分析化学教材

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182ஹḄ45$%67$%4Ḅ869⌕ᨵ<=ᐳ?@஺1.ᐳ:Sᔾ▬ᐜᔾ▬Ḅ᪀ᨔᔾ▬!᪀ᨔᜧ#$%ஹᵯ₹)*Ḅ+,-.Ḅ/0ᐜᔾ▬>2ᔾ▬0ᐜᔾ▬!᪀ᨔ3ᡂḄ567,#Ḅ஺9ᦪ.ஹ+,ᜧḄ0ᐜ/ᔾ▬FGHIᑴᜓᜧ⚩Mᡈᨔ.〉OPQRST஺(2).ᡂUᨔ;<ᩖᓰ>

19yஹḄz{!ᩩu1.z{2.Ḅ3ᡂPᐸ}~3.ᩩu1
ᨔ3Ḅᩩuஹᤅஹஹ▰জᙠ6]Ø]Ḅ+,KUéÒᐵË´µ

20uvᱥxḄHIyᑖ᪆{|ᭆ~>VᑺsᐭuvḄs>᪗Ḅᑺ>ᑺᵨḄ᪗>ᓄᑺ᪗+uvᱥᢥᓄᐵាᐰḄ&஺ᳮ>ᢣᑺᙠ▬¡¢r£⁐bᓄḄᑺ>¥ᑖ᪆ᢣᑺ¢r£⁐ᦋbḄ¦v>¥§¨§¨¥+ᓄ©ª⌼ᡂḄ§¨ᑖ¬Òᑖ᪆·_ᑖæ⏚ëÒÒìᓄ-îeÒÊBÒ஺ᜧÐᦪÒïᙠð6]

21#ᱥḄ$஺4.'()*ᱥ+,Ḅᓄ./ᓄ0ᱥᵨᑺ஺12⁚4ᱥ᪗!ஹ4ᱥ6ᵨ78(9ᑴᡈ᪗᪗!Ḅᱥ{ᱥᐹᜓḄᩩg1.¼ᡂ+ᓄ½¹¾;2.ᐹᨵÀᜧḄ᥅Â;3.4Q;4.ឋĸᵨḄ{ᱥᨵNaCO.KHC8H4O4ஹNaBO-10HO,CaCO,KCrO.2324723227H2c2஺42Å0ஹNaCLZnÆ2ஹ᪗!Ḅ9ᑴ᪗<=>?@Ḅᑺ!1ஹ8(>ABḄ4ᱥC/DᑮFGHIJKL=஺᪷N4ᱥḄOFGḄPQR᪗!Ḅ><=஺2ஹ'(S᪗Tᐜ9ᑴᡂVW7ᡠ◤<=Ḅ!ᑭᵨ4ᱥᡈ᪗!ᩭ>#!Ḅ><=஺\ஹ᪗!<=Ḅ⊤^$S-TᱥḄ<=:ᓫbPQ!ᡠcḄᱥḄc
ol/L6=^2216AmÇ⚪ÉÊ:TA/BᢣËÌᓣᑺ¹OuvᱥḄg/ml
AᢣᑺBᢣuvᱥ"9=⁐ᑺḄ+ḄᣚÇbbCM஻8=஻e-~-aMRa1000aA+bB=cC+dDᑺ*ᱥ1\⁚ᑖ᪆HḄjR

22ஹ4kjRlmᱥḄ3=^^1.n(moI)B2.ᱥḄ<=CRmol/L=VB(L)3.pjkl./7ஹbCAMBmB~^A/EYAAB(g"a1000<ᡈ4.ᓄ.jᐵrhb□=-nAaaaA+bB=cC+dDmg
5.ᑖᦪ3»=Ḇnwxsg6᜛BḄᓫbg/L,mg/ml,pig/m6.<=28=z7.ÏvᱥxḄÇ*{ᑖḄc|ᢣ*{ᑖSmᓰ᪵SḄᑖA
18(A%ᓝ%"ha
2zl\cTxlz汁[(eV)TitMAA%=t25x1000

