministration,themajorreformofhisreignwastheInquestofSheriffsin1170.Inquirieswereinstitutedintothedetailsoflocaladministration.Thisledtodismissalofmanysheriffs,especiallythoseinshiresinwhichlocalbaronshadbecometoogreatinthecontroloftheiroffices.In1181,HenryIIissuedtheAssizeofArms,therefore,hereliedforarmedsupportuponamilitiacomposedofEnglishfreemen.3.WhatwerethecontentsandthenatureoftheGreatCharter?Key:Contents:(1)thekingwasnottoexactextrapaymentsfromthefeudalvassalswithouttheirconsent;(2)lawswerenottobemodifiedbythearbitraryactionoftheking;(3)Ifthekingshouldattempttofreehimselffromlaw,thevassalshadtherighttoforcethekingtoobeyit,bycivilwarorbyotherwise.Nature:Itwasessentiallyafeudaldocument.Itwasmadeintheinterestsoffeudallords,greatandsmall.4.WhyandhowdidtheEnglishparliamentcomeintobeing?Key:TheEnglishParliamentoriginatedintheGreatCouncil,anadvisoryassemblyoftheking'schieffeudalvassals,includingtheclergy.Themainpurposeoftheking'ssummoningparliamentwastogetconsentfortaxation.Theking,HenryIIIwantedtodefeatthelordsandtheircharter.Hetooksomemeasures,suchasdismissinghisjusticiar,etc.Sothebaronroseupinopposition.LedbySimondeMontfort,theKing'sbrother-in-law,theyforcedthekingtodismisshisforeignadvisersandaccepttheirowncouncilofadvisersinstead.In1264Montfortdefeatedtheroyalarmyandtookthekingprisoner.InthefollowingyearhecalledParliament,whichisknownasthe-AllEstatesParliamentII.TheParliamentof1265isgenerallyconsidered-thebeginningofparliamentII.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.William,theConqueror

5Key:HewastheDukeofNormandyandKingWilliamIofEngkmd.In1066intheBattleofHastingshedefeatedEnglishKingHaroldI.OnChristmasDayofthesameyearDukeWilliamknowninhistoryasWilliamtheConquerorwascrownedinWestminsterAbbey.HeestablishedastrongmonarchyinEngland.In1086WilliamtheConquerorhadhisofficialstogothroughEnglandtomakeageneralsurveyoftheland,knownasDomesdayBook.HeretainedmostoftheOldEnglishcustomsofgovernment.2.theBattleofHastingsKey:Thebattletookplacein1066,ninemilesfromHastingsbetweenDukeWilliam'sarmyandtheKing,Harold'sarmy.Haroldwaskilledandhisarmycompletelydefeated.TheBattleofHastingspavedthewayfortheconquestofEngland.3.HenryIIKey:HewaskingofEnglandfrom1154to1189.HenryPlantagenetestablishedtheHouseofPlantagenetin1154asHenryII.Duringhisreignthepowerofthecrownwasintensifiedfurther.Andhemadeaseriousofreforms,suchastheInquestofSheriffs;heenforcedacommonlaw,andissuedtheAssizeofArms.OntheissueoftherelationshipbetweenchurchandstateheclashedwiththeArchbishopofCanterbury,ThomasBecket.LaterthebaronsroseinrevoltandhissonsinFrancetookupagainsthim.AftercrushingalltherevoltsHenryIIdiedin1189.4.theAssizeofArmsKey:Itwasissuedin1181byHenryII.ItwascompulsoryforeveryfreemaninEnglandtobeprovidedwitharms.Thosearmswereusedonlywhentheirownerwascalledoutfbrnationalservicebytheking'scommand.5.theGreatCharterKey:ItwasafeudaldocumentsignedbyKingJohn(theLackland)in1215.Undergreatpressure,KingJohngrantedthelistofdemandsthatthebishops,thebaronsandthetownsmenhaddrawnup.ItcontainedthreesetsofprovisionsandmadesomerestrictiontotheKing'spower.Itwasmadeintheinterestsofthefeudallordsandwasafeudaldocument.Ithasbeenregardedasthe-cornerstoneIIofEnglishhistory.6.AllEstatesParliamentKey:In1265,SimondeMontfortcalledParliament.Besidestheusuallordsandchurchmen,itincludedknightsformeachcountyandrepresentativesfromeachborough.ItwasthefirsttimethatrepresentativesofboththecountiesandtownswerecalledtoattendParliament.Therefore,theParliamentof1265isknownasthe-AllEstatesParliamentIIandisconsideredthebeginningofParliament.7.ModelParliamentKey:KingEdwardIwasengagedinwarswithWales,Scotlandandheneededalotofmoney.In1295hesummonedthe-AllEstatesParliamentIIwhichincludedmorethan400members.Thisisconsideredamodelforallsucceedingones,andithasbeenknowninhistoryasthe-ModelParliamentII.
3ᑴḄ⊦Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhydidtheHundredYears4WarhappeninthehistoryofBritain?Key:OstensiblytheWarhappenedbecauseoftheclaimofEdwardIIItobetherightfulkingofFrance,butthecausesweredeeperandmorecomplex.Forexample,theEnglishkingstriedtogetbackthelandHenryIIownedinFrance,whiletheFrenchkingstriedtoweakenandreduceEnglishpower.TheeconomicinterestsofEnglandandFranceclashedinFlanders.2.WhatdoyouknowaboutWarTyler'sRising?Key:SincetheHundredYears'War,theconditionsofthepeasantswerenotimproved;thevillainsstruggledforfullfreedom.ThegovernmentofEdwardIIIandtheparliamentissuedStatutesofLaborerswhichmadethepeoplewhohadnolandorothermeansoflivingtoworkforlandlordsandproprietorsatthesamerateasbeforeBlackDeath.Thisarousedthehatredagainsttheministers,lawyersandlandlords.AlloftheseledtotherisingledbyWarTylerin1381.ItwasprecipitatedbythecollectionofthePollTax.TherisingstartedinEssexandsoonspreadtotheneighboringcountries.Thepeasantsbelievedtheking,Richard'spromise,halfofthemwenthome,andtheleadersremained.ButinaconferencewithRichard,themayorofLondonkilledWarTyler;manypeasantswerekilledanddispersed.Thoughitfailed,therisinghadfar-reachingconsequences.Theserfswerenottoremainserfsfbrlong.Alltheforcesofsocialdevelopmentwereagainstthecontinuationofserfdom.Itwasimpossibletokeepforcedlaboronthemanorandlandlordshadtogiveupuselessoldfeudalrights.Serfsbecameeitherfreepeasantsorwagelaborers,justasKarlMarx:"InEngland,serfdomhadpracticallydisappearedinthelastpartofthe14,hcentury.'13.WhatwerethenatureandconsequencesoftheHundredYears4War?

6Key:Thenature:Itwasafeudalandtradewartoseizethepower,enlargethedominionbetweenEnglandandFrance.Theconsequences:By1453,theEnglishdominioninFranceshranktoCalaisandastripoftheGasconcoast.TheendingoftheHundredYears4WardeprivedtheEnglishkingofhispossessionsontheContinent.4.WhatdoyouknowaboutthenatureandconsequenceoftheWai'softheRoses?Key:Thenature:Itwasafeudalcivilwar,thewarforpowerandwealthandatlastforthepossessionoftheCrownbetweentheLancastriansandtheYorkists.Theconsequence:ThewarsoftheRoseslasted30yearsandendedin1485withtheaccessionsofHenryTudorasHenryVII,thefounderoftheTudorMonarchy.TheendingoftheWarsoftheRoseswasseenastheendingoftheMiddleAgesinEuropeanhistoryandthebeginningofthemodernworldhistory.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.BlackDeathKey:ItisthemodemnamegiventothedeadlyepidemicdiseasespreadbyratleasacrossEuropeinthe14thcentury.ItstartedinItalyandsoonsweptthroughEurope.InEnglandaboutonehalfofthepopulationdiedofthisdisease,whichresultedintheshortageoflaborandmuchlandwasleftuntended.2.theLollaidsKey:FollowersofJohnWycliffeinlatemedievalEngland.Theypreachedtheconfiscationofthewealthofthechurch.Headvocatedthatallgoodsshouldbeheldincommon.Theycalledattentiontothenaturalequalityofmenbycrying:WhenAdamdelvedandEvespan,whowasthentheGentlemen.Therefore,theyprovidedideologicalpreparationforthelabormovementofthe14thcentury.
4Ḅᐶ!"#$%&Ḅ'(Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhatdoyouknowabouttheeconomicdevelopmentintheTudorMonarchy?Key:IntheTudorMonarchy,manorialismdeclinedandwasreplacedbyamoneyeconomy,villainstatusceasedtohaveanyimportance.Lordsturnedintolandlordsandserfsbecametenants.Moneyrentsreplacedlaborservicesanddues.Agriculturewasthedominanteconomicactivity;manufacturewoolenclothbecameimportantsourceofwealthandamajorexport.2.HowdidcapitalismbegintogrowinthereignoftheTudors?Key:DuringthereignoftheTudors,alotofarablelandswereconvertedintopastures,whichwasknownastheEnclosureMovement.Thismovementfirstprovidedtheprimitiveaccumulationofcapital,andseconditsuppliedcontinuouslycheaplaborforthedevelopingindustry.SotheEnclosureMovementpavedthewayforthedevelopmentofcapitalism.3.InwhatwayswasthecentralizedMonarchstrengthened?Key:Inordertoconsolidatehispower,HenryVIItookthefollowingmeasures:(1)HenryVIIconfinedhisrival-Edward,theEarlofWarwickintheTower.(2)HepromisedpardontothosewhohadstoodonthesideoftheHouseofYork.(3)In1486HenryVIImarriedElizabethofYork,unitingtherivalHouseofYorkandLancaster.(4)Heputdownaimedrebellions.(5)HeestablishedgoodrelationswithSpainandFrancethroughthemarriageofhissonanddaughter.4.HowdidtheReformationhappeninEnglandandwhatwastheeffect?Key:TheChurchoftheMiddleAgehadnotbeenonlyareligiousbody,butapoliticalandalegalpoweraswell.ThegreedandlazinessoftheChurchhinderedthesocialandpoliticalprogressofEngland.DuringthattimeHenryVIIIhadtroublesinhisdivorce.HerealizedthatforeigninterferenceinEnglandmustbestoppedforever.AtlastHenryhadthedivorcesettledbyaspecialactofParliament;hebrokewiththePope-headoftheChurch.In1534Parliamentpassedthe-ActofSupremacyII,accordingtoitHenryVIIIwasdeclaredtheheadoftheEnglishChurch.ThustheEnglishChurchbecameindependentofRome.TheRomanCatholicChurchwasinternational:theEnglishChurchwasstrictlynational.5.WhatdoyouknowabouttheEnglishRenaissance?Key:Renaissancemeans-rebirth||-EuroperediscoveringitsoriginsintheculturesofancientGreekandRome.Itwasaculturalmovementthatarosewithriseofthebourgeoisie.Theyweredisintegratingmovements,butalsoliberatingonesandtheywereconsistentlyrelated,bycauseandeffect,toliberatingmovementinpolitics,commerceandsocietyineverycountry.Thethinkerswhoworkedforfreedomandenlightenmentwerecalledhumanists.ThegreatEnglishhumanistwasSirThomasMore,whowrotehismasterpieceUtopia.TheEnglishRenaissancewaslargelyliterary.

7Shakespearewasthegreatestdramatistoftheage.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.theEnclosureMovementKey:Intheendof15thcenturythemanufacturewoolenclothinEnglandbecameanimportantsourceofwealthandamajorexport.Theclothindustryincreasedthevalueofwool.Raisingsheepbecamemoreprofitable.Thisencouragedthelandlordstocovertarablelandandthe-CommonsIIintopastures.Latersomeofthenobilityandmerchantsstartedtoenclosetheland.Largeareasoflandwerefencedwithoutanywarningtothepeasants.ThisprocesswasknownasEnclosureMovement.2.FrancisDrakeKey:Hewasoneofthemostwell-knownnavigatorsinEnglandwhosetsailonavoyageroundtheworldin1577.3.CharteredcompaniesKey:Theseweretypeofcorporationsthatevolvedinthe16thcenturyinEurope.Underachartergrantedbythestate'ssovereignauthority,thecompanyhadcertainrightsandobligationswhichusuallygaveitatradingmonopolyinaspecificgeographicareaorforaspecifictypeoftradeitem.Inthe17thcentury,charteredcompanieswereencouragedbytheEnglishgovernmenttoassisttradeandencourageoverseasexploration.ThosecompaniesformedfortradewiththeIndies,suchasEastIndiaCompanywhichhadthemostwide-reachinginfluence.Somecharteredcompanieswerealsoinvolvedinthesettlementofcolonists.4.theEastIndiaCompanyKey:Oneofthemostwell-knownEnglishtradecompanyformedattheendof16thcenturyfortradewithEastandSoutheastAsiaandIndia.Itbeganasamonopolistictradingbody,establishingearlytradingstations.5.HenryVIIKey:HewaskingofEnglandfrom1485to1509.Hewasasuccessfulusurper,thefounderoftheTudordynasty.Onthebattle-fieldofBosworthHenryVIIwascrownedandhistitlewasacceptedbyParliamentattheendof1485.Hetooksomemeasurestoconsolidatehispower,suchas,confininghisrivalEdwardinTower.Inordertoretainhiscrownhetookaseriesofsteps.Hestrengthenedthelawcourts,increasedtheincomeofgovernment.Heencouragededucationandexploration,increasedthetradebuthedidnotdealwiththeproblem,theChurch.Hediedin1509.6.FrancisBaconKey:HewastheprogenitorintheperiodofEnglishmaterialismoftheRenaissanceinEngland.Intwoinfluentialbookshemaintainedthatthelearningofthemedievalphilosopherswasoflittlevalueandadvisedmentostudynatureandthusacquirerealknowledgewhichmightbeofpracticalbenefittomankind.Hewasalsoastatesmanandanessayist.
5)▤+☩-Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhatwastheeconomicandpoliticalbackgroundoftheBourgeoisRevolution?Key:Inthefirsthalfofthe17thcenturyCapitalismgrewrapidly,thenationalindustry,cloth-makingspreadalloverthecountry.Newindustryalsodeveloped,suchascoal-mining,ship-building,glass-makingetc.Foreigntradehadbeenexpandingandcolonialplunderincreasingtoo.Capitalisticenterprisescontinuedtoreplacefeudallandlords.Theconflictbetweenbourgeoisieandthecrownbecamecompleteduringthisperiod.Thebourgeoisiehadgainedeconomicsupremacy,buteverywhereitencounteredfeudalrestrictions.Thefoundationoffeudalsocietyhadalreadyfallendown,butthefeudalnobilitywiththedingastheirheadwasstilltherulingclass.Feudalsystemoflandtenureremained.Allthisthebourgeoisiecouldnolongerputupwith.Thisperiodalsosawthegrowthofpopulardiscontent.Thepeasantmovementreachednewheights.2.WhatdoyouknowabouttheabsolutistruleoftheStuarts?Key:JamesIinsistedontheDivineRighttoKings,believingthatkingswereonlyresponsibletoGodandnottoanyParliament.Inhisviewtheking'swillwastheonlylaw.Afterhisdeath,hissonCharlesIfollowedthesamebelief,andhaduneasyrelationswithParliament.HisinflexibilityofruleencouragedconfrontationwithParliament.CharlesIcalledParliamentfrequentlyforhisownbenefits,andeachtimewhenhewasrefusedtherequest,hewoulddissolveParliament.HeakopersecutedthePuritans.Heaskedpeoplefor-loansII,andthosewhorefusedwereputintoprison.Atthesametimeihefinancialpolicyof(hegovernmentledtoadeclineincommerceandproduction.Ordinaryaswellthebourgeoisiefoundthefeudaloppressionintolerable.3.HowdidtheCivilWai'breakout?WhatweretheconsequencesoftheCivilWar?Key:BecauseoftheabsoluteruleofCharles,theconfrontationbetweenCharlesIandtheParliamentdevelopedintothe

8CivilWar.ThewarbeganonAugust22,1642.CharlesgainedthesupportofnoblesandgentlyinthenorthandwestofthecountryandWales.Parliament,ontheotherhand,deriveditsstrongestsupportfromyeomanfanners,middle-classtownpeople,andartisansinsoutheastEnglandandLondon.Theking'smenwerecalled-CavaliersII,andthesupportersofParliamentwerecalled-RoundheadsII.Consequences:ThekingCharles'sarmywasdefeated.CharlesIwasbeheaded.In1649theHouseofLordsandtheofficeofKingwereabolishedandaCouncilofStatewassettocarrytheexecutiveworkofthegovernmentandEnglandwasdeclaredaCommonwealth.4.WhatweretheCommonwealthandLordProtector?Key:InFebruary1649,theParliamentmadearesolutionofabolishingthemonarchyandtheHouseofLords.On19May,theParliamentofficiallydeclaredEnglandaCommonwealth.TheestablishmentofCommonwealthwastheclimaxoftheBourgeoisRevolution.Cromwell,withalargearmybehindhim,becametherealrulerandwasmadeLordProtector.5.WhydidtheRestorationtakeplace?Key:WhenOliverCromwelldiedin1658,andwassucceededbyhisson,Richard,theregimebeganimmediatelytocollapse.InMay1660thesonofCharlesIwasproclaimedKingCharlesIIofEngland.UnderthereignofCharlesII,Anglicanismwasrestored.TheCavaliersgotbackthelandandhadthemostoftheseatsinthenewParliament.Theyusedthepowertotakerevengeontheirenemies——Roundheads.Theywouldnotletthemworkinlocalgovernment;theydismissedmostofCromwell'sanny.Thusfeudalforceswererestored.6.Whatdoyouknowaboutthe-GloriousRevolutionII?Key:Afterthreeyearsofstruggle,theWhigandToryleadersatlastunitedagainstJamesII,whointendedtoestablishabsolutisminEnglandwiththeaidofFranceandhadrestoredRomanCatholicsincivilgovemment,etc.Theleadersofthetwopartiesplannedacoupd4etat.InJune1698theleadersofParliamentinvitedWilliamofHollandandMary,daughterofJamesH,tocomeandtakethethrone.WilliamlandedwitharmyandhewassowelcomedthatJamesIIranawaytoFrance.WilliamandMarywerethencrownedasjointrulers.Thiswasknowninhistoryas-TheGloriousRevolutionII.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.theShortandtheLongParliamentKey:CharlesI'sattemptsin1637toimposeworshipinScotlandledtoarebellion,whichinturnforcedCharlestosummonParliamentin1640.ButtheParliamentrefusedtovotetheKinguntilEnglishgrievanceshadbeenconsidered,soCharlesIdissolveditafterafewweeks.Henceitwasnicknamed-ShortParliamentII.AfterCharlesIangrilydismissedParliament,theScotsinvadedEngland.ThesituationforcedCharlestocallParliamentoncemore.ThisParliamentlasteduntil1653,becomeknowninEnglandhistorythe-LongPailiamentII.2.OliverCromwellKey:OliverCromwellwastheleaderoftheIndependentsduringtheBritishBourgeoisRevolution.IntheCivilWarheledhisnewarmy-NewModelArmyIIanddefeatedtheking'sarmyIn1649hesignedtoexecuteCharlesIandestablishedCommonwealth.HesuppressedtheDiggers.In1653ParliamentwasdissolvedandCromwellwasmadeLordProtectorforlifeandstartedhismilitarydictatorshipopenly.TheCommonwealthbecametheProtectorate.Hediedin1658.3.NewModelArmyKey:ItwasthenewarmyledbyOliverCromwellintheCivilWar,andthemainpowertodefeattheCavaliers.Itwaschieflycomposedofpeasants,partlyofcraftsmen,undermastersandapprentices,whocouldbesubjecttostrictdiscipline.4.theDiggersKey:InApril1649thepeasants4collectivediggingandploughingthesoilappearedonSt.George'sHill,Surrey,soonitspreadtoNottingham,Kentandothercounties.ThesepeasantswerecalledDiggers.
6)▤+☩-.ḄExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.HowdidBritainbecometheworld'schiefcolonialpoweraftertheBourgeoisRevolution?Key:Britainstrengtheneditsforeignexpansion.FirstitseizedtheseapowerthroughthevictoryovertheSpanishArmada.AndaftertheWai-withSpainandtheWarwithFrance,BritainsignedtwotreatieswithSpainandFrance—theTreatyofUtrechtandtheTreatyofParis,andgotmorecoloniesfromtheconcessionsofSpainandFrance,thusBritainbecamethechiefcolonialpower.2.Whatwastheeffectofthesuccessionofflanover?

9Key:ThesuccessionofHanoverhadanimportanteffectonboththeforeignanddomesticpolicesofthecountry.ThesubstitutionofHanoverforStuartimpliedacompletelydifferentsetofEuropeanconnections.TheofficialconnectionbetweenBritainandGermanywasfurtherstrengthenedbythecontinuedemploymentofGermantroopsintheBritishIslesandinBritishWarsoverseas.TheHanoveriansuccessionalsomarkedverydistinctlyaneweraintheworkingoftheBritishconstitution.ItestablishedtheprinciplethatthemonarchreignedbyActofParliament.DuringthereignofGeorgeI,thecabinetsystemofgovernmentdeveloped,andtheParliamentwascontrolledbythetwopartiestheWhigandtheTory.3.WhatwastheParliamentlikeduringthefirsthalfofthe18thcentury?Key:Duringthefirsthalfofthe18thcentury,politicalrightswerenotyetthoughtofastherightsofindividualsbutastherightsofpropertyofowners.TherepresentativestotheHouseofCommonswerenotelected.IntheParliament,therewereanumberofsinecures,whichwerepostsdistributedtoMembersofParliamentbystatesmenholdingministerialofficeinreturnfortheirsupport.TheParliamentwascontrolledbytheWhigandtheTory.4.Whatwereconsequencesoftheagriculturalrevolution?Key:Theadoptionofnewmethodsinagricultureandenclosureoflandencouragedthedevelopmentcapitalisticfarming.Englandwasdividedintofarmsinwhichprogressivemethodsofagriculturecouldbepracticed.Productionincreasedtosuchanextentthatitwasabletosupplytheindustrialcitiesadequatelywithrawmaterialsandfoodstuffs.Asaresulttherewastheappearanceoflaborreserve,whodriftedtocitiesandtownsandhadtomakealivingbysellingtheirlabor.Plantersandcapitalistentrepreneursstoodinneednotonlyofthemeansofconsumptionbutalsoofthemeansofproduction.ThesewereessentialconditionsforstimulatingtheIndustrialRevolution.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.theTreatyofUtrechtKey:Thetreatywassignedin1723betweenBritainandSpain,France.Accordingtothetreaty,SpainagreedthatEnglandshouldkeepGibraltarasanavybasetoprotecthertrade.FrancegaveupclaimstovariouspartofCanadaandhandedoverBelgiumtoAustria.2.theSevenYears4WarKey:ItreferstothewarbetweenBritainandFrance,lastingfrom1756to1763.ThewarwascarriedonmainlyinIndiaandAmerica.ThroughthewarEnglandmadegreatgainsbothinNorthAmericaandIndia,andbecametheworld'schiefcolonialpower.3.theTreatyofParisKey:Itwassignedin1763afterthewarbetweenEnglandandFrance.Ithadfourpoints:First,FrancecededCanadaandherAmericanpossessionseastoftheMississippi,withtheexceptionofNewOrleans.Second,FrancegaveupfourofherWestIndianislands,aswellasherAfricanpossessions.Third,Spain,whohadjoinedthewar,cededFloridatoEnglandtogetherwithallherpossessionseastoftheMississippiI.Fourth,FranceagreednottofortifyhersettlementsinIndiaandtoacknowledgethenativeprinceswhomtheEnglishhadestablishedaspuppets.France'spowerinIndiawasdestroyedandBritainbecametheworld'schiefcolonialpower.4.theHouseofHanoverKey:ItisaBritishroyalhouseofGermanorigin.ItwasdescendedfromGeorgeLouis,electorofHanover,whosucceededtotheBritishcrownasGeorgeIin1714.Duringhisreign,thecabinetsystemwasestablishedandthemonarchwasreignedbytheActofParliament.7☩ஹᡊ☩Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhatdoyouknowabouttheAmericanRevolutionandtheFrenchRevolution?Key:AmericanRevolutionreferstotheAmericanWarofIndependence.Itbrokeoutin1775andendedin1783.BritainrecognizedtheindependenceoftheUnitedStatesaftertheWar.TheFrenchRevolutionbrokeoutin1789.TheBritishradicalssympathizedwithFrenchrevolutionists.ButtheBritishgovernmentwasagainstthem,andbecamethemainorganizerofthemilitaryalliancewithAustriaandPrussia.In1815NapoleonwasdefeatedbythealliesunderWellingtonatWaterloo.2.WhydidtheIndustrialRevolutionfirsttakeplaceinBritain?Key:BecauseBritainhadsomespecialconditionswhichnoothercountrycouldmatch.Theseconditionsare:theaccumulationofcapital;thedevelopmentofcapitalisticfanning;theappearanceofalaborreserve;andtheexpansionofmarkets,domesticandforeign.

