《2021考研英语一逐词逐句精讲册》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。
2021 ὃẆ⚪⌲⌲SectionIUseofEnglish,•…Fluidintelligenceisthetypeofintrlligrricellialliastodowithshort-trnnmemon,andiheabilitytothinkquickly,logically,andabstractlyinordertosolvenewproblems. !ஹᨵ$%&'(ᙢ*ὃ+,-./⚪Ḅ1ᨵᐵḄ34567Fluidintelligenceisᙢ2ᑗ=>j]⇪ABᔳ?6+F+⊤ihalHIḄJKJ9⛲thetypeofintelligencethathastodowithshort-tennmemory89⛲andMNḄOᑡQ|andtheability[TUJVWXYJZ9⛲theability;89⛲tothinkquickly,logically,andabstractly[TUJVW[Ḅ\L89⛲inordertosolvenewproblems.⌕^_`inordertosolvenewproblemsbTUJVḄᱯdeVg_`fluid[flund]n.;ia.TḄ;᧕kḄinldliglnee*[ntehd3?ns]n.;᠗;nodowith....ᨵᐵ;ᜐᳮ;stabstractly[aebstraektli]ad.'(ᙢIlpeaksinyounga$hiltli 1••••;••OnestudyfoundihalmusclelossandtheaccumulationofIxxlyfataroundth<*abdomenareassociatedwithadeclineinfluidintelligence.⚗Ẇ´¥ZµᾙḄ·¸ ῳºᾦ¼Ḅᚮ¾ḄᨵᐵOnestudyfound 6++QK567¿hatHIḄQKZWfoundḄQthatmusclelossandtheaccumulationofbodyfat...areassociatedwithadeclineÀWXYJZ[9⛲bodyfataroundthealxlomen89⛲ÀWXYJ.9⛲adeclineinfluidintelligence.:g_`muscle*[mAsl]n.µᾙÂÂÃÄaccumulation[a.kjuimja'ieijn]n.ᚮ¾ᱥabdomen[aebdamon]Åῳºbeassociatedwith......ᨵᐵTliissuggeststhepossibilitythatlifestylefactorsmiglithelppreventordelaythistypeofdecline.Ç⊤È1ឋ,ᓽËÌÍVᨵᐵḄÎÏ1ᨵÐÑ⚜■ᡈÕÇ34Ḅ⊦⌨567Thissuggeststiwpossibility6++Q|thatHIḄ×ØKZ,`ÙÈᵫepossibility89⛲thatlifestylefactorsmighthelppreventordelaythistypeofdecline. g_`possibility*[.posabibti]n.1ឋÂ1delay*[dilei]v.ÕÂÕ ÂÛÜ•1••L,•Theresearcherslookedaldatathatincludedmeasurementsofleanmuscleandabdominalfatfrommorethun4,000nii$l$lle-to-older-age 2Theyfound# +%+&'( )hat*+Ḅ&,',.foundḄ&,thatmiddle-agedpeople...scoredworsej<=>,.?@A,!⛲middle-agedpeoplewithhighermeasuresofabdominalfat<=>,.C☢E, !⛲onmeasuresoffluidintelligenceas*+ḄGHE,',.&,'ḄGHE,astheyearswentby.=JKL:score*[skoS#r(]v.ᑖ;Vᳫ.ᑖYZᑖgoby#GH(]^_`aForwomen,the*usscMjationmaybeattributabletochangesinimmunitythatresultedfromexcessalxbmina]fat:inmen.theimmunesystemdidnotappeartobeinvolved.deឋᩭi.jkὶmnopqeῳᾦ]r+sḄtuvᓄ;xdeᵱឋᩭi.tumz{|}ᨵᐸ!⛲thatresultedfromexcessabdominalfat;ihat*+ḄA,'[!⛲changestochangesinimmunity !⛲<=>,.E,Forwomen.<=>,.(1)ḄE,.⊤d-(l)theassociationmaybeattributable( +m+⊤) Iᑡ(2)theimmunesystemdidnolappearlobeinvolved.( +%)|<=>,.(2)ḄE, !⛲inmen,=JKLbeattributableto...npqe....;noᵫe....immunity[imjuinsti]n.tu;t◀excess*[tekses].]rḄ;]Ḅimmune*[rmjuSn]Q.tuḄ;Ḅ@IlishopedthatfuturestudiescouklexplainthesedifferencesandperhapsleadtodifferenttreatmentsformenandᔳyjᩭḄẆoLj¡¢£.ᡈ¥n¦§ᵱឋ¨ឋ©ᩭªḄᶭ¬Itishoped( +%),k§® ,=ihut*+Ḅ ,'.¯°Ḅ , thatfuturestudiescouldexplainthesedifferences|and±²Ḅᑡ%&andperhaps(could)leadtodifferenttreatmentsI<=>,.E, !⛲formenandwomen.=JKLexplain*!iksplem]v.L;iµ;▊µtreatment[triitmant].ᶭ¬Y·ᶭYd¸••••_ºa••••Meanwhiletherearestepsyoucantakelohelpreducealxloniinulfatandmaintainleanmusclemassasyouageinordertoprolccllx)thyourphysicalandmenialwell-being.ªG.»Ḽ½Ḅ¾¿Àn¦Á ¡ÃÄᩭÅÆÇÈῳᾦÉᏉËᾙ,¦ÍÎÏÐᏉÑ•191• 3and(to)maintainleanmusclemass !⛲|and±²ᑡḄÒ=A®>,youcantaketohelp(to)reduceabdominalfat]ḕᶍᐵm=(which/that)ḄA,'!⛲steps Meanwhiletherearesteps(TherebeÖSthere*+are+ )[[as*+ḄGHE,',. ḄGHE,asyouage !⛲Ò=A®>,. Ḅ×ḄE,inordertoprotectbothyourphysicalandmentalwell-being.=JKLmass*[macs]ØYÙYÚᙽwell-being[welbijirj]ÜᏉÑYÝÞTluitwohiglihrecommendedlifestyleappn)achesaremaintainingorincreasingyourlevelofaerobicexerciseandfollowingaMediterranean-styledietthatishighinfiberandeliminateshighlyprocessedfoods.ÉßàḄâkãäC®§:ÍᢝᡈæᨵçèÒéê;⍳ìᙢî®ïð,ᓽᐭôõðᱥᔛøùúðû !⛲ofaerobicexercise<=>,.?@A,!⛲yourlevel]Thetwo…approachesaremaintainin^riincreasingyourlevel( +m+⊤) |and±²Ḅᑡ⊤,andfollowingaMediterranean-styledietihat*+ḄA,'.[!⛲aMediterranean-styledietthatishighinfiber !⛲|and±²Ḅᑡ%,andeliminateshighlyprocessedfoods.⌕ýKLthat*+ḄA,'m⊤þ᪀ishigh ᔠrecommend*[jekamend]vt.;aerobic[earaubik]a.ᨵḄ◤Ḅfiber[faiba(r)]n.(fibre) ; ᑴ eliminate*[ihmmeit]vt. ....!"ὃ⇋;◀ReadingcomprenensionText1••••()*,•)Howcanthetrainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreasetorailpassengerfares?,-.⃩ᖪ 1245,-6.ἠ89:;<Ḅᔠᳮឋᕖ@ABCDHowcanthetrainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreaseEFGHI,1J⛲anolherincrease)LJ⛲torailpassengerfares?⌕NOAP)QᱯSᶧUA,ABCDᵫ“ᱯSᶧU+Y[+C+[+\”᪀ᡂ:,operator[Dpareita(r)]n.(bcḄ)e⃩ὅjustify*[djAStifai]vt. ...gh5yet*[jet]ad.ijkfare[fea(r)]n.lmmopἠ8Ithasliecomeagrimlyreliableunnualritual,evenrJanuan'thecostoftravellingbytrainrises,imposingusigniGcantextraininlenonthosewhohaveno(>[»lionbuttousetherailnetworktogrttoworkorothensise.qrᡂs)tHiᡭ!•192• 4[Ḅvwxyzv)ᨴ.|}lh~Ḅmᵨ2;<,q⌱1ᑭᵨ,-;ḄᩭᜧḄ.ABCDIthasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual:(C++⊤)5agrimlyreliableannuulrilual)LJ⛲everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises,[ᙠᑖF£¤¥LJ⛲imposingasigniGcantextraburdenonthosewho¦§ḄI¨A,[J⛲thoseLJ⛲whohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetwork[!I©FªḄ¥]LJ⛲togettoworkorotherwise.:,grimly[gnmli]ad.¬Iᙢ;®ᾓᙢreliable*[nlaiabl]«,±²Ḅ³´ µḄritual*[ntJual]n.xy¶xὁ¸¹impose...on...º....