231⏚1⁚!HḄ⏚⊝ஹ⏚ᳮ:⏚|6Ḅᱥ|6(Ḅᱥ஺“20Q|⏚,|ᱥA0ឋᱥ஺|ᙠᐳ¡⏚¢'Ḅ/Dᵫ¤⏚¥{ᡂ஺2ஹ⏚!Hᔜ§PḄᑖ¨S-Tᑖ¨rᦪ:!H©§PḄ⊝<=ᙠª<=ᡠᓰḄ«bi⊤^4=¬mHi0©§PCS2T⏚STᔜ§PḄᑖ¨rᐗ⏚C=[HA\+[A\Ka=tp◡=v='[^^S=%+2=1c=[HA\+[HA[+[A\2?°dkf_K]____±C[H+y+H+k+K“q*C[”+y+zᓅ+£85|]K%"A'C[H+J[H+]KKK+OI+atl2S2T⏚=⏚STᔜ§Pᑖ¨Ḅ²³⏚STᔜ§PḄᑖ¨rᦪ!Ḅ⏚=O⏚Ḅ´Cµᦪᨵᐵ·ᑖ᪆<=¸ᐵ஺

24S\T!H⏚⊝Ḅᜐᳮ$⌾1ஹ⊝Sᱥᧇ⊝Tᙠ¤ᓄ.⊝PrH©{ᑖḄᑖ᪆<=¼7#{ᑖᔜ½ᙠ§PḄ⊝<=¢OA0⊝Cmol/LNaCO!Ḅ⊝m¾/]=2OFn[//CC>]+\HCO]+\cO-]=C23232ஹᵯ₹⊝ᙠ¤ᓄ.⊝PrHôᵯ₹ḄªOÄ´ᵯ₹ḄªOżA0ᵯ₹⊝ᓽ+]+[H+]=[OH]+[HCO]+2\CO]cmol/LNaCO!Ḅᵯ₹⊝m233ஹ⊝⏚È⊝É⏚ᜫ"Ḅᦪ¼7ËᑮḄᦪA0⊝Ìὃ6ÌÎᣚḄ{ᑖḄÏÐÑ᝱Óᑺ஺«ᑏNaNH4
HPO4!ḄᩩÖmË×ᱥÌὃG×ᱥNH4+———NH+H+3஺_|.|+4FH3PO4**------HPO42'——PO43-+H_|.|+HO+(H+)-H0——0H-32[H+]+["/Q]+2}~0]=[k3]+]+[஺"1-\ஹ⏚!HpHḄjRS1TCaᓃ220Kw,¬ÉCa/K>500ÉᨬÚm[ᵪ]=ÝK;1
2⏚HAS<=0Camol/LᐳÞA-
<=0Cmol/LḄPHjRbrlCaH+=KCai20[H+],CbN20[H+]ÉLJ-CbpH=pKa+lg1^12⁚4kßᳮ

25ஹ⏚Ðᢣᑺ(-)b⁐ÕHIn,«:H++In-Kâ”'â஻ேXộ⏚m411^1m,,+lgᕜ[”]>10,ᓽpH2pK஻஻,+1ÉçᑮḄ|°Ḅè⁐□4-Uᓽp"MpK.7ÉçᑮḄ|ᓺ஻Ḅè⁐ᵪ/஻]10M'ᦑᢣᑺḄᳮ×ØÙÚ:pH=pKIn±lHᵫ7ëìí⁐î⁐ᮣð▭ò⁐ôᳮõRḄḄò⁐ôö÷øᐰŬ஺pKaᳮô▭ô⏚⁐⁐ᵬ4û3.42.4~4.43.1~4.4üýᵬ4ü5.14.1~6.14.4~6.2üýþ⏍9.18.1-10.18.0-10.0
Ჩ10.09.0-11.09.4-10.6,ᢣᑺ⁐Ḅᓄᨵ0.2~0.5pHᓫḄ!"#$%&Ḅ'()ឋᵨApHᩭ⊤,ÝᢥAJpH=±0.2ᩭὃ⇋,²'ᵨᢣᑺàv¥Ḅᑖá᩽▲஺+,-./ᢣᑺ⁐1Ḅ231.ᢣᑺḄᵨ>678⁐ᢣᑺᵨ:;<6⁐=ᓄᨵ./ᵨ:>;ᡈ><@A⁐=ᓄ'BC஺

26A67ᓫ⁐ᢣᑺᵨ:;<6⁐=ᓄ./'ᜧG./⁐1H%&஺>ᢣᑺIJ@KL⏚ᡈLNOPQR⏚NST஺2.R:UVWᢣᑺXᦪHZḄ[\]@PᑣᢣᑺḄ⁐1O_"`aᦋ஺3.ឋᵯcdeeឋᵯghḄiᙠklmcdḄ[

