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英汉翻译重难点精讲一、数字增减的译法:1.句式特征:by+名词+比较级+thanThewireisbythreeincheslongerthanthatone.这根导线比那根长3英寸。2.句式特征:表示增减意义的动词+to+n.译为:增加到……或减少到……Metalcuttingmachineshavebeendecreasedto50.金属切割机已经减少到50台。二、百分数增减的表示法与译法1.句式特征:表示增减意义的动词+%Theoutputvaluehasincreased35%.产值增加了35%2.句式特征:表示增减意义的动词+by+%Retailsalsesshouldriseby8%商品零售额应增加3%Theprimecostdecreasedby60%.主要成本减少60%3.句式特征:表示减少意义的动词+to+%表示减少后剩余的数量Byusingthisnew-processthelossofmetalwasreducedto20%.采用这种新工艺,铁的损失量减少到20%4.句式特征:%+比较级+than表示净增减的数量Retailsalesareexpectedtobeninepercenthigherthanlastyear.今年零售额与去年相比,有望增加9%。5.句式特征:%+比较级+名词表示净减数Thenew-typemachinewasted10percentengergysupplied.新型机械能耗量净减10%6.句式特征:a+%+increase表示净增数Thereisa20%increaseofsteelascomparedwithlastyear.与去年相比,今年钢产量净增20%7.句式特征:%+(of)名词(代词)表示净减数,数字n照译Theproductioncostisabout60percentthatoflastyear.今年产值仅为去年的60%8.句式特征:%+upon或over表示净增数Thegrainoutputoflastyearinthisprovincewas20%percentuponthatof1978.去年粮食产量比1978年净增20%。第二部分倍数增加的表示法及译法汉语表示“增加了几倍”时,英语的倍数表示倍数需减一,译成“增加了n-1倍”以表示净增加数。如果译成“增加到n倍”或“为原来的n倍”,则照译不误。1.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+ntimes“表示成倍地增长,译成“增加到N倍”或“增加n-1倍”。注:1倍once;2倍twice(或double);3倍thrice(或threetimes)2.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+by+ntimes,该句式与上述相同3.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+to+ntimes表示增加到N倍,译成”增加了n-1倍“4.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+byafactorof+ntimes5.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+比较级+byafactorof+ntimes表示增加以后达到的倍数,译成“比……大(长、宽…….)N-1倍”6.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+ntimes+比较级+than……..7.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+ntimes+adj./adv.+as……8.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+a+ntimes(或n-fold)+increase……...表示增加到N倍,译成”增加了N-1倍“9.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+as+adj./adv.+againas…….译成“比……
1..大(长、宽……..倍)”例子:LineAisaslongagainaslineB.A线比B线长1倍。Thismachineturnshalfasfastagainasthatone.这台机器转动比那台机器快半倍。10.句式特点:表示增加意义的动词+halfas+adj./adv.+againas…….译成”比……..大(长、宽……..半倍)“11.句式特点:用double表示倍数,译成”等于…….的2倍“或”增加了1倍“12.句式特点:用treble表示倍数增加,译成”增加到3倍“或”增加了2倍“13.句式特点:用quadruple表示倍数增加,译成”增加到4倍“或”增加了3倍“第三部分英语倍数句型及其译法英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样,其中有一些(如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、(12)等,见圈码)很容易译错——其主要原因在于:英汉两语在表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下:倍数增加(一)Aisntimesasgreat(long,much,…)asB.(①)Aisntimesgreater(longer,more,…)thanB.(②)Aisntimesthesize(length,amount,…)ofB.(③)以上三句都应译为;A的大小(长度,数量,……)是B的n倍[或A比B大(长,多,……)n-1倍].E.g..Thisbookisthreetimesaslongas(threetimeslongerthan,threetimesthelengthof)thatone.这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍(即长两倍)。注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than(as,of)B常被省去。(二)increasetontimes(④)increasentimes/n-fold(⑤)increasebyntimes(⑥)increasebyafactorofn(⑦)以上四式均应译为:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。e.g..Theproductionofinte.g.ratedcircuitshasbeenincreasedtothreetimesascomparedwithlastyear.集成电路的产量比去年增加了两倍。e.g..Theoutputofchemicalfertilizerhasbeenraisedfivetimesasagainstl986.化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。e.g..Thatcanincreasemetabolicratesbytwoorthreetimes.那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。e.g..Thedrainvoltagehasbeenincreasedbyafactoroffour.漏电压增加了3借(即增加到原来的4倍)。注:在这类句型中increase常被raise,grow,go/stepup,multiply等词所替代。(三)Thereisan-foldincrease/growth…(⑧)应译为:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。这个句型还有其它一些形式:e.g..Arecordhighincreaseinvalueoffourtimeswasreported.据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。(四)double(增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。(⑨)e.g..Theefficiencyofthemachineshasbeenmorethantrebledorquadrupled.这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。
2(五)此外,英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法,如:Aisasmuch(large,long,…)againasB.(=Aistwiceasmuch(large,long,…)asB.(⑩)应译为:A比B多(大,长,……)1倍。Aishalfasmuch(large,1ong,…)againasB.【=Aisoneandahalftimesasmuch(large,1ong,…)asB.】(11)应译为:A比B多(大,长……)一半(即A是B的一倍半)。倍数减少(一)Aisntimesassmall(light,slow,…)asB.(12)Aisntimessmaller(lighter,slower,…)thanB.(13)以上两句均应译为:A的大小(重量,速度,……)是B的1/n[或A比B小(轻,慢,……)(n-1)/n]。E.g..Thehydrogenatomisnear1yl6timesaslightastheoxygenatom.氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子约轻15/16)。E.g..Thissortofmembraneistwicethinnerthanordinarypaper.这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半(即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than/asB常被省去。(二)decreasentimes/n--fold(14)decreasebyntimes(15)decreasebyafactorofn(16)以上三式均译为:减少到1/n[或:减少(n-1)/n]。decrease常被reduce,shorten,go/slowdown等词替代。E.g..Switchingtimeofthenew-typetransistorisshortened3times.新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3(即缩短到2/3)。E.g..Whenthevoltageissteppedupbytentimes,thestrengthofthecurrentissteppeddownbytentimes.电压升高9倍,电流强度便降低9/10(即90%)。E.g..Theequipmentreducedtheerrorprobabilitybyafactorof5.该设备误差概率降低了4/5。(三)Thereisan-folddecrease/reduction…应译为:减至1/n[或:减少(n一1)/n]。(17)这个句型还有其它一些形式,E.g..Arapiddecreasebyafactorof7wasobserved.发现迅速减少到1/7。E.g..Theprincipaladvantageoftheproductsisatwo-foldreductioninweight.这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出:与汉语不同的是,英语在表述或比较倍数时,无论使用什么句型(除了不含倍数词的again句型外)都包括基础倍数在内,因此都不是净增或净减n倍,而是净增或净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍数增量=句型④;句型(13)表示的倍数比差=句型12,且decrease(by)3times应译为“减少2/3”,而不是“减少3/4”。英语倍数句型及其译法英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样,其中有一些(如下文中的句型②、⑤、
3⑥、⑧、(12)等,见圈码)很容易译错——其主要原因在于:英汉两语在表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下:倍数增加(一)Aisntimesasgreat(long,much,…)asB.(①)Aisntimesgreater(longer,more,…)thanB.(②)Aisntimesthesize(length,amount,…)ofB.(③)以上三句都应译为;A的大小(长度,数量,……)是B的n倍[或A比B大(长,多,……)n-1倍].E.g..Thisbookisthreetimesaslongas(threetimeslongerthan,threetimesthelengthof)thatone.这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍(即长两倍)。注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than(as,of)B常被省去。(二)increasetontimes(④)increasentimes/n-fold(⑤)increasebyntimes(⑥)increasebyafactorofn(⑦)以上四式均应译为:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。E.g..Theproductionofinte.g.ratedcircuitshasbeenincreasedtothreetimesascomparedwithlastyear.集成电路的产量比去年增加了两倍。E.g..Theoutputofchemicalfertilizerhasbeenraisedfivetimesasagainstl986.化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。E.g..Thatcanincreasemetabolicratesbytwoorthreetimes.那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。E.g..Thedrainvoltagehasbeenincreasedbyafactoroffour.漏电压增加了3借(即增加到原来的4倍)。注:在这类句型中increase常被raise,grow,go/stepup,multiply等词所替代。(三)Thereisan-foldincrease/growth…(⑧)应译为:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。这个句型还有其它一些形式:E.g..Arecordhighincreaseinvalueoffourtimeswasreported.据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。(四)double(增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。(⑨)E.g..Theefficiencyofthemachineshasbeenmorethantrebledorquadrupled.这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。(五)此外,英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法,如:Aisasmuch(large,long,…)againasB.(=Aistwiceasmuch(large,long,…)asB.(⑩)应译为:A比B多(大,长,……)1倍。Aishalfasmuch(large,1ong,…)againasB.【=Aisoneandahalftimesasmuch(large,1ong,…)asB.】(11)应译为:A比B多(大,长……)一半(即A是B的一倍半)。倍数减少(一)Aisntimesassmall(light,slow,…)asB.(12)