(»)¼½....Thisyear'srise,anaverageof2.7percent,maybeafractionlowerthanlastyear's,bulitisstillwellabovetheofHcialConsumerPriceIn 5⛲theargumentgoes,___________1_ᐭWhy,...shouldacar-drivingpensioner...havetosubsidisethedailycommutea'b$.[⛲acar-drivingpensionerfromLincolnshire⛲a'b$!⛲thedailycommuteofastockbrokerfromSurrey?⌕C)*deGᱯgᶧi,ᵫ“ᱯgᶧi+m++op+q+r”᪀ᡂ()*pensioner[penjog$r0]n.⚞KὁMὅsubsidise[,SAbsidaiz]v.1wsubsidize0⊡S5xpcommute*[ksmjuit]n.\];yz{|}stockbroker[-stokbraukaCr0]n,Vἠ1ᡈᑶ4XY?Equally,thereisasensethatth<,travailsofcommutersintheSoulhEasl,nuinyofwhomwillfaceamongthebiggestrises,havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothosewhomustendureilierelativelypoorinfrastructureoftheMidlandsandllieNorth.᪵ᙢ.Ay!+976ᓅḄẠḄ\]ὅ,ᓭ\]᩷1Ḅ?☢¢£|¤¥ἠ¦Ḅᨬᜧ©ª4Ḅ«¬X6ᑮr¯ᐵ)⛲Equally,[_ᐭthereisasense(Therebe±²there+is+),that´Ḅµ!¶*·asense⛲thatthetravailsofcommuters...havereceivedtoomuchattention[a'b$.⛲commulersintheSouthEast,whom´Ḅ¸▲$ឋ$.⊡ᐙ·commuters⛲manyofwhomwillfaceamongthebiggestrises,¼½ᑖa comparedtothosewho´Ḅ$J⛲those¾⛲whomustenduretherelativelypoorinfrastructurea'b$J⛲therelativelypoorinfrastructure¿⛲oftheMidlandsandtheNorth.()*travail[,trseveil].«¬5⁎Â5⁎¬Ãcommuter[ka'mju,o(r)]Ä\]ὅendure*[!ndjua(r)]vt.7657Ὂvi.ᢝ.infnislructure*[-infrsstrAktJsCr)]n.ẠMidlands['midlandz]n.(the-)(ÇḄ)!ᙢÈ••Ê¾Ë•••However,overthepast12months,thosecoinmulershavealsoex|)enence(lsomeoftlirworstrailstrikesinyears.ᯠÍ,ᙠ¼½Ḅ12GᨴU!@ᓭ\]ὅÐXᔊÒÄÓᩭᨬÕÖḄÄ×£|ØÙ!⛲overthepast12months.laḄÚ However,...thosecommutershavealsoexperiencedsomeofthe…strikes(+q+r)a'b$;⛲theworstrailstrikes⛲inyears.Itisallverywelltrain()j)erat()rstrumpetingtheimpmveinentstheyaremakingtothenetwork,butpassengersshouldl>eabletoexpectabasiclevel(»fserviceforthesubstantialsumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.£|¥⃩ᖪÞßᐸ£|áḄᦋãäå¸æ,çè¤ᳮêëìíᑮdḄîï.ðñòᙠ:óPôõÒᜧö2ᵨ•194 6⛲theyaremakingtothenetwork,Pᶍᐵø1whirh/lhatḄ$,ù⛲theimprovementstrainoperatorstrumpetingtheimprovements It:úû!üḄýᔠÿ᪀Ḅ lItisallverywell++⊤IbutḄᑡ ⊤ ᢚ 2butpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofservice+,+-./01223Ḅ456789:⛲forthesubstantialsums.ḕᶍᐵ0which/thatḄ?@.:⛲thesubslantialsumsB9:⛲theyarenowpayingtotravel.⌕DEFHI0ḄJᔠL᪀trainoperatorstrumpetingtheimprovementsM=trainoperatorsNHI01trumpetingtheitnprovemenlsḄOPQ 0GEFtrumpet,trAmpitRSTUᔿᗲ;Yᔿsubstantial*sabstaenjl.ᜧ\ḄU]^_ᜧḄTheresponsibilityforthelatestwaveofstrikesrestsoniheunions.ᨬab8cde•ḄghᙠjklTheresponsibility...restsontheunions.+,+-t/01mn?,:⛲Theresponsibility89:⛲forthelatestwaveofstrikesHowever,thereisastrongcast*thatthosewhohaveliernworstafftniedbyindustrialactionshouldreceivecompensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.pq.rstdkuvᨬwxḄyzᨵᐙᑖḄᳮᵫᡠtḄHowever,thereisaStrongcaseTherebethere+is+thatḄ@..Fastrongcase89:⛲thatthose...shouldreceivecompensationwhoḄ?@..:⛲thosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustrialactionB9:⛲/0146forthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.⌕DEF/01forthe...sufferedMjheyhavesufferedNḕᶍᐵ0(which/lhat)Ḅ?@.:⛲thedisruptiono0GEFcompensation.knmpenseijn.UU⊡disruptiondisTApfn;UM•••••TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawIoinlnnlucraniininiumservicerequiremfiilsothat,evenwhenstrikesoccur,servicescancontinuetooperate.¡¢£¤¥:ᦋ§¨ ©ᵨᨬ«¬⌕® b᪵ᓽ±²³dk ´µ¬¶·¸¹º⃩TheGovemmenthaspledged¾£ÀÁRÂ_¶?1$'(+,+-)".H0?Ë1ÌḄ6tointroduceaminimumservicerequirement89:⛲soÍalḄÌḄ6@•ḄÌḄ6sothat....servicescancontinuetooperate.whenḄÎÏ6@ .ÌḄ6@ḄÎÏ6B9:⛲evenwhenstrikesoccur,195 7Thisshouldfonnpartofawiderpackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-nmriingpniblrmsonBritairfsrailways.◀ÑÒ.NÔÕÖ´µ×ØÙᙠḄÚ⚪ ÜÝ©Þ8ᑡßàáḄâãThisshouldformpartofawiderpackageofmeasures ++H0?Ë1mn?J:⛲awiderpackageofmeasures89:⛲toaddressthelong-runningproblems/01mn? .:⛲thelong-runningproblemsB9:⛲onBritain'srailways.0GEFpackage.äÀåR8ᝅçè 8ᝅéêaddress*.adresYvl.ì§Ô;ᜐᳮUîïYes,moreinvestmrnlisneeded,butpassengerswillnotlwwillingtopaymoreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoendurecramped,unreliableservices,punctuatedbyregularchaoswhentimrtablrsarechanged,orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.qḄ,b◤⌕ßñḄᢗó põö÷zøùútûᢴýþ☠Ḅ,⊤ᡈᳮᗐḄᑜឋ !"#$.&'()*+,-./01Ḅ2 lYes,moreinvestmentisneeded, 3+56738|but:;Ḅᑡ6=⊤>ᢚ 2butpassengerswillnotbewillingtopaymoreindefinitely@3+5+AB[ifC ḄᩩEFGH6=I$206ḄᩩEFG------------------I,JK⛲iftheymustalsoendurecramped,unreliableservices,MNᑖPQGIRSTG,[K⛲cramped,unreliableservicesVJK⛲punctuatedbyregularchaos[whenC ḄWFGH6whentimetablesarechanged,XJK⛲,r:;Ḅᑡ6orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.PYZ[inderinitely[mdefmotli]ad.\▲^ᙢcramped[kraempt]a.`ᢴḄ;cdḄecfḄpunctuate[pAgktfueit]vl.ᡭ$chaos*[»kems]n. ;ᩖ ei maintenance[•memtansns]n.eᢝinccmpetenlly[mkompitontli]ad.\klᙢ;mnᙢTh<*threatofnationalisationmayhavebeenseenofffornow,butitwilln,tuniwithavengeanceifthejustifiedangerMpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.op=qᨵᓄḄtuvkw!x◀,z|\}ᙠQ^ᑁ'ᔠᔠᳮḄ.qᨵᓄḄtu0ᙢᔁᩭfornow,,JK⛲PQGI$106ḄWFGofnationalisationPQGIRSTG=K⛲Thethreat lThethreat...mayhavebeenseenoff@3+5B6738|but:;Ḅᑡ6.