103.HowdidtheIndustrialRevolutionexertagreatinfluenceonbothBritishsocietyandtheworld?Key:TheIndustrialRevolutionwasnotonlyatechnologicalrevolutionbutalsoagreatsocialupheaval.ItexertedagreatinfluenceonbothBritishsocietyandtheworld.TheIndustrialRevolutionpromotedthedevelopmentofproduction.Itbegantoproducelargequantityoflow-pricedgoodsinamoreefficientmanner.Newcitiescameintobeing;populationincreased;thehomemarketwasenlarged.TheBritishgoodsalmostachievedamonopolysituationintheworldmarket.Afactorysystemwasestablished.Workerswereemployedandmanagersbecamecapitalists.Twoconflictingclasseswereborn.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.theTreatyofParisKey:Itwassignedin1783byBritainandtheUnitedStatesaftertheIndependentWar.BritainrecognizedtheIndependenceoftheUnitedStates.2.GeorgeStephensonKey:In1814heconstructedthefirstsuccessfulSteamlocomotive.Thismadetransportationmucheasierandmoreconvenient.3.JamesWattKey:Hewasthefamousinventorwhocreatedasteamenginein1769.TheinventionandapplicationofthesteamengineplayedanimportantroleinBritishIndustrialRevolution.4.-factoryoftheworldIIKey:ItreferstoBritainaftertheIndustrialRevolutionbecausetheIndusti-ialRevolutionpromoteditsdevelopmentofproduction.Britainbegantoproducelargequantityoflow-pricedgoodsinamoreefficientmanner.
8/01ḄExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhatdoyouknowaboutthepostwareconomyandsocietyinBritain?Key:AfterthewaragainstNapoleon,thoughagriculturalandindustrialproductionincreased,thenationaldebtquadrupled.Duetotheimmediatefallinthedemandformanufacturedgoods,somefactoriesclosed,andthereforetheunemploymentwasmoreserious.AnewCornLawwaspassedin1815tokeepupgrainpricesandrentsbytaxingimportedgrain,whichwasrejectedbytheindustrialbourgeoisieandworkingclasspeople.Strikesandmassmeetingswereoftenheldinmanycities,especiallyfrom1815to1819sawconstantunrest.2.Whatwasthepoliticalreform?WhatwasitseffectonBritain?Key:TheReformBillof1832madethreeimportantchanges;(1)Anumberof-rottenboroughsIIwereabolished;(2)Additionalseatsweregiventothemostpopulouscounties;(3)Onlythemenwhohadoncertainamountofpropertyorpaidacertainamountofrenthadtherighttovote.IthadastrongeffectonBritain.Itconcernedwithgivingthemiddleclassesastakeinresponsiblegovernmentratherthanwithchangingthebasisofgovernment.Yettheworkingclassesandsomesectionsofthelowermiddleclassesstillremainedvotelessonaccountofthehighpropertyqualification.3.HowdidtheChartistMovementtakeplaceinBritain?WhatwasthereasonforthefailureoftheMovement?Key:In1836theLondonWorkingMen'sAssociationwasorganized.In1837apetition,knownasthePeople'sCharterwasdrawnup.Themainpointwastoseekuniversalsuffrage,whichwasthebeginningoftheChartistMovement.ThefailureoftheMovementisitsdividedleadershipandlackofastrongbasisofclassunity.DuringthemovementtheChartistscouldbedividedintotwogroups-moralforce,whichbelievedinreformbypeacefulmeans;andphysicianforce,whichadvocatedviolence.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.theCornLawsKey:Itreferstoaseriesoflawsforregulatingtradeincorn,includingraisingthegrainpricesandrentsbytaxingimportedgrainin1815orso,whichmadelabor-pricedearer,shrankthehomemarketandhamperedthedevelopmentofforeigntrade.Sothemiddleclassandtheworking-classpeopleresentedthelaws.In1848theywererepealed.2.thePeterlooMassacreKey:InAugust1819ademonstrationwasorganizedinManchestertodemanduniversalsuffrage,votebyballot,andannulParliamentandtherepealoftheCornLaws.Itwassuppressedbythegovernmentwith11personskilledandover400wounded.3.theReformBill

11Key:ItwasputforwardbythenewWhig-ledgovernmentin1832.Itmadethreeimportantchangesfortheelectionsystem:(1)Anumberof-rottenboroughsIIwereabolished;(2)Additionalseatsweregiventothemostpopulouscounties.(3)Thetotalelectoratewasincreasedby217000.Buttheworkingclassandsomesectionsofthelowermiddleclassesstillremainedvoteless.4.LordViscountMelbourneKey:TheEnglishstatesmanWilliamLamb,the2ndViscountMelbourne,servedasprimeministerin1834andfrom1835to1841.HewasthesternsuppressorofearlytradeunionismandthepoliticalmentoroftheyoungQueenVictoria.5.theAnti-CornLawLeagueKey:Itwasanorganizationformedin1838underBrightandCobdeninManchester,whichwasagainsttheCornLaws.Itwasrootedinmanyearlierworking-classandradicalmovementsfortheimprovementofsocialconditions.6.theChartistMovementKey:ItwasamovementoftheworkingclassfbrrealizingthePeople'sCharterof1837whichwasaboutuniversalsuffrage.Thechartistscouldbedividedintotwogroups-moralforceII,-physicalforceII.TheChartistMovementreacheditsheightin1839—1848.ThreepetitionswerepresentedtoParliament,butallthethreewererejected.TheMovementdeclinedafter1848.AlthoughtheChartistMovementfailed,ithadagreatinfluence.IlwasaftertheMovementthattheEnglishworkingclassenteredaperiodofconductingindependentpoliticalmovementsagainstthebourgeoisie.
923᡽5"6/0Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.Whatwasthecolonialexpansionlikeduringthe19thcentury?Key:InAsiaBritainlaunchedanaggressivewaragainstChina.ThiswastheOpiumWar.ThecorruptQinggovernmentwasforcedtosigntheunequalTreatyofNanjing.From1856to1860Anglo-FrenchforcesoccupiedsomecitiesinChina.In1900Britain,alliedwithothersevencountriesinvadedChinaandgotthelowerandmiddleYangtzevalleyaswellasalargeamountofmoneyaccordingtotheTreatyofBeijing.In1842BritainoccupiedSingapore,Malaya,in1886Burma.InAfricaBritaindefeatedtheBoersandannexedthetwosemi-independentBoerrepublicsin1901.AndinfactBritainoccupiedone-thirdofthewholeAfrica.Fromthemid-19thcenturyanumberofBritishcolonieswereorganizedintodominions.TheywerethedominationofCanada,Australia,NewZealandandSouthAfrica.Bytheendofthe19thcenturyBritainhadoccupiedaboutaquarteroftheearth'sinhabitablearea.SoBritaiiiboastedthatsheranan-empireonwhichthesunneversetsII.2.HowdidtheBritishindustrialmonopolydecline?Key:Bythe18704sthedecadenceandparasitismofBritishimperialismbeganincreasinglytoaffecttheBritisheconomy.TheBritishindustrialmonopolydeclinedafterthemiddleofthe19thcentury.Theinterestsofdifferentsectionsofthecommunitydiverged.Inparticular,arableandmeat-producingfarmersfeltthefullweightofforeigncompetition.Manyindustrialistsfellthegrowingpressureofforeigncompetitionbothinoldandnewindustries.Britishtextileindustrywasdecliningrapidly.Theworldmarketswerelost.Exportsfell.Thewholeindustrydeclinedfasterthaneverbefore.3.Whatdoyouknowabouttheparliamentaryreforms4?Key:ThetwoBritishpoliticalparties,theConservativeandtheLiberalswereinpoweralternatelyduring19century.Bothpartiesrealizedthattheparliamentaryreformwasirresistible,sotheyfellovereachothertogetcreditfromit.YetitwasDisraeliwhoclaimedthecreditfbrtheactof1867.InaparliamentwhereDisraeliwasinaminority,heeventuallycairiedabill,whichloweredpropertyqualificationsandextendedthefranchisetoallhouseholdersintheboroughs.Itgavethevotetomanyworkingmeninthetownsandcities.Thecountryfranchisewasnotsubstantiallychanged,butsomenewseatswerecreatedbytakingonememberfromexistingboroughconstituencies.Theindustrialbourgeoisiewaspoliticallystrengthened.Membersofupperlayersoftheworkingclasssharedthefruitsofthereformbutmillionsofagriculturallaborers,aswellastheurbanworkerswhowerenothouseholders,remainedvoteless.4.HowdidtheLaborPartycomeintobeing?Key:InFebruary1900alaborrepresentationconferencewasheldinLondonatwhichtradeunions,,co-operativesandtheIndependentLaborParty,theFabianSocietyagreedtofoundaLaborRepresentationCommittee,withRamsayMacDonaldasfirstsecretary,topromotethereturnofLabormembersofParliament.WithLiberalsupport,itwon29seatsatthegeneralelectionof1906andwasrenamedtheLaborPartyinthesameyear.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.theCrimeanWar

12Key:TheWarbrokeoutin1845andendedin1856.ItwasawarbetweenBritain,Turkey,FranceandRussiaforthebalanceofpowerinEuropeandthedesireoftheWesternpowerstokeepTurkeyasaban-ieragainstRussianexpansionintotheBalkans.In1856peacewassignedatParis.RussiaagreednottofortifySebastopolwhichwasthegreatfortressinCrimea.AndtheDanubeRiverwasopenedtofreenavigation.2.theOpiumWarKey:From1780to1839BritainexportedalotofopiumtoChinaeachyear.In1840underthepretextofprotectinghertrade,BritainlaunchedanaggressivewaragainstChina.ThiswastheOpiumWar.ThecorruptQinggovernmentsuiTenderedtotheBritishinvadersandwasforcedtosignthefirstunequalTreatyofNanjingin1842.3.ViscountPalmerstoneKey:ThePrimeMinisterofBritainduring1859to1865,wastheimageofthesuccessfulbourgeois.Indomesticpolicyheresistedanyreformanddelayedoverduereform.Afterhisdeaththequestionofparliamentaryreformwasre-opened.4.theFabianSocietyKey:Itwasasocialistsocietyfoundedin1884inLondon,toestablishademocraticsocialiststateinBritain.Itincludedintellectuals,suchasG.B.ShawandH.G.Wells,whoplayedanimportantpartinthe20thcenturylaborpolitics.
10789:ᜧᡊ1ḄExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhatwasthebackgroundbeforetheFirstWorldWar?Key:InBritaintheEdwardianAgebeganandtheLiberalswereinpowerin1905.Theelectionwasfoughtontheissuesoffreetrade,temperancereformandeducation.TheEnglishworkingclassmovementreachednewheightswithawaveofstrikesbetween1911and1914.Thesuffragettesfoughtforwomen'srights.TheIrishquestioncreatedthegreatestdifficultiesandIrelandwasonthebrinkofCivilWar.Thecapitalistworldbegantoenterthenewageofimperialism.Therivalryamongtheoldandyoungcapitalistpowersbecameacute.Thetwoblocksofcapitaliststatesformed.2.HowdidBritaintakepartintheFirstWorldWar?Key:AftertheGeiTnansinvadedBelgiuminAugust4,1914,therebyviolatingneutralitythatBritainwascommittedbytreatytosupport,Britaintookpartinthewar.3.WhatwastheaftermathoftheFirstWorldWarforBritain?Key:Britainseemedtohavewonthevictory,butthepricewashigh:morethanamilliondead,agiganticwardebt,andlossofmanyforeignmarketsforever.AftertheWorldWarI,BritainattendedthePalisPeaceConferenceandgotsomecoloniesfromTurkeyandGermany.TheBritishgovernmentorganized"thecampaignoffourteenstates'1againstthenewSocialistState.4.WhatroledidWinstonChurchillplayintheSecondWorldWar?Key:HeplayedanimportantroleintheSecondWorldWar.InthecrisisoftheSecondWorldWar,WinstonChurchilltookoverasPrimeMinsterin1940.WinstonChurchillalsoledthecountryduringthe"miracleofDunkirk1'attheendofMayin1940.Thatwas3:38000Alliedtroops4evacuationtoBritainfromDunkirk.HeandRoosevelt,StalindecidedtoopenthesecondbattlefieldinEuropeattheTeheranConference.HeproposedtocontinuetofightagainstJapanuntiltheendofthewar.AlthoughBritain4sislandstatusprotecteditfrominvasion,thecivilianswereinvolvedinthewarinawaythathadneverhappenedbefore.Germanbombingraidsdestroyedmanycities,includingLondon.However,Churchillandhispeoplenevergaveup,andhereceivedmassivepopularsupportasawarleaderandledhiscountrytofinalvictoryin1945.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.splendidisolationKey:theforeignpolicycarriedbyBritainfrom1863totheendofthecentury,throughwhichBritaingotlessinvolvementinEuropeanaffairs.2.theTreatyofVersaillesKey:ThetreatywassignedattheParisPeaceConferencein1919.Accordingtothetreaty,BritaintookPalestineandMesopotamiafromTurkeyandseizedalargenumberofGermancoloniesinAfricaandinthePacificOcean.3.theStatuteofWestminsterKey:Itwaspassedin1931anditgavelegislativerecognitiontotherelationbetweentheBritishEmpireandherdominions.Itmadethedominionsbecomeindependentstatesinallbutname.4.theBattleofLondon

13Key:ItoccunedonthefirstdaysofWorldWarII.TherewasaseriesofairraidonLondon.Twodaysbefore,theevacuationfromdangerzonesbegan.Outdoorhouseholdsteelshelterswereconstructingtoprotectpeopleagainstairattack.
11ᡊ.ḄExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhatchangestookplaceinBritainimmediatelyaftertheendofWorldWarII?Key:ImmediatelyaftertheendofWWII,Britainunderwentenormoussocialchanges.1)Thecountrywasbankruptafterthewar.TheLaborpartyreturnedtopowerwithahugemajority.Britaintookalongtimetorecoverfromthecostofwarnothinglessthanareconstructionofthenation.2)WiththeWarover,Britainhadtofacethefactthatitwasnolongeramajorpower.3)TheLaborGovernmentstruggledheroicallytodealwiththeproblemsaboutimprovestandardsoflivingandtookonanemergencywelfareresponsibility,whichwascalleda-cradle-to-graveIIsocialsecuritytobuilda-WelfaieStateII.4)TheLaborGovernmentalsotookcontrolofindustryandpublicutilities,andatwo-yearperiodbeginningin1946,sawthenationalizationoftheBankofEngland,thecoalindustry;electricityandgas;airtransport,alongwithroadrailandwaterways.2.WhatwastheCleanAirAct?Key:SincethetimeoftheIndustrialRevolution,airpollutionhasbeenamajorpublichealthproblem.SoinOctober1955,Londonpassedthisact.ThepurposeoftheActistobantheburningofuntreatedcoaltopreventarecurrenceofthekillersmoginLondon.3.Why1970siscaUed-theAgeofStagflationIIinBritain?Key:Alongwithmostoftheindustrializednationsoftheworld,Britainenteredaperiodofdepressioninthe1970's.In1974,thegreatstrikebythecountry'scoalminerscausedtheConservativestolosethegeneralelectionbutunderLabor,inflationspiraledandeconomicdeclinecontinueddespitethesocialcontractbetweenthegovernmentandthetradeunions.Therefore,1970sinBritishhistoryiscalledtheAgeofStagflation.4.WhatwasthesituationofThatchergovernmentin1980s?Key:Mrs.Thatchercsgovernmenttooknumerousmeasurestoimprovetheefficiencyoftheeconomyduringthe1980s.First,thegovernmentbroughtdowntherateofinflationandachievedpricestability.Second,Thatcher'sgovernmentcutbackofexpendituresonhealth,socialservicesandeducation,whichmadethegovernmentextremelyunpopularwiththemasses.Thirdly,thegovernmentcontinuedthepoliciesoftighteconomiccontrol,theprivatizationofindustryanddismantlingofthewelfarestate.The1980s,indeed,wereadecadeofprosperity.5.Slatebrieflythenewdevelopmentinscienceandtechniqueinthelasttwodecadesofthe20thcenturyBritain.Key:In1974,thecomputedaxialtomographyscannerwasdevelopedinEngland.In1978,BritishdoctorsatLondon'sOldhamHospitalcreatedtheworld'sfirst-testtubebabyIILouisBrown.The1990ssawthebirthofthefamoussheepDolly(thefirstmammalproducedfromadoctorcelltakenfromanadultratherthanfromanembryo);andthenPolly,transgenicanimalproducedthroughcloning.Britainwasalsobusycreatingitsown-siliconvalleysII.In1981,theWorld'slongestbridge,HumberBridgewascompleted.Theworld'slongesthigh-speedopticalfiberlinkconnectedBirminghamwithLondon.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.NATOKey:ItsfullnameistheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization,establishedin1949.ItisaninternationalmilitaryalliancecreatedtodefendWesternEuropeagainstapossibleSovietinvasion.2.-SuperMacIIKey:ItisnicknametorHaioldMacmillan.MacmillanwasPrimeMinisterofBritainfrom1957to1963.Forhisefficiencyandskill,hewasknown-SuperMacII.3.MargaretThatcherKey:ShewasthefirstwomanPrimeMinisterinBritishhistory.Shehadheradministrationfbrtwoterms(1979—1990).ShegainedherreputationastheIIironladyIIfbrhertightcontrolofBritain'smonetarypolicy.Mrs.ThatcherreallygainedprosperityofBritainin1980s.Undertenyearsofherministry,Britainwasbeginningtocometotermswiththelossofmuchofitsheavyindustryandtheincreasingrelianceonfinance,communications,oil,insurance,tourism,accountingandotherserviceindustries.

144.DianaPrincessofWalesKey:IlreferstoLadyDianaSpencer.InJuly1981DianaSpencermarriedPrinceCharlesofWales,andthenshebecamePrincessofWales.Thismarriagewasknownasthe-WeddingoftheCenturyIIanditbroughtmuchglamourtotheRoyalfamily.TheCouplehadtwosonsandsoontheyhaddivorce.DianaPrincessofWalesdiedinacarcrashinParisonAugust31,1997.5.TheDowningStreetDeclarationKey:ThisisanagreementbetweenBritainandIreland.Itwassignedin1993,agreeingthatthefutureofNorthernIrelandshoulddependonthewishesofthemajority.6.IRAKey:ItreferstoIrishRepublicanArmy.Itisgenerallyregardedasaterroristorganization.
12)▤+☩-Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhateventthrewwholeBritaininchaosinAugust2006?Key:InAugust,therewasamostsensationaleventoftheworld——anallegedairplanebombplotthrewwholeBritaininchaos.Britishauthoritieswarnedtravelerstoremainvigilant,sayingtheymaystillbeinthecrosshairsofIslamicterrorists.AirlinescancelledalmostathirdoftheflightsfromBritain'sbusiestaiiport.Maypassengersmissedtheirflightsduestodelayscausedbytheheightenedsecuritymeasures.2.StatebrieflytheclashbetweenUKandIraninMarch2007.Key:InMarch2007,therewasaclashbetweenUKandIran.OnMarchthe23rd,navalforcesofIran'sRevolutionaryGuardscaptured15BritishsailorsandmarinesinthePersianGulfandtheydeclaredtheBritishsoldiershadviolatedIranianwaters.ButtheBritishForeignMinistryinsistedthesoldierswereoperatinginIraqiwaters.ItsummonedtheIranianambassadorinLondonanddemandedthatTehranreturnthedetainees.AftermarathonnegationsonMarch29=theUNSecurityCouncilannounceditssupportforthecrew'sreleasebutstoppedshortofcondemningtheseizure.TheEuropeanUnioncalledonIrantoimmediatelyandunconditionallyrelease15Britishsailorsandmarinesbeingheld.Butalthoughneithersideagreedonthelocationofthesailorswhentheydetained,bothsidessoftenedtheirrhetoricinthelasttwodays.After13-daystandoffIranreleased15Britishsoldiers.3.WhatwasTonyBlairappointedtodobyUNafterheleftNo.10DowningStreet?Key:AtthetimehelefthisofficeasPrimeMinster,TonyBlairwasappointedtorepresenttheMiddleEastnegotiatingQuartetasitsenvoyandhewouldserveastheirreprehensivetopromotepeaceintheregion.4.WhatproblemsdoesthenewPrimeMinisterGordonBrownface?Key:FirsttheBritisheconomyhasseenlowinterestrates,fallingunemploymentandhasbeencharacterizedbyfiscalprudenceduringGordonBrown'sterminoffice.SecondnewprimeministerisfacingacountrystilldividedbytheIraqwarandseekingresponsetotherecentcallforareferendumonthenewEuropeanUniontreaty,whichwasagreedduringasummittoreplacethedeadEUconstitutiontreaty.Furthermore,thereisrisingspeculationthatBrownwouldsoonoccupyhimselfwithanearlygeneralelection.Inorganizinghisgovernmentheshowedhisnewideasthathewouldreachoutbeyondthenanowpartyinterestandbuildagovemment.5.GiveabriefaccountofBritain'sinformationandcommutationtechnology.Key:Britain'sInformationandCommunicationsTechnologysectorisinternationallyrecognizedandrespectedforitsentrepreneurshipandinnovation.Britain,forexample,has80%oftheleadingtelecomequipmentmanufacturesintheworld,andthosecompaniesemployaround35,000peopleandgenerateapproximately$10.6billioninannualrevenue.6.StatebrieflyUK'seconomicdevelopmentinthenewcentury.Key:Inthenewcentury,UK'seconomyhasdevelopedinacurvingwary.GDPgrew,by0.7%inthepreviousthreequartersof2006.ThelevelofGDPisnow2.7%higherthanthethirdquarterof2005.Theoutputoftheproductionindustriesroseby().1%inthelatestquarter.Theoutputofmanufacturinggrewby0.6%andoutputofutilitiesgrewby0.3%,Thiswasoffsetbya3.9%declineinminingandquarrying.7.Whatwastheemploymentratein2006inBritain?Key:Theemploymentrateforpeopleofworkingagewas74.5%forthethreemonthsendinginSeptember2006,down0.1overthequarteranddown0.3overtheyear.ThenumberofpeopleinemploymentforthethreemonthsendinginSeptember2006was28.99million,up56000overthequarterandup1920CX)overtheyear.Totalhoursworkedperweekwere925.4million,down0.9millionoverthequarterbutup1.3millionovertheyear.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:

151.GordonBrownKey:HeisthePrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.Hetookofficeon27June2007,threedaysafterbecomingleaderoftheChancelloroftheExchequer.PriortothisheservedastheChancelloroftheExchequerinTonyBlair4sgovernmentfrom1997to2007,becomingtheUnitedKingdom'slongestservingChancellor.2.OurEnergyFutureCreatingaLowCarbonEconomyKey:ItisawhitepaperpublishedbyBritishGoveminentinFebruary2002.Itdefinedalong-termstrategicvisionforenergypolicycombiningBritain'senvironmentalsecurityofsupply,competitivenessandsocialgoals.3.microsatellitetechnologyKey:ItwasdevelopedbyBritaintoprovideaninnovativeandlow-coastalternativetothemoretraditional,andmoreexpensiveopticalsatellites,makingiteasiertoprovidewideaccesstotheimagesgenerated,increasingthenumberofpeoplewhocanseethem,andexpandingtheirareasofuse.Microsatelliteimagesarecurrentlybeingusedinmanyremote-sensingapplications.4.IRCsKey:ItistheabbreviationofInterdisciplinaryResearchCollaborations.Theyarecentersofinternationally-acknowledgedscientificandtechnologicalexcellence,withsufficientcriticalmasstomakearealimpactinareasofkeyfutureindustrialrelevancetotheUK.5.governmentalfinalconsumptionexpenditureKey:Itconsistsofexpenditure,includingimputedexpenditure,incurredbygeneralgovernmentonbothindividualconsumptiongoodsandservicesandcollectiveconsumptionservices.
>ᑖᦻᓄ
1ᦟBExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.Howmanyyearsdoesapupilstudyataprimarystateschool?Key:Sixyears,fromtheageoffivetoeleven.2.Whichtypeofschoolsenrollsthetoppupilsatsecondaiyeducation?Key:Grammarschoolsenrollthetoppupilsatsecondaryeducation.3.HowmanytypesofuniversitiesarethereinBritain?Whichtwouniversitiesarethemostfamousones?Key:Therearefivetypes:1)olduniversities,2)thefourScottishuniversities,3)themiddle-ageduniversities,4)thenewuniversities,5)theOpenUniversityandBuckinghamUniversity(independentuniversity).OxfordandCambridgearetheoldestandthemostfamousintheworld.4.Howare-publicIIschoolsfinanced?Key:PublicschoolsintheUKarefinancedmainlybyfeespaidbyparentsandprivatefunds.5.WhatdoyouthinkofthetwoBritisheducationalsystems?Key:Generallyspeaking,therearetwosystemsofprimaryandsecondaryeducationintheUK,thestateschoolandindependentschools.Thegreatmajorityofparentssendtheirchildrentostateschools,whereeducationandequipment,includingtextbooksandstationery,areentirelyfree.Whileindependentschoolsarerunbyanindividualpersonoracompanyandfinancedmainlybyfeespaidbyparentsandprivatefunds.Therefore,minorityofparentssendtheirchildrentosuchschoolsbecauseofthehighfees.6.WhatdoyouknowaboutOxfordUniversity?Key:TheUniversityofOxibrd,locatedinthecityofOxford,England,gotstartedinthe12thcentuiy.ItistheoldestuniversityintheEnglish-speakingworld,andisalsoregardedasoneoftheworld'sleadingacademicinstitutions.OxfordisoneofEurope'smostinnovativeandentrepreneurialuniversitiesandisalsotheUKpioneerindevelopingauniversityintellectualpropertypolicy.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:l.-G.C.E.IIKey:Itisanexaminationtakenbythestudentsofthesecondaryschools.G.C.E.standsfortheGeneralCertificateofEducation.2.EtonCollege