4Aisntimessmaller(lighter,slower,…)thanB.(13)以上两句均应译为:A的大小(重量,速度,……)是B的1/n[或A比B小(轻,慢,……)(n-1)/n]。E.g..Thehydrogenatomisnear1yl6timesaslightastheoxygenatom.氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子约轻15/16)。E.g..Thissortofmembraneistwicethinnerthanordinarypaper.这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半(即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than/asB常被省去。(二)decreasentimes/n--fold(14)decreasebyntimes(15)decreasebyafactorofn(16)以上三式均译为:减少到1/n[或:减少(n-1)/n]。decrease常被reduce,shorten,go/slowdown等词替代。E.g..Switchingtimeofthenew-typetransistorisshortened3times.新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3(即缩短到2/3)。E.g..Whenthevoltageissteppedupbytentimes,thestrengthofthecurrentissteppeddownbytentimes.电压升高9倍,电流强度便降低9/10(即90%)。E.g..Theequipmentreducedtheerrorprobabilitybyafactorof5.该设备误差概率降低了4/5。(三)Thereisan-folddecrease/reduction…应译为:减至1/n[或:减少(n一1)/n]。(17)这个句型还有其它一些形式,E.g..Arapiddecreasebyafactorof7wasobserved.发现迅速减少到1/7。E.g..Theprincipaladvantageoftheproductsisatwo-foldreductioninweight.这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出:与汉语不同的是,英语在表述或比较倍数时,无论使用什么句型(除了不含倍数词的again句型外)都包括基础倍数在内,因此都不是净增或净减n倍,而是净增或净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍数增量=句型④;句型(13)表示的倍数比差=句型12,且decrease(by)3times应译为“减少2/3”,而不是“减少3/4”。第四部分动词的使动用法动词是英语中词类中最为活跃的成分,至今对于动词的使用我一直是胆战心惊的,现介绍一些使动用法共勉。1.Islowlywalkedmyhorseupthehill.我慢慢地带马上山。2.Therantheshipaground.他们把船开到滩上去了。3.Theswamtheirhorsesintheriver.他们使马泅水渡河。4.Ilaidmyselfdowntorestmyweariedlimbs.我躺下来好让疲惫的腿休息一下。5.Theyrodeoutthestorm.他们安然渡过风暴其实,研究动词个人认为,要把握后面有无宾语;宾语是人还是物;是什么样的宾语。欢迎网友探讨,动词的学习研讨方法。第五部分同系宾语1.Idreamedastrangedream.
52.Hesleptthesleepthatknowsnowaking.3.Ihavefoughtagoodfight.一、在同系宾语上附有修饰形容词时,通常可换成态度副词。livealonglife=livelong;liveahappylife=livehappily;dieanationaldeath=dienationally;dieaviolentdeath=diebyviolence二、有的宾语与动词不同语源,但意义相通,也可以视为同类。runarace;runacourse;runone'scareer;fightabattle;blowagale;strikeablow;ringapeal;wreakone'svengeance三、以it构成的类型:Iamdeterminedtofightitout。我决心奋斗到底。Heisstarringitintheprovinces.他到各地巡回演出。Wehadtowalkitintherain.我们不得不冒雨而行。Can'tyouswimit?你游不过去吗?四、在某些熟语中可将同系宾语省略,如lookthanks=lookalookofthanksHelookedthethankshecouldnotexpress.他眼中现出言语无法表达的感谢。Shelefttheroom,lookingdaggersatme.她以短剑相刺的目光望着我,走出了房间。五、最高级形容词后,可以省略同系宾语。Theladywaslookingherbest(look).Shesanghersweest(song)topleasehim.第六部分词组的译法1.all+抽象名词/抽象名词+itself=very+adj.Hewasallgentlenesstoher.他对她非常温存。Tohissuperiors,heishumilityitself。对于长辈,他极为谦逊。分析:该结构原来是表示某种性质达到极点的一种说法,有“非常”、“尽管”、“一味”、“尽”的含义,有时甚至可以译为“……..的化身”、“……..的具体化”。普通复数名词用于“all”之后,也是表达这种概念。Heisallsmiles.他一味地笑。Sheisalleyes.她盯着看。Iamallanxiety.我真担心。Heisallattention.他全神贯注地听着。2.Something(much)of/nothing(little)ofMr.Liissomethingofaphilospher.李先生略具哲学家风范。Mr.Wuisnothingofamusician.吴先生全无音乐家的风味。Mr.Luisverymuchofapoet.陆先生大有诗人气派。Mr.Liuislittleofascholar.刘先生几无学者风度。分析:此为表示“程度”的形容词短语,有时可以当作副词翻译。Somethingof=tosomeextent(某程度),在问句和条件句中则用anytingof(略有、多少)。nothingof译作“全无、毫无”。相类似的情况:tobesomethingof=tohavesomethingof+名词+in+代名词Heisnothinginabilityofanorator=Hehasnothingofanoratorinhis
6ability.他毫无演说家的才能。这类名词的用法,可以处理为副词。Hehasseensomethingoflife.他略具阅历。他稍阅世。Somethingof与somethinglike区别:程度上有差异。somethinglike=somethingapproximateingincharacteroramount指数量或性质略同的事物,又作somewhat(似乎、略微)解释。Thisissomethinglikeapudding.此物略似布丁。Itshapedsomethinglikeacigar.其形状略似雪茄。3.as...as的三种用法;(1)Heisaskindashissister.他象他妹妹一样和蔼。(2)Heisaskindashonest.他既诚实又和蔼。(3)Heiaaskindashissisterishonest.他妹妹诚实,而他和蔼。句式1表示两个不同的人相同的性质;句式2表示同一个人不同的性质;句式3表示两个人的不同性质。该句式中第一个as为之时副词,第二个as为连词。所以,第一个as后面为adj./adv.,而第二个as后面为从句。4.as……..asany/as…….aseverHeisasgreatastatesmanasany=Heisasgreatastatesmanaseverlived.他是一位稀有的政治家。5.as…….as…….canbeItisasplainasplaincanbe(maybe).那是再明白不过了。Alotoftheseboysweregreenasgreencanbe.这些男孩许多都是精力充沛无以复加的。6.as……...,so………………Asrusteatsiron,socareeatstheheart.忧能伤人,犹如锈之蚀铁。SO相当于inthesameproportion;inlikemanner;inthesameway(亦复如此)。为加强语气,也可以在as前面加上just一词。Asfiretriesgold,sodoesadversitytrycourage.正如火能试金,逆境可以试人的勇气。Asthehumanbodyisnourishedbythefood,soisanationnourishedbyitsindustries.正像身体要靠食物营养一样,国家要靠工业营养。7.Itisin(orwith)…………asin(orwith)……..Itisinlifeasinajourney.人生好比旅途。Itisinstudyingasineating;hewhodoesitgetsthebenefits,andnothewhoseesitdone.读书和吃饭一样,得到利益的是那些实际在吃的人,而不是旁观的人。Itisinmindasinbodywhichmustbenourishedbygoodfood.精神和身体都必须有好的食物来营养。8.asgoodas/aswellasItisasgoosasdone.这就和做好了一样。Itisbroadaswellaslong.那既长且宽。asgoodas有两个含义:(1)amountingto;notfallingshortof;等于;同样;几如;;不欠缺Hewasasgoodashisword.他不爽约。(2)virtually;essentially;ineveryessentialrespect实际上;其实;实在;在各要点上Heisasgoodasdeadalready.宛如死人;行尸走肉;名存实亡aswellas有四个含义:
7(1)nolessthan;equallywith等于;不下于;亦;一样好Ihaveunderstandingaswellasyou.(2)both……and..;oneequallywiththeother“与”、“两者皆”Workinmoderationishealthyaswellasagreeabletothehumanconstitution.适度劳动对身体给予快感,又有益卫生。(3)与notonly……butalso有连带关系Hehasexperienceaswellasknowledge.=Hehasnotonlyknowledgebutalsoexperience.(4)可以代替betterthanAswell(=better)behangedforasheepas(=than)foralamb.窃钩如窃国,与其盗小羊。9.Asitis其含义为:asitstands;tostatethematterasitreallystands;asamatteroffact;inreality.相当于:实际上;就实际情况而言;根据(现在)情况看;就现在这个样子等等。它用来指事物的单数;即指前面的单数名词。如果指事物的复数,则用“Astheyare”。如果用来指人时,则为asIam/youare/she/heis/weare/theyare.asitis的过去式为asitwas。其位置可以放在句首,句末或句子中间。(1)用于句首,注意前后时态与该结构保持一致Asitis,wecannothelphim.Asitwas,wecouldnothelphim.(2)用于句末Let'skeepitasitis.Youmustn'tgototheballasyouare.你不能这样去参加舞会。有时it可以省略为“asis”,意即:照现在的样子,常指“不再修理或改进”等情况。Hehasanoldradioasis.他有一台没有修理过的旧收音机。I‘llsellittoyouasis,butdon'tcomplainifitdoesn'twork.(3)句中时,用逗号把它从前后隔开A.虚拟语气句式+but+asitis/was,该结构意为:其实;事实上Ithoughtthingswouldgetbetter,butasitis,theyaregettingworseandworse.Thericecouldhavebeengotinyesterdyiftheweatherhadbeenfine,butasitwas,ithadtobeleftinthefields.B.过去分词+asitis,表示强调前面的过去分词Writtenasitisinaninterestingway,thisbookisenjoyabletoyoungandoldalike.Publishedasitwasatsuchatime,hisworkattrachedmuchattention.C.现在分词+asitdoes(did)。意为:因为这样,(实际)所以………….LivingashedoesinShanghai,heknowstheplaceextremelywell.Readingashedidmanytimes,hecouldreciteitfluently.几个类似的结构:A.asitstands根据目前情况来看Asitstands,itiscertainthatourcountrycanrealizethefourmodernizationaheadofschedule.B.suchasitis不怎么样,质量不过如此Theroom,suchasitis,isverybright.C.asitwere=asifitwereso.属虚拟语气,用于插入语。不可以与asitis混淆Heis,asitwere,alivingdictionary.ComradeLeiFengstilllives,asitwere,inourheart.