⊤>ᢚ 2buthwillreturn@3+5B"|PQGI$206ḄFGwithavengeance,JK⛲ifC ḄᩩEFGH6=I@206ḄᩩEFGifihejustifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedIPQGIFGVJK⛲inshortorder.•196• 8:PYZ[nationalisation[.niEfnaiarzeiJn](Inationalization)qᨵᓄsecoffᡭeᡊe...〈withavengeance0ᙢ;¡¢+ᧇᙢinshortorder¤ᓽ;¦§ᙢText2…©,ª••,Iqslyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowofwht,nIndonrsia'sbleakrateofdeforestationhasslowedinpace.N¬ᓺ¯°±²³´Ḅµ·¸᳛:º»¼Ḅ©X¬,JK⛲inarowPQGIRSTG=[K⛲thethirdyear6738Èstyearmarkedthethirdyear@3+5+ABPQGIRSTG=|K⛲thethirdyear,JK⛲ofwhenIndonesia'sbleakrateofdeforestationhasslowedinpace.⌕ÊZ[ofwhen...pace#,whenC ḄAGH6IPofḄAGVPYZ[mark*[ma,k]vL᪗Í;Î᪗ÏÐÑ;᪗Ïarow:º=;:bleak[bli:k]³´Ḅe₠ÓḄdeforestation[idiiiforisteijn]ÔÕ¸µOnrreasonforᵫ¾turnaroundniaylx*theeountn'santipovertyprogram.¿>À☢ḄÂÃ,vkÄqḄᢄÆ⚗o6738Onereason...maybethf2gg!ᵯ!×ØÙgÚÛ•@3+Ü+⊤B[PQGIRSTG=K⛲Onereason,JK⛲forthetuniaround[PYZ[turnaround[-t3,noraond]ÔÝ>eÞ⁐antipoverty[.aentrpovati].àÆáḄ••••©Vª•…In2(X)7,hidoiiesiastartedphasinginaprogramthatgivesmoneyIoils|MM>rrslresidentsUIKUT(-crtainconditions,suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschoolorgetregularmedicalcare.2(X)7¬=E|¯°±ãäᑖ▤ªæç,è⚗o=ᓽéêᱯTᩩEḄᱯìíîïðñò=ó⌕ô&'õö7Ú÷ᡈ;øT^ùᶭ,JK⛲In2007.[PQGI6738ḄWFG6738Indonesiastartedghasingjnaprogram(3+5+A)ᵫalC ḄTGH6JK⛲aprogram,JK⛲thatgivesmoneytoitspoorestresidents1PQGIᩩEFGVJK⛲undercertainconditions.suchas…üýþÿcertainconditionssuchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschoolrᑡḄ ⛲or togetregularmedicalcare.phasein⌲ᵨ;ᑖ▤ ᐭresident*[rezidant]n.!;"ᡝCalledconditionalrushtransfersorCCTs,thesesocialassistanceprogramsaredesignedtoreduceinequalityandbreakthecycleofpoverty.$%&'(ᨵᩩ+,-./ᡈCCTsḄ1234⚗67ᙠ9:;<,=>ᡭẚABCD•197 9E⛲CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs,IFGᑖHIJKLḄMIJKLthesesocialassistanceprogramsaredesigned K+OIHIJKLḄ6ḄMtoreduceinequalityE⛲|andᑡḄand tobreakthecycleofpoverty.conditional[kondijonl]a.ᨵᩩ+Ḅtransfer*[traensf3,$r0]n../QRbedesignedto...7ᙠ...inequality[.mikwnbti]n.; 10111½ 1,That'sl>rcausfeconomicgrowthcanlwcorrelatedwithrnvin0nm<*nluldegradation,wliik*protectingiheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedwithgreaterpoverty.$¾(W¢¿ÀÁÂÃDូᓄ¯ᐵÆD£ᨵÇÃÈnoḄAB¯ᐵ__________________________E⛲withenvironmentaldegradation,1cHMThat'sÊË""gggjnqjpjf̔Σ31ᚈÐK+Ñ+⊤ÒbIJKL|whileḄᑡI⊤ÓwhileprotectingIheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedcHMjE⛲withgreaterpoverty.correlate*[knraleit]Ô`...¯°ᐵὶdegradation[©egrodeijn]n.ូᓄÐFb:Ö×However,llecorrelationsdon'tprovecauseandeffect.ᯠÆ$%¯ᐵឋÂÚÛ¾ÜᐵÑ 11&*+,Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffectthe£nyirstnment,though.s++/+0t3:; 123:; 13Ferran)suggeststheresultsmaytransfertootherpartsofAsia,duetocommonalitiessuchastheinifM)rtan(*rofgrowingriceandmarketaccess.ᵫᐸpᙢᓺᙠ#$ Ḅ⌕ឋᐭq☢ᙠᐳឋ,Ẇk¡〉ᵨᐸpᙢFerrarosuggests(0+?+@:)./01]ḕᶍ45C(that)Ḅ@9:. 14Text3.111111.OAsahistorianwho'salwayssearchingl(>rtin*textortheimagethatmakesusre-evaluateIhepasI,I'vebecomepreoccupiedwithlookingforphotographsthatshowourVictorianancestorssmiling(whatbetterwaytoshattertheimageof19th-centuryprudery?).<*òóôõ<ὅᡃøᙠùú ÅᡃûüýáäþḄᦻåᡈ ᱏ.ᡃᡃᑭἔᐜḄ᯿ᱏ( ᨵ !Ḅ"#ᡭẚ19&'()*Ḅ+,ᕖ.),123⛲thatmakesusre-evaluatethepast.6at78Ḅ9:;<=>3⛲thetextortheimage523⛲who'salwayssearchingforthetextortheimagewho78Ḅ9:;<,3⛲ahistorian23⛲Asahistorian?@A:B 15Theyarenoting(D++;) 16ᩭ,abcὅᦋfghᡈjlḄmnop@q8VrsftuvDuringthe1840sand1850s,wx⛲z"{'|Ḅ@A}'intheearlydaysofphotography,z"{'|Ḅ@A}'exposuretimeswerenotoriouslylong:(+~+⊤)wx⛲thedaguerreotypephotographicmethod...couldtakeseveralminutestocomplete.ihedaguerreotypephotographicmethod(producinganimageonasilveredcopperplate)wx⛲ᙠᑖ"{'|}'resultinginblurredimagesassittersshiftedpositionoradjustedtheirlimbs."exposure*[ikspoo33$r0].>ᐝ@A☄notoriously[ngutoirissli]ad.ᡠᕜGᙢ;ᙢsilvered[silva$r0d]a.╄PḄP⁐Ḅcopper*[kopo$r0]n.Qa.Q⁐Ḅblurred[bl,d]a.uvḄ;Ḅlimb*[hm]n.n;Ḅᜧq3Thethoughtofholdingufixedgrinasthecameraperformeditsmagicaldutieswastoomuchtocontemplate.andsoanon-committalblankstarebecametheuomi.a¡¢£Ḅ¥¦@,§bcὅ¨ᢝª«Ḅ☄¬®¯M§D°±¯²•³´•µ☢·⊤¸Ḅ¹ᯠ»¼rᡂ½¾,wx⛲asthecameraperformeditsmagicaldutiesasÀÁḄ@A}'ÂIwx⛲ofholdingafixedgrinz"{'|Ãp«'qx⛲Thethought(1)Thethought...wastoomuchtocontemplate,(+~+⊤)andÄÅḄÆᑡ(2)andsoanon-committalblankstarebecamethenorm.(+~+⊤)"Rrin[grm]☄¬Ḅ;ÈḼᘂcontemplatePkontampleit]Ëὃ⇋ÅÎ9ÏÐḄWXឋnon-committal[.nonkamitl]n.ÒvḄablankstare¹ᯠḄ»¼,•,m.••••Butexjxwurelimeswere!i)u(*hquickerbytht,1880s.andthei!ilro 17Spontaneoussmileswererrlalivrlyeasytocapturebythe1890s,sowernusllookelsewhereforanexplanationofwhyVictoriansstillhesitatedtosmile/ᑮ19/0901l÷ᯠḄøù®᧕ᣓᣍqᡠ±ᡃýþÂᐸlᙢÿ ᩭᑭḄᯠbythe1890s,⛲ !"$10#Ḅ$%!tocapture&' ()!"%! lSpontaneoussmileswererelativelyeasy*++-+⊤/#0+1|so23Ḅ4ᑡ#6⊤7 2sowemustlookelsewhereforanexplanation*++8+9/ of:;anexplanationḄ<=!⛲ofwhyVictoriansstillhesitatedtosmile. >?spontaneous*[spontemias]a.