16Key:ItisoneofthelargestindependentsecondaryschoolsinEnglandandoneofthemostprestigious.3.PolytechnicsKey:Theyaretheinstitutesoftechnologyandpolytechnics,whichhaveexistedatleastsincethe18thcentury,butbecamepopularafterWorldWarIIwiththeexpansionoftechnicaleducation,associatedwiththenewneedscreatedbyindustrialization.Insomecases,polytechnicsorinstitutesoftechnologyareengineeringschoolsortechnicalcolleges.4.theOpenUniversityKey:Itwasfoundedin1969,isamostinterestinginnovationofhighereducation.Itisopentoeverybody,anddoesnotdemandthesameformalqualificationsastheotheruniversities,thoughpreparatoryworkmayberequired.TheuniversityofferscoursesthroughoneoftheBBC'stelevisionchannelsandbyradio,andhastutorsandcounselorsalloverBritain,whoreadpaperswrittenbystudentsanddiscussthematmeetingsorbycorrespondence.5.M.A.Key:ItistheabbreviationofMasterofArts.6.TheOxfordUniversityLibraryServiceKey:Itismadeup38librarieshousedacrosstheuniversity.Togethertheselibrariesholdoverelevenmillionvolumes,manywithresearchcollectionsofnationalsignificance.7.Kettle'sYaidKey:ItisanartgalleryandhouseinCambridgeUniversity,wherecontemporaryartcouldbefound.8.theRegentHouseKey:SincetheCambridgeisaself-govemingbody,theRegentHouseisthelegislativeauthority,whichconsistsofthethreethousandorsomembersoftheteachingandadministrativestaffoftheUniversityandCollegeswhohavetheMAorahigherdegree.
2CDExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhatarethetwocentralfeaturesoftheBritishpress?Key:(1)ApaperprintedinLondonaroundmidnightcanbereadanywherethenextmorning.(2)Thepressismostlyownedbyoneoffivelargeorganizations;independentsmallnewspaperpublishersfinditdifficulttosurvive.Thenationalpaperscontainnewsofnationalinterestandaresoldnationwide.Thelocalpaperscontainnewsofinteresttoaparticularregionortownandaresoldinthatlocality.2.WhichisthemostfamousandoldestBritishdaily?Key:TheTimesisthemostfamousandoldestBritishdaily.3.Whatarethemostimportantjournals?Whatdoyouknowaboutthem?Key:Economist,NewStatesmen,SpectatorNewsociety,PrivateandPuncharethemostimportantjournalsinBritain,especiallyTheEconomististhemostinfluentialandthemostsubstantial.Itseriouslycommentseveryeventofanypoliticaloreconomicinterestthathastakenplaceintheworld.TheNewStatesmenandSpectatorarereviewsofbooksandpublisharticlesonthepoliticalorsocialaffairs.4.Namethetwomainradioandtelevisioncompanies.Whenweretheyfounded?Whataretheirmainfeaturesrespectively?Key:(1)TheBritishBroadcastingCoiporation(B.B.C.):Itwasfoundedin1922anddoesallsoundbroadcastinginBritain.TherearefourB.B.C.radiochannelswhichhavedifferenttastesduringtheday.TheB.B.C.WorldServiceoperatesinternationalshort-waveservicesin39languages.ThereisnoadvertisingonB.B.C.soundortelevisionprograms.AndB.B.C.isfinancedbypaymentfromallpeoplewhopossessTVsets.Ifthepaymentsarenotenough,theGovernmentgivesgrantstotherestofexpenditure.(2)TheIndependentBroadcastingAuthority:Itwasfoundedin1955.ItisacommercialbroadcastingandT.V.organizationandadvertisementsareinsertedbetweenprogramsorinnaturalbreakinparticularprograms,soitgetsmoneyfromadvertising.5.HowistheB.B.C.financed?Key:ItisfinancedbypaymentsfromallpeoplewhopossessT.V.sets.6.WhatarethemainnewsagenciesinBritain?WhatdoyouknowaboutReuters?Key:Reuters,thePressAssociationLtd.,andtheExchangeTelegraphCo.LtdarethemainnewsagenciesinBritain.Reutersisoneoftheiburmajornewsagenciesintheworld.Itwasfoundedin1851inLondon.Ithasabout1200

17reportersstationedin183countriesandregions.ItisanimportantpropagandatooloftheBritishmonopolybourgeoisie.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.theITCKey:ItistheabbreviationoftheIndependentTelevisionCommission,whichisanimportanttelevisionmediuminBritain.2.BBCKey:ItreferstotheBritishBroadcastingCorporation,whichisthelargestbroadcastingcorporationintheworld3.theTimesKey:ItisadailynewspaperpublishedinLondon,oneofBritain'soldestandmostinfluential,andoneoftheworld'sgreatestnewspapers.4.theSpectatorKey:Itisaperiodicalgivenmuchspacetoreviewsofbooksandtoliteraryandotherartisticmattersandpublisharticlesonthepoliticalandsocialaffairsoftheday.5.ReutersKey:ItisoneofthefourmajornewsagenciesintheWest;theprincipalnewsagencyineverycountryintheworldisaffiliatedtoReuters.6.ExtelFinancialKey:ItisanewsagencybasedinLondonandhasanetworkofofficesinEuropeandtheUnitedStatesanddirectrepresentationinJapanandSouth-EastAsia.7.RadioAuthorityKey:ItisoneoftheBritishmajorradioandTelevisioncompanies,e.g.theEconomist:ItisthemostinfluentialandmostsubstantialperiodicalinBritain,makingseriouscommentseachweekoneveryeventofanypoliticaloreconomicinterestthathastakenplaceinanypartoftheworld.
3DBExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhatisthetemperamentoftheBritishSportsmen?Key:Itisadmirationforsportsmanship,playingwithrespectfortherulesandopponents,winningwithmodestyandlosingwithgoodtemper.2.Howiscricketplayed?Key:Cricketisplayedcomparativelyslowlyandquietly.ItseemstoreflecttheEnglishcharacter,gentlemanlysportsmanship.3.WhatisthemostpopularsportinBritain?Key:Associationfootball(soccer)isthemostpopularsportinBritain,Theseasonisfrommid-AugusttoearlyMay.4.Whatdoschoolgirlsplayinwinter?Key:Theyplaynetball(akindofbaseball)andhockey.5.WhatisthepopularbettingsportinBritain?Whenandwhereistheclimaxofhurdleracing?Key:Horseracingisthepopularbettingsport.TheGrandNationalsteeplechaseatLiverpoolinMarchistheclimaxofhurdleracing.6.Howmanyplayersarethereusuallyingolf?Howdoesonewininit?Key:Thereareusuallytwoplayersplayingagainsteachother.Thewinnerisonewhocompletesthecourseinthesmallestnumberofstrokes.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.CricketKey:ItthemostEnglishgame,reflectingtheEnglishcharacter:comparativeslownessandquietness.2.SoccerKey:ItclaimshighestattendanceinBritain.Theseasonisfrommid-AugusttoearlyMay.ItisplayedinmostoftheschoolsandtherearethousandsofamateurteamsallovertheUnitedKingdom.3.Flat-RacingKey:Itisakindofhorseracingwhichisrunoveraleveltrackatapredetermineddistance.Theraceisatestofspeed,staminaandtheskillofthejockeyindeterminingbywhenheorshechoosestoholdthehorsebackortomakethehorseworkharder.4.Football-poolsII

18Key:Itisthebetontheresultsofmatches,anditprovidesamusementformillionsofpeople,bothmenandwomen.4Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhorevolutionizedscientificthoughtinBritaininthe17thcentury?Whatwashe?Key:SirFrancesBaconrevolutionizedscientificthoughtinBritaininthe17th.Hewasastatesmanandamanofletters.2.WhatmakesIsaacNewtononeofthefoundersofmodernscience?Key:Newtonwasundoubtedlyoneofthegreatestscientificmindsinthefieldofpurescienceandmathematics.WiththepublicationofMathematicalPrinciplesofNaturalPhilosophy,heboundtogetherthewholeofnaturebyoneuniversalforce,gravity.Thecalculus,thenatureofwhitelightandotherdiscoveriesmakehimoneofthefoundersofmodemscience.3.Whodevelopedatomictheoryinthe18lhcentury.4?Andwhatwashe?Key:JohnDaltondevelopedatomictheoryinthe18lhcentury.HewasanEnglishchemistandphysicist.4.WhatdidCharlesRobertDarwindevelop?Whatdoyouknowabouthistheory?Key:CharlesRobertDarwindevelopedatheoryofevolution.Histheoryofevolutionisthatalllivingbeings,includingmenareevolvedfrommoreprimitivespeciesinsteadofbeingcreatedbyGod.5.WhatwerethefirstinventionsinBritain?Key:ThefirstinventionsinBritainistheworld'sfirstturbo-jetairliner,theworld'sfirstnucleuspowerstation,theworld'sfirstlargeradiotelescopeandtheworld'sfirsthovercraft.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.theRoyalSocietyKey:ItisaBritishorganizationfortheadvancementofsciencewhichwasformedinLondonin1660.ThegreatscientistIsaacNewtonwasitspresidentfor23years.Itisoneofthemostprestigiousscientificbodiesintheworld.2.immunologyKey:Itisabranchofbiomedicineconcernedwiththestructureandfunctionoftheimmunesystem.ThescienceofimmunologywasfirstputforwardbyEdwardJenner,anEnglishphysician.3.thetheoryofevolutionKey:ItisthetheorydevelopedbytheBritishnaturalist,CharlesRobertDarwinin19thcenturywhichconsideredthehumanbeingsarenotcreatedbyGod,butevolvedfrommoreprimitivespecies.4.OntheOriginofSpeciesKey:ItisafamousbookwrittenbyCharlesRobertDarwin.ThebookprovidedreasonswhytheoldideaofthespecialcreationofspeciesbyGodwasuntenableandshowedthatalllivingthings,includingmen,aresimilarandnothadbeenindividuallycreated,buthadevolvedfiommoreprimitivespecies.5.RobotKey:Itisamachinethatcanmoveanddosomeoftheworkofaman,especiallyanimaginarymachinefigurethatmovesoractsasifalive.6.DNAKey:Itwasagreatdiscoveryofparticularsignificancein1952.Itwasthesolutionofmolecularstructureofthegeneticsubstance.FrancisCrickandanAmerican,J.D.WatsondetenninedDNA'sself-replicatingprocesseswhichrevolutionizedbiochemicalscience.5ஹ!"ᵯ$Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhendidtheBritishartistsbegintohavetheirownBritishcharacteristicsintheirartworks?Key:Inthe18,hcenturynativeBritishartistsatlastmaketheirmark.PortraitpaintingisthemostcharacteristiconeofBritishart,inEnglandandalsoinScotland.MeanwhileanotherveryBritishthemedevelops,fromthesecondhalfofthe18thcentury,inthetraditionoflandscapewatercolors.ThefirstEnglishpainteronagrandscaleisalsothemostEnglishofpainters.2.WhathappenedtoVictorianartby1920?Key:By1920Victorianartwastotallyunfashionableaddespised,withpicturesbeingvirtuallyunsalable,oroflittlevalue.3.DoyouknowmusicfestivalsinBritain?ShowsomeExamples.Key:ThereareimportantmusicfestivalsintownssuchasAldeburgh,Bath,andCheltenham.Popmusicfestivalsdrawthousandsofpeople,especiallyyoungpeople.ThePromsisthebiggestannualclassicalmusicfestival.TheEdinburgh

19InternationalFestival,foundedin1947,attractsawideaudienceandeminentmusiciansandorchestras.4.WhatdoyouknowaboutJazzandpopmusicinBritain?Key:TheBritishjazzsceneholdsanimportantplaceintheworld,andthereareseverallargefestivalsalloverthecountry.Londonhasaveryactivejazzscenewithmanywell-knownpubsandclubs.5.CouldyounamesomecharityworkKatieMeluadidinhercareer?Key:CallofftheSearch,anewversionofDoTheyKnowIt'sChristmas,CalloffSearch,TooMuchLoveWillKillYou,PiecebyPiecearecharityworkofKatieMelua.6.WhatisBAFTAAward?Key:ItreferstotheBritishAcademyofFilmandTelevisionArts,isaBritishorganizationthathostsannualawardsshowsforfilm,television,children'sfilmandtelevision,andinteractivemedia.Ilwasfoundedin1947astheBritishFilmAcademy.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.TheRoyalSocietyofArtsKey:Itwasfoundedin1768byagroupofleadingartists.ItalsogaveanopportunityforartiststoexhibitandselltheirworkatanannualSummerExhibition.2.TheTateGalleryKey:ItwasopenedatMilbankin1807.Ithadeightgalleriesandhoused65paintingsdonatedbySirHenryTate.3.WilliamTurnerKey:HewasoneofthefinestlandscapeartistsofBritain,whowasbomin1775.Hisworkwasexhibitedwhenhewasstillateenager.Hisentirelifewasdevotedtohisartandhewassuccessfulthroughouthiscareer.4.SarahLucasKey:SheisoneoftheleadingfiguresinanoutstandinggenerationofyoungBritishartistswhoemergedduringthe1990s.Shegainedaninternationalreputationforprovocativeworksthatfrequentlyemploycoarsevisualpunsandadefiantbawdyhumor.5.BonnieTylerKey:SheisaWelsh-bornrockstarofBritain.Sheiswidelyrecognizablebyherhighlydistinctive,huskyvoice.6.DidoKey:SheisanelectronicpopsingerofBritain.7.SirAlfredHitchcockKey:HeisanEnglish-Americanfilmdirector,writer,andproducer.8.KateWinsletKey:SheisanEnglishactress.Sheisnotedforhavingplayedawiderangeofdiversecharactersoverhercareer,butisprobablybest-knownforhercriticallyacclaimedperformanceasRoseinthefilmTitanicin1997.
6ᦻEExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhoarethegreatestBritishnovelists?Andwhataretheirfinestworks?Key:DanielDefoe,RobinsonCrusoe;CharlesDickens,DavidCopperfield,GreatExpectations,ATaleofTwoCities',WilliamMakepeaceThackeray,VanityFair,ThomasHardy,TessoftheD'Urbervilles;JohnGalsworthy,TheForsyteSaga;JamesJoyce,Ulysses.2.WhatmakesCharlesDickensoneofthemostpopularcreativewriters?Key:Hisvividdescriptionaboutthecharactersinhisnovels,thecunningandtheinnocent,theheroesandthevillains,themeekandthebold,thetragicandthecomic,themerryandthemiserable,thesimpleandthecomplicatedcome,alivebeforeus.3.WhowasthefatherofEnglishpoetry?WhatishiscontributiontoEnglishpoetry?Key:GeoffreyChaucerwasthefatherofEnglishpoetry.HismaincontributiontoEnglishpoetryistheintroductionofrhymingstanzasofvarioustypesfromFrance.4.NametwoofthefamouspoetsofthiscenturywhowerebothawardedNobelPrize.Whendidthishappen?Key:WilliamButlerYeatswontheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1923andThomasSteamsEliotwontheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1948.5.HowmanyplaysdidWilliamShakespearewrite?Whyarehisplaysstillfrequentlyacted?Key:Hewrotethirty-sevenplaysinhislife,includingcomedies,tragediesandhistoricalplays.Hisplayscontaina

20surprisingvarietyofhumanqualitiesandmoods,andawealthofeloquenceandword-mastery.6.HowmanyIrishplaywrightsdoyouknow?Whataretheirchiefworks?Key:TherearefiveIrishplaywrights.1)OscarWilde,thechiefworks:LadyWindeimeresFan,AWomanofNoimportance2)GeorgeBernardShaw,chiefworks:Widower'sHouses,Mrs.WatrensProfession3)WilliamButlerYeats,chiefworks:FairyandFolkTalesandTheCountessCathleen4)JohnMillingtonSynge,chiefworks:RiderstotheSea5)SeanO'Casey,chiefworks:CathleenListensInandJunoandthePaycock.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:I.RobinHoodKey:Heisthemaincharacterinabestlovedstory.Hewasapopularherolivingunderthegreenwoodwithhismen,takingfromrichandgivingtothepoorandwagingwaragainstbishopsandarchbishops.2.theRenaissanceKey:ItmeansEurope'srediscoveringitsoriginsinthecultureofancientGreekandRome.Itwasaculturalmovementthatarosewiththebourgeoisie.Therepresentativesofthisthoughtwerecalledhumanists,suchasSirThomasMore,WilliamShakespeare.3.-artforart'ssakeIIKey:ItisatheoryadvocatedbyIrishplaywrightOscarWilde.HisnovelthePictureofDorianGrayistheproductofthistheory.4.theGardenofEdenKey:ItreferstothegardenintheBiblewhereAdamandEvelivedbeforetheirdisobediencetoGod.5.VanityFairKey:ItwasthefamousEnglishnovelistWilliamThackeray'smasterpiecepublishedin1847,anditssubtitleisANovelwithoutaHero.6.theAngryYoungMenKey:Itisthetitleoftentotheplaywrightswhowrotethedramaswhichdescribedthelowerclasslife.7%&'(Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WheredoessightseeinginLondonbeginformosttravelers?Key:WestminsterAbbeyiswheresightseeinginLondonbeginsformosttravelers.2.WhereistheBritishMuseumandwhatdoesitconsistof?Key:TheBritishMuseumisinLondon'sGreatRussellStreetanditconsistsoftheBritishNationalMuseumofAntiquitiesandEthnographyandtheBritishNationalLibrary.3.Wherecanyoufindtheworld-famousSpeakers4Corner?Key:Itcanbefoundatthenortheastend.MarbleArchinHydePark.4.WhatistheTowerofLondonlike?Whowasthefirstprisonerinit?Key:TheTowerofLondonisanancientfortressoccupyingnearly13acres.ItissituatedontheeastsideofthecityandonthenorthernsideoftheRiverThames.TheTowerissurroundedbyaditch.GardenssuiTOunditonthenorthandwest,andanembankmentborderstheriveronthesouth.Twolinesoffortificationsenclosetheinnerbail,inwhichcanbefoundtheWhiteTower,flankedbyfourturrets.5.Whichisthebiggestandbest-knownchurchinLondon?Key:St.Paul'sCathedralisthebiggestandbest-knownchurchinLondon.6.WhatisinMadameTussaud's?Key:ItisafamouswaxmuseuminLondonwithcollectionofwaxeffigiesoffamousfiguresfromtheworldsofpolitics,entertainment,musicandsports,bothlivingandlonggone.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.GreenwichRoyalObservatoryKey:Itisanastronomicalobservatory,oldestscientificinstitutioninBritain,foundedfornavigationalpurposesin1675.ItislocatedaboutfivemilesdowntheriverfromcentralLondon.TheprimemeridianoflongitudeandofficialmeantimeisreckonedfromGreenwichforthepurposeofgeographyandnavigation.2.BuckinghamPalaceKey:Itisthemonarch'spresentLondonhome,facingSt.JamesPark.3.Whitehall

21Key:ItisthemostimportantstreetinLondonwheresomeofthegovernmentoffices,suchastheHomeOffice,theTreasury,theWarOffice,arelocated.4.St.Paul'sCathedralKey:Itisthebiggestandmostwell-knownchurchinLondon,atypicalexampleofthearchitectureoftheRenaissance.5.theBritishMuseumLibraryKey:ItisoneofthethreepartsoftheBritishMuseum,oneofthelargestandrichestlibrariesintheworld.Therearemanytreasures,inparticular,manyuniquemanuscripts,andallkindsofEnglishbooks.KarlMarxoncecametostudyandworkinthemuseumlibraryregularlyandcompletedmostofhisfamousbookDasKapital(Capital)there.6.WestminsterAbbeyKey:Itisaveritablenationalshrine.Manyofthecountry'sgreatestliteraryandscientificfiguresareburiedintheabbey.7.TheLondonEyeKey:ItisoneofLondon'smostmodemlandmarks.Itistheworld'sbiggestFerriswheel.Fromthehighestpointof450feet,itpromisesviewsupto25miles.
FᑖGH
1IJExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhyisitalmostimpossibletodescribeanEnglishfamilyingeneral?Key:TheconceptoftheEnglishfamilyisanelasticone.Theirlanguagesaredifferent,andtheirwealthandclassoriginsarealsodifferent.2.Howdoyouunderstand-MarriagesignifiesthebeginningofanewandindependentfamilyII?Key:Britishsocietyisbasedonfamilylifeandthefamilyisaself-containedeconomicandsocialunitwithmother,fatherandchildrenlivingtogetheraloneintheirownhouse.Somarriagesignifiesthebeginningofanewandindependentfamily.3.Howdothenewlywedssolvetheproblemofhousing?Key:1)Theylookthroughadvertisementstofindahouseforrent.2)Theymaymortgageahousethroughabuildingsociety.3)Iftheyhaveenoughmoneytheymaybuyahouse,butthisseldomhappens.4.WhatisthefirstcourseofanEnglishlunch?DoyouthinkitsimilarordifferentfromtheChinesewayofservingfood?Key:ThefirstcourseofanEnglishlunchisasmallquantityofsoup.ItisdifferentfromtheChinesewayofservingfood.InChinathisisusuallythelastcourse.5.WhatclothesdoesanEnglishmanwearinwinter?WhendoesanEnglishwomanweartrousersinsteadofaskirt?Key:InwinteranEnglishmanusuallywearsawoolenpullover,asuitorajacketwithtrousersofdifferentcolor,greytrousersanddarkjacketareespeciallycommoninBritain.AnEnglishwomanwearstrousersinsteadofskirtmainlyforcasualwear.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.LondonCockneyKey:ItisadialectspokenbysomeLondoners.2.newlywedKey:Itreferstoamanorusuallyawomanwhohasrecentlymarried.3.-goingsteadyIIKey:Itmeansthattherelationbetweenayoungmanandagirlbecomessteady.Sotheyaregoingtomany,andtheywillmeettheirparentstotellthenews.4.mortgageahouseKey:Itmeanstogetahousebymortgage.Thepersonwhomortgagesahousemustpaybackalittleoftheloanonthehouseeachmonth.Iftheypayoffthedebtincertainperiod,theywillbecometheownerofthehouse.Ifnottheywilllosethehouse.5.coiporalpunishmentKey:Itisthepunishmenttothebody,suchasbeating,whipping.InBritaincorporalpunishmentishardlyusedathome

22andsticks,whipsarelookeduponasahorror,bymostparents.
2ឋL"MNOᱯḄᔊQR஺Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:I.WhatarethetworeasonswhytheBritishpeoplehavethecharacteristicofexclusiveness?Key:OneisthespecialgeographicallocationofBritain;theotheristhedistinctdevelopmentofhistory.2.CanyoushowusanexampleoftheconservativecharacteristicoftheBritishpeople?Key:OneexampleisthattheBritishpeoplehavebeenslowadoptingrationalreforms,suchasthemetricsystem.3.WhendoesanEnglishmansay-Oh!Pleasedon'tbotherII?Key:Whenhewantspolitelytorefuseanofferofservicehesays-Oh!Pleasedon'tbother!-InBritain,allpolitenessisbasedonthebasicruleofshowingconsiderationforothers.TheBritishpeopledonotreadilyaskyoutodoanythinginconvenientforthem.4.HowdoyouknowthattheBritishpeopleloveprivacy?Giveanexampleortwo.Key:TherighttoprivacyisunquestionedbytheBritish.ThereisacommonsayingamongtheBritishpeople,-Myhomeismycastle.Thewindcancomein,buttheKingsandQueensarehumanbeingswhocannevercomeinwithoutmypermission.IIWhenanEnglishmanmovesintoanewhouse,thefirstthinghedoesistobuildafencearoundhishousetoseparatehimselffromhisneighbors.5.SomepeoplesaythattheEnglishmanislikeacoldfishthathasjustcomeoutoftheice.Whatdoyouthinkofthat?Key:Thismaybetrue.TheBritishpeoplearecoldbynature.Theydonotshowtheirfeelingsverymuchanddonotshowtheiremotioniftheyareveryhappyandneitherdotheyiftheyaresad.Forexample,whenyouworkatafactory,theguy,whomyouworkwith,nevertellsyouanythingabouthimself.Youmayworkwithhimforyears,yetyouevendon'tknowwherehelives,howmanychildrenhehasandwhathisinterestsare.6.WhatistheBritishsenseofhumor?Key:TheBritishsenseofhumorisself-deprecating,thatistheactoflaughingatoneself.AnEnglishmanlaughsathisownfaults,hisownshortcomings,hisownfailuresandhisownembarrassment,evenhisownideals.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.phlegmKey:ItisonequalityoftheBritishpeople,itmeansdullorapatheticcoldnessorindifference.2.fierceindividualismKey:Itistheideathattherightsandfreedomoftheindividualarethemostimportantrights.3.exclusivenessKey:Thisisthebest-knownqualityoftheBritishpeople.Itmeans,-IamEnglish.Youstayawayfromme.Iamexclusive.Iamquitehappytobemyself.Idonotneedyou.Leavemealone.—4.rationalreformKey:Itreferstothereformwhichisrational,suchasthemetricsystem.
3TU"TVExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhatdidJohnBulldenoteintheseventeenthcenturyandwhatishisimage?Key:JohnBulldenotesBritainoranyEnglishmaninthe17,hcentury.Hisimageisshortandfat,withatallhatonhisheadandpairofbootsonhisfeet.2.WhydoesanEnglishmanliketotalkabouttheweather?Key:Thereareprobablytworeasons.Oneistheuncertaintyoftheweather.Anotherreasonisthatweatherisasubjectwhichisquitesafe,friendlytotalkabout.3.Whatarethethree-Don'tsII?Andthree-ingsII?Key:Three-Don't'sII:Don'tjumpupthequeue.Don'taskawoman4sage.Don'ttrytobargaininBritainwhenyoudoShopping.Three-ingsII:betting,drinkingandtipping.4.HowdidtheyearlyceremonyoftheQueen'sparliamentaryspeechcomeintobeing?Key:Theceremonycameintobeingthreehundredyearsago.Onedayin1642,CharlesIangrilysteppedintotheHouseoftheCommonsandtriedtocatchfivemembersoftheCommons.TheSpeakerrefusedhisrequest,andsaidhewouldonlyobeytheParliamentorder.Havingnowayout,CharlesIhadtoleavetheHouse.Thenthemembersshouted,