27VAᢣᑺḄ⊤[gXᦪᦋp./ᢣᑺḄ⁐1஺qrstᐹᨵᔾᦈ'xyzᐝyḄឋhOPᦋᢣᑺ⁐Ḅ|VH⁐=஺4.ä#m}ᑮḄ$ᦔᙠ⌱ᢣᑺW⌕ᙠ%&WḄ⁐஺᝞⏚ᵫ⏚⁐#N
⁐᧕7〉ᙠnN)ᑺWAᵨ஺xᳮᵨn⏚)nNWᵨᵬ⏍〉஺åUᔠᢣᑺUᔠᢣᑺÚæ<çᡈ<çèéᑺUᔠᑭᵨëì£⁐Ḅí⊡ឋ£⁐bᓄïðñb⁐₠ᙍïô஺Uᔠᢣᑺ¸ᨵ<ç)ᑴHI1.ᢣᑺ+öឋ÷ᧇ#ùçUᔠᢣᑺb⁐Õ?¥{|©bú⁐ûbᓄïñ஺2.ᢣᑺ+ᢣᑺ#ùçUᔠᢣᑺb⁐Õஹ¥è5⁐ûᙳ¢rýᦋb஺Uᔠ@Ḅᢣᑺ⁐ûbᓄïðñb⁐Õïô஺þUᔠᢣᑺᙠ)ᑴpÿᢥᔠ஺ஹ>ᙠ)eᡃ¢£:&▬¥cdq¦Qᦪ+᝞PH-Ḅញᒓᓄ!#©)ª«>)ᑖ᳛#99.9%®100.1%ᓽ)°6#±0.1%Wcdq¦Qᦪ+᝞PHḄᓄ1!#±²«³L>⌱ᢣᑺḄḄ஺⏚ᢣᑺḄ⌱ᑣᢣᑺḄ!⁐⌕

28ᐰµᡈ®<ᨵµᑖ¶ᙠ)ª«1ᑁ.,ஹ)ª«Rᢣᑺ⌱ஹ+1-./)ª«1Ḅ23>67n⏚nNcdºV»ᜧª«1»ᜧ¼½⌱Ḅᢣᑺៜ;¿ºV»Àª«1»À¼½⌱Ḅᢣᑺ»<஺Áª«1À70.4PHW+C=10-4mol/L-Âᨵᔠ〉Ḅᢣᑺm.>67L⏚LNḄ)ºV»ᜧ.[gXᦪ»ᜧᑣª«1»ᜧS"ᑣ»À஺Áª«1ÄÀ®0.4PHW+CK=108-,ᢣᑺ'ᔠ〉m஺+2-ᢣᑺḄ⌱>n⏚nNḄ)£:&Wcdᕈeឋª«1ÆÇ⏚ឋÈHNឋȪ«1ᜧ,⏚ឋ1ᑁH■ឋ᠄1ᑁ⁐Ḅᢣᑺ@¼ὃ⇋⌱ᵨ஺>nN)L⏚£:&WcdᕈLNឋª«1À7NឋÈNឋ1ᑁ⁐Ḅᢣᑺ¼ὃ⇋⌱ᵨ஺n⏚)LN£:&WcdᕈL⏚ឋª«1À7⏚ឋÈ⏚ឋ1ᑁ⁐C>\^mol/LḄᢣᑺ¼ὃ⇋⌱ᵨ஺♦n⏚nNÍ()ḄᩩÏCK>l^,CK>lO-8aahh♦ᐗL⏚LNÍ()ḄᩩÏ+Ñ-ᐗL⏚LNḄ)L)ÒÓÔNaOH)ᐗL⏚HAc#ÕHAc#ºVCa=0.1000mol/L,Ö]Va=20.00ml;NaOHḄºVCb=0.1000mol/L,)WlᐭḄÖ]#Vbml,)STHAc+OH=H2O+Ac--_LT_]ÛᩰK,[HAcfoH']KW1.0x1O-14'