810.have+the+抽象名词+不定式Ihadthefortunetosucceed.我很幸运获得了成功。have=possess原来指肉体和精神上的特征,现作为一种天赋而具有的。Shehadthecheek(=impudence)tosaysuchathing.=Shewassoimpudentastosaysuchathing.她厚颜无耻地说出这样的话。Howcanyouhavetheheart(=hard-heartness)todrownsuchdarlinglittlekittens?你何忍心把如此可爱的小猫淹死?11.名词+of+a+名词Itwasagreatmoutainofawave.波浪如山高。ThatfoolofaTomdidit.这是汤姆那个笨蛋做的。ThatoldcrippleofaHenn.那个年老的残废者亨。Itwouldmakethedeuceofascandal.这会弄得声名狼藉的。of前后的名词指同一人或物体。其中的“名词+of”后出现的名词前面,必须有一个不定词,即使是固有名词,该冠词也不可省略。adevilofaman=adevishmanarascalofafellow=arascallyfellow12.in+人Theyhaveanenemyinhim.他才是他们的敌人。分析:in=inthepersonof(在那人身上),表示一个人身上具有的性质、资格、能力等。原来是由于形状(与形状有关的in,如:inacircle;inprint;inaheap;incouples;inhumanshape;inruins等)所转来的,而有“即……是也”、“就是”的含义。这种in多出现在find,see,behold,lose等动词后面。Hehadsomethingoftheheroinhim.Chinalostagreatartistin(thedeathof)ChiPaishi.13.shortof/beshortof/nothingshortofshort=except,是副词的用法。在前面可以使用的动词有:come,fall,run等,表示“不足”、“缺乏”的意思,其中“of”做“from”解释。至于beshortof与nothingshortof中的“shortof”则为形容词。beshortof表示“不足”或“离开”;nothingshortof表示“完全”。1)Shortoftheft,IwilldoanythingIcanforyou.2)Weareshortofhandsatpresent.3)Hisconductwasnothingshortofmadness.他的行为简直发了狂。14.anythingbut/nothingbut/allbut在英文中anythingbut=never;意即“除此之外,别的都是”,是表示强调的否定;nothingbut=only;意即“除此之外,别的都不是”;allbut=almost;nearly三种用法中,but都有“except”含义15.muchmore/muchlessHelikesachild,muchmoreababy.他喜欢小孩,更加喜欢婴孩。Hedoesn'tlikeachild,muchlessababy.他步喜欢小孩,更加不喜欢婴孩。解释:muchmore用于肯定句之后,表示程度增加;表示更多,much可以改为stillmuchless用于否定句之后,表示程度减少;表示更少,可译为“何况”、“还论”16.more…………than……...can“达到不可能的程度”morethan……………………can"简直不可能"
9Heearnsmoremoneythanhecanspend.17.morethan+动词,译为“深为,十二分的”Thismorethansatisfiedme.这使我十二分的满意。Moreismeantthanmeetstheear.有言外之意。Whatweloseinflowerswemorethangaininfruits.18.less……...thanDuringtheweekhesawlessofherthanusual.在那一个星期内,他比平常要少见到她。less……...than“较少”、“较差”、“不及”、“不如”。该less做形容词时好翻译,做副词解释时难译。Proof-readingisnotinteresting,stilllesssowhenitisone'sownwork.Proof-readingisuninteresting,stillmoresowhenitisone'sownwork.Hislectureleftmelessthansatisfactory.他的演讲怎么也不能使我满意。Heobservedwithinteresttheerrorsofherfaceandfigure,thethinunderlip,tooheavilypenciledeyebrows,andherle.g.slessthanslimalthoughnotactuallyskinny.他感兴趣地望着她面孔和身体上的一些缺点,那太薄的下唇,画的太浓的眉毛和她那瘦弱的双腿,虽然还没有达到皮包骨头的程度。19.the+比较级+理由Ilikehimallthebetterforhisfaults.因为他有缺点,所以我更加喜欢他。连接“理由”部分的可以为:for,because,onaccountof,owingto等,前面部分常常出现的结构为:all(much)the+比较级。该结构中的the=tothatde.g.ree.20.whatheis/whathehasWehonourhimforwhatheis,notforwhathehas.我们尊敬的是他的人品,而不是他的财富。whatheis=hischaracterwhathehas=hispropertyItisnotaquestionhowmuchamanknows,butusewhathecanmakeofwhatheknows;notaquestionofwhathehasacquired,andhowhehasbeentrained,butofwhatheis,andwhathecando.问题不在于一个人知道多少,而在于他能否运用他的知识;问题不在于他所学为何,受过怎样的教育,而在于他的人品,以及他的能力。21.what+名词/what+little+名词Hegavemewhatmoneyhehadabouthim.他把他身上所有的钱都给了我。IgavehimwhatlittlemonyIhad.我竭尽绵薄之力将仅有的钱都给了他。what+名词含有“allthe……that”或“that……which”含义。译为“所有的……..”,what做关系代名词。what+little(few等一类词)+名词含有“虽少但全部”或“所仅有的”Shesavedwhatlittlemoneyshecouldoutofherslimsalarytohelpherbrothergotoschool.22.whatwith…………andwhatwith/whatby……..andwhatbyWhatwithillnessandwhatwithlosses,heisalmostruined.半因为生病,半因为亏损,他几乎整个儿毁了。Whatbybrikesandwhatbyextortions,hemademoney.或由受贿,或由勒索,他发财了。此为what的副词用法,可译为“多少(=somewhat)”、“半(=patrly)”whatwith…………andwhatwith表示“原因”
10whatby……..andwhatby表示“手段”Whatwithoverworkandunder-nourishmenthefellill.由于过劳,加上营养不足,他终于病倒了。23.ifany1)Hedespiseshonour,ifanyonedoes.世界上真有人轻视荣誉的话,他便是一个。2)Hehaslittle,ifany,money.他即令有钱,也是极少的。ifany,ifever意思是“果真有,即令有的话”,相当于ifthereis(are)anyatall.。它通常是伴随有little,few,seldom等准否定词。与此相近的用法还有ifanything,意思是“ifatall”或“ifthereisanydifference”,可以译为“倘若有异同,如果稍有区别的话”。还有“ifaday”意思是“atleast”。Thereislittle,ifany,hope.希望甚微。Itoccursseldom,ifever(=seldomornever).真有其事,也不常发生。Ifanything,heisalittlebettertoday.如有什么不同,他比昨天好了一点。Thegreatnesshaslittle,ifanything,todowithrankorpower.真正的伟大是和权力与地位毫无关系的。下面的内容虽然与帖子的名称不太相符,但是作为构成句式的基本单元------词汇,也是不容忽视的啊。学习过程中收集、整理了不少令我疑惑的词汇(词组),曾经在OE网站张贴,现把精华部分粘贴于此,希望大家对我的理解提出批评和指正。“闪光”之说:1、shine:照耀,指光稳定发射;2、glitter:闪光,指光不稳定发射;3、glare:耀眼,表示光的强度最大;4、sparkle:闪烁,指发射微细的光度。打破”之说:1、break:一般用语,经打击或施加压力而破碎;2、crack:出现了裂缝,但还没有变成碎片;3、crush:指从外面用力向内或从上向下压而致碎;4、demolish:破坏,铲平或削平(如土壤,建筑物,城堡等);5、destroy:在肉体上、精神上或道义上彻底摧毁,使之无法复原;6、shatter:突然使一个物体粉碎;7、smash:指由于突如其来的一阵暴力带一声响而彻底粉碎。有关“死”之说:1、去世,与世长辞:topassaway;2、寿终:toclose(end)one'sday;3、咽气,断气:tobreatheone'slast;4、归西:togowest;5、了解尘缘:topaythedebtofnature;6、命归黄泉:todeparttotheworldofshadows;7、见阎王:togiveupthegost;8、翘辫子:tokickthebucket;9、蹬腿:tokickupone'sheels;10、不吃饭:tolaydownone'sknifeandfork.有关"怀孕"(pre.g.nant)之说:
111、sheishavingbaby;2、sheisexpecting;3、sheisinafamilyway;4、sheisinadeliacatecondition;5、sheisinaninterestingcondition;6、sheisknittinglittlebooties."broken"涵义种种:1、abrokenman:一个绝望的人;2、abrokensoldier:一个残废的军人;3、brokenmoney:零花钱;4、abrokenpromise:背弃的诺言;5、brokenEnglish:蹩脚的英语;6、abrokenspirit:消沉的意志;7、abrokenheart:破碎的心。准确理解“kill”(后面附词义):1、hekilledtheman.杀;2、hekilledthedog,宰;3、hekilledtimedownatthepark,消磨;4、hekilledhischanceofsuccess,断送;5、hekilledthemotionwhenitcamefromthecommittee,否决;6、hekilledhimselfbyoverwork,致死;7、hekilledthespiritofthegroup,抹杀;8、hekilledthreebottlesofwhiskeyinaweek,喝光;9、killthepeace,扼杀;10、killthefriendship,终止;11、killamarriage,解除。“声誉”种种:1、fame:褒义,指关于一个人的人格、行为、才能等方面的优点;2、reputation和repute差不多,可褒义可贬义,指对人或物的评价、看法,词义较窄;3、distinction,褒义,指因职衔、地位或人格所造成的,通常包含“优越于人,与众不同”;4、renown,褒义,指显赫的声誉或应该得到的荣誉;5、notoriety,贬义,与fame相对应。“空空如也”:1、hollow,表示“空洞的,虚的,不实的,下陷的‘,可以和tree,voice,sound,cheeks等连用;2、vacant,表示”没人占用的,出缺的“,常和position,room,house,seat等连用;3、empty,表示”空的,一无所有的“,可以和house,room,cup,box,stomatch,head,words等连用.你能理解”or“吗?1、连接两个对等的事物或人,可译为”或“,”或者“;2、前后为同一个事物时,应译为”即“,”或称“,”或作“TheexactmechanismofYutin,orvitaminPasissometimescalled,onthecapillarywallis
12notunderstood.附译文:路丁,即有时所称的维生素P,其对毛细血管壁的确切作用(机理)还不了解。3、连接两组数字,代表不同单位的同一数量时,一般译为”合“,”等于“;Normaltemperatureinmanis98.6For37C(遗憾的时表温度上标我不会)。4、从or中导致方面结果时,应译为“否则”;Hurryup,oryouwillbelate.5、”orso“左右;"ormore"以上;"orrather"甚至general"涵义种种:1、全身麻醉generalanesthesia2、普查,集体检查generalcheck-up3、一般健康情况generalhealthcondition4、综合性医院generalhospital5、总路线gene.g.ralline6、大纲generaloutline7、弥漫性腹膜炎generalperitonitis8、普通医师generalpractitioner9、总查(病)房generalpurpose10、秘书长generalsecretary你能“定”下来吗?1、setadate:决定日期2、setanexample:树立榜样3、setfruit:结果子4、setafire:点火5、setaseveredlimb:断肢再接6、setsail:开航,起航7、setthecameralens:调整(相机)镜头8、setapentopaper::动笔,下笔9、setanewtask:提出新任务10、setdownallitems:记下所有项目11、setoneselftolearnfrom:决心向…….学习你知道这有多”重“?1、heavyapplause:热烈的鼓掌2、heavygait:沉重的步态3、heavychemicals大量生产的化学药品4、heavysea波涛汹涌的海面5、heavysleep:熟睡6、heavysmoker:烟瘾大的人7、heavycurrent:强电流8、heavyeater:食量大的人9、heavytask:繁重的任务10、heavyfood:油腻而难消化的食物11、heavytraffic:拥挤的交通12、heavyweather:恶劣的天气13、heavyroad:泥泞的路
1314、heavyrain:大雨15、heavyclouds:厚云16、heavycrops:丰收17、heavyfrost:浓霜18、heavywine:烈酒19、heavynews:悲痛的消息20、heavyheart:忧愁的心21、heavyfire:猛烈的炮火22、heavybread:没有发酵好的面包23、heavywire:粗线24、heavyload:重载25、heavystorm:暴风雨26、heavyreader:沉闷冗长的读物“强度”怎么说?1、intensity:指强烈的程度,多用于磁、电、热、光、声、火、劳动等抽象或非(易于触摸到的)实体。例:colourintensityintensityoflight2、strength:指坚强的程度,用于可触摸到的具体实物抗拒能力的大小。strengthofcement(水泥标号)enginestrengthworkingstrength你打牢“基础”了吗?1、base:指有形、具体的基础、基地。baseline基线baseplate底座cottonbase产棉区database数据库paintbase底漆rawmaterialbase原料基地2、basic:基本的,碱性的basicBessemersteel底吹碱性转炉钢basichole基孔basicindustry基础工业basicmaterial碱性材料3、basis:无形、抽象的基础、根据econimicbasis经济基础holebasis基孔制scientificbasis科学根据4、foundation:指大厦建筑物的地基,引申为“根据”foundationbolt地脚螺栓materialfoundationofsociety社会物质基础reinforcedconcretefoundation钢筋混凝土基础Therumourhasnofoundation这传闻毫无根据你了解这些“组织”吗?1、construction:指“构造”(将零部件装配,组合在一起成为整体的方式);“结构”(各组成部分的搭配和排列,建筑物上承担重力部分的构造)aircraftconstruction飞机构造weldedconstruction焊接结构Thismachineissimpleinconstruction这种机器构造简单
14bodyconstruction车身(机身、弹体)构造capitalconstruction基本建设physicalconstruction机械构造prefabricatedconstruction预制构造shipsofsimiliarconstruction结构类似的船2、structure:“结构、组织”agestructure年龄构成atomicstructure原子结构steelstucture钢结构shellstucture薄层结构brickstucture砖建筑物geologicalstucture地质构造marketstucture市场结构microscopicstucture显微组织Thehumanbodyisawonderfulstucture人体是个奇妙的构造物thestuctureofaplant一种植物的构造"charge"涵义知多少?1、费用:servicecharge服务费;2、责任:inchargeof负责;3、装料:furnacecharge炉料;4、电荷:inducedcharge感应电荷;5、装药:shapedcharge锥孔炸药再解“develop”1、发展:agriculturedevelpopmentsocialdevelopmentindustrialdevelpopmentdevelopmentinforeignaffairs2、开发water-powerdevelopmentoil-fielddevelopmentdevelopmentofnaturalresouercesinterllectualdevelopment3、研制advanceddevelopment远景产品研制,样机试制underdevelopmentengineeringdevelopmentoperatinaldevelopment产品改进性研制exploratorydevelopment探索性研制4、开拓oredevelopmentlateraldevelopment水平开拓5、展开(用于数学)seriesdevelopment级数展开
15developmentoffunction函数的展开6、显影chemicaldevelopment化学显影overdevelopment显影过度timedevelopment定时显影Theshademeaningof"power":【数学】乘方、幂Thesixthpoweroftwoissixty-four.【力学】力:horsepower功率:ratedpower额定功率【电学】电力:powernetwork电源:powerswitch功率:powerexport【化学】能:chemicalpower本领:catalyticpower催化本领化合价:Aluminiumhasaconmbiningpowerofthree.【机械】动力:powershaft传动轴力:brakepower【社会】力量:knowledgeispower权力:politicalpower强国:superpowerTheshademeaningof"system":【机电】系统:electriclightsystem电照明系统lubricatingsystem润滑系统电力网:systemfault电力网故障装置:tierod-cranksystem连杆曲柄装置topchargingsystem炉顶装料装置设备:loadingsystem转载设备制:basichole(shaft)system基孔(轴)制【数学】组:systemofequations【力学】系:systemofforces【化学】法:acidsystem酸法【社会】体系:industrialsystem制度:socialsystem方法:anewsystemofteachingforeignlanguageTheshademeaningof"work":工作:workexperience