23-Privilege!Privilege!IItoprotesttheKing'srudeact.Later,thenewly-risenbourgeoisHouseofCommonsdecidedtohavesuchaceremonyeverytimeParliamentopened.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.JohnBullKey:ItisthenicknameofEnglandoratypicalEnglishman.2.jumpingthequeueKey:Inreferstoobtaininganunfairadvantageoverotherswhohavebeenwaitinglonger.3.acocktailloungeKey:Itisakindofpublicroominahotel,restaurant,club,etc.,wherecocktailsorotherdrinksmaybeserved.4.theSpeakerKey:ItisthepresidingofficeroftheBritishHouseofCommons.
4ᎷX"⁚ZExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.Howlongapproximatelydotheindustrialworkershaveforholidays?Key:Theindustrialworkershaveatleastfourweeks'paidholiday.2.HowdotheEnglishpeopleusuallyspendholidays?Key:Theyusuallyspendtheirholidaysattheresortsoftheseaside.Theretheyhaveswimming,bathing,orhaveotherkindsofamusement,suchasshooting,roundabouts,watchingabeautycontest,goingtoaconcertoraparty.Andsomeofthepeoplegoabroadforsightseeing.3.HowmanypublicholidaysdothepeopleinEnglandandWaleshaveandwhatarethey?Key:InEnglandandWalestherearefivepublicholidays.Theyare:NewYear4sDay,GoodFriday,EasterMonday,ChristmasandBoxingDay.4.WhatfestivalisthegreatestinBritain?Whatisitssignificanceandatwhattimeisitcelebrated?Key:ChristmasDayisthegreatestfestivalinBritain.ItssignificanceistocommemoratethebirthofJesusChristwhichisonDecember25.5.WhatdoyouknowabouttheChristmaspudding?Key:TheChristmaspuddingisdarkbrown,richandfruity,sometimeswithafewsilvercoinshiddeninit.6.HowisNewYeai*'sDaycelebratedinScotland4?Key:ThemaincelebrationisonNewYear'sEve.Peoplestayuplate,oftenatapartyorareligious-Watch-nightserviceIItoseetheNewYearin.AstheclocksstrikemidnightbetweenDecember31standJanuary1st,churchbellsstrikeringingjoyfully,andthepeople,attheirparties,drinkatoasttoNewYear,wishingtheirfriendshappinessandprosperity.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.ChristmasKey:ChristmasDayisonDecember25,whichisthegreatestoftheChristianfestivals,commemoratingitasthebirthofJesusChrist.Itisbasicallyahomeorfamilyfestival.Thosewholiveawaytrytogetbackhometocelebratethedaywiththefamily.Peoplesendpresents;cardstoeachother,especiallychildrenhavetheirpresentsfromSantaClaus.Peopleusuallyhaveasumptuousdinner,manykindsofamusement.2.BoxingDayKey:BoxingDayisthefirstweekdayafterChristmas.ItisapublicholidayinEngland,WalesandNorthernIreland,whenChristmasgiftsorboxesaretraditionallygiventohouseholdemployeesandotherserviceworkers.3.-HogmanayIIKey:ItreferstotheNewYear'sEveinScotlandandtheparties,drinkingetc.takeplacethen.4.EasterMondayKey:ItisananniversaryoftheresurrectionofJesusChrist.5.GuyFawkesDayKey:ItisaDaywhichcelebratesahistoricalevent,whenGuyFawkes,oneoftheconspiratorsattemptedtoblowuptheEnglishparliamentonNovember5th.HewascaughtinthecellaroftheHouseofCommonswherethegunpowderhadbeenplacedinreadiness.6.ArmisticeDayKey:TheDayisalsocalledRemembranceDay.ItisanimportantpatrioticfestivalonaboutNovember11th,whenthe

24Britishremembermillionsofpeople,bothBritishandforeigners,whodiedinthetwoWorldWars.
5ᦈᐭ"ᦔ^Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:I.HowlongisthestandardworkingweekusuallyinBritain?Key:Thestandardworkingweekisusuallythirty-fiveandfortyhours,andoftenspreadoverfivedays,fromMondaytoFriday.2.WhatisthedifferencebetweenwagesandSalary?Key:Wagesispaymentmadeorreceivedforworkorservices,usuallyweekincash.Salaryispaymentforregularwork,usuallymonthly.3.Whatdoeseveryemployedmanorwomanhavetopaythegovernment?Andhowdoesheorshepaythem?Key:OneistheNationalInsuranceandNationalHealth,theotherisIncomeTax.Theyareleviedbythecentralgovernment.4.Whatdoyouknowabouttheaverageincomesbyfamilytype?Key:IntheUK,householdsreceiveincomefromanumberofsourcesincludingearnings,socialsecuritybenefitsortaxcreditsandinterestoninvestmentsandpensions.In2003and200476%ofUKaverageincomecamefromearningsand13%formbenefitsandtaxcredits.5.HowmanykindsofpensionsintheUnitedKingdom?Key:TherearemainlysixkindsofpensionsintheUnitedKingdom.TheyareOccupationalPension,PersonalPension,StatePension,PensionCredit,Over80PensionandStakeholderPension.6.Dothesalariesofdifferentgroupofpeoplevary?Showsomeexamples.Key:Yes,thesalariesofdifferentgroupofpeoplevary.Forexample,inthearmy,thestartingsalaryis£14000to£23000.Ageneralmayearn170000to175000.InthefieldofeducationaqualifiedteacherinEnglandandWalesis£20,133peryear.Aheadteacherislookingatasalaryof£35000attheveryleast.Aheadatabigsecondaryschoolcouldearnasmuchas£98000.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.PensionCreditKey:Itisanentitlementforpeopleaged60oroverlivinginGreatBritain.2.PersonalCreditKey:Itisalsoknownasaprivatepension.Theyareprovidedbypensionscompaniesandareintendedtogiveyouasecondpensiontohelpyouhaveasecureretirement.3.StatePensionKey:ItispaidtoentitledpeoplewhoclaimithavingreachedStatePensionAge.ItisbasedonNationalInsurancecontributionsanditismadeupofdifferentelements.4.StakeholderPensionKey:Itisatypeoflow-chargepension.Peoplecanbuyastakeholderpensionfromacommercialfinancialservicescompany,suchasabank,insurancecompanyorbuildingsociety.5.Over80PensionKey:Itisanon-contribulorypensionforpeopleaged80oroverwithlittleornoStatePension._6Ḅ`ᦟExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.Whatarethethreegreatreligionsoftheworld?Whenweretheyfounded?Whoweretheirfounders?Key:Buddhismwasfoundedinthe6thcenturyB.C.bySakyamuni;Islamwasfoundedinthe7thcenturybyMohammed;Christianitywasfoundedin30A.D.byJesusChrist.2.WhatarethethreemaingroupsofChristianity?WhichgroupdoestheChurchofEnglandbelongto?Key:ThethreegroupsofChristianityareCatholicism,theOrthodoxEasternChurch,andProtestantism.TheChurchofEnglandbelongstoProtestantism.3.WhatisthemostimportantreligiousdenominationinBritain?Whendiditcomeintoexistence?Key:ThemostimportantdenominationistheChurchofEngland.ItcameintoexistenceduringtheEuropeanReligiousReformationofthe16thcentury.4.WhataretheNonconformistChurchesinBritain?WhyandwhendidtheybreakawayfromtheChurchofEnglandandformtheirowndenominations?

25Key:TheyareMethodist,theCongregational,theBaptist,Quakers,thePresbyterianChurch,thePentecostalChurchandtheSalvationArmy.AftertheReformationmanyProtestantsthoughttheChurchofEnglandhadnotcompletelythrownawaytherulesandservicesoftheChurchofRome.SotheybrokeawayfromtheChurchofEnglandandformedtheirownchurches.5.WhatarethemainfeaturesandtendenciesofreligioninBritain?Key:Themainfeaturesare:1)Thereisno-ChristianIIpoliticalparty,noanti-religiousoranti-clericalpartyeither.2)Thereisawidespreadinterestinreligion.ThemaintendenciesofreligioninBritainare©theunityamongthechurches,ঝmoresocial,©up-to-date.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.BuddhistScripturesKey:ItisthedoctrineofBuddhism.2.ApostlesKey:TheyarethetwelvemenchosenbyJesustospreadhisteaching.3.ProtestantismKey:ItisamaingroupofChristianity,separatedfromtheRomanCatholicChurchattheReformationinthe16thcentury.4.CatholicismKey:ItisamaingroupofChristianity,separatedfromOrthodoxyin1054.5.theOrthodoxEasternChurchKey:ItisamaingroupofChristianity,separatedfromCatholicismin1054.6.theQuakersKey:TheothernameistheSocietyofFriendswhichwasfoundedinthe17thcentury.Theyhavenoministersandnoorganizedservices.Theybelieveinpeaceandhelpingpeopleintrouble.7.theSalvationArmyKey:Itisoneofthemainnonconformistdenominations,foundedinLondonin1865.TheypreachthestoryofJesusChristanddosocialworkamongthepoorandsick.Theirorganizationisalmostmilitary.8.theHolyBibleKey:ItisthedoctrineofChristianity.
aᑖb(ᑴ
1cᑴExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhenandhowdidtheConstitutionalMonarchytakeshape?Key:Ittookshapeattheendofthe17thcentury.TheParliamentthenestablisheditsrights.Thepowergraduallypassedintothehandsofministersandatwo-partysystemwasdeveloped.2.WhydoestheKingorQueenhavenorealpower?Key:TheKingorQueenseemstohaveanunlimitedpower.ButpracticallyeverythingheorshedoesisdoneontheadviceofherministersandeverythinghasbeendecidedinadvancebyParliamentortheprimeministertogetherwithhiscabinet.Heorshedoesitautomaticallywithoutanyalternative.3.Howdoyouunderstand-ShereignsbutshedoesnotruleII?Key:ThoughtheQueeninBritainhasvariousconstitutionalrights,shehasnorealpowerandwascontrolledbytheParliamentandthecabinet.TheUnitedKingdomisgovernedinthenameoftheCrown.4.WhatareCrown'sconstitutionalrights?Key:TheQueenappointedallministersintheGovernment.Shesummons,prologuesanddissolvesParliament.Sheconcludestreatiesanddeclareswar.Inthenewsessionshemakestheopeningspeechandoutlineshergovernment'sprogram.Shegivesherassenttobillsbeforetheybecomelaws.Sheconferspeeragesandotherhonors.5.WhoisthepresentSovereignandwhatisherpresenttitle?Key:ThepresentSovereignisQueenElizabethII.Thetitleis-ElizabeththeSecondbytheGraceofGodoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandandofHerOtherRealmsandTerritoriesQueen,HeadoftheCommonwealth,DefenderofFaith.II6.Whatisthe-useoftheCrown?

26Key:TheCrownisusedasasymbolandisdescribedastherepresentativeofthepeople.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.theJudiciaryKey:ItreferstoEnglishCourtsofJustice.2.thepeerageKey:Itreferstheformalbodyofaristocracy,distinguishedbytitlesandbytherighttositintheHouseofLords.3.theCrownorSovereignKey:Itreferstothesupremeruler,therankofaKingorQueen.4.theMonarchyandMonarchKey:TheMonarchyreferstotherulebyakingorqueenwithoutanylimitation;Monarchmeansarulerofastate——aking,queen,emperor,orempresswhohasrightbybirth,nottobeelected.5.theCommonwealthKey:ItistheBritishCommonwealthofNation,refeiringtoBritainandhercolonies.
26Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.Whatistheprocessoflaw-makinginBritain?Key:Whenabillisproposed,itfirstbeginsintheHouseofCommons.Ithas-threereadingsIIthere.IftheCommonsandtheLordspassit,itmustfinallygototheQueenforhersignature.2.WhatarethetitlesofthenobilityinBritain?Key:ThetitlesareDuke,Marquis,Earl,Viscount,andBaron.3.Whydofewpeoplepay-muchattentiontotheHouseofLords?AndwhyaretheBritishpeopleunwillingtoloseit?Key:FortheHouseofLordshasnorealpowerexceptjudicature,forexample,theHouseofLordshasnopowertopreventthepassingoflegislationapprovedbytheHouseofCommons.TheHouseofLordsseemstobeuseless,yettheBritishpeopleareunwillingtolosesomethingtheyhavehadforsolong.4.WhatisthepositionoftheSpeaker?Key:TheSpeakeristheheadofHouseofCommons.HeisonlynexttothePrimeMinisterinposition.HehastherighttomaintaintheOrderoftheChamber,todecidewhichmembershouldspeakfirst,toappointmembersofthequorum.5.Whatdoyouthinkof-QuestionTimeII?Key:At-QuestionTimeIItheministersanswerthequestionssuchas-IstheMinisterawarethat?IIonebyone.Questiontimeisthemostwidely-knownandadmiredproceduraldeviceoftheBritishHouseofCommonswhichmanyothercountriesimitateinsomeway.6.Whoarethereallaw-makersintheHouseofCommons?Whyisthat?Key:Thereallaw-makersintheHouseofCommonsarethemembersofstrongerpartbecausethestrongerpartyformstheGovernmentinBritain.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.ParliamentKey:Itisthelegislatureofthestate—thebodywhichmakesorunmakeslaws.TheBritishParliamentconsistsofthreeelements-theCrown,theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons.2.theOppositionKey:TheweakerpartyintheHouseofCommonsformstheOpposition.TheOppositioncriticizesgovernmentpolicy,exposesitsweakpoints,suggestsgovernmentpolicyetc.3.theChancelloroftheExchequerKey:theministeroffinanceinBritain.4.theHouseofLordsKey:TheHouseofLordsistheoldestpartofParliamentwhichevolvedfromtheGreatCouncil.TheoreticallytheHouseofLordsisequalinpowerwiththeHouseofCommons,exceptinmattersoftaxationandexpenditure.NobillofParliamentcanbecomelawunlesstheHouseofLordshasbeenconsulted.Butsince1949,theHouseofLordshasnopowertopreventthepassingoflegislationapprovedbytheHouseofCommons.5.theHouseofCommonsKey:TheHouseofCommonscameintobeingattheendof13thcentury.Ithasrealpower.Themembersofitarenotappointed,butelectedatthepresenttime.TheCommonsconsistsof650members.ThestrongerpartyintheCommons

27formstheGovernmentandtheweakerpartyformstheOpposition.TheGovernmentisthereallaw-makerandhasrealpower.6.PresidentoftheChamberKey:ItcanbealsocalledtheSpeaker,whoistheheadofHouseofCommonsandischosenbyavoteoftheHouse.Heisveryinfluential,nextonlytothePrimeMinisterinrank.
3bd3.2e.T⚪ghExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhatisthecoreoftheleadershipoftheBritishgovernment?Key:TheCabinetisthecoreoftheleadershipoftheBritishgovernment.2.WhatdoestheCabinetconsistof?Key:TheCabinetconsistsofthePrimeMinister,theLordPresidentofthePrivyCouncil,theheadsofthemostimportantDepartmentsandafewministerswithoutportfolios.3.WhatwasthefunctionofthePrivyCouncilinthe17thcentury?Key:Itsfunctioninthe17thcenturywasinchargeofforeignaffairsandhadgreatpower.TheKingandsomecouncilorsofthePrivyCouncilgottogetherinacabinettodiscussforeignanddomesticaffairs.4.WhatisthedifferencebetweentheCabinetandtheGovernmentdepartments?Key:Governmentisthecollectivenameforalltheministersandjuniorministers,plusfourlegalmembersandabouttwelveministerialwhips.CabinetismadeupofthePrimeMinister,theLordPresidentofthePrivyCouncil,theheadsofthemostimportantDepartmentandafewministerswithoutportfolios.5.Wheredoestheexpenditureofthelocalgovernmentcomefrom?Key:Itcomesfromtwomajorsources.Oneisfromlocaltaxes;theotherisfromthegrantsofcentralgovernment.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.ThePrivyCouncilKey:ThePrivyCouncilwasestablishedinthe15thcentury,whichplayedanimportantpartinforeignanddomesticaffairs.WiththeestablishmentofCabinetgovernmentatthebeginningofthe18thcentury,thePrivyCouncilgraduallylostitsimportance.MostofitspowerwastransferredtotheCabinetexcepttheexecutive.Itconsistsofabout390(1987)councilorswiththeLordPresidentasthehead.2.theCabinetKey:TheCabinetisthecoreofleadershipoftheBritishgovernment.ItismadeofthePrimeMinister,LordPresidentetc.,andeveryimportantdecisionismadeandcarriedoutbytheCabinet,whichdirects,controlsthearmedforces,thepolice,thecourts,theprisonsandotherorgans.3.governmentKey:TheBritishgovernmentisthesupremeadministrativeinstitutionwhichmanagesstateaffairs.Itisdividedintocentralgovemmenlandlocalgovemments.4.theLordPresidentKey:ItistheheadofthePrivyCouncil.5.No.10DowningStreetKey:ItistheresidenceofthePrimeMinister.6.LordMayorKey:ItistheofficerofaboroughoracityinBritain.
4bi"⌱kExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhicharethetwomajorpartiesinBritaintoday?Key:TheyaretheConservativePartyandtheLaborParty.2.WhenwasthenamenTroy"changedintothatof"Conservative"?Key:In1833thename''Troy'1changedintothatof"Conservative'1.3.HowmanyconstituenciesarethereinBritaintoday?AndhowmanymembersarethereintheHouseofCommons?Key:Thereare650constituencies,sothereare650membersintheCommons.4.Howlongdoesageneralelectionnonnallytakeplace?Key:

28Ageneralelectionnormallytakesplaceeveryfiveyears.5.WhydoyouthinktheBritishworkersareexcludedfromcandidatesinthegeneralelection?Key:BecauseLaborelectioncommitteesoftenchoosemiddle-classratherthanworkersfortheybelievethesecandidateswillappealtoawiderspectrumofvotersandwillbemorelikelytowin.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.theCavaliersKey:Theywerethenon-PuritanAnglicanswhosupportedtheKingCharlesIandtheChurchduringtheCivilWar.2.theRoundheadsKey:TheywerethePuritanswhosupporttheParliamentduringtheCivilWar.3.M.P.Key:MemberofParliament4.ReturningOfficerKey:ItreferstotheofficialineachtownorareawhoarrangesanelectiontoParliamentandgivesouttheresult.5)Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhopresidesovertheadministrationofJusticeinBritain?Key:theLordChancellor.2.Whatarethecourtsoftwolevelsintermsofjudicialorganizations?Key:Theyarethecentralcourtsandthelocalcourts.3.HowdoyoudividetheBritishcoupsaccordingtothenatureofcases?Key:Theycanbedividedintotwosystems:theCivilCourtsandtheCriminalCourts.4.Whatdoesthecivilcourtssystemdo?Key:Thecivilcourtssystemtakescasesofdebts,contracts,divorce,questionsarisingoutofwill,individualproperties.5.Whatisthejury'sjob?Key:Thejury'sjobisdecidingwhethertheaccusedpersonisguiltyorinnocentinthelightofevidence.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.ScotlandYardKey:ItistheheadquartersoftheCriminalInvestigationDepartmentinLondon.Ithasahistoryof150years.Anditadministerspoliceaction,trafficmanagement,criminaldetection,policetrainingandotheractivities.2.thecriminalcourtsystemKey:Itdealswithcasesinvolvingvariouscrimes.Thepunishmentsarechieflyimprisonments,butfinesareimposedaswell.3.theHomeSecretaryKey:ItisaministerwhoisresponsibleforBritishpoliceinEnglandandWales,andcanapproveordisapproveofappointmentsandremovalsofChiefConstablesandhastherighttostopgivinggrantstothelocalpolicepartlyandwholly.*
ᑖᙢᳮ1ᯠᙢᳮExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.HowisAmericasituated?Key:ItissituatedinthecentralpartofNorthAmerica,withAlaskainthenorthwesternpartofNorthAmericaandHawaiiinthecentralPacific.OnthenorthitisboundedbyCanada,thesouthbyMexicoandtheGulfofMexico,theeastbytheAtlanticOceanandthewestbythePacificOcean.2.HowistheAmericanterritoiyonthecontinentdivided?Key:Itisdividedintothreeparts:1)TheeastempartwhichismadeupofthehighlandsformedbytheAppalachianRange.2)ThewesternpartconsistsofhighplateausandmountainsformedbytheGreatCordilleraRange,extendingfromCanadathroughthewesternpartoftheUnitedStatestoMexicoandfurthersouth.3)BetweentheRockyMountainsandtheAppalachiansliesthecentralplainwhichoccupiesonesecondlandmassonthecontinent.

293.Whatarethefeaturesofthethreedivisions?Key:(1)ThesystemoftheGulf:theMississippiRiveranditstributariesformanimportantinlandnavigationandirrigationsystem.(2)ThesystemoftheAtlantic:TheHudsonRiver,linkedbycanalswiththefiveGreatLakes,isoneofthemainarteriesforinlandwatertraffic.TherearealsoPotomacRiver,St.LawrenceRiverwhichservesasaninternationalriverformingpartoftheboundarybetweenU.S.A.andCanada.(3)ThesystemofthePacific:twomajorrivers,theColumbiaRiverandtheColoradoRiverwhicharerichinpotentialwaterpower.4.WhatarethetypesandfeaturesoftheclimateintheU.S.A.?Key:TheclimateintheUnitedStatesvariesfromcoasttocoast.TheclimateinthecountrymaybeclassifiedasoneofcontinentalorasoneofmildsubtropicalzoneswithonlythesouthernpartofFloridabeingtropical.Features:Thesouth,southwestandCaliforniahaveawarmerclimatewithmoistair;IntheWesternplateaus,daysarehotandnightscool.Theweatherisdryandthereislittlerain;thenortheastandtheareasaroundtheGreatLakesarehotinsummer,andcoldinwinter.Thereismuchrainandsnow;theGulfplainandsoutheasternpartsarewarm,andmoist;thecentralplainishotinsummer,andcoldinwinter.Thereisalsomuchsnowinwinter.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.theDistrictofColumbiaKey:ItisaFederaldistrict,theseatofthefederalGovernment.2.theFallLineKey:Itisapointwherewater-fallsorrapidssuddenlydropfromahigherleveltothelowerone.3.theAppalachianRangeKey:ItisamountainsystemofeasternNorthAmericaextendingabout1200miles,whichconsistsofthePiedmontPlateau,AppalachianPlateausandAppalachianRange.4.theCordilleraRangeKey:ItiscomposedoftheCoastRange,theCascadesandtheRockyMountains.5.theGreatBasinKey:ItisthepartbetweentheColoradoandColumbiaPlateaus.6.thegreatcentralplainKey:ItisthelandmassbetweentheRockyMountainsandtheAppalachians.7.theGreatPlainsKey:ItisthewesternpartofthecentralplainofAmerica.8.theMississippiRiverKey:Itisthelongest,themostimportantriverintheU.S.A.Ithasadrainageareaof3225000squarekilometers.9.thefiveGreatLakesKey:TheyareLakeMichigan,Superior,Erie,HuronandOntario.10.theNiagaraFallsKey:Itisaworld-famousfallsontheUSACanadianboundarybetweenLakeErieandLakeOntario.ThewidthoftheFallsisabout1240meters,thedropaverages49meters.11.YellowstoneNationalParkKey:ItislocatedinthenorthwesternpartofWyoming.ItistheoldestnationalparkintheworldandthelargestwildlifepreserveintheU.S.A.12.GrandCanyonKey:ItisinnorthernArizona,oneofthegreatnaturalwondersoftheworld.Itmeasuresabout277mileslong,upto18mileswide,andmorethanamiledeep.Itswallsshowlayersthattellthestoryoftheformationoftheearth.13.OldFaithfulKey:ItisthemostfamousgeyserinYellowstoneNationalPark,eruptingmorethan100feetintheairaboutevery73minutes.
2Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.HowistheAmericanpopulationmadeup?Key:ThepopulationoftheUSAisofaverycomplexcomposition.MostoftheinhabitantsareofEuropeanorigin.Therearealsomanyblackpeople,Mexicans,IndiansPuertoRican,Chinese,Japanese,Philippines,etc.2.WhyistheU.S.A,called-MeltingPotII?

30Key:TheU.S.A.isacountrywheretherearemanydifferentraces,andtheseracesmixedandassimilatedaftertheyimmigratedintothiscountry.-MeltingPotIIjustsignifiesthismixtureandassimilation.3.HowistheAmericanpopulationdistributed?Key:ThereisaratherunevendistributionofthepopulationintheUSA.1)alongtheAtlanticseaboard,50million;2)aroundthefiveGreatLakes:30million;3)alongthePacificcoast;24million;4)alongtheGulfofMexico:10million.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.ChinatownKey:ItisanareainacitywheremanyChinesepeopleliveandwherethereareChineseshops,restaurants,clubs;ThereareIwoimportantChinatownsinNewYorkCityandSanFrancisco.2.IndianReservationKey:ItreferstothebarrendesertregionswhereonlyIndiansliveexclusively.
3aᓝmnExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.Howarethefiftystatesgeographicallylocated?Key:Fromahistoricalandgeographicalpointofview,thefiftystatesmaybegroupedintoeightregions.2.Whatarethegeneralfeaturesofeachregion?Key:l)TheNewEnglandconsistsofsixstates,withmountains,valleysandrivers.2)TheMiddleAtlanticRegion:itconsistsofsixstates,anddenselypopulated.ItiscalledIIindustrialNortheastIIforitisrichinminerals.3)TheSouthRegion:Itconsistsofelevenstateswithwarmclimate;soitisanimportantagriculturalarea.4)TheMidwestRegion:itiscomposedofeightstateswithgoodclimate,fertileplains,richsoilandlargemineralresources,andgoodwatertransportation.5)TheRegionoftheGreatPlains:itconsistsofsixstateswiththesmallestpopulation,poorsoil,andlittlerain.Itisanareaagricultureandhusbandry.6)TheWestRegionconsistsofelevenstates,anditisamountainousarea,andrichinmineralsoil.Itisalsoanareaofhusbandry.7)Alaska:Itisalargepeninsulardividedintothreeparts,ofwhichthesoutherncoastallowlandandnorthwest-southeastcoastallandforagriculture;anditfullofglaciers,waterfalls.Fishingandlumberindustryarethemainindustrieshere.Nowlargedepositsofoilhasbeenfoundandbeingmined.8)Hawaii:ItiscomposedofeightmajorislandsandoveronehundredsmallisletsincentralPacific.Ithasidealclimate.Sugarcane,pineappleandcoffeeandfruitsarethemaincropshere.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.NewEnglandKey:Itconsistsofsixstates:Maine,NewHampshire,Vermont,Massachusetts,RhodeIslandandConnecticut.Thisregionisfeaturedwithmountains,valleys,rivers.2.theMountainStalesKey:ItreferstoMontana,Wyoming,Colorado,andNewMexico.3.thePacificCoastStatesKey:TheyareWashington,OregonandCalifornia.4.MountMekinleyKey:Itis6187metershigh,onthemiddleoftheAlaska,thehighestpeakonthiscontinent.5.PearlHaiborKey:ItthebaseofthePacificFleetoftheU.S.A.nearthecityofHonoluluinHawaIL
4oḄ/0Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhyhastheU.S.A,enjoyedextraordinarydominanceintheworldeconomyinthepastcentury?Key:Geographically,natureofferedAmericarichnaturalresources,fertilefarmland,suitableclimateforfarming:Historically,nowarhasevertakenplaceinitsownland;SociallyAmericansocietyhasattachedcloseattentiontoindividualcreativity,capabilityandperseverance.2.WhatroledoesAmericangovernmentplayinthedevelopmentofeconomy?