@ᯠḄA@BḄhesitatetodosth.CDEF…,•JKL••OOneexplanationmightbethelossofdignitydisplayedthroughacheesygrin.,MNOPQRMSCḄ☄UᨵᜫXJ___________________________________________________#0+1Oneexplanationmightbethelossofdignity*++-+⊤/[\ᑖ !"^_(!J⛲ihelossofdignity⛲displayedthroughacheesygrin. >?dignity*$dignati]`XaAXbAcdcheesy[4ji:zi]a.SCḄAD"Ḅ;fgḄ*Naturegaveuslipstoconcealourteeth,**ranonejxipularVictoriansaying,alludingtothefactlliatbeforethebirthofprojierdentistrymouthswereofteninashockingstateofhygiene.“@ᯠijᡃᘂᖃᩭnᢱᱛU6”RtᑭrsḄtuᨩᢣxyFz6ᓽᙠ}~Ḅᱛ6ῚPᜐMḄ%#0+1“Naturegave...concealourteeth,“ranonepopularVictoriansaying, ᎔#9+8++/Iᙠᑖ !"#0+1Ḅ%!⛲alludinglothefactthat:Ḅ<=!#Jtthefact⛲that...mouthswereofteninashockingstateofhygiene.I !"$%!⛲beforethebirthofproperdentistry, >?Aconceal[kon1si,l]A◚A◚Ṱallude[*lu,d]¢ᨩᢣA$3£ᑮinashockingstateᜐ¥Ḅ%hygiene^[.haidsijn]n.¦\flashingsetofhealthyandclean,regular*pearlywhites*wasararesightinVictoriansociety,thepreserveofthesuper-rich$andeventhen,dentalhygienewasnotguaranteed0.ᙠᑭḄ§¨6©©BªஹᏉ®¯ஹ±±Ḅ‘³´µḄḍU’¸¹º,»P¼½¾Ḅ¿À*ᓽÁÃ6ᱛU¦Ä¹ᑮÅÆ/⛲¢Victoriansociety,__________________-____________I !"#0+1Ḅ%!______#0+1Aflashingsetofhealthyandclean,regular'pearlywhites'wasararesight ++-+⊤/⊡ᐙtararesight1⛲thepreserveofthesuper-rich__________⊡ᐙtI⛲$andeventhen,dentalhygienewasnotguaranteed0.1206• 18 >?pearly[p,li]³´µḄAɳ´Ḅguarantee*[^seronti,]vt./n.ÅÊAËÅ3•••JÌL••••AliHithygrin$esjwciallywhenthereweregapsorblackenedteeth0lackedclass,drunks,trampsandmusichallperformersmightgurnandgrinwithasmileaswideasLewisCarroll'sgum-exposingCheshireCat,butitwasnotabecominglookforproperlybredjiei^ons.☄UÍ*ÎᐸPÐᱛUᨵ$◣ᡈBÓ/ᨵᜫÔÕ⏥×ஹrØÙÚÛÜÝᔉḄ⊤ßὅNO¨á×Ὴ,ãä᧕æ•ᓱèéêë☄ḼᱛíḄî»ï»᪵ñᘂᜧ,óRôᦟö÷øḄᩭt,4PM¹ùḄ☢û⊤ü⛲$especiallywhenthereweregapsorblackenedteeth0[⊡ᐙAt$M0thygrin#0+1Atoothygrin...lackedclass:++8+9/t#0+1drunks,trampsandmusichallperfbnnersmightgumandgrin⛲Ibut23Ḅ4ᑡ#6\ýᢚbutitwasnotabecominglookforproperlybredpersons. !"%!⛲withasmileaswideasLewisCarroll'sgum-exposingCheshireCat,tramp[Imp].gum[93:11]vi.Ὴ; guni>exposing☄ᱛḄbecoming[bikAmio]a.ᔠ〉Ḅ;ᔠ"ḄEvenMarkTwain,amanwhornjoyrdaheartylaugh,saidthatwhenitcametophotographicportraitstherecouldheunothingmoredamningthanasilly,foolishsmilefixedforever**.ᓽ$%&'•ᔢ*+᪵-•./01ᝰᜧ4Ḅ5ᔳ7:9:;5<᯿ᱏ?@AᨵCDE-.FGF≶ḄI4JKLMNOPQḄR”UVW⛲whoenjoyedaheartylaugh,]whoZ[ḄM\]^,W⛲aman-VW⛲aman]MarkTwainḄ`a\EvenMarkTwain,…saidbc+e+f]g^hcijhalZ[Ḅf\]^@ksaidḄf\that...therecouldbe“nothingmoredamningthanasilly,foolishsmilefixedforever”.[whenZ[Ḅ?lm\]^,kf\]^Ḅ?lm\-VW⛲whenitcametophotographicportraits⌕othatZ[Ḅf\]^p/herecouldbe“iwlhing…forever”qTherebe^r@c\qnothing:stu\moredamningkvwM\@W⛲nothing:than...foreverqExm\portrait[poitreit]n.ᾠ<z"᯿damning[,daemirj]a.ᕴ|Ḅ}~ḄText4.111-....OFromtheearlydaysofbroadband.advocates$orconsumersandweb-basedcompaniesworriedthatthecableandphonecompaniessellingbroadbandconnedionshadthepowerandincentivetofavorafTiliatedwebsitesovertheirrivals".$ᵨ,ὅᩗḄὅ,├Ḅᨵᵯᵯᨵ¡¢⊼ᐸ▬¦§¨©ª«¬Ḅ§“•207• 19-VW⛲Fromtheearlydaysofbroadband.]°u\k^hciḄ?lm\^hciadvocates...worriedthatthe…companies…hadthepowerandincentivebc+±+f]g[°u\kvwM\@W⛲advocates"forconsumersandweb-basedcompanies³ᙠᑖu\kvwM\,W⛲thecableandphonecompanies-VW⛲sellingbroadbandconnections¶M·u\kvwM\@W⛲thepowerandincentivetofavoraffiliatedwebsites[°u\km\UVW⛲overtheirrivals'.:broadband[bnrdbaend]¸(ºὶḄ)advocate*[sedvakat].ὅÂᢝὅcable*[keibl]n.ᨵᵯᵯ½;¾¿incentive*[insentiv]n.¡ÄÅᝄÇaffiliated[afilieitid]a.▬ÀḄÁÀḄrival*[raivl]n.ª«¬W.È…… ᓛËThat'swhytherehasbeensuchastrongdemandforrulesthatwouldpreventbroadbandprovidersfrompickingwinnersandlosersonline,preservingthefreedomandinnovationthathavebeenthelifebloodoftheInternet.+%qCD5ÌÍÎ⌕ÏᑴM ᐵÒÓ@ÔÕÖ×Øᖪᙠ⌱ÛÜÝÞÝ@]¨ßºὶ-àÔᩭḄâᾭ-ᵫåæ^hciThat'swhYtjierehasnsuehastrongdemandbc+ç+⊤]g°u\kvwM\JW⛲astrongdemand-VW⛲forrules[hatZ[ḄM\]^.W⛲rulesUVW⛲thatwouldpreventbroadbandproviders"I°u\km\frompickingwinnersandlosersonline,éVW⛲³ᙠᑖu\kM\]^Ḅêëm\preservingthefreedomandinnovationthatZ[ḄM\]^,IW⛲thefreedomandinnovationìVW⛲thathavebeenthelifebloodoftheInternet.⌕owhyZ[Ḅ⊤\]^pᒹî-.Therebe^r@ᐸê᪀q“ihere+be(hasbeen)+c\(suchastrongdemand)"0,demand*[dima:nd]n.(ðñḄ)⌕Ïvt.ÍÎ⌕Ïpreserve*[priZ3,v]vt.ßòᶇn.ôõ⚞÷innovation*[.insveifn]".åæᦋ☩æûülifeblood[daifblAd]n.âᾭ:ýâ••••U••••OYetthatdemandhasl0eeiialmostim{x0ssiblfatofill-inpartbecauseofpushbackfrombroadbandproviders,unii-regulatoryconservativesandthecourts.ᯠ¨@+-⌕Ïÿ ᑮᑖᙠᩭᖪஹḄ ▾Ḅ#$%&Yetthatdemandhasbeenalmostimpossibletofill %+)+⊤+I⊡ᐙ./#$%&012⛲0inpartbecauseofpushback456789:;7[2⛲pushback=12⛲frombroadbandproviders,anti-regulatoryconservativesandthecourts. 208 205>?@pushback[pujba:k]n.;Bᑴ:Dregulator[regjabtari]a.ḄᐹᨵᩗḄconservative*[kans3,votiv]. ὅ;(LM) OOᕒa. Ḅ\federalappealscourtweighedinagainTuesday,Initinsteadofprovidingabadlyneededresolution.ilonlyprolongedthefight.ᕜ=,0SὶUVW▾XY4ᐭ.[\][^ᨵ0_ញ◤Ḅbcdᫀfghijkᧅm(1)AfederalappealscourtweighedinagainTuesday,(%+n)#$%&IbutopḄqᑡ#.⊤sᢚ(2)but...honlyprolongedthefight.