16工件:stampwork模锻工件工厂:NO.1MotorVehicalWorks工事:defenceworks著作:newworksonacupuncture针刺疗法新书功:mechanicalwork运转:Themachineworkswell.加工:Thewoodworkseasily.起作用:Themedicineworks.造成:workwonders(miracles)创造奇迹Theshademeaningof"sound":【声音】soundwave【听起来】Theplansoundsreasonable.【发音】soundeverysyllable!每个音节都要发音。Theshipmovedslowlyforwardsoundingasshewent.航船慢速前进,一路锤测水深。【完好的】soundmetal优质金属【牢固的】soundcasting坚实的铸件Thesahdemeaningof"sound":【圆的】roundplate【整的】aroundton【环形】aroundtrip往还一次【圆角】filletandround内圆角和外圆角【弹】guidedround(missile)导弹【围绕】Themoonmovesroundtheearth.【到处】showsbround【使圆】roundthecorners【舍入】3.14159roundedtofourdecimalsbecomes3.1416废物"之说:1、litter:并不是真正意义上的废物,而是用后散置的“杂物”,相当于oddsandends,或索性说是残余物(leavings)Alwayspickupyourlitterafterapicnic.2、waste:真正的废物,美国人常用trash,此字还有“残屑”、或“垃圾”之意。垃圾篓美国人用trashcan;英国用dustbin.美国人把南方的穷苦白人叫the(poor)whitetrash;可见,此词又可作“无价值的人或物”解释。Thatbookismeretrash.3、rubbish:范围广,真正的废物。也可表惊叹“Rubbish(胡说!)”英国人常说:Thatbookisallrubbish.4、厨房残屑:kitchenrefuse或refuse:此词做废物或无用之物讲,但一般指固体废物,不指可排泄的垃圾。5、到垃圾的地方:adumpingground;adumping-placeforrubbish;arubbishdump.6、junk:垃圾、废物。原意是“破烂货”。Hiswritingisalljunk.7、废人、社会渣滓:humanwaste;debris;dre.g.sofpopulation;off-scouringsofhumanity;drossofmankind;hoboHeisnowa"has-been"(他现成了废物)=Heoutlivedhisusefulness.Commitment译法:
17动词commit在字典中涵义:1、犯、行、作:commitacrime;commitablunder;commitmurder;commitsuicide2、委托、付诸:commitsomefundstothecareoftrustees(委托资金与保管委员会);commitabill(议会将议案交付委员审查);committhoughtstowriting(将想法写出来);commitsomethingtomemory(暗记某事);3、承担:Ifyouagreedtogiveanumberoflectures,helptopayyourbrother’sschoolexpenses,andgive$500ayearforclothes,youhavequitealotofcommitments.4、(束缚身体之意转为)牵累,陷入,献身:Donotcommityourself(勿自限累);commitoneselftoapromise;例析:1、Inthelastdecade,however,wehavesoughttofulfillthegoalwithgreaterzeal,greatercommitment,andgreatersuccessthanatanyperiodinourhistory.在过去十年中,我们比历史上任何时期都力求更加热心地、更加献身地、更加成功地来达到这个目标(献身)。2、(李光耀对新加坡人的定义)ASingaporeanisapersonwhofeelscommittedtoupholdingsocietyasitis—multi-racial,tolerant,accommodating,forward-looking---andwhoispreparedtostakehislifeforthecommunity.一个新加坡人就是一个对现存的多元种族、容忍互助而又高瞻远瞩的社会,以献身精神来支持它,并装备为它付出生命的人(献身的)。3、Ibelievethatbothcandidatesshouldmakeitabsolutelyclearthattheyshareabasiccommitmenttothesuccessofthene.g.otiationsnowtakingplaceinParis.我相信两党的总统候选人,都应绝对明确地表示,他们对于促成现在巴黎举行的商谈成功,具有基本的言语约束(言约)。4、hesecondimperativeofourpolicyforpeaceisthatwemustmeetourcommitmentandkeepourpromisestouseourstrengthtoopposeaggression.我们和平政策的第二条诫命,就是我们必须尽我们的义务,守住我们的诺言,竭尽所能,反抗侵略(诺言)。5、Vietnammaybeabitterhoaxoritmaybeamajorcommitmentinthedefenseoffreedom,butitwillgoawaybecauseweyell“foul”;itwillnotfadebecauseweblowretreat.越南可能是一种痛苦的玩笑,也可能是在保卫自由中的一个大的牵累,它不会因为我们大叫讨厌而走开,也不会因为我们鸣金收兵而消失(牵累)6、ThereportsaidthatnewcommitmentsofUS$50.7millionduringfiscalyear1968raisedtotalinvestmentsoftheInternationalFinanceCorporationinprivateenterprisesinitsmembercountriestoUS$271.8millionin39countries.1968年会计年度新的投资计有5070万美元,使得国际金融公司在其他会员国的私人企业总投资,39个国家共达27180万美元(投资)。7、TheJapanesehavefaithfullyobservedtheircommitments.日本人忠实地遵守了投降条件(条件)。其他:anall-aroundcommitment(全面的约束)togiveaprecipitatecommitment(给以轻率的保险种种:accidentinsurance意外保险accidentdeathinsurance意外死亡保险
18accountsreceivableinsurance应收帐款保险additionalinsurance加保agriculturalinsurance农业保险airtransportinsurance空运保险airtransportationcargoinsurance空运货物保险aircrafthullinsurance飞机机身保险aircraftpassengerinsurance飞机乘客保险allrisksinsurance综合保险annuityinsurance年金保险automobileinsurance汽车保险aviationinsurance航空保险aviationliabilityinsurance航空责任保险aviationpersonalaccidentinsurance航空人身意外保险baddebtinsurance坏帐保险baggageinsurance行李保险bailee'scustomersinsurance受托人代客保险basicinsurance基本保险blanketinsurance总括保险blockinsurance船舶保险boilerexplosioninsurance锅炉爆炸保险bondinsurance债券保险bondinginsurance保证保险brokerinsurance保险掮客buildinginsurance建筑物保险burglaryinsurance盗窃保险businessinterruptioninsurance业务中断保险businessliabilityinsurance营业责任保险capitalinsurance资本保险cargoinsurance货物保险cargomarineinsurance海洋货运保险cargotransportationinsurance货物运输保险carrier'sliabilityinsurance承运人责任保险cashmessengerinsurance现金运送保险casualtyinsurance不幸事故保险,灾害保险cattleinsurance家畜保险cedeinsurance分保child'sinsurance儿童保险civilliabilityinsurance民事责任保险civilresponsibilityinsurance责任保险collectiveinsurance集体保险collectiveaccidentinsurance集体灾害保险collisioninsurance碰撞保险commercialcreditinsurance商业信用保险commissioninsurance佣金保险
19compensationinsurance职工赔偿保险comprehensiveinsurance综合保险,全程保险compulsoryinsurance强制保险concurrentinsurance同时保险consequentialdamageinsurance间接损害保险consequentiallossinsurance间接损失保险consignmentexportinsurance寄售输出保险consignmentsaleexportinsurance寄销出口保险consignmentstockinsurance寄销货物保险continuedinsurance继续保险convertibleinsurance转换保险costandinsurance成本加保险价creditinsurance信用保险creditlifeinsurance信用人寿保险(借款人死亡时,应将赔偿金付给放款人)cropinsurance作物保险damageinsurance损失保险deathinsurance死亡保险deferredinsurance搁置保险depositinsurance存款保险disabilityinsurance残废保险disbursementsinsurance船舶费用保险domesticinsurance家计保险domesticanimaltransportationinsurance家畜运输保险doubleinsurance双重保险dutyinsurance关税保险earthquakeinsurance地震保险economicpolicyinsurance经济政策保险educationinsurance教育保险elevatorliabilityinsurance电梯责任保险employee'spensioninsurance职工退休养老保险employer'sliabilityinsurance