29)STXᦪজ)Þßà[//-]=4K«C”=>/1.8xl0-5x0.1000=1.3X1^molILpH=2.88ঝ)Þß®ᓄâ£:&à[/J'1_1(^-HAcC„CV[//*]-Kᓃ1ᓃI"I*"=’Cw-FT'hb'.ᑗ(ᓃÁVb=19.98mlᓽ°6#-0.1%W,[H+]=1.8X10~52QQQ~19,98=L8xl0-sfflo//LLä19.98pH=1.75ঞᓄâ£:&஻஺=5.27,pH=8.73(4)ᓄâ£:&æᵫ7:NaOHḄiᙠᢓᑴmAcḄZgcdḄpHéêᵫ:ḄNaOHḄ:HcdÖ]ᩭì)ᐸ£îï©RnN)n⏚°x஺LJ%+ᓃô+%pO”=4.30,pH=9.70ÁVb=20.02mlᓽ°6#+0.1%W(,);ᐗ⏚NḄ)1.;ᐗ⏚Ḅ)

30%ᐗ⏚'((ᑖ+)-Ḅᩩ/জÁCaKai<10-8Wi÷[gḄH+'øÍ()Âᨵ)ª«ঝÁCaKai210-8WùKai/Kai+121()4ᔓûj÷[gḄH+¼Í()ᨵ)ªAzwwwwv-wwvw*«¿ùKa/Kai+1<104,ᑣûi÷[gḄH+'øÍ()Âᨵ)ª«ᵨImol/LNaOH)20.00mllmol/LH3P஺4K=6.9x10-3,K=6.2x10-8,K=4.8xl0-13a\a2a3CK=1x6.9x10-3=6.9x10-3>10-8=6.9x10=>]04taa>0AOxz=1X-X6.2X10-8=3.1X10-8>10-82CK஻=lx-x4.8x10-13=1.6x10-”<-s10"%3lmol/LḄH3PO4¼ᵨNaOHÍ(ᑖüýþ)ᨵÿ
஺01H3PO4Ḅ234567HPO+NaOH=NaHPO+HO34242[”*]==>/6.9X10-3X6_2X10-8=2.1x10-5pH=4.688⌱ᵬ:;ஹᵬ:<ᢣᑺ2=8⌱ᵬ:;>?ᵬ@AḄᔠᢣᑺ3567NaHPO+NaOH=NaHPO+HO24242[//+]=JK“=A/6.2X10-8X4.8X1013=1.7X10-'°/?H=9.77

31⌱ᲩஹᲩᢣᑺ⌱ᲩḄᔠᢣᑺ஺2.ᐗḄ
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*+,-.ὃ!0ᵫ2ᢣᑺḄ3⁐5ា7ᙠᓄ:;<+=>
*+?ᓄ:;<@ABCᡠEḄ%F,-G
,-TE!;Iᵨᑖᦪ⊤஺MஹN⏚N
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H+ᑖYZ
[Ḅ\]^_`G,ஹa,Zᓄ:;<+cdeᱥḄg▭^_?ᏧjkaZlm*+cnopqr%v,sᐭuWvepTE=1°"LxlOO%%wஹx⏚!Ḅ
*+,-\OHZNE/3MyH+ஹN
Mᐗx⏚‘C

32⏒ᩰ⏚ᓛ᪍!¡IᵨḄ¢£╋¥¦§¨⏚©ª«᪀ᵨ᪗®o
¯ᲩZᢣᑺᐸ
ZQZcV2Nag+BaCk=BaCQJ+HO2NaOH+HCI=NaCl+HO2জ=CffcMMNaOffVa_(M2co3ᓃNMH]000n.sMজNag-2x100077sᓃ2PᢣᑺOGÁMÊË᪵®¢ᐜ¯ᲩZᢣᑺᵨHCI᪗o
Ç*+ÐὑÈjZVIml,NaOH+HCI=NaCl+HO^NaCO+HCI=NaHCO^+NaCl223ÕÔᐭᵬÎÏᢣᑺÙÚᵨHCI᪗o
Ç*+ÐὑÈjZV2ml,NaHCO,+HCl=NaCl+H,COஹÛ323×ᯠV2

33âᢣᑺÀãäåæçᙠ>ᵨᲩc,-èᜧêᓄëÀ_èì஺(ὃ7)ᵨPᢣᑺOᑨSᔠT᪵ḄVᡂ:ᨵM®oí¡NaOH,NaHCO,Na2cO3ᡈ¯uî¾ᱥïᔠᱥᵨHCL᪗®o
3¯⏚Zᢣᑺ
ᑮ*+cÐὑHCLVImL;ÙÚ¯ᵬÎÏZᢣᑺ
ᑮ*+cÐὑHCLV2mL,ᵫ¯ñVI?V2Ḅᐵóᑨõ»®oḄöᡂ஺(1)VI>0,V2=0NaOH(2)V2>0,VI=0NaHCO3(3)VI=V2Na2cO3(4)VI>V2>0NaOH+Na2cO3(5)V2>VI>0NaCO3+NaHCO234ஹYḄHk(1)Z✄Oa.NH4++0H-NH3MH2M÷.V)xMNa0H/V7