(%+n+u)|45678(2)#Ḅw7012⛲insteadofprovidingabadlyneededresolution.5>?@appeal*[3>pi:l]n.VW;ᵭWvi.VW;ᨵᔾz{weighin|}(~)resolution[rez9-lu,fn]".bc;c;c;prolong*[prolnrj]Mgh;h;h(AtissuebeforetheU.S.CourtofApfwalsforllir[)istri(,tofColumbiaCircuitwasthelatesttakeoftheFederal(>>miniini<*ali()ns(Commission(FCC)onurlneutrality,adoptedonaparty-linevot<-in2017.MᱯὶUVW▾☢ḄmFCC(MὶUᕒ)ᙠ2017Oᢗἠ¡¢Ḅᐵ¤¥¡¦ឋḄᨬ©012⛲beforetheU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheDistrictofColumbiaCircuit[45678#$%&Ḅw7#$%&Atissue...wasthe^latesttake(᎔«#¬⊤+)+%)456789:;7.2⛲thelatesttakeoftheFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)456789:;7,2⛲thelatestlake012⛲onnetneutrality,¢ᑖ56789:;72⛲Ihelalesllakeadoptedonaparty-linevotein2017.5>?@¬®¯uem¡Ḅ~¡Ḅbefore*[brf3i(r)]}ᓺ.µ☢µ☢;ᙠ...☢·circuit[»S3,kit]".ᵯ±²take*[teikjn.¸¹ºᦈᐭ¼r½¾¿Àneutrality[njurtnelati]n.¡¦¡¦wadopt*[adnpt]M¢ÁᵨᦈÃPIK*Republican-pennedonlcrnotonlyrliminatedihrstrictnetneulrulityrulestheFCChadadoptedwhenithadaDemocraticmajorityin2015,butrejectedihrcommission'sauthoritytorequirebroadbandproviderstodomuchofanything.jÄᵫᐳ OÇḄcÉÊ◀i2015Ì%OᓰÎᦪÐFCC¢ḄÑÒḄ¤¥¡¦ឋÓ.ÔᔲciFCCᖪÀᔜ×⌕ÙḄᩗ{.=12⛲whenithadaDemocraticmajorityin2015,whenzÚḄÐÛw7Ü#[8;7Ü#ḄÐÛw7012⛲theFCChadadoptedḕᶍᐵ)5(wliich/tliat)Ḅ;7Ü#.j2⛲thestrictnetneutralityrulesTheRepublican-permedordernotonlyeliminatedthestrictnet…rules(%+n+u)#$%&Inotmly...but(also)opḄqᑡnu1but(also)rejectedthecommission'sauthorityß5;6789:;7f^Wthecommission'sauthority012⛲torequirebroadbandproviderstodomuchofanything.⌕à?@torequirebroadbandproviderstodomuchofanything¡.broadbandproviders8requireḄu7ß5;67todomuchofanything8u7broadbandprovidersḄ⊡7•2091 215>?@:Republican*[npAbhkan]n.ᐳ OOᕒpen*[pen]vt.Çâv.ᑏ8Democratic*[^emokrastik]a. M+Ì%OḄreject*[ndsekt]vt.äåὃ⇋pècommission[k/mijn]éᕒaulhcrity*[n:0D2ti]".ᩗ{êᩗ;ᢇìhTheonleralsodeclaredthatstateandlocalgovernmentscouldn'tregulatebroadl>an$lproviderseither.ícÔîï.ðñ ᙢdñóôᩗᖪTheorderalsodeclaredõ%+n+uÜ+#$%&thatzÚḄu7Ü#J8declaredḄu7thatstateandlocalgovernmentscouldn'tregulatebroadbandproviderseither.5>?@declare*[drklea r]vt.îï,öï;î÷regulate[Tegjuleit]..õᵨÓᑣᩩú+ᳮ•••ýþÿ•••Tlie onunissionargunlthatoilieragrncicswouldproleciagainstanti-competitivel^liuvior.suchasabn>a 22]sklinvestigation|m^estigeijnjn.impose*[impaoz]vt.ᑴ§x¨capYk&p].ᨬ£▲¤;ᑴ/¥x¥¦streamingservice:;?@ 231••\]^OInthemeantime,tin,(unirtthrewouttheFC(/sattempttoblockallstaterulesonnetntnitrality,whilepreservingthecommission'spowertopreemptindividualstatelawsthatundermineitsordei".@ x▾ᔲ{|FCC5}~ᔜ/ឋ'ᡠḄ,ᶇᐸᐜNᑴ,.”Ḅᩗ,ᓽ⚜ᐜᑴ~ᑴ'ẚᕒ{Ḅx⛲Inthemeantime,ḄthecourtthrewouttheFCC^sattempt(+iFj+)"%&'(¢£' ⛲IheFCCஹattempttoblockallstaterulesonnetneutrality,⛲while+Aᙠᑖª᪀ Ḅ¬whilepreservingthecommission'spower%&'(¢£'J⛲power¯⛲topreemptindividualstatelawsihalḄ' ⛲individualstatelaws°±⛲thatundermineitsorder.⌕,-.ᙠ²³"while+Aᙠᑖ”ª᪀/,´ᐸµḄ¶@ ᦑḕᶍ|thecourt,#¸preservedᦋ5ᐸº%»(preserving,»ᡂ|“while+º%”ª᪀ᐸ¶¾¿,ᓽÀwhilethecourtpreservedthecommission'spower...itsorder:-.inthemuanlime@;ᙠÂÃthrowoutᔲ{ ÄஹÅxÆÇ?È&"Éblock*[blnk]vt.}~?ÊËn.⊙Ípreempt[pncmpl]vt.⚜ᐜᑴ~;ÎᐜÏ%individual*[iindrvidjual]a.Ḅ?ᓫÒḄundermine*[tAnddmam]vt.ẚ,ÔÕ?Ö×@HiatmeansmorebattlesliketheonenowgoingonIwtwrenIhrJusticeIÇppartnu,ntandCalifornia,wlii 4ienactedatoughnetneutralitylawinthewakeofIhrFCCsabdication.Ü<ᕡḼ¸ᨵàáâäåæxçè;ᑭêëìíî²ïḄᧅñ,ᙠFCCòóᩗ }~ᔜ/ឋ'ḄᩗÇ¢,;ᑭêëì⚙õö÷Ḅ/xThatmeansmorebattles +ø+Ç¢£'J⛲m"battles⛲liketheoneAᙠᑖ¢£'J⛲theone¯⛲nowgoingonI±⛲betweentheJusticeDepartmentandCalifornia.whichḄº▲'ឋ' ⊡ᐙýþCalifornia]ÿ ⛲whichenactedatoughnetneutralitylawI ⛲inthewakeoftheFCC,sabdication.#$%'enact[inskt]'()*+ᫀ-./0tough*[tf].23Ḅ;2ᔍḄ;78ḄAinthewakeof9...:;<ᩭabdication[.aebdikcijn]n. ᩗ?ஹABCḄ-DE•••GHIOHieendlesslegalbattlesandback-and-forthattheFCCcryoutforCongresstoad.KLMḄ+NᧅPQFCCRRSSḄPTUᔙWXYZ[\•212• 24]^_`TheendlesslegalIjattlesandback-and-fbrth...cryoutf()rCongresstoact.(_+c+d+d⊡);gh⛲back1and1forthi ⛲attheFCC#$%endless[endlos]1.KLMḄ.KMḄ.KkK▭Ḅlegal*[a.ᔠ+Ḅ;+NḄ;+ᑴḄback-and-forthRS.ᩭ[»]cryoutforrᑗ◤⌕.vwItrifedstogivethecornniissionexplicitauthorityonceandforallIobarbn)a(lban(lprovidersfn)mmeddlinginihrtraffic(>ntheirnetworkandl(>cn*atedearrulesprotectingopennessnndinncvaliunonline.WX◤⌕xyᣴ{ὶ}(~ᕒXḄᩗ?ἭMᖪF⚜Ḅᙬ,ᑴhḄ+ᩭḄD ⛲ontheirnetwork;gh,I⛲thetraffic ⛲frommeddlinginthetraffic\i ⛲tobarbroadbandproviders[\h]^_`ḄḄItneedsto1n311th*_+c+d-]^_`andᑡḄ\hdandtocreateclearrules¢ᙠᑖ;gh[⛲clearrulesi ⛲protectingopennessandinnovationonline.⌕¥$%togive...forall¦§thecommissiongiveḄd§explicitauthoritydthecommissionḄ⊡¨©onceandforall#$%explicit*[iksphsit]Ḅ.◚ᨊḄonceandforallxyᙢ.iµ¶⍎ᙢbar*[ba:$r0]'ἭM,¬M.¬ᢱ®⏀ᔳmeddle[•medl]ri.`⚜.`¸.¹º»traffic*[trefik]",~²³;(~*³-openness['ouponnas]n.D..ᚆ᳛PartBGiI1•••hithemoviesandontelevision,artificialintelligence(AI)istypicallydepictedtissomrihingsinisterthatwillupendnurwayMlifw.ᙠ¾¿ᒓ¦ÁÂÃÄ(AI)(ÅÆÇÈÉÊËXÌÍᡃÏÐÑḄÒូ»ᱥi ⛲Inthemoviesandontelevision,!andᑡḄ]^_`Ḅ]^_`artificialintelligence(AI)istypicallydepicted(_+iÕ)artificialintelligence(AI)Ḅ⊡¨i ⛲assomethingsinisterihalÖ×ḄhØ]⛲scmelhingsinisler ⛲thatwillupendourwayoflife.