20雇主责任保险;职工伤害保险employmentinsurance就业保险endowmentinsurance人寿定期保险,养老保险,储蓄保险endowmentlifeinsurance人寿定期保险engineeringinsurance工程保险erectioninsurance机器安装保险excessinsurance超额保险exchangeriskinsurance外汇风险保险exhibitioninsurance展览保险expectedprofitinsurance预期利润保险explosioninsurance爆炸保险exportinsurance出口保险,输出保险extendedtermsinsurance延期保险externalinvestmentprincipalinsurance国外投资本金保险facultativeinsurance临时保险familyincomeinsurance家庭收入保险farminsurance农业保险fermentationinsurance发酵保险fidelityinsurance职工忠诚保险fireinsurance火灾保险,火险fiscalinsurance租税保险fixedterminsurance定期保险floodinsurance洪水保险forcedinsurance强制保险foreignexchangefluctuationinsurance外汇波动保险fraternalinsurance互助救济保险freightinsurance运费保险frostinsurance霜害保险fullvalueinsurance全值保险generalaveragedisbursementinsurance共同海损费用保险generalexportinsurance普通输出保险governmentemployeeinsurance公务人员保险groupinsurance团体保险grouplifeinsurance团体人身保险guaranteeinsurance保证保险,盗窃意外保险hailinsurance雹害保险harvestinsurance收获保险hazardousinsurance危险物品保险healthinsurance健康保险hirepurchasecreditinsurance租赁信用保险homeowner'sinsurance房主保险hospitalizationinsurance医疗保险hullinsurance船舶保险,运输工具保险
21hypothecationinsurance抵押保险imaginaryprofitinsurance预期利益保险immovableinsurance不动产保险inconvertibilityinsurance国外投资本利不能兑换汇回保险increasedvalueinsurance增值保险individualaccidentinsurance个人伤害保险industrialinsurance工业保险inlandmarineinsurance内陆水运保险invalidinsurance伤残保险jewelleryinsurance珠宝保险joblessinsurance失业保险jointinsurance合伙保险,联合保险jointstockinsurance合股保险业labelinsurance标签保险labourinsurance劳动保险landtransitinsurance陆运保险leaseholdinterestinsurance租赁权益保险liabilityinsurance责任保险lifeinsurance人寿保险lighterinsurance驳运保险livestocktransitinsurance活牲畜运输保险longlifeinsurance长寿保险luggageinsurance行李保险machineryinsurance机器保险machinerybreakdowninsurance机器损坏保险marineinsurance海洋运输保险,海上保险,水险marinecargoinsurance海运货物保险marinehullinsurance船舶保险maritimeinsurance海洋运输保险
22maternityinsurance生育保险medicalexpenseinsurance医疗费保险mixedinsurance混合保险morespecificinsurance最特定保险mortalityinsurance死亡保险mortgageinsurance不动产抵押借款保险motorcarinsurance汽车保险motorcycleinsurance摩托车保险motorvehiclepassengerinsurance汽车乘客保险movableinsurance动产保险multiple-lineinsurance多种类保险业务mutualinsurance相互保险nationalinsurance国民保险,国家保险nationalhealthinsurance国民健康保险no-faultinsurance无过失保险non-concurrentinsurance不同时保险non-lifeinsurance损害保险obligatoryinsurance强制保险oceanmarinecargoinsurance海洋运输货物保险oldageinsurance老年保险opencovercargoinsurance预约货物保险单openpolicyinsurance预约保险ordinarylifeinsurance普通终身寿险overlappinginsurance重复保险overseasinsurance海外保险overseastravelsicknessinsurance海外旅行疾病保险owninsurance自己保险,本身保险
23paid-upinsurance保费已付足的人寿保险单parcelpostinsurance邮包保险partialinsurance部份保险participatinginsurance由相互保险公司所出的分单保险,其利润将来仍退给投保人passengerinsurance旅客保险pensionsinsurance抚恤金保险perpetualinsurance终身保险personalinsurance人身保险pettyinsurance小额保险plateglassinsurance玻璃保险pluviousinsurance雨水保险,雨淋保险postalinsurance简易保险powerinterruptioninsurance电流中断保险preliminaryterminsurance初期保险,持续保险premiuminsurance保险费prepaidinsurance预付保险费保险primaryinsurance优先保险productliabilityinsurance产品责任保险professionalliabilityinsurance职业责任保险profitinsurance利润保险propertyinsurance财产保险proprietaryinsurance营业保险
24provisionalinsurance暂时保险publicliabilityinsurance公众损害保险,公共责任保险pureendowmentinsurance生存保险,养老保险raininsurance雨害保险reducedpaid-upinsurance减额支付保险re.g.isteredmailinsurance挂号邮件保险rentinsurance房租保险replacementinsurance重置或修复保险residenceinsurance住家保险retirementincomeinsurance退休收入保险riverhullinsurance内河船舶保险rivertransportationinsurance内河运输保险robberyinsurance盗劫保险shippinginsurance船运保险sicknessinsurance疾病保险socialinsurance社会保险specificinsurance特定保险stateinsurance国家保险stormandtempestinsurance暴风雨保险straightlifeinsurance终身保险strikeexpensesinsurance罢工追加费用保险subsidiaryinsurance附属保险
25supplementaryinsurance追加保险survivorshipinsurance共有财产中归后死者所得的联合保险terminsurance定期保险theftinsurance盗窃保险timeinsurance定期保险timehullinsurance船舶定期保险titleinsurance产权保证保险touristluggageinsurance旅客行李保险transitinsurance内陆运输保险traveller'saccidentinsurance旅客意外保险trustinsurance信托保险unemploymentinsurance失业保险unexpiredinsurance未到期保险useandoccupancyinsurance固定开支保险voluntaryinsurance自愿保险voyageinsurance航次保险waitinginsurance停止保险warriskinsurance战争险,兵险waterpipeinsurance水管保险wholelifeinsurance终身保险windstorminsurance风暴险workmen'sinsurance工人保险
26workmen'scompensationinsurance劳工保险yachtinsurance游艇保险insuranceforadult成人保险insuranceformedicalcare医疗保险insuranceofexport-importgoods进出口货物保险insuranceofvaluables贵重物品保险insuranceorguaranteeofprivateloans私人贷款保险或担保替代词one,ones,that,those在比较结构中的用法辨析在比较结构中,为了避免重复,常用替代词替代名词词组或它的中心词。可以这样用的替代词常用的且较难掌握的有one,ones,that和those。I.替代词one和ones的用法:1.one只能替代单数名词,one的复数形式ones只能替代复数名词。例如:Mychilddoesn'tlikethisbook.Showheramoreinterestingone.2.替代词one或ones必须带有一个限定或修饰词,它们和所替代的名词中心词所指不一定是同一对象,这是替代词one或ones在用法上的一个重要特征。例如:Idon'tlikethisbook.I'dlikeamoreinterestingone.3.当替代词one或ones带有后置修饰语时,它们前面总有定冠词。例如:Ournewcassetteismoreexpensivethantheonewehadbefore.4.当替代词one或ones在形容词比较级、最高级以及某些限定词如this,that,which和序数词等之后,可以省略。例如:Thisbookismuchbetterthanthat(one).5.替代词one或ones通常不用在物主代词和名词所有格之后。如不可说myone(s),yourone(s),Peter'sone(s)等等。one或ones也不能用在own之后。但是,如果有了形容词,one(s)可以和物主代词及名词所有格连用。如:MycheapcameraseemstobejustasgoodasJohn'sexpensiveone.6.one作替代词时,在of前面不能用theone来表示所属关系和类似概念。如不可说:HeputdownhisgunandpickeduptheoneofHenry.该用一个所有格来表示HepickedupHenry's.7.当两个形容词表示对照的意思时,不能使用替代词one。仅在其中一个形容词后加上名词即可。例如:Don'tpraisetheyoungerchildinthepresenceoftheelder.8.替代词one如果不带任何前置修饰语,即它的前面既没有限定词,又没有形容词时,便不是替代名词词组的中心词,而是替代整个名词词组。这时,one=a+单数名词。例如:Acakemadeofwheatcostslessthanonemadeofrice.(one=acake)one的这种用法是泛指同类事物中的任何一个,相当一个不定冠词,因此它没有复数形式。要泛指复数事物,只能用some。例如:Hereareafewapples.Wouldyoulikesome(=someofthem)?