31Key:AmericangovernmenthasalwaysbeenplayinganimportantroleinthedevelopmentofAmericaneconomy.ItistruethattheU.S.nowhasa-freemarketIIsystemButtherestillexiststheinvolvementofgovernment,andthedegreeoftheinvolvementchangeswithdifferentperiodofthenation'shistory.3.Whatarethemainagricultureproducts?Key:Theyarewheat,corn,cotton,tobacco,fruits,meatandmilk.4.StatebrieilyaboutAmericanindustry.Key:Americanindustryisdevelopingsorapidlythatithasbeenintheleadingpositionforthepastcentury.Manymanufacturegoodsrankthefirstthreeintheworld.Itsmajorindustryincludesaircraft,computers,chemicals,electronics,motorvehicles,textiles,etc.Therearemanybigcompaniesandsmallenterprises,whichbothplayimportantrolesinAmericaneconomy.5.WhatistheeconomicsituationofAmericain1990s?Key:In1990sAmericaembraceditsbestyearsofeconomicdevelopment.In1997,theeconomicgrowthincreasedby3.9%,thehighestpointoverthepastnineyears,theinflationratewasthelowestoverthelast30years.AmericagotlittlenegativeeffectsfromAsianfinancialcrisis.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:I.GrossNationalProductKey:Itisaneconomictermtoevaluatetheeconomicsituationofacountry.2.freemarketprinciplesKey:Itrepresentsnogovernmentinterferenceineconomicdevelopment.3.MicrosoftKey:Itistheworldfamouscomputercompanyfoundedin1975byBillGates.
5⌕Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.ForwhatarethecitiesofHoustonandLosAngelesimportant?Key:Houstonisthecenterofpetrochemicalindustry,refinery.NotfarfromHoustonistheMannedSpacecraftCenter,sothecityisalsocalled-SpaceCityofUSAII.LosAngelesisthecenterofshippingandcommunication,leadingthecountryinthemanufactureofaircraft,andspareparts,anaviationandelectroniccenter.2.WhatpaildothemajorcitiesplayinAmerica'seconomy?Key:ThemajorcitiesplayaveryimportantpartinAmerica'seconomy,becausetheimportantindustries,suchasoilrefining,automobiles,spaceaircraft,andelectronicsallconcentratedinthemajorcities.FinancialcentersandbigcompaniesaremostlyinbigcitiesasNewYork,ChicagoorLosAngeles.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.theStatueofLibertyKey:ItisanationalmonumentstandingmagnificentlyonLibertyIslandinNewYorkHarbor.ItwaspresentedtotheUSAbyFranceanddedicatedonOctober28,2886commemoratingthealliancebetweenthecountriesduringtheAmericanRevolution.2.WallStreetKey:ItisAmerica'sfinancialnervecenter.TheworldfamousNewYorkStockExchangeisdiagonallyacrossthestreet.WallStreetisthesymbolofAmericanmonopolycapitalism.3.MotorCityKey:ItreferstoDetroit.1(includesalmost40%ofalltheautoworkersinAmerica.4.theSpaceCityKey:ItreferstoHouston,becausenotfarfromdowntownHoustonistheMannedSpacecraftCenter.5.theIronandSteelCityKey:ItreferstoPittsburgh.One-fifthoftheAmerica'ssteelmakingcapacityliesinthePittsburgharea.6.thegatewaytotheWestKey:ItreferstoStLouisbecausethecityappearsalmostatthecenterofAmerica'scontinentalterritory.7.thelargestindustrialcityKey:ItshouldbeChicago,withbothheavyandlightindustrieshighlydeveloped.8.thegatewaytotheEastKey:ItreferstoSanFranciscolocatedonthecentralpartyoftheCaliforniashoreline.

329.theNationalMallKey:ItisbetweenConstitutionAvenueandIndependenceAvenue,3200meterslong,extendingformtheCapitoltotheLincolnMemorialonthePotomacRiverside.10.CapitolHillKey:ItistheseatoftheUSAgovernmentinWashingtonDC.11.WhiteHouseKey:Itistheofficialpresidentialresidence,locatedat1600PennsylvanianAvenue,WashingtonDC.12.theNationalAii-andSpaceMuseumKey:ItisamuseuminWashington,DC.Itmaintainsthelargestcollectionofaircraftandspacecraftintheworld.13.RockefellerCenterKey:Itistheworld'slargestprivately-ownedbusinessandentertainmentcomplex,with19buildings,coveringastrikingarchitecturalgroupinNewYorkCity.14.theUnitedNationsHeadquartersKey:ItisadistinctivecomplexinNewYorkCitythathasservedastheheadquartersoftheUnitedNationssinceitscompletionin1950.15.theSearsTowerKey:Itisaworld-famousskyscraperinChicago.Itisabuildingof110-storey,443metershigh,servingasashoppingmall.+ᑖᔊ-1ᓅ/0Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.HowwastheNewWorlddiscovered?Whywasitimportant?Key:AstheresultofRenaissancesomebravepeoplestartedtheirexpeditionbysailingwestacrosstheAtlantic.ChristopherColumbusisbelievedtohavebeenthediscovererofAmerica.InhisjourneytoIndiaandChinain1492,heandhismengotagroupofislandswhichhemistookforpartofIndiaandsohecalledthepeoplethereIndians.Inhisthirdvoyagein1498,hediscoveredthemainlandofSouthAmerica,buthedidn'trealizethatwastheNewWorld.LaterAmerigoVespucciconfirmedthatanewcontinentratherthanAsiahadbeendiscovered.SotheNewWorldwasnamedafterhim,"America.IIThediscoveryoftheNewWorldwidenedpeople'shorizon,openingfreshgroundfortherisingbourgeoisie.Ilpromotedthedevelopmentofcommerce,seanavigationandindustry,andprovidedthewayfortherapiddevelopmentofearlycapitalism.2.Whatisthesignificanceoftheearlyexplorations?Key:Thetwogreatcontinentswerediscoveredandpeoplegotabetterideaofthesizeoftheearth.ItalsolaidthefoundationforthecreationofnationsinNorthandSouthAmerica,thoughthemajorityoftheexplorersfailedintheiroriginalpurposeoffindinggoldandsilver.3.HowwerethethirteencoloniesofEnglandestablished?Key:ThethirteencoloniesweretheearliestcoloniesofEngland.Thelandwouldreallybelongtothepeoplewhosettledonitandlivedthere.IttookmorethanacenturyfortheBritishtoestablishthethirteencolonies,fromMainetoGeorgia,alongtheAtlanticcoast.4.Howwasthelifeincolonialdays?Key:Thelifewassimple,hard,roughbuthappy.Shelterwastheroughest.Somecolonistslivedincaves.Foodwasplentiful.Thoughtherewassomuchworktobedone,coloniallifewasnotallwork.Mostmenandboysenjoyedhuntingandfishingandhorseraces.Girlsattimegotmarriedquiteyoung.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.ChristopherColumbusKey:HewasthediscovererofAmerica.HewasanItalian,bornin1451,diedin1506.HebelievedthattheearthwasroundandafterhediscoveredAmericain1492,hemadethreemorevoyagesbetween1493and1504.Andin1498hediscoveredthemainlandofSouthAmericas.2.theNewWorldKey:ItreferstoNorthandSouthAmericas.3.theOldWorld

33Key:ItreferstoEurope,AsiaandAfrica,especiallyEurope.4.MayflowerKey:Itisaship'snamewhichtooksomeBritishPuritanstoAmericain1620.5.MagellanKey:HewasaPortuguesebutsailedfortheSpanishKing,sohewasregardedasaSpanishexplorer.In1520heenteredastraitwhichwaslaternamedafterhim,theStraitofMagellan.Hewasthefirstwhosailedroundtheearthandprovedtheearthwasround.
2oOpᡊqExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhatledtothebreakoutoftheAmericanWarofIndependence?Key:Inordertospeeduptheeconomicexploitationandplundermorewealthfromthe13coloniesinNorthAmerica,theBritishrulerspassedsomeaggressiveactssince1763,suchasthe5tampAct,theTownshendActsbuttheywerestronglyopposedbythecolonialpeople,andwererepealed.LaterBostonMassacrehappenedanditarousedpeople'sindignation.TheyorganizedandfoughtagainsttheBritishgoveniment.ThepeopleofthecoloniesheldtheFirstContinentalCongress.AtlastthesharpcontradictionsandconflictsbetweenthecolonialpeopleandEnglandledtothebreakoutoftheWarofIndependence.2.WhywastheDeclarationofIndependenceimportant?Key:Itgreatlyencouragedthestrugglingpeople,makingthemthinktheyshouldbeindependentandtheyhaverighttoenjoyliberty.Alldoubtsintheirmindwereclearedaway,andtheyweredeterminedtogoaheadtowintheirindependencebywar.3.Howdidthewardevelop?Andwhichbattlemarkedtheturningpointofthewar?Key:Thewarstartedin1775andendedin1783,lastingabouteightyears.AtthebeginningtheadvantageswasinEngland'sside.ButtheAmericanarmy,ledbyGeneralWashington,foughtheroically.InDecember1776Washingtontookagreatvictory.Inthespringof1777AmericanGeneralGatestookavictoryinSaratoga,thisistheturningpoint.InOctober1781theBritishGeneralCornwallisandhis7000mensurrenderedatYorktown.Thisistheendofthewar.4.Whatisthesignificanceofthewar?Key:1)AnewrepublicemergedanditmarkedanewbeginningofAmericanhistory.2)Ittellstheworldthatajustcausewillsoonerorlaterwinwhiletheevilcausewillcertainlylose.3)ItgreatlyencouragedthepeopleinthecoloniesruledbytheSpanishandpromotedthenationalliberationstruggleoftheothercoloniesintheworld.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.theStampActKey:In1765Britainpassedthisact.Accordingtothisactstampedpaperinthe13coloniesofNorthAmericamustbeusedforalllegaldocumentsandotherarticles.However,becauseoftheoppositionbothinAmericaandEngland,BntishParliamentrepealeditin1766.theTownshendActsTheywereaseriesofimportanttaxactsthoughtupbyCharlesTownshend,andpassedbyBritishParliament.Accordingtoit,allgoodsimportedintothecoloniesmustbetaxed.Theywererepealedexceptthetaxonteain1770.2.theBostonMassacreKey:Ithappenedinspringof1770.SomeBritishsoldiersfiredatthepeople,killedfour,andwoundedmany.Theeventmadethepeopleindignant.CommitteesofCorrespondenceIn1772,theBostontownmeetingappointeda-CommitteesofCorrespondenceIItoinformthecolonialpeopleofothertownsabouttheEngland'streatmentofthesettlers,BostonMassacreandcalledthemtounitetofightagainstEngland.3.theBostonTeaPartyKey:Accordingtothe-TeaActII,theEastIndiaCompanysoldtheirteatothecoloniesandmadeprofit.OnDecembei'16th,1773,someBostonmenboardedanEnglishshipinBostonHarbor,brokeopentheteachestsandpouredtheteaintothesea.Itshowedthefightingspiritofthepeopleofthecolonies.theIntolerableActsAsanpunishmentontheBostonpeoplefortheBostonTeaParty,theEnglishparliamentpassedseverallaws,and

34oneofthemwasthe-BostonPortActII,declaringthecloseofBostonHarbor.Andtheotherwasdeprivationofself-governmentfortheMassachusettspeople.4.theFirstandSecondContinentalCongressKey:TheFirstContinentalCongresswasheldinPhiladelphiainSeptember1774.Therepresentativesdrewupaprotestagainsttheobjectionablelaws.ThecolonieswouldbuyorsendnomoregoodsfromEnglanduntiltheobjectionablelawswererepealed.TheSecondContinentalCongresswasheldinPhiladelphiainMay1775.ItdecidedtotakechargeofthetroopsaroundtheBostonandappointedGeorgeWashingtonascommandertofightfortheirfreedomandindependence.5.TheArticlesoftheConfederationKey:Itwasaconstitution,whichwastostipulatehowtheUnitedStatesshouldbegoverned,wasdrawnupneartheendoftheWarofIndependence.In1781itwasacceptedbyallthestates.6.theBiUofRightsKey:ItisthefirsttenamendmentsputintotheAmericanConstitutionin1791,whichincludefreedomofspeech,therighttoassembleandotherdemocraticrights.7.theconstitutionalconventionKey:ItwasheldinPhiladelphiain1787torevisetheArticlesoftheConfederation.Buttherevisedconstitutionhadmanyanti-democraticelements.Freedomofspeech,therighttoassemble,theNegroslaves,thewomen'srightstovoteetc.werenotfoundintheconstitution.Andtheslavesystemwasstillkept.Soitmetastrongopposition.
3IḄ/0Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhatwerethecontradictionsbetweentheFederalistsandtheRepublicans?Whatwasthenatureofthesecontradictions?Key:TheFederalistswerefortheHamilton'sfourplans.TheRepublicanswereagainsttheHamilton'sfourplans.Thenatureofthecontradictionswaswhetherthegovernmentwouldbetootyrannicalandwasonlyfortherichpeople.2.WhatwerethecontributionsmadebyThomasJeffersontoAmericanhistory?Key:JeffersonwasaveryimportantstatesmaninAmericanhistory.HeabolishedtheSeditionAct,cutdowntheexpensesineverydepartment,reducedtaxes,anddiminishedthenumberofthearmyandthenavy,paidoffone-thirdofthenationaldebtin8years.In1803,heboughtLouisianafromNapoleon.ThepurchaseofitdoubledtheAmericanterritory.Hedidmuchtodeveloptheyoungnation.Hechosethedirectioninwhichthecountryshoulddevelop.Hewasapatriotandatrueloverofdemocracyfbrwhichhestiuggledtohislastbreath.Jefferson'spolicypavedthesmootherroadforthenewnation'sdevelopment.3.WhatwastheimportanceoftheWarof1812-1814?Key:Afterthewar,theUnitedStatescompletelygotridoftheBritishcontrolandbegananewperiodofrapiddevelopmentfromasemi-colonialcountrytoanindependentandself-reliantcapitalisteconomy.ItwasalsocalledtheSecondWarofindependence.4.WhatroledidAndrewJacksonplayinthedevelopmentofAmericanhistory?Key:HewasoneofthemostoutstandingpoliticiansinAmericanhistory.InthecourseofthedevelopmentoftheUnitedStates,hecouldfollowthetrendsofthedayandmakereformationsaccordingly.Heplayedanactivepartinpromotingtheprogressofeconomicconstruction,maintainingtheunityoftheUnionandconsolidatingthecapitalistregimeoftheUnionandconsolidatingthecapitalistregimeofthecountry.JacksonwasthefirstAmericanpresidentwhodevelopedthepowerofvetointooneofthemeansofmakinglaws.AnotherdeedthatmadeJacksonfamouswastosmashthesoutherners4attempttodividetheUnion.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.theFourGreatPlansKey:ItwasadvancedbyAlexanderHamiltonincludes:1)payingthepublicdebt;2)thegovernment'sassumptionofthestatedebts;3)givingthegovernmentmoreincome;4)theestablishmentofaUnitedStatesbank.2.theSeditionActKey:ItwasapolicyadoptedbyPresidentJohnAdam,whichforbadeanybodytostiruphatredagainstanygovernmentofficial.ThisActwasopposedbytheRepublicansandwasabolishedbyPresidentJeffersonin1800.3.theHollyAlliance

35Key:Afterthewarof1812,someEuropeancoloniesinsouthAmericastartedindependentrepublics,suchasChile,Peru,MexicoandBrazil.SosomeEuropeancountriesformedagroupcalledtheHollyAlliancewhichseemedreadytohelpputdowntheSouthAmericanrevolutions.4.MonroeDoctrineKey:In1823PresidentMonroesentamessagetoCongress,whichwasknownasMonroeDoctrine.Itincludedthreepoints:1)TheEuropeancountriesoughtnottostartanynewcoloniesinNorthorSouthAmerica.2)TheEuropeancountriesoughtnottointerferewiththenewly-establishedSouthAmericanrepublics.3)TheUnitedStatesoughtnottointerfereintheaffairsofEuropeancountries.MonroeDoctrinewasanimportantsymbolofAmericanexpansionism.5.theU.S.-MexicanWarKey:InMay1846,theAmericantroopsstartedtheaggressivewaragainstMexico.Thewarendedin1848.Butaccordingtothetreaty,Mexicolosthalfofherterritory.4ᑁᡊExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhatwasthesituationbeforetheCivilWar?Key:From1840to1860,theWestwardMovement,thetwodifferenteconomicsystemsoftheNorthandtheSouthandtheupsurgeoftheworkers4movementformedthemainaspectsofthesituationbeforetheCivilWar.2.WhatwastheimportanceoftheEmancipationProclamation?Key:TheEmancipationProclamationwasofgreatimportance.Itwasaprogressiveevent,helpingtoendthewarsooner.AfteritwasissuedmanyNegroesactuallytookpartinthewarandmadegreatcontributionstothevictoryoftheNorth.TheNorthbegantogainadvantageinthewar.3.WhatwasthesignificanceoftheCivilWar?Key:TheCivilWarwasanepoch-makingeventinAmericanhistory.Itwasabourgeoisrevolutioninnature,acontinuationandexpansionoftheWarofIndependence.Itwasastruggleoflifeanddeathbetweentwosocialsystems,betweentheprogressiveandthebackward,betweentheonethatcouldpushhistoryforwardandtheonethatwoulddraghistorytotheoldtimes.Itwasthebroadmasseswhosecuredthevictorywithlifeandblood.Theyplayedaveryimportantroleininfluencingtheprogressandtheoutcomeofthewar.TheabolitionofslaveryandtheemancipationoftheNegroesenabledthecountrytodevelopmorerapidlyineveryfield.IttookAmericaonlythreedecadesafterthewartoassumetheleadasanindustrialcountryintheworld.MostAmericansweregladtoseethattheircountrywasnolongerassociatedwithslaveryandtheUnionwasheldtogether.Italsoextendeditsfar-reachinginfluencetotheEuropeanrevolutions.Exercise2.Explain-thefollowingterms:1.TheWestwardMovementKey:Between1815and1830,manyimmigrants,landlessfanners,andjoblessworkersmovedwestwardtoopenthevastareaofwildernessinAmerica.2.UncleTom'sCabinKey:ItisafamousnovelwrittenbyHairietBeecherStowein1852.Thenoveldescribedthecruelthingsthatmighthappentoaslaveunderacruelmaster.Ithadaverystronginfluenceandarousedagreatanduniversalhatredforslavery.3.Douglas'BillKey:ItwasabilladvancedbyStephenA.Douglas,aDemocratintheSenate,whichmadeslaverypossibleinthenewstates,suchasKentuckyandNebraska.4.theWhigPartyKey:ThispartycameintobeingfromNationalRepublicansin1832.ButbeforetheCivilWar,itbegantobreakup.5.theRepublicanPartyKey:ThePartywasfoundedin1854.Itsparticipantswerethosewhowereopposedtoslavery,includingfarmers,leadersofworkers,theWhigsandthoseDemocratsdislikingslavery.6.AbrahamLincolnKey:Hewasthe16lhAmericanPresident.In1860hewaselectedasananti-slaverypresident.HeplayedaveryimportantroleintheCivilWarbyadoptingthetwoimportantmeasures.OnewastheHomesteadBill,theotherwasEmancipationProclamationwhichhelpedtoendthewarquicklyandpromotethedevelopmentineveryfield.In1864,hewasreelectedpresident.HewasassassinatedinApril14,1865.HesavedtheUnionandmostAmericansconsidered

36himagreatnationalhero.7.JohnBrownKey:HewasaleaderofanuprisingintheNorthwhotriedtosettletheslaverytroublebyforcein1859.Theuprisingwasputdown,hewashangedfortreason.ButhisactpromotedtheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.8.theConfederateUnionofAmericaKey:Aftertheanti-slaverypresidentLincolnwaselectedinI860,thesevenSouthernstates,SouthCarolina,Georgia,Alabama,Mississippi,Florida,LouisianaandTexassentmentoameetinginMontgomerytodrawupaconstitutionandsetupanewcountiycalled“theConfederateUnionofAmerica.MLaterNorthCarolina,Arkansas,VirginiaandTennesseejoinedtheConfederacy.TheywantedtokeeptheslavesystemintheSouthernstateswhichledtotheCivilWaratlast.9.FortSumterKey:ItwasafortontheedgeofCharleston,SouthCarolinawheresomeAmericantroopswerestationed.TheSouthernersattackeditfirstandtheCivilWarbrokeout.10.theBattleofGettysburgKey:ItwasthebattleatGettysburgin1863.TheUnionarmywonagreatvictoryandthisgreatlyencouragedtheUnionarmy.ItwasalsotheturningpointoftheCivilWar.11.theHomesteadBillKey:InMay1862LincolnissuedtheHomesteadBill.AccordingtotheBill,manyfarmersorsettlersgotenoughland,whichstimulatedthedevelopmentofcapitalistagricultureintheSouthandLincolngotsupportfromthebroadmassesduringtheWar.
5or"
s89:ᜧᡊExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.HowdoyouseethestruggleoverthequestionofReconstructionoftheSouthaftertheWar?Key:Thestruggleconsolidatedtheregimeoverthewholenation,removedthegreatestobstacleofthecapitalistdevelopment—theslavesystem.AndthereforeitpavedthewayfortherapidgrowthofcapitalismandlaidthepoliticalfoundationfortheUniontogrowintoaworldpower.2.DoyouknowanythingaboutthegreatchangesineveryfieldduringthethreedecadesaftertheCivilWar?Key:1)Changesinpopulation:ThenumberofAmericanpopulationincreasedgrewduetoalargenumberofimmigrantsthatwerefloodingunceasinglyintotheUnitedStatesaftertheCivilWar.ThewestaswellastheMiddleofthecountrybegantofillup.ManynewstatesenteredtheUnion.2)Changesinthecities:AftertheCivilWar,peoplebegantopourcitiesandthecities,therefore,grewlargerandlarger.Meanwhiletallerandtallerbuildingswereputup.3)Changesinindustry:AftertheWar,theindustrycontinuedtodevelopandmorefactorieswerebeingsetupintheWestaswellasintheEast.Alongwiththerapiddevelopmentofindustry,competitionbecamemoreandmoreacute.Smallfactorieswereswallowedupbythebigones.Infact,thebigcompaniesbegantomonopolythemanufactureofvariousproducts.TheUSwasinthetransformationfromnominaltomonopolycapitalism.4)ChangesineverydayLife:Duringthistime,manydiscoveriesandinventionsweremadeandcameintopeople'slife.5)Changesineducation,cultureandsociallife:Educationbecameimprovedduringthethreedecades.Girlsbegantobeadmittedtocollegesincludingtheearly-establishedmen'scolleges.Inthesouth,manyschoolswerebuiltandsomeweresetupfortheNegrochildren.Morebooks,magazinesandnewspaperscameoutduringthetime.Womenbegantogainmorerights,suchascontrollingtheirownproperty,controllingoftheirchildren,andworking.Womenbegantodependmoreandmoreuponthemselves.3.WhatdidtheU.S.-SpanishWarshow?Key:ItwasthefirstimperialistwarForredividingtheworld.ItmarkedanewstageinwhichtheUnitedStatestransformedintoanimperialistpower.FromthattimetheUnitedStatesbeganitsmodernhistory.4.WhatwerethecausesofWorldWarl?Key:Thefirstandalsothefundamentalcausewastoredividetheworldcolonies.ThesecondwasthesystemofmilitaryalliancebetweentheCentralPowersandtheAllies.Thetwoblocksconfrontedeachotherandthetensearmsracewasincreasedbetweenthetwo.ButthedirectfusewastheassassinationofanAustriaprince,ArchdukeFedinand,in1914inSerbia.