#$%arlificiH*[ÙÚÚÁÂḄ.Á⌼Ḅintelligence*[in*tehd39ns]n.ÃÄ.áÃdepict*[dipikt]vl.ÇÈ.ÇÜ.ÇÝsinister[•simsta(r)]a.ÒូḄ;◅ូḄ.ἝḄupend[Apcnd]vt.Þ᎔.à᎔.᎔DWhenitcomestoAlinhusiness,wroftenhearaixiutitinrelationl<>automationandthrimpendinglossofjobs.butinwhatwavsisAlchangingcompanicsandthelargerpt'onomythatdon'tinvclved(M)m-and-gl(>onimassuneinploymfut 213• 25prNktians?äåᑮᖪç⚞éḄÁÂÃÄᡃêÅXëᑮÁìíîï\ᓄᓽìᑮᩭḄᜫçὶóᙠiô.õöᙠÁÂÃÄ÷☩ùçêúᜧüḄËËѦ,ᨵþÿ ⚜ḼḄᜧᜫᕖWhenitconiestoAIinbusiness,⛲WhenḄ ."#1$Ḅ inrelationtoautomationandtheimpendinglossofjobs,/012 "345 ,⛲it lweoftenhearaboutit +&+'$|but()Ḅᑡ+⊤-ᢚ 2but...iscompaniesand;ereconoin012 "#20Ḅ ⛲inwhatways7hatḄ5 .⛲ways⛲thatrlon'tinvolvedoom-and-gloommassunemploymentpredictions?⌕9:;j$20<=ᱯ?ᶧAḄᱯ?B+ᵫ“01$in0+ᱯ?ᶧA1$what0+E1#ways0+FG1+ +& G1+' ”᪀ᡂ1L:;“henitcomesNOPᑮ+ORᑮautomation*[$Ojtameifn]n.SGᓄimpending[impendirj]aᓽVWXḄYZᙠḝ]Ḅd$M0m-and-gloom^_ᨩaḄ;cᜫdḄ•••fg••Arecetilsurveyofmanufacturingandserviceiinlustrit^sfn0mTataConsultancyServicesfoundthat$*oni|0aniescurrentlyuseAImoreofteninromputer-to-computeractivitiesihuninautomatinghumanactivities.ᛞᛞijklmnᨬpqᑴ⌼tkluvḄ⚗xḼWy,z{^ᙠ|}~ḄᵨḄ⚣᳛ᙠGSGᓄḄᵨḄ⚣᳛⛲ofmanufacturingandserviceindustriesfromTalaConsultancyServices012 "ArecentsurveyḄ345 Arecentsurvey...found ++'$thatḄ' J"foundḄ' thatcompaniescurrentlyuseAlmoreoften012 " ☢ incomputer-to-computeractivities⛲than..." thaninautomatinghumanactivities.1L:;manufacturing]m2enjufaektJorirjYn.ᑴ⌼consultancy]kan-SAltansiYn.ijmnYijtHerearcafewotherwaysAlisaidingcompanieswithoutreplacingemployees:<ᙠᕒḄ.zR¡FḄᐸ£¤¥ ,¦"areafewotherways#᎔©⊤+ª+$/ḕᶍ$inwhich0ᡈᐵª¯$that0Ḅ5 +⛲afewotherways⛲AIisaidingcompanieswithoutreplacingemployees:••••f°g••••,OCompaniesareusingartificialintrlligcn<-r|$>removesomeofIhrunconsciousbiasfromhiring 26Companiesareusingartificialintelligence +&+'$IG152 "Ḅ{Ḅ ⛲toremovesomeoftheunconsciousbias012 "345 ,[⛲theunconsciousbias⛲fromhiringdecisions.Y1L:;remove*[nmu,v]vt.´◀;Á◀;ÂÃunconscious[Ankonfas]a.»¼½Ḅ;ļ½ᑮḄbias[baias].¾¿Y¾ÆW.¾Æhire*[.hai$r0]ÇὺᵨYÈᵨÉÊËYÌÈᕒ9"Tliereart-fxpfriiiientsdialshowthat.naturally,theresultsofinterviewsareiiiuclimorebiasetlthanwhalAIdoes,"saysPedroDomingos,authorofTheMasterAlgorithm:HowtheQuestfortheUltimatelearningMachineWillRemakeOurWorldandacomputerscienceprofessoraltheUniversityofWashington.ºÍÎ⊤Ï+☢ÐÑÒÓÔÕÖḄÑÒ×ᙠØḄ¾¿+Ù 27FHIJOnecompaiiy iscalledBlendoor. I+LTthalABḄl@EF,⛲Onecompany⛲that'sdoingthis⌕mT FHIJnḄBlend$x0reI@OnecompanyḄ⊡p@qhItusesanalyticstohelpidentifywheretheremayIM,biasinthehiringprocess.rfgsᵨᦪuᑖ᪆ᩭxyz{ᙠ|ὺ~n&ᙠḄᙢFHIJ11usesanalyticsI+L+M[Rl@GFHIJḄḄD@tohelpidentify⛲[whereABḄM@EF,GidentifyḄM@wheretheremaybebiasinthehiringprocess.RST analytics[$aenahtiks]n.ᦪᑖ᪆ᑖ᪆identify*[aidentifai]vt.z{••…SomeAlsoftwarecananalyzeandoptimizemarketingemailsubjectlinestoincreaseopenrates.♦ $%&~ᑖ᪆ᓄ⃩├ᵯH¡ḄI⚪£ᩭ¤¥¡ᡭ§᳛FHIJSomeATsoftwarecananalyzeandoptimizemarketin^emid£gujjggtJines I+L+MIRl@GFHIJḄḄD@⛲toincreaseopenrates.RST optimize{optimaiz]W.sᓄmarketing[ma:kitiQ]ª⃩├«├subject*[$SAbd3ikt]n.I⚪©increase*[mkri:s]v.¤¥#¬n.¬®One<,$>inpanyintheUK.Phrasee,claimstheirsoftwarecanoutperformhumansbyupto10percenlwhenitcomesl<>emailop*nrates.¯°cdePhrase”Ḅfg±².ᙠᵯH¡Ḅᡭ§᳛☢.³´Ḅ" $µG¥410¶·ᑖm⛲Phrasee,IOne$*oinpaiiyintheUKḄ¹º@OnecompanyintheUK....claimsI+L+MEFHIJḕᶍABRthat0ḄM@EF,GclaimsḄM@theirsoftwarecanciHperfomihumansbyupto10percent|whenABḄ½¾D@EF.GM@EFḄ½¾D@⛲whenitcomestoemailopenrates.RST claim*[kleim]vt.±²;¿²n.±²;IÀoutperform[.autpabzm]vi.ᦔÂÃÄ~#Å~Tliiscanmeanmillionsmoreinrevenue.j&ÆᕡḼᦪ·ÉÊË./ḄᦈᐭFHIJThiscanmeanmillionsnioreI+L+M[ÍR@GFHIJḄ☢D@⛲inrevenue.RST million*[miljan]n.·ÉᜧÏrevenue*[-revanju:].ᦈᐭÑÒᦈᐭ;ᦈÂQTherearealsocompanieslikeAcquisio,whichanalyzesadvertisingperformanceacn>ssmuhipiechannelslike.Adwonls.Bingands$K*ialmediaandrnake>adjustmentsorsuggestionsalwnilwhen*advertisingfundswillyieldbest•216• 28results.ÓᨵÔAcquisioj᪵Ḅfg.rfgᑖ᪆ÕAdwonls.BingÖ×ØÙÚ/¶Û⍝ḄÝÞᢗàᦔá.PâÝÞãäåæçᨬèᡂᦔḄÛ⍝4êᡈ¤4íîFHIJTherearealsocompanies TherebeFïðThere+are+I[ñò\ócompanies⛲likeAcquisio,[whichABḄô▲lឋl@EF#⊡ᐙ\óAcquisiowhichanalyzesadvertisingperformanceø⛲andNOḄPᑡLMandmakesadjustmentsorsuggestionsÍR@Gùúl@#⛲advertisingperfonnanceacrossmultiplechannelslikeAdwords,Bingandsocialmediaû⛲ÍR@GD@#⊤âýaboutwhereadvertisingfundswillyieldbestresults.⌕mT aboutwhere...resultsn#whereABḄM@EF#GÍRaboutḄM@#rEFḄI@þadvertisingfunds,L@þwillyield,M@þbestresults,ÿ whereᙢ !"#advertising[^dvataizig]n.performance*[pafoimans]n.⊤;ឋ⊤channel*[-tjainl,n.⍝;⌶ ; ⍝adjustment[adsAStmant]n.;⁚funds[fAndz: yield*[ji,ld]vt.;hTheseare“lookthathelppeopleusedata,notareplacementforpeople.MsaysPalrickH.Winston,aprofessorofartiGcialintelligenceandcomputerscienceutMIT.$%&'“)*+,-ᵨᦪ0Ḅ2ᐹ456'+7Ḅ89:,“<ḕᳮ2?▾$MIT+2ABCDEF?ᦟᣴIᱯKL1H.MNOPnotareplacementforpeople,“QRS⛲⊡ᐙ[\lookthathelppeopleusedata,“[that]^Ḅ_`U,S⛲toolsTheseare"tools|saysḄaUVWXsaysPatrickH.Winston.b᎔dUea+g+Wh|PalriekH.WinstonḄijQRS⛲aprofessorofartiGcialintelligenceandcomputerscienceatMIT., !"