27II.替代词that和those的用法:1.that和those通常用作指使代词,也可用作替代词。它们总是伴随着限定性的后置修饰语,分别等于theone和theones。例如:Thehousesofthericharegenerallylargerthanthoseofthepoor.2.that也可替代不可数名词,但是theone则不能。例如:Theresistanceofathickerwireislessthanthatofathinone.以上两例中的that都不能换成theone。3.that作替代词,只能指物,不能指人。those作替代词,既可指物,也可指人。例如:TheblondegirlIsawwasolderthantheoneyouweredancingwith.该句中的theone不能换成that。4.that用作替代词和它所替代的名词词组的中心词的“数”可以不一致。替代单数名词时,只替代“the+单数名词”,不可替代“a+单数名词”。例如:ThesongbySchubertismoretunefulthanthatbyBritain.(that=thesong。song为可数名词。)请注意,这里说的that只替代“the+单数名词”,不可替代“a+单数名词,系指that在句子中实际的作用,并非要求它在句子中所代表的前面出现的词组必须是“the+单数名词”。例如:Inthosedaystheylivedalifeworsethanthatofabeastofburden.在该句中,前面出现的词组为alife,但that替代的却是thelife。that作为替代词,它不能用于零关系分句(即没有关系代词的定语从句)之前。例如:Theproblemconfrontingustodayisnotdissimilarfromthatwhichthenationconfrontedinthe1930s.流落到美语里的汉语现代社会各国语言相互渗透,美语中外来语也很多。长期以来,笔者的兴趣之一就是注意日常美语里的中文。本篇搜集了其他方面的一些词汇,按字母排序如下:Cheong-sam——长衫。原特指女性节庆时穿的红色旗袍,后泛指袍装。Confucius——孔子。显然是从“孔夫子”音译而来。Dingho——顶好,最佳。一家著名的东方杂货连锁店就以此命名。不过虽然此词被收入部分辞书,但一般美国人似乎不懂这个词的意思。Fengshui——风水。现在看风水在美国已是很时髦的事了,各种相关书籍充斥市场。Ginseng——人参。主要指北美一带出产的“花旗参”,又称“西洋参”。Gung-ho——热情高涨,极感兴趣。这个词在美语里用的频率特高,人们常挂在嘴边,比如:Atfirsteveryoneisgung-hoaboutthisidea.Butnowno-bodyeventalksaboutit.(刚开始大家对这个想法都抱有极大的兴趣和热情。而现在谁也不提它了)。但对于这个词的原意却说法不一。有人认为是从“干活”这个词派生而来,也有人认为是从公共合作社的缩写“公合”而来,还有人认为是从“更好”这个词转化来的。笔者倾向于此词派生于“干活”的说法。IChing——《易经》。Kowtow——极其卑顺的态度。来自中文的“磕头”。Kungfu——中国武术。中文原词为“功夫”。Lao-tzu——老子。Mah-jong——麻将。Sampan——指单帆或需用桨划的小船。来自“舢板”。Silk——丝绸。源于中文的“丝”。Tai-chi(chuan)——太极或太极拳。
28Tao——道。道教。TaoTeChing——《道德经》。Tofu——豆腐。Tong——秘密组织,帮会。从汉语“堂”派生而来。Typhoon——台风。YinandYang——阴阳。这些词的拼法大多延用韦氏(WadeGiles)音标。另外,有一句常用话,虽然里面没有一个中文字,但公认是从中国话里搬来的,这句话就是“Longtimenosee”———很久不见。“群”的表达观众acrowdofspectators一群人acrowdofpeople一群人athrongofpeople一群影迷athrongoffilmfans一群女学生agroupofgirlstudents一群旁观者agroupofonlookers一群欢迎者atroopofwelcomers一群示威者atroopofdemonstrators注:CROWD:无组织或者无秩序的人群;THRONG:为数众多的挤在一处或向前涌去的群;GROUP:有一定组织的;TROOP:正常行进中的群一群才子agalaxyoftalents一群美女agalaxyofbeauties一群匪徒abandofgangsters一群劫匪agangofrobbers一群建筑物aclusterofbuildings一群海岛aclusterofislands注:GALAXY:出色或著名的人物群;BAND/GANG:有明显在轻蔑色彩,强盗、匪徒等的群(帮、伙);CLUSTER:集结物体的群(簇、堆)。一群羊aflockofsheep一群鸭aflockofducks一群牛aherdofcattle一群马aherdofhorses一群豺狼apackofwolves一群猎犬apackofhounds一群猴子ahostofmonkeys一群蜜蜂aswarmofbees注:FLOCK:飞鸟家禽、牲畜等的群,尤指羊群;HERD:大动物的群;PACK:野兽、猎犬等的群
29自己收录一些句子(英汉翻译),大家看看吧:1.Astheygrowold,peoplealsoaccumulatebelongingsfortwootherreasons:lackofphysicalandmentalenergy—bothofwhichareessentialinturningoutandthrowingaway—andsentiment.分析:该句包含了并列结构被分割的情况。lackofphysicalandmentalenergy和sentiment是并列结构,作twootherreasons的同位语。但是被非限定性定语从句bothofwhichareessentialinturningoutandthrowingaway分割。译文:人们随着日趋年迈,积存物品还有其它两个原因:一是缺乏体力和精神,两者在清理和扔掉无用之物时不可或缺,二是感情上的原因。2.OldHenryandhiswifePhoebewereasfondofeachotherasitispossiblefortwooldpeopletobewhohavenothingelseinthislifetobefondof.分析:连词as引导的比较状语从句中,it代替fortwooldpeopletobe。tobe后省略了fondofeachother。tobe做分割成分。译文:象两位老人一生中没有其它什么东西可爱而彼此相爱一样,老亨利和他的妻子芬比也互相爱慕。3.Itistheinsistence,asafirstconsideration,upontheinterdependenceofthevariouselementsin,andpartsof,theUnitedStates—arecognitionoftheoldandpermanentlyimportantmanifestationoftheAmericanspiritofthepioneer.分析:insistence后接upontheinterdependenceofthevariouselementsin,andpartsof,theUnitedStates,中间被插入语asafirstconsideration分割,做进一步说明。该句选自美国前总统罗斯福在1933年的就职演说。汉语中动词用得较多,翻译时可把名词转译为动词。译文:我们首先应考虑的是,坚持美国国内各种因素之间、各个部分之间的相互依赖关系——即承认体现传统的和永远重要的美国开拓精神。4.AbetterknowledgeofChina’scivilizationwouldlayopentousanempireoflearning,hithertofabulouslydescribed.分析:layopen和anempireoflearning被介词短语tous分割。本句选自英国前首相撒切尔夫人1982年在中国欢迎宴会上的讲话。翻译时要注意转译的应用。如把“better”译为副词“更好地”。译文:更好地了解中国的文明,将为我们打开一个知识的王国,对这个王国迄今只有神话般的描述。5.Inthelasteightyearsthereweredifficult,almostnon-stopne.g.otiationsandreportedthreatsoffailure,ultimatelyovercomebyacombinationofcreativecompromiseandstubborndetermination—indeed,somecallitunprecedenteddetermination—tosucceed.分析:本句的主干结构是:…therewerene.g.otiationsand…threatsoffailure。“overcomeby…”是过去分词短语,修饰threatsoffailure。stubborndetermination和其定语动词不定式“tosucceed”被“indeed,somecallitunprecedenteddetermination”分割。译文:在最后的八年里,进行了艰苦卓绝的、几乎是不间断的谈判,其间屡经失败之虞,但最终通过创造性的协调和要取得成功的顽强决心——确实有人称之为前所未有的决心——而渡过难关,取得了胜利。6.AbrahamLincolnisthemostfamousinstanceoftheclaimthatAmericansoftenmadethatintheircountryamanmayrisefromthelowesttothehighestposition.分析:theclaim和其同位语thatintheircountryamanmayrisefromthelowesttothehighestposition被theclaim的定语从句thatAmericansoftenmade分割。同位语从句在翻译时可按照顺序翻译,将其翻译为分句。
30译文:美国人常认为,在他们国家,一个人的地位可以从社会最底层上升到社会最上层,亚伯拉罕•林肯就是极好的例子。7.Tosuchlengthdidshegoinrehearsalthattwoactorswalkedout.分析:such…that结构可将such或含有such的词组放在句首,使全句采用部分倒装。与此用法类似的还有so…that结构。译文:她在排演中搞得太过分,以致两名男演员退出不干了。8.Nowheredo1980censusstatisticsdramatizemoretheAmericansearchforspaciouslivingthanintheFarWest.译文:1980年那里的人口普查统计资料也不如远西地区的更能生动地说明美国人对宽敞的生活环境的追求。9.Nonstopwavesofimmigrantsplayedarole,tooandsodidbiggercropsofbabiesasyesterday’s“babyboom”generationreacheditschild-bearingyears.译文:不间断的移民浪潮也起了作用——而且随着昔日在“生育高峰期”出生的一代人达到生育年龄,婴儿的出生数量增加了,这同样起了作用。10.Tappingthenewspirit,therecanbenonoblernormoreambitioustaskforAmericatoundertakeonthisdayofanewbe.g.inningthantohelpshapeajustandpeacefulworldthatistrulyhumane.分析:nonoblernormoreambitious中的nor是连词,常与neither或nor连用,有时也与no,never等表示否定的词连用。主句是含有nomore…than的普通比较句型。分词短语tappingthenewspirit是表示目的的状语。本句选自美国前总统卡特在1977年的就职演说。译文:为了发扬这种新的精神,在这一新的开端开始之际,对美国来说,最崇高和最有雄心勃勃的任务是帮助建立一个真正人道、正义、和平的世界。11.Marriagehasneverbeenmorepopularanddesirablethanitisnow——soappealinginfact,thateventhosewhoareintheprocessofdivorcecanscarcelywaitforthelawtoallowthemtomarryagain.译文:婚姻从未像现在这样受大众欢迎,为大众所渴望。事实上,婚姻是如此地吸引人,以至那些正在办理离婚手续的人,几乎等不到法律的判决,就想再度结婚了。12.Therewassomethingoriginal,independentandheroicabouttheplanthatpleasedallofthem.这个方案有创造性,而且别出心裁,又有魅力,所以深得他们的喜欢。13.Temperatureplaysthesamepartintheflowofheatthatpres-suredoesintheflowoffluids.温度在热的传导中所起的作用和压力在液体的流动中所起的作用相同。(注意使用该句式)14.Whenthelightscameonagain,hardlyapersoninthecitycanhaveturnedonaswitchwithoutreflectinghowgreataservanthehadathisfingertips.分析:在这句话中,“hardly…without”构成了“双重否定”(doublene.g.ation)。虽然只有without在词形上具有明显的否定特征,但是hardly(以及scarcely,barely,few,little等)虽然没有明显的否定特征,却有否定的词义。实际上,双重否定表达的是肯定的意思,因此在翻译成汉语时,既可以将原句按照两个否定的形式表述出来,也可按照否定的语气译出。译文:电灯又亮了,该城的人们打开开关的时候,想必几乎人人都会想到,电灯是随时可供他们使用的多么有用的东西呀15.Therewasthegrowingrealizationthatforalltheirvastness,theresourcestobefoundintheoceansandseaswerenotinexhaustible.Onecouldnothuntwhalesatwillwithoutriskingtheirexterminationorcatchherringlimitlesslywithoutthreateningsurvivalofthestock.Therewasthegrowingrealizationthatforalltheirvastness,theresourcestobefoundintheoceansandseas