375.WhydidtheU.S.finallyentertheWorldWarI?Key:Firstly,theGermansannouncedthatsubmarineseretobeusedtosinkshipgoingtoEngland.ThiswouldgreatlyinjuretheAmericantrade.Secondly,aGermanplotwasdiscoveredandmadepublic.ItwasaschemeforanalliancewithMexicoincasetheUSenteredthewaragainstGermany.IfMexicohelpedGermanytowin,Mexicocouldregainherlostterritory.Thirdly,GermanyhadsentmanyspiestoAmericatosetfiretofactoriesandputbombsinshipsthatwerecarryingthegoodsacrosstheocean.Fourthly,aftermorethantwoyearsoffighting,thebothsidesgrewweary.ThiswasagoodchanceforAmericatoenterthewar.Andthelastcausewasthatthe-FebruaryRevolutionIItookplace.RussiamightwithdrawfromthewarandtheAlliesmightbecrushed,andthiswouldgreatlyharmtheinterestsofAmericancapitalistswhohadinvestedahugedealofcapitalintheAllies.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.PresidentialReconstructionKey:ItwasamovementcarriedoutbyPresidentAndrewJohnson.AftertheCivilWar,PresidentAndrewJohnsoncarriedonaseriesofpoliciesagainsttheblacks.AlthoughtheNegroesintheSouthwerefreeinname,theyweredeprivedofalltherights.2.CongressionalReconstructionKey:AftertheCivilWar,theCongressmenandNorthernersingeneralweredissatisfiedwithPresidentAndrewJohnsonandhisreactionarypoliciesagainsttheblacks.TheyinsistedonaseverepunishmentontheformerConfederates,andbelievedCongresswastheonlypowerthatcoulddirectathoroughgoingReconstruction.TheCongressionalelectionof1866broughtanoverwhelmingsuccesstotheRadicalsandtheCongressionalReconstructionmovedahead.3.theKuKluxKlanKey:ItisthemostnotoriousterroristsocietywhichpersecutedtheenfranchisedblackscruellyintheSouthsince1867.Itwasunderthecontrolofanex-Confederategeneral,NathanBedfordForest.4.theRadicalsKey:TheywerethecongressmenwhowereagainstPresidentAndrewJohnsonandhispolicies.5.theTrustsKey:Theywerethebigcompanieswhichmonopolizethemanufactureofvariousproducts.By1900,theUnitedStateshadhad185bigtrusts.ThisshowedthattheUSwasinthetransformationfromnomonopolytomonopolycapitalism.6.-BigStickIIKey:ItwastheforeignpolicyofaggressionandexpansioncarriedbyPresidentTheodoreRoosevelt.Throughthispolicy,theUSbroughtmostoftheCaribbeancountriesundertheUScontrol.7.the-OpenDoorPolicyIIKey:ItwasthepolicyadvancedbyTheodoreRooseveltinSino-Americanrelations.ThatwasinvadingChinabymeansofbothforceandculture.8.theAmericanSocialistPartyKey:Itwasaparlyofworkersestablishedin1899duringthesocialistmovement.9.HaymarketMassacreKey:InMay1886,anationalstrikeoccurredinsupportingtheeight-hourworkday.InChicago,theretookplaceaneventknownasHaymarketMassacre,duringwhichsomestrikerswerekilledandfourleadingmenexecuted.10.theKnightsofLaborKey:ItwasthefirstnationallaborunioninAmerica,whichwasestablishedaftertheHaymarketMassacre.11.theAmericanFederationofLaborKey:ItwasthefirstpermanentnationalunioninAmerica.12.theHomesteadStrikeKey:TheStriketookplaceatCarnegie'sHomesteadSteelPlantin1892,butitfailed.13.thePullmanStrikeKey:Itwasafamousstrikewhichoccurredin1894atPullmanfactorywhichwassuppressedbythefederaltroops.14.theLeagueofNationsKey:ItwasanorganizationofnationswhichwasestablishedaccordingtooneofWilson'sFourteenPointsintheParisPeaceConference,toguaranteethepoliticalindependenceofallnationsandtopreserveinternationalpeace.Aftertheformingofit,EnglandandFrancecontrolledthebody.15.theParisPeaceConference

38Key:AftertheendofWorldWarI,twenty-sevenvictoriousnations,includingChina,attendedthePalisConferenceonJanuary18th,1919todividethespoilsandredividethecolonies.ItwascontrolledbyAmerica,England,France,ItalyandJapan.16.theVersaillesTreatyKey:ItwasapeacetreatysignedbyGermanyandtheAlliesonJune28,1919attheendofWorldWarI.17.theWashingtonConferenceKey:InNovember1921,theU.S.,Belgium,England,China,France,Italy,Japan,HollandandPortugal,ninecountriesinall,heldameetinginWashington,whichiscalledtheWashingtonConference.Itconsolidatedtheimperialistpowers4dominationoftheFarEastandthePacificRegion.18.theVersailles-WashingtonSystemKey:ItreferstoaseriesoftreatiessignedintheParisConferenceandWashingtonConference.TheParisConferenceadjustedtherelationshipsamongtheimperialistpowersinthewest;andtheWashingtonConferencewasthecontinuationoftheParisConference,whichconsolidatedtheimperialistpowers*dominationoftheFarEastandthePacificRegion.Forthetimebeing,italleviatedthecontradictionsamongtheimperialistpowers.6+ᡊ2+ᡊ3ḄExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.Whywastheprosperityinthe19204sfalse?Key:Americaneconomyatthattimewasnotbaseduponasolidfoundation.2.WhatwerethecausesoftheSecondWorldWar?AndwhatwasthenatureoftheWar?Key:ThesourceofthewarinEuropecamefromGennany.AfterHitlerrosetopowerin1933,heandNazispreparedforalargeaggressivewar.TheybroketheVersaillesTreatyandbegantoreorganizetheGermanwarindustry.Theyalsodevelopedanarmytrainedinblitzkrieg.In1936HitlerreoccupiedRhineland,ItalyandreducedAbyssiniatosubjection.InAsia,Japan,thefascistnationlaunchedwaronChinain1931.OnDecember7th,1941JapanmadeasuddenraidontheUnitedStates4navalbaseatPearlHarbor.ThenextdayAmericadeclaredwaronJapan.3.WhydidtheU.S.entertheWar?Key:AtfirsttheUnitedStateskeptaso-calledneutralstandandthebusinessmencaniedonthewartimetrades,makinghugeprofits.Rightbeforethecountrygotinvolvedinthewarfrom1936to1939,problemshadalreadyemergedathome.Thecontradictionsbetweenthelaboringpeopleandthemonopolieshadgrownmoreacute.TheNewDealhadlostitsinitialeffectandtheeconomicsituationbecameseriousagain.Somethinghadtobedonetosavethesituation.Inresponsetotheexternalreactionariesoffascists,thefascistorganizationsweregettingrampantathome,representingthemostreactionaryelements,especiallyin1939,theyweretryingtochangetheUnitedStatesintoafascistnation.Thesituationatabroadseemeddesperate.Hitler'smechanizedforcesweredominatingwesternandcentralEurope.AndJapan,intheFarEast,wasadvancingandtakingawaylargeportionsofChina,threateningtheinterestsofvariouspowersincludingAmerica.WhenthebaseoftheAmericanPacificFleet,PearlHarborwassuddenlyattackedbytheJapaneseairforceandnavy,theU.S.finallyenteredtheWar.4.WhatweretheconsequencesoftheWar?Key:WWIIwasverydestructive.Itcostmorethanthirty-sixmillionlives.Millionswerelefthomeless.NaziGennanyhadattemptedracialextermination,especiallyoftheJews,ofwhomsixmilliondied.Afterthewar,thereemergedanewbalanceofpowerbetweentheUSSRandtheUSA.WWIIwasananti-fascistwar.Althoughitcauseddisastrousdestructionintheworld,thewargaverisetorevolution.Manycountriesbecamesocialistordemocraticandmanycolonieswontheirindependence.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.theGreatDepressionKey:ItwasaneconomicrecessionthatbeganonOctober29,1929,followingthecrashoftheU.S.stockmarket.TheGreatDepressionoriginatedintheUnitedStates,butquicklyspreadtoEuropeandtherestoftheworld.Lastingnearlyadecade,theDepressioncausedmassivelevelsofpoverty,hunger,unemploymentandpoliticalunrest.ItwasalsothemaincauseoftheSecondWorldWar.2.theNewDealKey:Itreferstotheprogramsandpoliciestopromoteeconomicrecoveryandsocialreformintroducedduringthe1930sbyPresidentFranklinD.Roosevelt.1)Athome,manypublicprojectswerelaunchedtocreateemployment.Cropsweredestroyedandagriculturalproductionwascutdowntostabilizethefallingfarmprices.Thebigindustrieswere

39compelledtomakereforms.2)Atabroad,hetookeffortstoconsolidatetheoldmarketsandtoconquernewones.3.FranklinD.RooseveltKey:Hewasthe32ndAmericanPresident,aDemocrat.HeadvancedtheNewDealwhichrelaxedtheeconomiccrisisandpreventedAmericabecomingafascistcountry.Healsotook,somemeasuresof"socialsecurity",payingpensionstotheold,unemployedandtheinjured.Hewastheonlypresidentwhowaselectedthreetimesinsuccession.Hewasalsorememberedasawartimepresidenttothecountry,whomadegreatcontributionsindefeatingtheAxisandfascistsinWWII.4.theAxisPowersKey:TheyarethefascistcountriesinWWII,includingGermany,Italy,Japan.5.theAlliesKey:TheyareBritain,America,France,SovietUnion,Chinaandothers,whichwerethemainpowersinfightingagainstfascistsinWWII.6.theBattleofBritainKey:ItreferstoaseriesofairbattlesoversouthernEnglandbetweentheRoyalAirForceandtheGermanLuftwaffeduringWorldWarIIfromAugusttoOctober,1940.GermanbombersattackedBritishcoastaldefenses,radarstations,andshippinginpreparationforaninvasion,thenbeganacampaignofnightbombingsoverLondon,andothercities.TheRAFlostabout900pkinesandtheLuftwaffesome2,300;thebattlewasGermany'sfirstmajorsetbackofWorldWarII,andinvasionplanswereabandoned.7.theBattleofStalingradKey:Itwasalong-runningWWIIbattlein1942and1943forcontroloftheRussiancityofStalingrad.Inmid-1942GermantroopshadreachedtheoutskirtsofthecityofStalingrad,theirdeepestpenetrationoftheirforcesintoRussia.Theymetfierceresistanceandwereunabletoprevail,finallyGermanywasdefeated.ThisbattlewastheturningpointofWWII.8.theBattleofMidwayIslandKey:ItwasamajorWorldWarIInavalbattlebetweentheU.S.andJapanfromJune3to6,1942.JapaneseweredefeatedbyAmerica'sPacificfleetandairforces,andhadtoabandoneffortstolandonMidway.ThisbattlemarkedtheturningpointofthePacificwarfare.9.NATOKey:ItwastheabbreviationofNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization,anallianceformedin1949byBelgium,includingBritain,Denmark,France,Iceland,Italy,Luxemburg,theNetherlands,Norway,PortugalandU.S.A.Greece,TurkeyandWestGermanyjoinedlater.ThemainpuiposeofNATOwasmilitarydefenseandpoliticalcooperation.10.theAtlanticCharterKey:ItwasthejointdeclarationissuedbyRooseveltandChurchillonacruisernearNewfoundlandin1941.ItexpressedtheideathatjointeffortsshouldbemadetocrushNaziatrocitiesandthepeopleofallcountriesshouldhaverighttochoosetheformoftheirowngovernments,tocarryonfreetradeandtohavefreenavigation.11.theCairoDeclarationKey:ItwasissuedattheCairoConferencein1943whichannouncedthatChina'sterritorythatJapanhadoccupiedsincetheFirstWorldWarshouldbereturnedtoChina.12.theTeheranConferenceKey:ThemeetingwasheldbytheheadsofSovietUnion,theU.S.A.andBritainin1943.AtthemeetingtheheadsmainlydiscussedtheproblemofopeningthesecondbattlefieldinEurope.13.theYaltaConferenceKey:InFebruary1945,ameetingwasheldatYaltaintheCrimeaoftheSovietUnion.InthemeetingmanymatterssuchasthefinaldefeatofGermany,thefoundingoftheUnitedNations,thefinalsettlementofthefiontiersofPolandwerediscussed.14.thePotsdamConferenceKey:InJuly1945,Britain,theUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionmetatPotsdamtoformulateanoccupationpolicyandsetupaprogramforthefutureofGermany.15.theUnitedNationsKey:InApril1945forty-eightcountriesattendedtheconferenceatSanFranciscoinAmericatoorganizeapeacetime,permanentorganizationintheworld.ThustheUnitedNationswasfounded.

4016.theCommunistPartyoftheUnitedStatesKey:Thepartywasfoundedin1919.Fosterwasthegeneralsecretary.DuringtheSecondWorldWaritonceplayedanactivepartintheanti-fascistwar.17.theWarsawPactKey:Itwasatreatysignedin1955ofdefenseandmutualassistancesignedbytheUSSRandeastEuropeancountriesinresponsetotheformationofNATO.7+ᡊ5Ḅ(1945—1991)Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.Whatisthe-ColdWarII?Key:Afterthewar,thetwobigalliestheUnitedSatesastheheadofNATOandtheSovietUnionastheheadoftheWarsawPact,weregraduallyformed.Thesetwobigallieswereconstantlyinastateofhostilitybecauseofdifferentpoliticalandideologicalconvictions.TheUSAandtheUSSRbotherhadseveralmillionsofarmedforcesandpossessedtenthousandsofnuclearwarheads.Therefore,thetwosuperpowersdarednotstartawar.Buttheywantedtoweakenanddefeattheoppositeside.Thentheytookvariousmeans(exceptmilitaryforces),suchaseconomicblockades,politicalexport,andarmamentraces,todefeattheother.Thisisthe-ColdWarII.2.WhywasthereashortperiodofprosperityrightaftertheSecondWorldWar?Andwhydiditdisappearsoquickly?Key:Afterwar,athome,therewaswartimescarcity,highwages,accumulatedsavingsandindustrialexpansion.Therewasapent-updemandforconsumergoods.Theestablishmentofnewfactories,theexpansionofinternalandexternalmarketsandtheincreasingemploymentallaccountfortheprosperity.AtabroadGermany,JapanandItalylosttheircapacityforcompetitionwithAmerica.TheyreliedgreatlyupontheaidandproductsfromtheUSA.Thisprosperitydisappearedsoquicklybecauseitwasbaseduponthewartimeeconomy.3.WhydideconomiccrisesoccursofrequentlyaftertheWar?Andwhywasitinevitable?Key:ThereoccurredsixeconomiccrisesafterthewarintheU.S.becausethecapitalisteconomyisratherflimsyandbackwardinnature.Andthecapitalistscannotsolvetheproblemsexistinginthecapitalistsystem.4.WhatwerethemajorachievementsofscienceandtechnologyintheU.S.duringandafterthewar?Key:l)Itachievedprominentbreakthroughsinthethreefieldsofatomicenergy,electroniccomputersandspacenavigation.2)OrganandLimbtransplantsweretried,suchashearttransplants.3)Newdrugsandpreventativeswerediscoveredsuchaspoliovaccine,vaccinationsagainstsmallpoxetc.5.WhatwerethemainfeaturesoftheAmericanforeignpoliciesduringthe-ColdWarII?Key:AfterWWII,PresidentTrumancarriedoutanaggressiveandexpansivepolicyabroad.WWIIbroughtAmericatoleadershipinthecapitalistworld.Toconsolidateitsposition,theUSAbegantoorganizeanewinternationalorderunderAmerica'scontrol,withitsworldprimeeconomicstrengthandtheatombombsstandingbehind.ForthepurposeofestablishingtheUSAhegemonyinthepostwarworld,PresidentTrumandeclared-TrumanDoctrineII,aimingatexpandingAmericansphereofinfluenceandsuppressingtherevolutionarystrugglebeingcarriedonbythepeopleinvariouscourtiersoftheworld.SecretaryofStatesuggestedasweepingprogramtorestoretheeconomiesofEurope.Thiscametobeknownas-MarshallPlanII.6.Howdoyouevaluatethepeople'smovementsintheU.S.duringthe-ColdWarII?Key:Thepeople'smovementsincludinganti-warmovement,theworkers'movement,theblackAmericansCivilRightsMovementshowedthattheAmericanpeopleneverstoppedtheirstrugglesagainstthefederalgovernment'sreactionarypoliciesduringthe19504sandthe19604s.TheyplayedanimportantroleintheposhvarAmericanhistory.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.TrumanDoctrineKey:In1947,thedoctrinewasdeclaredbyPresidentTruman,whichaimedatexpandingAmericansphereofinfluenceandsuppressingpeople'srevolutionarystruggleinvariouscountriesoftheworld.2.theEisenhowerDoctrineKey:ItwastheforeignpolicycarriedbytheEisenhowergovernment.TheDoctrinecontainsthepointsofinstantandmassiveretaliation,avoidanceofgettinginvolvedinfrustratingwarsofcontainment,suchasthewarinKorea.3.theKoreanWarKey:TheKoreanWarbrokeoutin1950,endedin1953.ThiswasanAmericanaggressionagainstKorea.Chinese

41volunteers,askedbytheKoreanpeople,enteredthewarinOctober1950.Inthesummerof1953theU.S.finallyhadtosignaceasefireagreementwhichmarkedthefailureoftheU.S.aggression.4.Un-AmericanActivitiesKey:In1949,PresidentTrumanissuedanexecutiveordertoinvestigateandassesstheloyaltyofemployeesintheexecutivebranchofthefederalgovemment.ThemostnotoriousweretheUn-AmericanActivitiesCommitteeandSenatorJoseph.R.McCarthywholedinthepersecutiontocommunists.5.theMarshallPlanKey:TheplanwassuggestedbySecretaryofStateGeorgeC.Marshallin1947.TheplanwastorestoretheeconomiesofEuropeandofferedAmericanmoney,suppliesandmachinerytoanyEuropeannationthatwishedtoparticipatein.6.theVietnamWarKey:ThewarwasstartedunderEisenhowerandendedinJanuary1973.ItendedwithavictoryoftheNorthVietnamesepeopleandathoroughfailureoftheUnitedStates.TheVietnamWarwasanexampleofAmericanimperialismforthebenefitoftheAmericancorporatemilitaryinterests.7.thesit-inKey:Itakindofdemonstrationusedbytheblackstofightagainstracialsegregationin1960s.8.theCivilRightsMovementKey:Itreferstothemovementcarriedbytheblackstogetthecivilrightsin1950sto1960sandtofightagainstracialsegregation.Astheresultoftheirstruggle,theCivilRightsActwaspassedin1964.AndtheVotingRightsActwaspassedin1965.9.MartinLutherKingKey:HewasanoutstandingleaderoftheCivilRightsMovement,aBaptistclergyman.Heupheld-nonQviolenceIIstruggle.HeorganizedMontgomeryblacksintotheMontgomeryImprovementAssociationandsetupaboycottofthebuslines.Heledthelargestcivilrightsrallyin1963andtheCivilRightsActwaspassedin1964.Heprotestedagainstvoting-rightsrestriction.From1965——1968hisstruggleturnedtothediscriminationandinjusticeintheNorthandprotestedagainsttheVietnamWar.HewasassassinatedinApril1968.
8209t90uv"219twḄoExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhatdoyouthinkoftheAmericaneight-yearsanctiononIraq?Key:FormanyyearssincethenewcenturytheUnitedStateshascontinuedtoshowoffits"strength"inmanyplaces.Butmanyfactsprovethatithasbecometougherratherthanmorepowerful,becausebehindtheartificialtoughnessliesitsweaknesseswhichareshowninitsabilityfallingshortofitswishesanditsfailureincarryingoutitsintention.TheIraqissueisthemosttroublesome.TheUnitedStateshadplannedtoquicklyputthingsinorderinIraqaftertopplingSaddamHussein,buttheresultwasthatUnitedStateswasboggeddowndeepinaquagmire.Resistanceattacksandhostageeventsfrequentlyhappened.UStroopsinIraqsufferedever-heaviercasualtiesandlosses.AsfortheIraqipeople,theyhadallthemoresufferings.2.WhatwastherelationbetweentheUSandChinain1990s?Key:AlthoughthereweresomefrustrationsinSino-Americanrelationin1990s,thisdecadesawagoodrelationbetweentheUSandChinaingeneral.Theyearof1999wasthe20thanniversaryoffoundationofSino-Americandiplomaticrelationship.Forthelasttwentyyearstherelationsbetweenthetwocountrieshadbeenpushedforwardthoughitexperiencedsometwistsandturns.3.TellbrieflytheAmericaneconomicsituationin1990s.Key:Inthe1990s,theAmericaneconomyexperiencedthesecond-longestperiodofgrowthinthenation'shistory.Theeconomygrewatanaveragerateof3-4percentperyearandunemploymentfellbelow5percent.Inaddition,thereweredramaticgainsinthestockmarketandmanyofthenation'slargestcompanieshadrecordprofits.Finally,arecordnumberofAmericansownedtheirownhomes.4.Whatimpactdidthe"9.11event"haveontheUnitedStates?Key:Itwasamostterribletragedyinhistory.IthadgreatimpactontheUnitedStatesbothoninternalaffairsandforeignpolicy.Afterthe"9.11event0,theUnitedStateslaunchedtwowarsinAfghanandIraq,andtookmilitaryactionsagainstterrorisminotherregionsoftheworld.5.What'syouropinionandcommentonGeorgeBush'sIraqWarpolicy?

42Key:GeorgeBush'sIraqwarpolicyhasbeenchallengedallthetime.UStroopsinIraqsufferedever-heaviercasualtiesandlosses,andtheanti-wardemonstrationsfrequentlytookplace.Atthesametime,thesituationinIraqwentevenworse.Somountingcausalities,injuredandkilledUSsoldiersandcivilians,andanuncertainfutureinIraqarereallyaterriblescenethathaswornoutAmericans.Thefailuretofindweaponsofmassdestruction,thedeathsofmorethanthreethousandUStroops,tensofthousandsofIraqisandcontinuedconflicthaveweigheddownsupportforthewarandPresidentBush.6.WhatsocialproblemsdoestheUShaveinthelastdecadeof20lhcenturyandtheearly21stcentury?Key:Inthelastdecadeofthe20,hcentury,therewerestillsomeproblemsineconomicdevelopment.ThemajorproblemfortheAmericaneconomywasgrowthofatwo-tiereconomy,withsomeAmericansenjoyingveryhighincomelevelswhileothersremaininpoverty.Afterthe"ColdWar'1,manybigissuessuchashealthcare,socialsecurityreformandguncontrolremainedunresolvedanddebatedallthetimeintheUnitedStates.Violenceandsecscandalsseemedapartyoflife.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.DesertStormKey:ItwasthemultinationalbombingcampaignagainstIraq,beginninginJanuary1991,afterIraqhadfailedtomeetthedemandsofaU.N.resolutionthatwithdrewfromKuwait.TheoperationwasledbytheUSAandsoughttodisableIraq'swar-makingabilitybysystematicallydestroyingitsmilitaryandsupportinfrastructure.2.airstrikeonYugoslaviaKey:OnMarch24,1999,US-ledNATOmountedanairstrikeonYugoslavia.ThereasontheUSheldfortheirmilitaryactionwasthattheyhopedtopeaceinKosovoandtohelpsolveitspoliticalcrisis.Infact,theAmericanmilitaryinterferenceonYugoslaviainternalaffairsisoutofAmericanpoliticalandstrategicconsideration.3.NAFTAKey:ItistheabbreviationoftheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreementwhichwasapprovedbytheCongressin1993.ThisagreementeliminatedtradetariffsongoodsandservicestradedbetweentheUnitedStates,CanadaandMexico.4.RodneyKingKey:HewastheblackmotoristwhosebeatingbywhitepoliceofficersultimatelysparkedwidespreadriotinginLosAngelesin1992.
>ᑖᦻᓄ
1ᦟBExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhatcollegesweresetupbeforetheAmericanRevolution?Key:HarvardCollege,YaleCollege,CollegeofNewJersey,CollegeofPhiladelphia,King'sCollege,andRhodeIslandCollege.2.CanyoubrieflydescribeelementaryandsecondaryeducationinAmerica?Key:(1)elementaryeducation:Childrenbegintheirstudyattheageofsix.Theacademicyearlastsninemonths.Classesareheldfivedaysaweek,fromMondaytillFriday;Coursesforchildrenincludereading,writing,history,geography,thecivicsofgovernment,science,artandmusic,cookingandmanualskill,physicalexercises.TeachersmusthaveaBachelorofArtsdegreewithamajorineducation.(2)secondaryeducation:Thereisnoentranceexamtohighschool.CoursesincludeEnglishliterature,composition,socialscience,mathematics,laboratoryexperiments,foreignlanguages,art,musicandphysicaleducation.Inmosthighschools,thereisalsovocationaltrainingforspecificoccupations.TeachersmusthaveMastersofArtsdegreeineducation.3.HowmanytypesofhighereducationalinstitutionsarethereinAmerica?Key:Therearethreetypes,two-yearcollege,four-yearcollege,anduniversities.4.Whatarethegeneralactivitiesforstudentsofhighereducation?Key:ItiscommonintheUSAstudentstoworktoearnmoneynotonlyinvacationsbutalso,sometimesworkingpart-timeduringthetermtime.Studentsoftengettheseusefulearningsfortheirtuitionsandlivingexpenses.Manystudentsareveryinterestedinstudents4organizationswhichplayanimportantpartinuniversitylife.UniversitiesofUSAoftenholdfootballmatchesbetweenoneanother.SoAmericancollegestudentsoftenattendthefootballteamsorwatchthegames.5.BrieflydescribetheAcademicDegreesofhighereducation.