#data*[delta]l[p/.]ᦪ0 ᧇreplacement[npieismant]n.89:8ᣚopq…OEnergycompanies$*anuseAltohelpcustomersreducetheirelectricitybills,savingthemmoneywhilehelpingtheernimnmcnLstuvw-ᵨ+2Aᩭ)*yᡝ{|ᵯ~4),ḕḄiᨵ*QRS⛲tohelpcustomersreducetheirelectricitybills,l 6_UVWXḄḄUVWXEnergycompaniescanuse&bW+g+ah]ᙠᑖ UVWXḄQRS⛲savingthemmoney[while]^Ḅ`URS⛲while energycompaniesarehelpingtheenvironment.⌕"#savingthemmoneyḄW'Energycompanies:while]^Ḅ`U4ᐸWWUḄWi.ᦑḕᶍfWenergycompaniesB* areo•217• 29Companies$,analsooptimizeth<,irownenergyuseandcutdownonthecostofeleclricity.stuvwᓄ¡¢s-ᵨ᪀4¤{ᵯ~¥Companiescanalsooptimizetheir^wn^nergjuisebW+g+ahUVWX|and¦§Ḅ¨ᑡgand cancutdownonthecostofelectricity. !"#cutdown¤{;ª«;{|cost*[kost]”¥~ᵨ;~Insurancecompanies,meanwhile,canbasetheirpremiumsonAImotlelsthatmiireaccuratelyassessrisk.®i,◅tuvw᪷0±²³´µ¶·¸◅ḄAI¹ºᩭ»_◅~UVWXInsurancecompanies,...canbasethqi¼premigm1 W+g+a½¾ᐭmeanwhile,QRS⛲À UVWXḄonAImodelsthat]^Ḅ_`U4½S⛲AImodelsRS⛲thatmoreaccuratelyassessrisk.♦ !"#Ábas¼[beis]³.w...ÃÄẠpremium[,pri,mhm]n.◅~▬³~accurately[.aekjaratli]ad.´µᙢ;ǵᙢassess*[.es]w¶·;·DὃÉ;¶Ê9SDomingossays.MBefore,theyniighlnotinsurellironeswhofrhlikenhighriskorchargethemt$x0much,ortheywouldchargethemtoolittleandthenitwouldcostthecompanymoney.MË\ᡀNP.“wÍ.◅tu⌕Î6ÏÃÐ%ÑÒ¸◅ÓÔḄ+Õ.⌕Îᔣ$%+ᦈØÔÙḄ~4ᡈὅᔣ$%+ᦈØÓ|Ḅ~ᵨ.Ü$ÏÝtuÞᩭ ßḄàᜫ¼QRS⛲UVWX âã#insure[mjo3$r0]”Õ;ᢗcharge*]tfa:d3Yu/".ᦈ~;⌕Ê•••oæq•••O*Machinelearningoftenprovidesamorereliableformofstatistics,whichmakesdatamorevaluable."saysWinston.“Eᘤ?èéêvwëìQí²v☠Ḅïitð4$íïCðvw-ᦪ0²ñ.Êò4”MNO[⍝.QRS⛲whichmakesdatamorevaluable/9which]^Ḅó▲_ឋ_`U4½⊡ᐙ[\amorereliableformofstatistics“Machinelearningoftenprovidesamorereliableformofstatistics.UVWXlõ§]saysḄasaysWinston. ᎔dUea+g+W•218• 30 !"#:statistics[statistiks]n.[pl]ïC;ïCᦪ0valuable*[«v&ljudbl]a.ᨵÊòḄᨵᵨḄIluhelpspeoplemakesmarterdecisions,"ø")*+,ù²\AḄú_JIt“helpspeople$W+g+a+a⊡hUVWX½ḕᶍbtohḄ 6_peopleḄ⊡û$to0makesmarterdecisions.”Oneaccountingfirm.EY.usesanAlsystemthathelpsreviewcontractsduringanaudit.QüýÃEYḄÏCþÿ ᡠᵨr,ᙠᔠ⛲EY,]OneaccountingfirmḄ Oneaccountingfirm.…usesanAIsystem$ +"+#$that%&Ḅ' ( J⛲anAIsystem⛲thathelpsreviewcontractsduringanaudit.)*+,accounting[skauntig]n.-./0review*]n-vju:Y3;5678.89contract*[tkontraikt]n.ᔠ.ᔠ1.1audit]o,dit:./>;?᪶Thispnx,fss,alongwithemployeesreviewingthecontracts,isfasterandmoreaccurate.AᘤCDEFᔠGHIJ,FK3ILM Thisprocess,...isfaster^cn^mor^accurate. ++⊤$T⊡ᐙQRThisprocess⛲alongwithemployeesreviewingihecontracts,•1••TUV••Anufiibrrofcompunit's,particularlyinenergyandtransportation,useAliniagrprocessingtechnologytoinspectinfrastructureandpreventequipmentfailureorleaksl»ef$0rrtheyhappen.WXYZ[ᐸ]^_`abYZᵨDcdᜐᳮᢈhᩭjklẠno>■qrnᜓᦑuᡈwx⛲particularlyinenergyandtrans|K0rtation,z⊡ᐙQRcompanies Anumberofcompanies,...useAInnageprocessingtechnology +"+#$|und{|}ᑡḄ)' ḄḄ ⛲toinspectinfrastructurrand$to0preventequipmentfailureorleaks[before%&Ḅ ( y⛲beforetheyhappen.)*+,processing[-praosesirj]n.ᜐᳮ.lDinspect[mspekt]vt.j;;infrastructure*[*infrastrAktJa$r0]n.Ạnoprevent*[pnvent]vt.⚜■.■.equipment*[rkwipmont].nᜓ.ᘤᩞleak*[li:k]n./v.w☄.xMIftheyfailGrstandthenyoufixthem,ifsveryexpensive,°saysDomingos.”Knᜓᦑu5Ḅ.ᡂ-W‘XRᡀQ⍝ஹ⛲“Iftheyfailfirstandthenyoufixthem,IIf%&Ḅᩩk ( it'sveryexpensive,“ :£|% saysḄ# saysDomingos. ᎔¥ ¦#+"+ $ 219• 31)*+,fail*[fell]H.qᦑu;ᜫᮣ.ᜫ©3ᳮ;ᜐᳮ.ª.ª¥*Youwanttopredictifsomethingneedsattentionnowandpointtowhereifsusefulforemployeestogoto.n"®⌕⚜°rᙠ]ᔲᨵ³´◤⌕+¶,}ᢣ%ᕒD¹ᨵᵨḄº»”“Youwanttopredict¼ +"+#$1ᨴI&Ḅ# ( predictḄ# ifsomethingneedsattentionnow and{|Ḅ}ᑡ# and topointto[where%&Ḅ# ( pointtoḄ# whereit'susefulforemployeestogoto.”⌕¾+, _ %¿ÀḄᑁÂᐳ saysḄ# )*+,.attention*Mtenjn]n.+¶.ᶇÅ.ᐵ+PartC•••TV••WorldWarIIwasthewatershedeventforhighereducationinmodemWesternsocieties.TyÇÈÉᜧᡊ]rÌÍÎÏ.-ᦟÑḄᑖÓÔ WorldWarHwasthewatershedevent¼ ++⊤$Õ) Ö×' ,[⛲ihewatershedevent⛲forhighereducationÕ) Ö×' [⛲highereducationy⛲inmodemWesternsocieties.)*+,watershed[-woitafed]n.ᑖÓÔ;Ùᢚ¾highereducationᦟÑTheseMwiriiesearneoutofthewarwithlevelsofenrollmentthathadl0eenroughlyconstantat3-5%oftherelevantagegroupsduringthedecadesbeforethewar.yᡊÖÍÎÏ-〉ÜÝḄᐭß᳛ᜧáâᢝᙠ3%—5%CᡊäåæçḄÓèEé Thosesocietiescameoutofthewar +"$]Õ) ⛲withlevelsofenrollmentthat%&Ḅ' ( ;⛲levelsofenrollmenty⛲thathadbeenroughlyconstantat3—5%"Õ) Ö×' .[⛲3—5%oftherelevantagegroupsë⛲Õ) ' ( Ḅ duringthedecadesbeforethewar.)*+,enrollment[mraulmsnt]n.ᐭß;ᐭí.î/roughly[Afli]ad.ᜧá;ïX;ðñᙢconstant*[konstant]a.óḄ;ᢝôḄrelevant*[rebvant]a.〉éḄ;õöEᐵḄButaftertlirwar,greatserialand$M0litiealchangesarisingoutofthesuccessfulwaragainstFascismcreatedagrowing 32"#$⛲afterthewar,j&'()*+,-.Ḅ/01)+,-.But...greatsocialandpoliticalchanges…createdagrowingdemand -+3+45ᙠᑖ'()*89),;$⛲great...changesarisingoutofthesuccessfulwaragainstFascism&'()*1)"#$⛲inEuropeanandAmericaneconomies&'()*89)<$⛲agrowingdemandfbrincreasingnumbersofgraduates&'()*89)<;$⛲graduates#$⛲withmorethanasecondaryschooleducation.'