344NH++6HCHU(CH)6NH++3H++6H2O424(CH)NH'+OH={CH)N+HO2642bA1N%=C^OH.VNaOHXMN]()3H++3O/T=3஺mxl()OOs!"]^O_]^`ab:ẠḄᑖ᪆O.ᵨ#!"Ḅ$%&⌕()ᡂ+ឋ-.Ḅ$%஺Ag++X'=AgXlX=CஹBrஹSCN-ᑭᵨ)ᡂ+ឋ-.Ḅ!"0123f6O34R4ஹ678ஹ9:Ḅᢣ;"(-)?⏚@ᢣᑺ"(Mohr"AB")CD⏚@ᢣᑺḄ-"஺1.EᳮSPlItfAg*+CTfAgC/J(G⁐)IJ=1.3x10-5EP2Ag++CrO^fAgzC04(ẈM⁐)K*=1.2x10*,IN=6.7x10஽2.ᩩQ(1)ᢣᑺḄᵨ⌕〉S(2)%ᙠUឋᡈWXឋUYZ(3)%ᒓ\᤯^CAgCI_Cl-ஹAgBr_Br-ᨵabᔾ▬ᒓ\᤯^eᨵᦔIᔾ▬■h9:ij஺(4)⚜ᐜᑖ
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%⚜ᐜᑖ
3.%ᵨ~eCL-,Br,Ag+,CN-,e1-SCN-,ᔾ▬b\஺8ᢣᑺ"Volhard"B"6C╄NHFe
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+CT-AgC/1G⁐Ag+U+SCATfAgSGVJG⁐EPtF*+SCN~fFeSCM+⁐2.ᩩQ
1ᙠHNO3UYZ:e■hFe3+ḄIuvAg+)ᡂ!Ḅ▢
᝞PO3\4ASO3\CO324z)n᡾஺4
2ᐙᑖ᤯CAgSCNᔾ▬Ag+;!ᔾ▬Cl\Br\I\SCN-
3ᢣᑺḄ⌕〉SCᳮ¡ᢣᑺḄFe3+Ḅ0.043mol/L,¢{£⁐a¤4¥¦ᑴFe3+Ḅ0.015mol/L,¨©ᙠ0.1%ᑁ஺4C«%■hAgCI¬ᓄAgSCNhOH5,kᑮmn7o,AgSCNḄpqrIKSP=1.0x10sLs1AgCIḄpqrtᦪ
KSP=1.8x101஺2]^vᓄwxAgCI+SCN=AgSCN+Cl-

36yz{xᡂḄFe(SCN)2+|ᑖ}z<⁐~஺(ὃ7)bv`Ḅwx28_ᑡ4জxᡂḄAgCI]^ঝᵨᨵᱥ⌚AgCI]^(5)I-%ᐜ®AgN03¯®ᢣᑺ°ᐜ®ᢣᑺI-vFe3+$%±᪆12,⌼ᡂ¨©஺ᐸ$%C2Fe3++2V=2Fe2++12*¶=஺71ᓃ<=0.54V/r°ᐜ®AgNCh)ᡂAgl!I-Ḅ¸¹ᵯ᩽ᵯ¼ᓣ¾¿Fe3+uÀᓄ1-3.%ᵨ~"CL-,Br-,I-,SCN-,Ag+(Á)ᔾ▬ᢣᑺ"(Fayans""ÂÃ")Cᔾ▬ᢣᑺÄ9:Ḅ-"஺1.EᳮAgNO3᪗NaCI,₯ᐝ£(HFI)ᢣᑺ9:jHFI====H++FI-OAgCI-Cl|M+9:Ag+ÇAgCIAg+AgCI-Ag++FI-=====AgCIAg+'FI-£È⁐ÉM⁐2.ᩩ/(1)pḄ⏚q⌕〉k(2)ᐭᑺ8ᐭ¡¢ឋ¤ᑖ¥ᱥ¦2§¨2_■ª§¨Ḅ«¬2zAgX]^ᐹᨵ®ᜧḄ⊤☢r.(3)§¨⚩³0ᢣᑺḄᔾ▬¶2aᶍs1¸H¹¥Ḅᔾ▬¶

374
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