43Key:Bachelor'sDegree,Master'sDegreeandDoctor'sDegree.6.Giveabriefaccountof"IvyLeague".Key:"IvyLeague"isthenamegenerallyappliedto8universities:Brown,Columbia,Cornell,Dartmouth,Harvard,Pennsylvania,PrincetonandYale.NowtheIvyLeagueispopularbecausepeopleknowitreferstothe8well-knownAmericanuniversities.Inadditiontherearesomemorewell-knownuniversities,suchasStanford,MITandCaltech.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:I.creditKey:Itisoneofthemeasurementsforanundergraduateinacademicprogress.Acreditisdefinedasonehourofclassroomlecture,ortwotothreehoursofexperimentsperweekfbrasemester.Studentsnormallytake15or16creditsasemester,sometake17or18.2.HarvardUniversityKey:Itisoneofthemostprestigiousuniversitiesintheworld.Itwasfoundedin1636.3.TheLibraryofCongressKey:ItisthelargestlibraryintheU.S.A.Itservesasareferencelibraryfbrthelegislatureaswellasareferencelibraryforpublic,andhasmanybookssentouttootherlibrariesontheinter-libraryloansystem.Thelibrarystoresmaterialsfrommanyothercountriesapartfrombooks,manuscripts,maps,photographs,printsandrecords.4.Provot'sOfficeKey:ItisanofficeinHarvard,whichwasestablishedin1994.NowithassoughttofostercollaborationacrosstheUniversityandmanagechangedinpoliciesandpracticesthataffecttheacademiclifeoftheuniversityasawhole.5.YaleCollegeKey:ItisoneofthreemajoracademiccomponentsofYaleUniversity,whichprovidesundergraduateprogram.6.theBeineckeRareBookLibraiyKey:ItisalibraryofYaleUniversity,whichcontainsoneofthegreatestassemblagesofrareandhistoricalbooksandmanuscriptsinexistence.7.theMainQuadKey:ItisoneoftheStanford'sfirstbuildings,whichisMission-Stylearchitecture.8.SiliconValleyKey:ItisaregionofwesternCaliforniasoutheastofSanFranciscoknownforitshigh-technologydesignandmanufacturingindustries.9.OTLKey:ItistheabbreviationfbrStanford4sOfficeofTechnologyLicensing,whichworkstobringtechnologycreatedatStanfordtomarket.10.OpenCourseWareprojectKey:ItwasaplanofMITin2001,throughwhichMITwouldputallofitscoursematerialsonlineby2007.11.CaltechKey:ItreferstotheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,aprivate,coeducationaluniversitylocatedinPasadena,California,intheUSA.
2xyஹᵯ|"}~Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.DescribebrieflytheconditionsofradiosandtelevisionsintheU.S.A.Key:Aboutmorethan200millionradiosareinuseand96percentofAmericanhomeshavetelevisions.Therearemorethan6thousandradiostationsand1thousandtelevisionstations.2.WhataretheinfluencesoftheTVprogramsintheU.S.A.?Key:SomeTVentertainmentprogramsfullofkilling,sexexcitement,fightingandotherviolentactionshaveaharmfulinfluenceontheattitudesandbehaviorofyoungpeople.3.CanyoutellthemajornewspapersintheU.S.A?Key:NewYorkTimes,WashingtonPost,LosAngelesTimes,ChristianScienceMonitor,WallStreetJournal,NewYorkDailyNews.4.CanyounametwoorthreefamousAmericanmagazines?Key:Times,Reader'sDigest,Newsweek.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:

441.networksKey:Anetworkisagroupofbroadcastingthatlinkedorjoinedintheiroperationssothateachstationcanusethesameprogram.2.EarlyBiixiKey:ItisthenameofthefirstcommunicationspacesatellitelaunchedbytheU.S.in1965.3.VOAKey:ItistheabbreviationVoiceofAmerica,themostfamousoftheradiostationsoftheU.S.A.fortheexpansionofpropagandatoforeigncountries.ItisinWashington,andestablishedin1924.Nowithas16broadcastingstations,sendingnewstothewholeworldin41languages.4.APKey:ItreferstotheAssociatedPressoneofthemajorwireservicesintheU.S.A.5.UPIKey:ItreferstotheUnitedPressInternational,oneofthemajorwireservicesintheU.S.A.6.Reader'sDigestKey:ItisafamousmajornewsmagazineofAmerica,nearly19millioncopiesamonth.
3DBExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhatsportismostpopularinautumninAmerica?Key:FootballisthemostpopularsportinautumninAmerica.2.Canwrestling,boxingandhorseracingbecalledsports?Whatkindofsportsarethey?Key:Yes,theycanbecalledsports,andtheyarespectatorsports.3.WhatdoAmericansusuallydoforrecreationsduringtheirsparetime?Key:Theyenjoyfishing,hunting,boating,swimming,skiing;andplayingtennis,goil,andbowling.4.WhatpeopleintroducedbowlingintotheNewYorkareasinthe17thcentury?Andhowisitactednowadays?Key:TheDutchintroducedbowlingintoNewYorkinthe17thcentury.Nowadays,itseemstobeenjoyedmostlybyworkingmen.MillionsofbowlerstakepartincompetitionsorganizedbytheAmericanBowlingCongress,formedin1895.5.WhatareAmericans'popularleisurepursuits?Key:Americans4popularleisurepursuitsarephotography,stampcollection,needlework,gardening,etc.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.SpectatorsportsKey:Theyarethesportsinwhicharecompletivestruggleswhichdrawhugecrowdstocheertheirfavoriteteamtovictory;e.g.horseracing,boxing,etc.2.participantsportsKey:Theyarethesportswithoutfixedspectators,drawingacrowdofonlookersonlyonspecialoccasions,suchastournaments.3.NBAKey:ItistheabbreviationoftheNationalBasketballAssociation,whichisthemostfamousleagueinAmerica.4.TheNationalHockeyLeagueKey:ItisamajorprofessionalhockeyleagueinNorthAmerica,and24ofits30teamsarebasedintheUnitedStates;theother6arelocatedinCanada.
4EᢈExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhatisthedifferenceofscienceandtechnologybeforeandafterWorldWarIIintermsoffinancialsupport?Key:BeforeWWIIscienceandtechnologyresearchwasmainlycontrolledbyprivatemonopolizedenterprisesandprovidedwithfinance.AfterWWIIthestatebecamethemainorganizerandmoneyproviderofscientificresearch.Americahasalargescientificorganizationandeachyearprovidesmillionsofdollars,whichpromotesthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.2.WhatkindofafiameworkdidAmericanAssociationfbrtheadvancementofscienceproposeforfederalsciencepolicyinlatetwentiethcentury4?Key:Inlate20lhcentury,AmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceproposedaframeworkforfederal

45sciencepolicy.Itstronglysupportedascienceandtechnologypolicythatcommitsthefederalgovernmentto-maintainingUSpreeminenceinallmajorareasofscientificresearchandeducation;fosteringtheintricateandpowerfullinkagesamongscience,technology,andsocietalgoals,andprovidingtheworld'sbesteducationforadvancedscienceandengineering,whilecultivatingthescientificandtechnologicalliteracyessentialforourdiversecitizenrytoparticipateeffectivelyinthedecisionsandeventsthatshapetheirlives.II3.WhatchangesofnationalprioritiesandtheroleofR&Dlookplaceinearly21slcentury?Key:In21stcenturytherelativepriorityofdifferentareasofR&Dhasvariedfortheyears,reflectingchangingnationalprioritiesandtheroleofotherR&Dwithinthem.SpendingdefenseR&DhasexceededallotherR&Dspending(groupedtogetheras-nodefenseR&DII)formostofthepastfourdecades,althoughtherelativesizeofthetwosectorshasvariedconsiderablyovertheyears.Sothefiscalyear2005budgetforfederalR&DcontinuedwithlargeincreasesforweaponsdevelopmentandhomelandsecurityR&D,butflatordecliningfundingfortherestofthefederalR&Dportfolio.4.WhatweretheobjectivesofProjectMercury?Key:Itsobjectiveswerespecific:toorbitamannedspacecraftaroundtheearth;toinvestigateman'sabilitytofunctioninspace;andtorecoverbothmanandspacecraftsafely.5.WhatdoyouknowaboutNobelPrize?Key:Itisanyoftheprizesawardedannuallybyfourinstitutions(threeSwedishandoneNorwegian)fromafundestablishedunderthewillofAlfredB.Nobel.Thewillspecifiedthatawardsshouldbegiven-tothosewho,duringtheprecedingyear,shallhaveconferredthegreatestbenefitonmankind.IISince1901,prizeshavebeenawardedforphysics,chemistry,physiologyormedicine,literature,andpeace;since1969,asixthprize,establishedbytheBankofSweden,hasbeenawardedineconomicsciences.TheNobelPrizesareregardedasthemostprestigiousprizesintheworld.6.HowmanyAmericanscientistshavewontheNobelPrizesinthe20thcentury?Key:Inthe20thcentury,180AmericanscientistswontheNobelPrizes.7.TellbrieflyaboutAmericanscientistJohnMather.Key:JohnMatherisatopscientistwiththeNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration.HewasthemaininvestigatorindevelopingtheCOBEsatellite.8.Whowonthe2006NobelPrizeinMedicineorPhysiology?Key:The2006NobelPrizewinnersinMedicineorPhysiologyareCraigMelloandAndrewFire.CraigMelloisaprofessorattheUniversityofMassachusettsMedicalSchoolinWorcester,Massachusetts.AndrewfireisaprofessorattheStanfordUniversitySchoolofMedicineinPaloAlto,California.Theyfoundtheycouldcontrolgenesinthecreatureswithinjectionsofspeciallydesignedribonucleicacid.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.R&DKey:Itmeansresearchanddevelopment.2.NASAKey:ItreferstotheNationalAstronauticsandSpaceAdministrationwhichhaslaunchedhundredsofspacecraftwithandwithoutastronautssince1958.3.JohnKennedySpaceCenterKey:ItwasanimportantAmericanspacecenterestablishedin1961.FromtheearlyGemini,ApolloandSkylabprojectstotoday'sspaceShuttleandInternationalSpaceStationPrograms,thecentercontinuestoleadNASA'seffortsinhumanspaceexploration.4.COBEKey:ItisCosmicBackgroundExplorer.5.RNAKey:Itisribonucleicacid,apolymericconstituentofalllivingcellsandmanyviruses.ThestructureandbasesequenceofRNAaredeterminantsofproteinsynthesisandthetransmissionofgeneticinformation.6.DNAKey:Itisanucleicacidthatcarriesthegeneticinformationinthecellandiscapableofself-replication.567"!Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.HowhaveAmericanartsbeeninfluencedbyEuropeanpaintings?Key:EuropeanartswereveryoftenintroducedtoAmerica.In1913,theArmoryShowinNewYorkfirstbroughtthe

46ideasoftheleadingFrenchpainterstotheU.S.anditcausedmoreexcitementthananyartexhibitbeforeorsince.2.WhatdidtheCivilWarartistsusuallydepictintheirpaintings?Key:AmericanrealismbeganwithpaintingsdepictingtheCivilWarandindustrialscenes.CivilWarartistspaintedtouchingscenesdepicting.3.WhatwasthefeatureoftheartistsofAbstractExpressionism?Key:AbstractExpressionism,alsoknownastheNewYorkSchool,waschaoticandshockinginanattempttomaintainhumanityinthefaceofinsanity.4.Whatdoyouknowabouttheearlyrockersin1950sand1960s?Key:Rockmusicin1950sand1960swasdevelopedfromablendofSouthernbluesandgospelmusicwithanaddedstrongbackbeat,thistypeofmusicwaspopularwithteenagerswhoweretryingtobreakoutmainstreamconservativeAmericanmiddleclassmold.Theinfluenceoftheseearlyrockershasbeenfeltinpopularmusicworldwidetoday.Amongthem,theBeatlesfromEnglandburstintopopulaiitywithinnovativerockmusicthatappealedtoallages.5.Whatwasthesituationformusicinthelastdecadeofthe20lhcentury?Key:Inthelastdecadeofthe20lhcenturythereweremoremusicchoicesavailablethaneveralthoughradiostationstendedtofindanicheandsticktoitratherthanplayingamix.Latinomusicgrewinpopularity.Countrymusicbecameamainstream.6.TellasmuchasyouknowaboutthepopstarPink(AleciaBethMoore).Key:PinkisapopsingerwhofirstgainedprominenceinNorthAmericainearly2000asapopandR&Bmusician,beforeaddingelementsofrockintohermaterial.ShehasreleasedfouralbumsCan7TakeMeHome,Misunderstood.TryThis,andI'mNotDeadandisknownfbrherunorthodoxclothingfashion,harshyetsoulfulsound.QuiterecentlyPinkjoinedtheranksofmusiciansvoicingtheiropinionsagainstPresidentBush.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.GilbertStuartKey:HewasthefirstgreatAmericanartist.HeplayedanimportantpartinAmerican'sart,amasteroftheAmericanarttradition.2.HudsonRiverSchoolKey:ItreferstoagroupofAmericanpaintersinthe19thcentury,whoadoptedaromanticattitudenatureanditbecamehighlypopular.ThisromanticartdepictedimagesofAmerica'swilderness.TheyconcentratedonpaintingthenaturalbeautyoftheUSA.3.AndyWarholKey:Hewasaleadingfigureintheavant-gradetrendofartin1960sand1970s.4.PhilharmonicSocietyofNewYorkKey:ItistheoldestpemanentorchestrafoundedinAmericain1842.5.ChristopherIsaakKey:HewasafamousAmericanpopsingerinthesecondhalfof20thcentury,whosemusiccanbedescribedasablendofcountry,blues,rockandroll,popandsurfrock.Hisbest-knownsongisWickedGame.6Ḅᵯ$Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhoopenedHollywood'sfirstfilmstudioinanoldtavernonthecornerSunsetandGower?Key:In1911,theNestorCompanyopenedHollywood'sfirstfilmstudioinanoldtavernonthecornerofSunsetandGower.2.WhenwasthefirstAcademyAwardsheld?Key:TheawardswerefirstgivenatabanquetintheHollywoodRooseveltHotelonMay16,1929.3.Why-BeverlyHillIIcanbecalled-anextremelyhandsomeextravagantneighborhood!l?Key:Itscommercialstreetsareimmaculateandfilledwithexclusiveboutiquesandsophisticatedshoppers.ItsCivicCenterisagorgeous,mission-stylelandmark.Itsresidentialthoroughfaresarelinedwithmulti-milliondollarmansions,toweringtrees,andmilesofmanicuredgreenlawns.4.Whyis-AcademyAwardsIIalsocalled-Oscai,IIAward?Key:ThisnamewassaidtobebornwhenMargaretHenicksawthestatuetteofAcademyAwardonatableandsaid:-ItlooksjustlikemyuncleOscar!II

475.MakeacommentonGoldenGlobeAwards.Key:TheGoldenGlobeAwardsareAmericanawardsformotionpicturesandtelevisionprograms,givenouteachyearduringaformaldinner.Runasafundraisersince1944bytheHollywoodForeignPressAssociation(HFPA),theawardsareamajorpartofthefilmindustry's-awardsseasonIIwhichculminateseachyearwiththeOscarsandScreenActorsGuildAwards.6.What'syourevaluationofArnoldSchwarzenegger?Key:HeisoneofthebiggestmoviestarsofHollywood,withstarringrolesinTotalRecall,TrueLiesandsoon.Hehasbeenaroundforwhatseemslikeforever.HeinitiallymadeitbigwithnumerousbodybuildingtitlesbeforemakingitinHollywood,wherehegainedfamenotonlyfortheotherworldlyphysique,butforhissenseofhumorandcharisma.Hisbodybuildingcareerwasmerelyapreludetotheenormoussuccesshewouldachieveasanactionmoviestar.HeisamanwhohasachievedtheAmericanDream.Exercise2.,Explainthefollowingterms:1.TheHollywoodWalkofFrameKey:Itistheworld'smostfamoussidewalkinHollywood.TherenownedsidewalkstarsonitsalutesthecelebritieswhomadeHollywoodgreatfromthesilentfilmstarsofthepastyearsofthemodernactionheroesoftoday'sblockbusters.Thesesidewalkstarshonornotonlymovieactors,butradio,TVandstageperformers,directors,singers,songwriters,andotherwell-knownshow-bizpersonalities.2.TheGoldenTriangleKey:ItreferstoanareainbetweenWilshireandSunsetBoulevards,boundedbySantaMonica.Withinitisagridofsevensmallercommercialstreetsfilledwithshopsandrestaurants.3.TheHFPAKey:ItreferstotheHollywoodForeignPressAssociationwhichwasfoundedmorethan60yearsagobyagroupofLosAngeles-basedjournalistsworkingforoverseaspublications.4.StevenSpielbergKey:Hehaswritten,acted,directedandproducedabout400films.HeisperhapsHollywood'sbestknowndirectorsandoneofthewealthiestfilmmakersintheworld.Hehascountlessbig-grossing,criticallyacclaimedcreditstohisname,asproduces,directorandwriter.5.MillionDollarBabyKey:ItisanAcademyAwardmoviewinning2004dramaticfilmdirectedbyClintEastwood.AndHilaryAnnSwanwontheBestActressOscar,SAGandGoldenGlobeforherperformanceinthismovie.7ᦻExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.GiveabriefdescriptionofAmericanLiterature.Key:ItwasabranchofBritishliteraturewhenitfirstappearedinAmerica.UntiltheWarofIndependenceandthefoundingofU.S.A.,Americanliteratureshoweditsowncharacteristicsasamirrorreflectingthesociety.ManyfamouswriterssuchasMarkTwain,TheodoreDreiser,ErnestHemingway,appearedsincethebeginningofthe19thcentury.AndAmericanliteratureshowedimportanceintheworldsincethen.2.Whoisthewritercalled"FatherofAmericanLiterature1'?Why?Key:WashingtonIrvingiscalled"FatherofAmericanLiterature"becausehewasthefirstAmericantoachieveinternationalliteraryreputation.3.CanyousaysomethingaboutAmericanpoetry?Key:BeforetheWarofIndependence,orevenafterit,thepoetsofAmericamainlyfollowedtheEuropeantradition.WaltWhitmanbegantherealAmericanpoetry.Heinfluencedsomeotherpoets,domesticandabroad,suchasYeats,Frostetc.4.NamesomeofthefamousAmericanplaywrights.Key:O'Neill,TennesseeWilliams,ArthurMiller.5.HowmanyAmericanNobelPrizewinnersarethereinliterature?Namesomeofthem.Key:From1930to1978,9AmericanNobelPrizewinnersinliterature,suchasSinclairLewis,EugeneO'Neill,ErnestHemingway,andJohnSteinbeck.Exercise2.ExplaintheFollowingterms:1.RipVanWinkle

48Key:ItisthefamousstorywrittenbyWashingtonIrving.2.EdgarAllanPoeKey:Poeisacritic,apoetandanovelist.Hewrote.50stories,70poems.HisfamousworksareTheFalloftheHouseofUsher,TheBlackCat.3.TheLeavesofGrassKey:ItisamajorworkaboutmanandnaturebythepoetWaltWhitman,andisknownasastrikinglyoriginalmasterpiecethatintroducedWhitman'sownpoeticform,thelyricepic.4.ErnestHemingwayKey:HeisafamousAmericannovelist,aNobelPrizewinnerforthemasterpieceTheOldManandtheSea.HisothernovelsincludeTheSunAlsoRises,AFarewelltoArms,ForWhomtheBellTolls.5.EugeneO'NeillKey:HeisthefamousAmericanplaywright,thefirstonetoopenanewAmericantheatre.HisfamousplaysincludeTheHairyApe,DesireundertheElms,andAh,Wilderness!etc.6.ArthurMillerKey:Heisaplaywrightofsocialphilosophy,andhismainworksareDeathofaSalesman,TheCrucible,IncidentatVictory,ThePrice.7.JackLondonKey:HeisafamousAmericannovelist,andhisbestnovelsareTheCalloftheWild,WhiteFang,TheSeaWolf,MartinEden.Hecommittedsuicidein1916becauseofpessimism.
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1IJExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhatistypicalAmericanmiddle-classfamilylike?Key:l)Boththehusbandandwifehavehighschooleducation.2)Thehusbandworksandearnsabout$11000ayear.3)Thefamilyhasahouseoftheirown,acar,andfamilydurablegoods,suchasTVset,radio,washingmachine,refrigerator,andsoon.2.WhatdoyouthinkofmarriagesinAmerica?Key:Marriageisamatterofindividualresponsibilityanddecisionfortheyoung.Theyhavetheirownrighttodealwiththeirmarriagesandareindependentoftheirparents.Theyoftenfallinlovewitheachotherinspiteofthedisapprovaloftheirparents.Americanyoungpeoplearegenerallymoreaffectionateandtheyusuallyregardloveasmoreimportantthansocialclass,education,moneyorreligion.Theyliketohaveromanticlove.Youngpeoplecangetmarriedwitheachothereveniftheyhavedifferentreligiousbeliefsorbackgrounds.Butman*iagesbetweenblacksandwhitesarestillrare.Becauseofthesocialprejudices,probablylessthanonepercentofallthemarriageseachyeararebetweenblacksandwhites.3.Whataretheconditionsforwomen,bothinthelamilyandinsociety?Key:Sincethe1960sthewomen'sliberationmovementbegan,women4spositioninthesocietyandfamilyhavebeenimproved.Owingtothestruggleofwomenandtheirsupporters,thegapbetweentheaverageearningsofmenandwomenhasnarrowed.IntheAmericanfamily,equalrightsareoftenexercisedbetweenthehusbandandwifewhentheymakeadecision.4.WhatisyouropinionoftheindependenceofyoungpeopleinAmericanfamilylife?Key:MostAmericanyoungpeopleliveindependentlyaftermarriage.Parentsdonotinterfereinwhattheywishtodo,andchildrenareencouragedtobeindependentatanearlyage.However,thisPattenofindependenceoftenbringsaboutseriousproblemsfbrtheoldparentsofanucleusfamily.Whentheirchildrenareoldenough,theybegintoleavetheirparentalfamiliesandgetmarried,andbeginthelifeoftheirownfamily.Asaresult,theagedsufferfromthefeelingoflonelinessanduselessnesswithneitheranoccupationnoracloselamilygroup.5.CanyousaysomethingaboutthedifferencebetweentheblackiamiliesandwhitefamiliesinAmerica?Key:1)Blackfamilyincomesare40percentlowerthanthatofwhitefamilies.2)Therateofunemploymentfbrblack

49menisdoubledthanthatforwhite.3)Almostone-thirdblackfamiliesareheadedbywomen.4)Kin-shiprelationsseemtobestrongeramongblacksthanamongwhites.6.Whatareaverageannualincomesofamiddleclassfamily?Key:Theaverageannualincomeofamiddleclassfamilyisabout$30700.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.thenucleusfamilyKey:Itisafamilywhichusuallyiscomposedofafather,motherandtwochildren,parentsseldomlivewiththeirmaiTiedchildren.Relativesusuallyliveseparately.2.SeniorCentersKey:Theyarethesocialcentersforoldpeople.Altheseniorcenters,theagedcanmakefriendsandtakepartinseveralactivities,suchasgames,trips,lecturesanddiscussiongroups.3.doubledatingKey:Itmeanstwoyoungpeoplegoouttogethertoadance,afootballgameorapicnicbeforemarriage.4.baby-sittersKey:Itreferstoapersonwhoisemployedtotakecareofchildrenforaspecificlengthoftimewhiletheparentsareoutforevening,goingtoapartyoracourseofstudy.
2⚶TVExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhyarefoodanddrinksinAmericasodifferent?Key:Americaisa-meltingpotII,thatistosaymanyunmigrantsfromdifferentnationsallovertheworldcombinedtomakeonenation-America.TheimmigrantsbroughtdifferentwaysofcookingtoAmerica.2.CanyoubrieflydescribeAmericanrestaurants?Key:Manykindsofrestaurantscanbefoundincities.Thereisgreatvarietyintheprice.Manyrestaurantsputthemenusonwindows.Somedon'tputthemenusonwindows.Peoplecan'tjudgethepriceaccordingtotheappearanceofrestaurants.3.CanyounamesomeinformaleatingplacesinAmericanmeal?Key:cafeterias,drugstores,diners,drive-ins.4.WhatarethemaincoursesforanAmericanmeal?Key:Americanmealusuallyincludesmeat,fishorpoultry,butseldomservedtogetheratthesamemeal.5.WhataretheattitudesofAmericanstowardsthethreemealsofaday?Key:MostAmericanseatbreakfastandlunchquicklyunlessasocialbusinessorfamilyoccasion.Theeveningmealisusuallylongerandatimeforthefamilytogathertogether.6.WhatisthemostpopulardrinkinAmerica?Key:Coffee.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.drive-insKey:Theyareakindofinformaleatingplacewhichissurroundedbyparkinglots,locatedjustoffabusyroad.2.acafeteriaKey:Itisakindofinformaleatingplacewhereaveryquickandcheapmealcanbefound.Youjustwalkthroughalineselectingyourmealasyougoalong.3.blackcoffeeKey:Itiscoffeewithoutcreamorsugar.4.dinersKey:Lookinglikerailroadcars,theyarefoundoncampusesandontheoutskirtsoftowns.Thepriceisverylow,andtheyareconvenienttotruckdrivers,motorists,students.5.ahotdog,ahamburgerKey:TheyaretwokindsofthemostpopularAmericanfastfood.6.BLTKey:Itreferstobacon,lettuceandtomatosandwich.
3'⁚Z

50Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.CanyoudescribebrieflytheAmericanholidays?Key:Americanshavemanyholidays:NewYear'sDay,January1st;Valentine'sDay,February14th;Easter,aSundayinMarchorApril;IndependenceDay,July4th;Halloween,October31st;Thanksgiving,lateNovember;Christmas,December25th.2.WhatisthemosttypicalAmericanholiday?Key:ChristmasDay.3.CouldyousaysomethingaboutChristmasDay?Key:ChristmasDayfallsonDecember25thonwhichChristianpeoplebelieveJesusChristwasborn.Thisisthebiggestandbest-lovedholidayintheUS.PeopleusuallyhaveChristmasfood,e.g.turkeyorham,sweets,sweetpotatoes,vegetablesetc.MostpopularChristmascustomsareexchanginggifts,children'sreceivingtoysorsweetsfromSantaClaus,infactfromtheirparents,people'ssingingChristmascarols,sendingChristmascards,havingChristmastreeineveryhouse.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.Valentine'sDayKey:February14thisValentine'sDay,onwhichpeopleinlovewitheachotherexpresstheirtenderemotions;peopleputtheirlovemessageinaheart-shapedboxofchocolates,orabunchofflower.ThesymbolofValentineisapicturewithaHeartandCupidarmedwithbowandarrow.Manyuniversities,highorelementaryschoolsholdasweetheartsball.2.EasterKey:EasterfallsonthefirstSundayafterthefullmoon,inMarchorinApril.ItcommemoratestheResurrectionofJesusChrist.Thecustomofdyeingeggsisverypopularamongchildren.ThemainmeatonEasterSundayislambandham.3.HalloweenKey:Halloween(AllHallows4Eve),isonOctober31st.Itisanighttimefestival,whichisheldmostlybychildren.OnHalloweenchildrenfrightentheirparentsandotheradultsbytheirdisguisedmasks.In1950childrenbegantoaskforpenniesinsteadofsomethingtoeatorplaywithandthensentthemoneytopoorandmiserablechildreninothercountries.Thisprogramwasawardedthe1965NobelPeacePrize.4.ThanksgivingDayKey:ItfallsonthefourthThursdayofNovember.ItisaholidayonwhichGodisthankedforthecropswhichhavebeensafelygathered.5.IndependenceDayKey:ItreferstothenationaldayoftheUnitedStates.Itisonthe4thofJuly.
4ᜐ9᝱Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhatwillyoudowhenanAmericanshowshismodestyforhisaccomplishments?Key:Youmaysay-Oh,youarereallydoingwell.II2.CanyoufindexamplestoshowAmericans'franknessofadmittingcertainweakness?Key:Fromthefollowingsentencesyoucanfindthispoint.-1neverwasverygoodatmathematicsII,IIIamarottaitennisplayerII,or-Pmtheworld'sworstbridgeplayerII.3.WhataretheattitudesofAmericanstowardmanuallabor?Key:Manuallaborishighlyvalued.Thepeoplewhomaketheirlivingbymanuallaborgetgoodsalaries.4.WhatisthepopularAmericanbelief?Key:Everycowboycandreamofbecomingagreatman,eventhepresidentofthecountry.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.theAmericanspiritof-do-it-yourselfIIKey:Peopleareproudofdoingeverythingbythemselves.MostoftheAmericanfamiliesseldomhirepeopletodohouseworkthoughtheyarerich.Theytrytodowhattheycando,suchashousework;gardeningandtheyenjoydoingthem.2.thewhite-collarworkersKey:Theyareworkerswhodomentallabor,haveahigherreputationandsocialpositionthanblue-collarworkerseventhoughtheyhavelowerpay.3.theblue-collarworkers

51Key:Theyareworkerswhodomanuallabor.Somedohardordirtyworkwiththeirhand,havealowerreputationandsocialpositionthanwhitecollarworkers.
5oḄ`ᦟExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.HowmanyreligiousgroupsexistinAmerica?Key:Over3000religiousgroupsexistinAmerica.2.Whatarethemajorreligiousgroupswhichareofnativedevelopment?Key:MormonismandAmericanChristianScienceareofnativedevelopment.3.WhatarethemaincharacteristicoftheAmericanreligiouspractice?Key:Ithasthreefeatures:I)thewidevarietyofdenomination;2)theemphasisonsocialproblems;3)theseparationofchurchandstate.4.WhatproblemsexistinAmericanreligiontoday?Key:Someofthesmallreligioussectsareintolerant,someareratheremotional;someareoddandbrutal;somearehysterical.Theydidmanykindsofcrime,suchasthePeople'sTemple.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.ProtestantismKey:InProtestantismthereareabout30principalgroups.ThedenominationsareBaptists,Methodists,Presbyterians,Unitarians,QuakersandtheSalvationArmy.2.QuakersKey:TheothernameistheSocietyofFriends.Itisasmallgroupwith100000members.Theytakenointerestinpolitics,buttheyaregreatlyrespected.3.ChristianScienceKey:ItisalsocalledChurchofChrist,wasfoundedin1866intheU.S.A.byMrs.MaryBakerEddy.4.MormonismKey:ItreferstotheLatter-DaySaintsfoundedin1830inNewYorkStatebyJosephSmith.5.ThePeople'sTempleKey:ItisasmallreligiousgroupfoundedbyJoneswhocontrolledhisfollowers.In1977someoneaccusedJonesofkidnappingandcriticizedtheirviolationtopeople'swill.SoanAmericancongressmanwiththreejournalistswenttoinvestigate,buttheywerekilled.914peopleofthePeople'sTemplecommittedcollectivesuicide.
6⚪Exercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhatdoyouthinkoftheAmericansociety?Key:TheU.S.A.isahighly-developedcountrywithahighdegreeofadvancedscienceandtechnology,oneoftherichestcountriesintheworld,butmanykindsofsocialevilsareprevalent,suchasracialdiscrimination,unemployment,starvation,moralconuption,etc.2.CanyounameafewsocialproblemsinAmerica?Key:ThesocialproblemsinAmericaincludethegapbetweenthepoorandtherich,violence,decayingmorality,andracialdiscriminations.3.HowmanypresidentsinAmericanhistoryhavebeenassassinateduptonow?Whowerethey?Key:Therehavebeenfourpresidentswhowereassassinated,andtheyareAbrahamLincolnin1865,JamesA.Garfieldin1881,WiUiamMcKinleyin1901,JohnF.Kennedyin1963.4.WhataretheconditionslikefortheblacksinAmerica?Key:TheblackshadtherighttovoteaftertheCivilWar,andsomewereelectedmayors,etc.Butingeneraltheyarestillnotprovidedwithequalopportunities,especiallyintheSouth.TheKuKluxKlanisstillagreatthreattotheblacks.Theunemploymentratefortheblacksisgreater.Socialdiscriminationisstillwide-spread.5.IstherestillracialdiscriminationtodayinAmerica?Key:Yes,especiallytotheblacks,suchasterriblehousing,inferioreducation,poorhealth,andwelfareprovisions,highunemployment,unfairjobopportunities,etc.6.WhatarethesocialcausesforthesocialproblemsinAmerica?Key:Thecausesareasfollows:1)Film,TVprogramsandnovelswhicharefullofviolenceandrobberyinfluencepeople,

52especiallytheyoung.2)Thelawsinsomestatesarenotsevere.3)Thereisaconstantcorruptioninthepolice.4)Gunsareprivatelyowned.5)ThemostimportantcauseisthecapitalistsystemofAmerica.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.niggerKey:Itisanoldimpolite,insultingtermforNegroorblack.2.thecityofheroinKey:InNewYorkCity,oneoutoffortycitizenstakesthedrug-heroin.3.HomosexualityKey:Itisaratherstrangesocialphenomenon,whichisaperson'sloveofthesamesex.4.newmoralityKey:Inthe1960'sandearly1970's,newmoralityappearedamongyoungpeople.Theyhavepremaritalsexualrelationshipandlivetogetherbeforemarriage.
aᑖb(ᑴ
1bDExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.HowisthepoliticalsystemoftheUnitedStatesestablished?Key:Itisestablishedonthebasisofthethreemainprinciples:federalism,theseparationofpowersandrespectfortheconstitutionandtheruleoflaw.2.WhatisthenatureoftheFederalConstitution?Key:TheFederalConstitutionsafeguardstheinterestsofthecapitalists,theupperclassesofAmerica.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.federalismKey:ItreferstothestatesystemofU.S.A.,thatis,50statesformingthewholecountry.2.theseparationofpowersKey:Thepowersofthegovernmenthavethreebranches:theExecutive,theLegislative,theJudicialandeachbranchhasitsownpoweranditspowerisalsolimited.
2ὶbdExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhatisthenatureoftheU.S.government?Key:TheU.S.Federalgovernment'spowerisdividedintothreebranches:theExecutive,headedbythepresident;theLegislative,includingbothhousesofCongress;andtheJudicialheadedbytheSupremeCourt.2.Whatpowerdoesthefederalgovernmenthave?Key:Ithastherighttomakewar,therighttotax,therighttoborrowandcoinmoney,andregulateitsvalue;therighttoregulatecommercebetweenthestates;andtherighttomaintainapostalsystem.3.Tellthemainfunctionsofthethreebranchesofthegovernment.Key:1)theExecutiveBranch:Itconsistsof13departmentsandmanyindividualagencies.Thedepartmentheadsformsthecabinetwhichadvisesandassiststhepresident.2)ThelegislativeBranch:Congressisthisbranchwhichisthelaw-makingandsupremelegislativebody.3)ThejudicialBranch:ItconsistsoftheSupremeCourtandsomeinferiorcourts.TheSupremeCourthasthesolerighttointerprettheConstitutionandreviewlawstoseewhethertheyareinagreementwiththeConstitution.4.Whatdutiesdoesthepresidentperform?Key:Heistheheadofthegovernmentandchiefofstate.WiththeconcuiTenceoftheSenate,henegotiatesforeigntreatiesandappointsgovemmentofficials.Hecommandsthearmedforces,sendsandreceivesdiplomaticofficials.Hemakesforeignpolicy.5.TellbrieflythetwoHousesofCongress.Key:Congressismadeupoftwohouses:theSenateandtheHouseofRepresentatives.TheSenatehas100votingmembers,twofromeachofthefiftystates.TheHouseofRepresentativeshas435votingmembersplusanonvotingrepresentativefromPuertoRicoandtheDistrictofColumbiarespectively.6.Howdoesabillbecomealaw?

53Key:FirstabillintroducedbymemberofCongressissenttoanappropriatelegislativeCongressworks.Thecommitteeisformedandheldhearingonit.ThentherecommendationsofthebillarereportedtotheHouses.Thebillisdebatedonthefloorofeachhouse.Thenthevotesbegin.Afterthemajorityapprovalbybothhouses,theproposallawgoestothepresident.Iftwo-thirdsofeachhouseofCongressapprovesitthebillbecomeslawinspiteofpresident'sveto.7.WhatarethemajorpowersoftheSupremeCount?Key:Ithasthefollowingpowers:1)interpretslaws;2)canhearappealsfromanyfederalcoursecases;3)canhearappealsfromstatecourtcasesthatinvolvetheConstitutionornationallaws;4)maydeclarealawunconstitutional;5)maydeclareapresidentialactunconstitutional.8.HowarethepowersoftheSupremeCourtlimited?Key:ThepowerscanbelimitedbyCongress.TheSenateapprovestheappointmentsofjudges.CongresshasthepowertosetupfederalcourtsundertheSupremeCourt.Congressmayimpeachandconvictanyfederaljudge,andmayproposeanamendmentoftheConstitutioniftheSupremeCourtdeclaresalawunconstitutional.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.ThesystemofchecksandbalancesKey:TheConstitutionlimitsthepowerofeachgovernmentbranch,andpreventsanyonebranchfromgainingunduepower.Thisbalanceisalwayskeptamongthethreebranches.2.vetoKey:Itreferstodisapproveandrefusetosign.3.impeachmentKey:Ifthepresidentisfoundguiltyofhighcrimesorotherimproperacts,heisimpeachedandmayberemovedfromoffice.Impeachmentistheonlywayinwhichthepresidentcanlegallyberemovedfromoffice.4.ChiefJusticeKey:headoftheSupremeCourtintheUnitedStates.
3bi"⌱kExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.Howwasthetwo-partysystemformed?Key:BeforetheCivilWar,theDemocraticPartytookitspresentnameandtheRepublicanPartywasformed;thereafter,thetwopartiestookofficebyturnsandthusthetwo-partysystemwasformed.2.WhatisthetruenatureofthetwomajorpartiesinAmerica?Key:TheyaretheparliesofthebourgeoisieundertheclosecontrolofU.S.monopolycapitalists.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.TheRepublicanPartyKey:Itcameintobeingin1854.Itwasapartyofthenortherncapitalistswhoopposedslaveryfromtheirownpoliticalandeconomicinterests.2.TheDemocraticPartyKey:TheDemocraticPartygrewoutofthe-Anti-Federalists||thatappearedafter1787.Itwasfoundedin1828,ledbyagroupofplantersandcapitalistsandaconsiderablenumberofsmallfarmers.ThomasJeffersonwastheleader.3.primarycampaignKey:ThepartiesintheUnitedStateschoosealltheircandidatesforelectionat—primaryelectionsII,whichisheldinspring.-PrimaryelectionsIIareconsideredthefirststepandpartoftheformalvotingprocessandithasmanyforms.Oncethepartycandidateshavebeenchosen,theprimarycampaignbetweenthepartiesbeginsSometimesalotofmoneyisneededforaprimarycampaign.4.-winner-take-allIIprincipleKey:Ifthecandidatesofapartyfor-electorsIIinagivenstatereceiveamajorityofthetotalvote,thenthepartyisentitledtohavealltheelectoralvotesforthatstate.
4nbd"ᙢbdExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.Whatarethemainfeaturesofthestategovernments?Key:EachstateintheUnitedStateshasitsownstateconstitution,accordingtowhichthestategovernmentiscomposedofthreebranches:thelegislative,theexecutiveandthejudicial

542.Isthereanyelectionoflegislaturesandexecutivesinstateandcitygovernments?Key:Yes.ThestategovernmentsandcitygovernmentsfollowmuchthepatternastheFederalGovernment.Forexample,stategovernorisalsodirectlyelectedbyelectors.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.stategovernorKey:Itistheexecutiveofastate.2.vice-governorKey:Itreferstotheoccupationthatisequaltothatofthevice-presidentintheFederalGovernment.ᜧஹᜧᑭஹᐲ
1ᜧExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.HowmanypartscanCanadabedividedintoaccordingtoitsgeographicalfeatures?Whatarethemainfeaturesineachdivision?Key:Eightparts:AppalachianHighlands,St.LawrenceGreatLakesLowland,CanadianShield,HudsonBayLowland,InteriorPlains,RockyMountains,PacificMountainandValleysystem,andArcticIslands.Asforthemainfeatures,pleaseconfer-EightGeographicalDivisionsII.2.GiveabriefaccountofCanada'sclimate.Key:Canadahasacontinentalclimatewhichisarcticinthenorthandmaritimenearthewestcoast,whileneartheU.S.borderanarrowstriphasatemperateclimatewithcoldwinters.3.WhatwerethetwomajoreventsinthehistoryofCanadaformation?Key:TheonewasthebuildingofCanadianPacificRailway.TherailwayspeededupthesettlementofthewesternplainsandCanadianeconomicdevelopment.TheotherwasLouisRiel'sexecution.LouisRielwastheleaderoftheMetisintheirfirstrevolt.HehadthemixedbloodofFrenchandIndians.HewasregardedasaFrench-CanadianheroandFrench-speakingMetisinQuebec.TheexecutionofLouisRielin1885reallyaggravatedtheethnictensionsbetweenFrenchCanadiansandBritishCanadians.4.StatebrieflytheCanada-U.S,economicrelations.Key:CanadaandU.S.hasverycloseeconomicrelations.TheU.S.isthemostimportanttradingpartnerofCanada.TheU.S.isCanada'sleadingforeigninvestorandCanada'sinvestmentisalsoimportantfortheU.S.-5.WhyisCanadacaDeda-constitutionalmonarchyII?Key:TheBritishNorthAmericaActof1867wasadocumentfunctioningasanationalconstitutionandwasthebasisofCanada'sgovernment.AndCanadahasElizabethIIasitsQueen.TheQueensymbolizesthenation'sunityandistheheadofgovernment.CanadahasboththeConstitutionandQueen,soitiscalled-constitutionalmonarchyII.6.WhatistheBritishNorthAmericaActof1967?Key:ThisactfimctionedasCanada'snationalconstitution,andwasalsothebasisofCanada'sgovernment.7.TellbrieflyaboutthehighereducationinCanada.Key:HighereducationinCanadaisalittlecomplex.Ithasvarioustypessuchasthreeorfouryear'scolleges,teacherscolleges,etc.,publiccommunitycollegesandtechnicalinstitutes.Degrees,bachelor's,master's,doctor4s,areofferedindifferentinstitutes.Entrancequalificationsvaryfromprovincetoprovince.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.QuebecandOntarioKey:Theyareoneofthefiveeconomicandculturalregions.Thisregionistheeconomicandpoliticalcenterofthewholecountry.OttawainOntarioisthecapitalofCanada.MontrealinQuebecisoneoftheworld'slongestislandportsandachiefcenterofCanadianculture,industryandeducation.2.VancouverKey:VancouverisamajorcitywheremanyBritishColumbia'sinhabitantslive.ItisthemostimportantandbusiestharboronthepacificcoastofNorthAmerica.Itisalsoamajorfinancialcenter.3.TheQuebecActKey:In1774theBritishparliamentpassedtheQuebecAct.AccordingtotheAct,thepeopleoftheprovincewere

55grantedasFrenchCanadiansandlinguisticandreligiousfreedomsweregrantedtotheFrenchcolonists.4.JohnA.MacdonaldKey:Hewasbornin1867anddiedin1873.HewasoneofCanada'sgreatestprimeministersandnationbuilders.Underhisgoverning,intheeastPrinceEdwardIslandwasaddedtotheDominion,inthewesthisgovernmentsmadetheNorthWestjoinCanadain1870.5.NAFTAKey:ItreferstotheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement,signedin1994betweenU.S.A,andCanada.6.CharlesG.D.RobertsKey:HeisasignificantwriterinCanadianliterature,whowrotemanypoems.HealsowrotemanynovelsmainlydealingwithhistoryofCanada.
2ᜧᑭExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhatledtoincreasedpopulationandaprosperousAustraliaintheearly19thcentury?Key:Thediscoveryofgoldinthe1850sledtoincreasedpopulationandaprosperousAustraliaintheearly19thcentury.2.HowdidAustraliabecomeaunitednation?Key:Intheearly19thcentury,manypartsofthenowAustraliawerestillcoloniesoftheBritishEmpire.In1891adraftconstitutionwasdrawnup.In1898theBritishParliamentratifiedtheconstitution.OnJanuary1,1901,theCommonwealthofAustraliacameintobeing.ThefirstfederalparliamentwasopenedatMelbourneinMay1901byDukeofYork(LaterKingGeorgeV).SincethenAustraliabecameaunitednation.3.WhatdidtheWhitlamgovernmentdotodevelopAustralia'ssocialandeconomicprogress?Key:TheWhitlamgovernmenttookmanyreforms.Itcut25percenttariffinordertomakeindustrymorecompetitive.The-WhiteAustraliaIIpolicywasofficiallyabolishedandapolicyofmulticulturalismwasintroduced.ItalsotriedtopursueamoreindependentforeignpolicyespeciallyinitsrelationswiththeU.S.4.StatebrieflyAustralianGovernment'seconomicpolicy.Key:Australiangovernmentexercisesmicro-controlpolicy.Indomesticaffairsitreducesunemploymentrates,avoidsinflation,andcutsgovernmentspendingandreformstaxation.Intradeswithforeigncountries,itkeepsthebalanceofimportandexport.5.WhatprinciplesaretheAustralianConstitutionbasedon?Key:Twoprinciples:theprincipleoffederalismandtheprincipleofresponsiblegovernment.6.StatebrieflythedevelopmentofAustraliansocietyandculture.Key:ThedevelopmentofAustralia'ssocietyandculturecanberoughlydividedintofourperiods:(1)Before1787:Aboriginalsocietyandculture;(2)1787-1970s:undertheinfluenceofBritishsocietyandculture;(3)1970s-now:multiculturalism;(4)Future:Australiansocietyandculture.7.WhatistheAustralia'seducationalsystem?Key:Australia'seducationalsystemconsistsoffivepartsinthreedifferentlevels.Thefirstlevelisprimaryandsecondaryeducation.Thesecondlevelistechnicalorcommercialcollegesorothertraininginstitutions.InthethirdlevelthereareuniversitiesandcollegesoftechnicalandFurtherEducation.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.SydneyKey:ItisthecapitalofNewSouthWales,andalsotheoldestandlargestcityinAustralia.Ithasapopulationof36million.Ithasthegreatestconcentrationofcommerceandindustry.SydneyOperaHouseisverywell-knownintheworld.2.theAppleIsleKey:ItreferstoTasmania,thesmallestoftheAustralianstates.Theislandhasgotenoughrainfall,andisrichinfruits.Applesareexportedtomanyforeigncountries.Soitiscalledthe-AppleIsleII.3.AustralianCapitalTerritoryKey:Afterfederationin1901,itwasdecidedthatthenewnationshouldhaveanewseatofgovernment.In1913thesiteforanewnationalcapitalwasfinallyselected.Anareaof2333squarekmwasmappedoutofthestateofNewSouthWales.ThisistheAustralianCapitalTerritoiy.Then,CanbeiTa,thecapitalcitywascompletedhere.

564.theStatuteofWestminsterAdoptionActKey:OnOctober9,1942,AustraliapassedthisAct.BythisActAustraliaofficiallyestablisheditscompleteautonomyinbothinternalandexternalaffairs.In1986theAustraliaActgavethecountryfullindependencefromBritain.5.APECKey:AsianPacificEconomicCorporation6.-WestminsterParliamentarySystemIIKey:Itreferstotheprincipleoffederalismandtheprincipleofresponsiblegovernment.Seedetailsin-IVIIPoliticalSystem,1.ConstitutionI7.AustralianLabourPartyKey:ItisoneofthefourmajorpoliticalpartiesinAustralia,theoldestpoliticalpartyinAustralia.Itwasfoundedin1891.Itrepresentstheinterestsoftradeunionsandliberalgroups.8.theRoyalFlyingDoctorServiceKey:ItisthemedicareandmedicalinsuranceschemewhichwascalliedoutbyHawke'sLabourgovernmentin1983.UndertheMedicare,thefederalandstategovernmentsfundpublichospitals.AllpermanentAustralianresidentshavefreeaccesstopublichospitalservicesandtreatment.Asforthoselivinginisolatedplaces,theycanuseradiotosummondoctorswhowillcomebyplaneorhelicopter.ThisiscalledtheRoyalFlyingDoctorService.
3ᐲExercise1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.WhatisNewZealand'sclimate?Key:NewZealandhasamiddlelatitude-marineclimate.Allmonthsaremoderatelywetwhilethehighmountainscarrysnowthroughouttheyear.Seasonsareoppositetothenorthernhemisphere.WinterisbetweenJuneandAugust,andsummerisbetweenDecemberandFebruary.Temperatureaveragesrangefrom7࠷inJulyto16࠷inJanuary.2WhatarethecharacteristicsofNewZealand'sanimalsandplants?Key:NewZealandisisolatedfromotherlandmasses,soithasfewoftheadvancedanimalspeciesthatevolvedelsewhere.Apartfromtwospeciesofbats,therearenonativelandanimals.Thekiwiisanationalsymbol.Therearealsoheavyinsectsandgiantsnails.Asforplants,thereareevergreentreespecies,gianttreefernsandepiphytes.3.WhatisthecontentoftheTreatyofWaitangi1840?Key:InFebruary1840,WilliamHobson,representingQueenVictoria,andsomeMaorichiefs,signedtheTreatyofWaitangI.Thetreatyhasthreearticles.Underthefirstarticle,theMaoripeoplegavetheQueenofEnglandtherighttomakelawsforthecountry.ThesecondarticlepromisedtheMaorifullexclusiveundisturbedpossessionsovertheirlands,forest,fisheriesandothertreasuredpossessions.ThethirdarticlegrantedtheMaorialltherightsandprivilegesofBritishsubjects.4.WhycouldMaorisadoptmuchofEuropeanculture?Key:ThroughinteractionandintermarriagewithEuropeansettlersandmissionaries,MaorisadoptedmuchofEuropeanculture.5.WhatisthemainfeatureofNewZealand4sinstitution?Key:NewZealand'ssocialinstitutionsassumedtheirpresentformbythe1890s.Oldagepensionswereintroducedin1898.Itbecamethefirstcountrytograntvotestowomenin1893.AllthisbuiltthefoundationforNewZealand'sversionofwelfarestate.6.StatebrieflyNewZealand'sexporteconomy.Key:AsagriculturalproductsarethebasesofNewZealand'seconomy,itsexporteconomyliesintheagriculturalproducts.NewZealand'seconomydependsontheexportsofmeat,dairyproductsandwool.Exercise2.Explainthefollowingterms:1.MaoritangaKey:MaoritangaisMaoriculture,theMaoricustomsandtraditions.Ithasitsowndistinctiveindigenousfeature.Butithasalsoassimilatedmuchwesternculture.NowitbecomesaninseparablepartofrichheritageofNewZealand.2.AbelTasmanKey:HewasaDutchnavigator.In1642hemadethefirstrecordedEuropeansightingofNewZealandandnameditStatenLand,whichwaslaterchangedtoNewZealand.3.theRainbowWarrior

57Key:ItisanameofGreenpeaceflagship.In1985NewZealandbannednuclearweaponsandnuclearpowershipsfromitsports.WhentheRainbowWarriorwaspreparingtoembarkonavoyagetoprotestofnuclearweaponsinFrenchPolynesia,itwassabotagedandsunkinAuklandHarborbyFrenchsecretagents,killingoneperson.4.MMPKey:Itisapartofelectoralsystem.Itreferstoanewmixedmembersystemofproportionalrepresentation.Bythissystem,eachvoterhastwovotes,thefirstforacandidateintheirelectorate,thesecondforapoliticalparty.5.TeKohangaReoKey:ItmeansMaorilanguagepreschool.Thispreschoolprovidesatotalimmersionlearningenvironmentforchildrenuptotheageoffive.