=>?arise outof@ᵫ...BCDE@F....BGFascismfaeJSmHIJK-L 33$lthedemandthatroseinthosesocietiesfr0rentrylohighereducationextendedtogroupsandsocialclassesthathadnotthoughtofattendingauniversityl0eforethewar.ᙠJMNO 34"#$⛲inatleastthreequitedifferentways.&'()*@10+ḄM¤1)I@1BThegrowthofhighereducationmanifestsitself@-+h+4B+,-.ÀndḄᑡ+ 2andtheseinturnhavegivenriseto@hffererd^ets^fprob^ms.@-+h+4B:'=>?manifest*['manifest]vt.Å5E⊤a.Å¥᧕ÇḄgiverisetoCDEGTherewasfirstiherateofgrowth:inmanycountriesofWesternEurope,thenuinbcrsofstudentsinhighereducationdoubledwithinfive-yearperiodsduringthe1960sanddoubledagaininseven.eight,or10yearsbythemiddleofIhe1970s.✌ᐜÊË᳛k2060,ÍÎJÏÐRSᦟḄPᦪÒ5Ó"Ô<ᑮ70Ö.czPᦪᙠ7ஹ80ᡈ100ÙÓ©"Ô+,-.Therewasfirsttherateofgrowth:@Therebe+ÚkThere+was+-BTÛ?therateofgrowththenumbersofstudentsinhighereducationdoubledwithinfive-yearperiods"#$⛲andḄᑡh)anddoubledagaininseven...or10years&'()*ᙢÜ1)inmanycountriesofWesternEurope,&'()*/01)#$⛲duringthe1960s&'()*/01)bythemiddleofthe1970s.Second,growthobviouslyaffectedtheabsolutesizebothofsystemsandindividualinstitutions.ᐸÞ.RSᦟḄÅᯠßà©ᦟ{á\ᓫãᦟä᪀Ḅæçè"#$⛲Second,____________1éᐭ)+,-.growthobviouslyaffectedtheabsolutesize-+h+4B&'()*89)j$⛲ihcabsolutesize"#$⛲bothofsystemsandindividualinstitutions.'=>?absolute*[*®bsalu,t]a.æḄEëᐰḄinstitution*[|institju:Jn]Hä᪀EᑴîXndihird,growthwasreflectedinchangesinth$"proportionof'therelevanta^e“nroIlMininstitutionsofhighereducation. 35•••OEachofthesemanifestationsofgrowthcarrieditsownpeculiarproblemsinitswake.ýḄ⊤5M¤,Ò"þÿ ḼᐸᱯᨵḄ⚪Eachofthesemanifestationsofgrowthcarrieditso^pecujiarproblems(++)]'()⛲initswake.:manifestation[imaemfesteijn]n.⊤ ⊤ peculiar*[prkju:lia(r)]a.ᱯᨵḄ;!"Ḅinone'swakeinthewakeof... Ḽ...$ᩭ;&....Ḅ'(Forexample,ahighgrowthrateplacedgr<*alstrainsonIlieexistingstnicturesofgovernance.ofadministration.andaboveallMsocialization.),,-.᳛0 1Ḅ2ᳮ'᪀ஹ678᪀9:ᐸ;<=ᓄ'᪀?⌼ᡂBCᜧḄEF'()⛲Forexample,[Iᐭahighgrowthrateplacedgreatstrains(++)[9⊤LMTR)⛲ontheexistingstructures|andNOPᑡḄRST9U⛲theexistingstructures+()⛲ofgovernance,ofadministration,andaboveallofsocialization.strain*[strem]WEF XY ZFgovernance[,gAvanans]n.2ᳮ [\administration*[admmi,streijn]n.6792ᳮsocialization[^aujalarzeijn]n.<=ᓄ(Whenafaculty<»r(l<*partni<*ntgrowsfrom,say,fiveto20memberswithinthreeorfouryears,andwhenthenewstaffan-predominantlyyoungnirnandwomenfreshfrom|H>stgraduatestudy.theylargelydefineIhrnormsofacademiclifeinthalfae]y,)9^_`a▾ᡈdᙠfghiᑁk5`ᡂᕒmnᑮ20`ᡂᕒ,p^qḄᕒrᜧs;ttuᡂv9rwaxḄ☘iᵱ|.}~ᙠᜧTa▾Ḅaw,()⛲freshfrompostgraduatestudy,R,-..])⛲youngmenandwomenandwhenthenewstaffarepredominantlyyoungmenandwomen_()⛲|andNOPᑡḄ|kWhenafacultyordepartmentgrowsfrom,say,fiveto20memberswithinthreeorfouryears,[whenḄ|k9Ḅ|theylargelydefinethenonnsofacademic\ife++RST;U⛲thenormsofacademiclife'()⛲inthatfaculty.:faculty*[faklti]W.,▾᪥Ḅdஹ▾staff*[sta:f]n,ᐰr(ᡈᕒ)predominantly[pridominantli]ad.⌕ᙢ sᦪfreshfromtᔊ¢...Ḅdefine*[drfam]vt.T 0....T ▊ academic*[◕kademik]a.aḄQAndifiht*|M)stgru(luuh,student|M)pulali<)nalsogn>wsrapidlyandthereislossofacloseapprenticeshiprelationshiplielweerifacultymembersandstudents,thestudentculturebecomesthechiefsocializingforcefornewpostgraduatestudents,withconsequencesfortheintellectualandacademiclifeoftheinstitution——thiswasseeninAmericaaswellasitiFrance.Italy.ViOEiany,midJapan.¤|9(Ẇ¦w§ᦪ¨©ª-..«w¬Ḅ®a¯ᐵd±ᜫ,³´awᦻᓄ¶=ᡂ&Ẇ¦wqw<=ᓄ¢·Ḅ⌕F¸¹a▾Ḅº»w¼aw_ᙠ½¾ஹ¿¾ஹÀᜧᑭஹÂüÄÅ?ᨵÆÇ M 223 36ÈU⛲betweenfacultymembersandstudents,RST.IU⛲acloseapprenticeshiprelationshipandthereislossofacloseapprenticeshiprelationship|andNOḄPᑡ_ÈU⛲ifthepostgraduatestudentpopulationalsogrowsrapidly[ifḄᩩÊk,ḄᩩÊAnd...thestudentculturebecomesthechiefsocializingforce+d+⊤RST9;U⛲ihechiefsocializingforcefornewpostgraduatestudents,_ÈU⛲withconsequencesfortheintellectualandacademiclifeoftheinstitution⊡ᐙÍ —thiswasseeninAmericaaswellasinFrance,Italy,WestGennany,andJapan.apprenticeship[oprentijip]Wa¯Î a¯rintellectual*[.mtolektjuol]ÏFḄhHighgn»wlhratesincreasedthechancrsforacademicinnovation;theyalsoweakenedthefonnsandprocessesbywhichteachersandstink'ntsar<-admittedintoacumniunityofscholarsduringperiodsofstabilityorslowgniwtli.,ÐÑÒ᳛-ÓBaÔqḄÕ=;¤|¨ÖᓄBᦟ«¼awᙠØTÎᡈÙ᠒-.ÎÛOÜÓᐭaὅÞᡠ◤Ḅá¼¢_ÈU⛲foracademicinnovation;RST9[U⛲thechances lHighgrowthratesincreasedthechances++IPᑡ 2theyalsoweakenedtheformsandprocesses++whichḄTk.[U⛲theformsandprocesses_ÈU⛲bywhichteachersandstudentsareadmittedintoacommunityofscholarsITkḄ|ÈU⛲duringperiodsofstabilityorslowgrowth.weaken[wi,kan]r.âÖ ãÖadmit[admit]vt.äå...Óᐭ;äå....æᐭoInthe1960sand1970s,Euro]*anuniversitirssawmarkedchangesiniheirgoveniancrarrangements,withtheempowermentofjuniorfacultyandtosomedegreeofstudentsaswell.20çèéêᓝ,iì9íîᜧaḄ2ᳮïmwBñ℉óᓄ•õÈᦟᕒÛö÷r2ᳮᩗ9awᙠ_T¨ùᨵB2ᳮᩗ_ÈU⛲Inthe1960sand1970s.[Ḅ|Europeanuniversitiessawmarkedchanges ++RST9[U⛲markedchangesintheirgoveniancearrangemenls,_ÈU⛲Ḅwiththeempowerment[andNOPᑡḄRST9U⛲ᵫeenipowennentÈU⛲ofjuniorfacultyandtosomedegreeofstudentsaswell.see*[si:]vt.ᔊ ûṣmarked[ma:kt]a.ñ℉Ḅ ñ$᧕ Ḅarrangement[areindsmant]n.ï ᖪT þSempowerment[impaoamont]n.ᩗᑭ 224 37ᦑ⁚᪀⌹⌕“ᐭ ” !!"#PS$ὃẆ'()*+,- .ᙳ〉ᵨ!
此文档下载收益归作者所有