31werenotinexhaustible.Onecouldnothuntwhalesatwillwithoutriskingtheirexterminationorcatchherringlimitlesslywithoutthreateningsurvivalofthestock.译文:人们越来越认识到,尽管海洋无边无垠,但其资源并不是取之不尽用之不竭的。人们不可能随心所欲地捕鲸而不使其遭致灭绝的危险,或无限制地捕捞鲱鱼而不威胁到该物种的繁衍生息。16.Anythingfromcosmicraystoradiationtodietmayactivateadormantoncogene,buthowremainsunknown.译文:任何东西,从宇宙射线到辐射,以至日常饮食,都可能激活潜伏的致癌基因,但如何激活的,仍然不得而知。17.So,tipswillnodoubtnetmuchlessduringthesummerandthecompanywillbelessinteresting.分析:这是并列句。由and连接。第一句中的谓语动词是willnet,net在这里做动词,意为“挣得、赢得”。第二句的谓语动词是willbe,因为两个句子在结构上是平行的,所以省略了will,又因为省略的是助动词,因此汉语中不必译出。译文:整个夏天挣的小费必将很少很少,而且还得和乏味的人在一起干活。18.Bytakingthought,mencanmovemountains——andhave.译文:凭借智能,人能移山,实际上人类已经做到了。19.Whenthemediaaddinterpretationandanalysis,astheymusttodotheirjobfully,strongdislikeofthemessengersmaybecomeintense.分析:as引导的从句说明when从句的内容,可以说是从句的从句,翻译时最好放在主句之后,起补充说明作用。句中must后省略了谓语addinterpretationandanalysis。译文:媒体一旦增添了解释和分析,就会引起人们的强烈反感,然而,媒体又必须这样做才能充分发挥其作用。20.Buttheindividualistapproach,byattackinggenderroles,denyingthesignificanceofphysiologicaldifference,andcondemningexistingfamilialinstitutionsashopelesslypatriarchal,hasoftensimplytreatedasirrelevantthefamilyrolesimportanttomanywomen.分析:句中由by引导的三个并列平行结构表示原因。treatedas…结构使用了倒装结构,因为thefamilyroles后面有修饰成分,故将其置后。译文:而个人主义的方法由于攻击性别角色,否定生理差别的重要性,攻击现存的家庭体制是不可救药的父权制,结果把对许多妇女来说非常重要的家庭角色完全视为无关紧要了。21.Thereisnocompleteinventoryofpositionsorpeopleinfederalserviceatthislevel.Thelackmaybeexplainedbyseparateagencystatutesandpersonnelsystems,diffusionamongsomanyspecialservices,andtheabsenceofanycentralpoint(shortofPresidenthimself)withjurisdictionoverallupper-levelpersonnelofthegovernment.译文:这个级别的联邦政府官员和职位没有完整的记载。对此(缺少详细记载)所做的解释可能是,各部门的条例和人事制度各不相同,分布的特殊服务部门太多并缺少一个中心机构(总统本人除外)来管理所有的政府高级官员。22.Thatsexratiowillbefavoredwhichmaximizesthenumberof descendantsanindividualwillhaveand hencethenumberofgenecopies transmitted.译文:那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量,并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。23.Withtheconclusionofaburstactivity,thelacticacidlevelishighinthebodyfluids,leavingthelargeanimalvulnerabletoattackuntiltheacidisreconverted,viaoxidativemetabolism,bytheliverintoglucose,whichisthensent(inpart)backtothemusclesfor
32glycogensynthesis.解释:本句中修饰成分极多,以分词修饰和介词结构修饰为主,作各种类型的状语。前面的状语和主句还好理解,从leaving开始句子变难;leaving引导的直到句末的结构来做整个句子的状语;分词中又包含了三个状语,其中的两个viaoxidativemetabolismbytheliver又起到了插入语的作用,把beconvertedinto拆成两段。本句的另外一个特征是其中充斥着专有名词。其中的bodyfluids,oxidative和synthesis通过字面的意思或者根据词头、词根我们还是应该猜出其意思的,lacticacid,metabolism和muscle这三个词在生物类文章中极其常用,大家应该背下来;而glycogen这种东西则没办法,只能作一个首字母提炼。但是请记住,GRE和GMAT文章中只要出现了这种专有名词,出题者是一定会在文章中把它在文章中所乃至的词义解释清楚的,所以读者遇到文章中做了解释的专有名词,应该力求把解释看懂。译文:随着爆发出来的运动的结束,再体液中乳酸含量会变得很高,使得大型动物处于容易受到攻击的状态,直到乳酸通过有氧新陈代谢,被肝脏转化成(convertinto)葡萄糖,而葡萄糖接下来又会(部分)传送回肌肉中重新合成糖原。24.AlthoughGutmanadmitsthatforcedseparationbysalewasfrequent,heshowsthattheslaves’preference,revealedmostclearlyonplantationswheresalewasinfrequent,wasverymuchforstablemonogamy.译文:虽然古特曼承认,由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁,但他还是证明,奴隶的偏爱——在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显着地揭示出来——在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制(monogamy)。25.Thispreferenceforexogamy,Gutmansuggests,mayhavederivedfrom WestAfricanrulesgoverningmarriage,which,thoughtheydifferedfromonetribalgrouptoanother,allinvolvedsomekindofprohibitionagainstunionswithclosekin.译文:古特曼表示,这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定,尽管这些规定在一个和另一个部落群体之间不尽相同,但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻(unionwithclosekin)的禁止。26.GutmanarguesconvincinglythatthestabilityoftheBlackfamilyencouraged thetransmissionof-andsowascrucialinsustaining-theBlackheritageoffolklore,music,andreligiousexpressionfromonegenerationtoanother,aheritagethatslaveswerecontinuallyfashioningoutoftheirAfricanandAmericanexperiences.译文:古特曼人令人信服地论辨道,黑人家庭的稳定有助于包括民间传说、音乐、及宗教表达在内的黑人文化遗产一代一代传递下去,因而在维持文化遗产方面也起着至关重要的作用,而对于这种文化遗产,黑奴们不断地从其非洲和美洲的经历中予以丰富发展。27.Althoughsomeexperimentsshowthat,asanobjectbecomesfamiliar,itsinternal representationbecomesmoreholisticand therecognitionprocesscorrespondinglymoreparallel,theweightofevidence seemstosupporttheserialhypothesis,atleastforobjectsthatarenotnotablysimpleandfamiliar.虽然某些实验表明,随着一个物体变得熟悉起来,其内心再现图像亦更具整体感,辨认过程相应地更趋于平行,但证据的砝码似乎在支持序列假设(serialhypothesis),至少是对于那些不甚简单、不甚熟悉的物体来说。28.Thus,forinstance,itmaycomeasashocktomathematicianstolearnthattheSchrodingerequationforthehydrogenatomisnotaliterallycorrectdescriptionofthisatom,butonlyanapproximationtoasomewhatmorecorrectequationtakingaccountofspin,magneticdipole,andrelativisticeffects;andthatthiscorrected equationisitselfonlyanimperfect
33approximationtoaninfinitesetof quantumfield-theoreticalequations.因此,举例来说,对数学家而言,了解到下述情形可能会令其惊愕不已,即薛定谔(Schrodinger)的氢原子方程式并非是对该原子作出的一种绝然正确的描述,而仅仅是个近似值,趋近于一个在某种程度上更为正确的将自旋、磁性偶极子、以及相对论效应考虑在内的方程式;而这个得以纠正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一个不完美的近似值,趋近于无穷无尽的一整套量子场论方程式。29.Inaddition,thestyleofsomeBlacknovels,likeJeanToomer'sCane,vergesonexpressionismorsurrealism;doesthistechniqueprovideacounterpointtotheprevalentthemethatportraysthefateagainstwhichBlackheroesarepitted,athemeusuallyconveyedbymorenaturalisticmodesofexpression?不仅如此,有些黑人小说(比如JT的甘蔗)的风格接近与表现主义和超现实主义;这种技巧是否为流行的主题提供了一个和谐的对应呢?这种主题刻画了黑人注意与之相抗争的命运,这是一个通常用更为自然主义的表现手法所表达的主题。30.Althoughthesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengths,wheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcentrated,topassthrough,theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wavelength, infraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurface,radiationthatwould otherwisebetransmittedbackintospace.虽然这些分子允许可见波长(visiblewavelength)的辐射——阳光的绝大部分能量就汇集于此——不受阻挡地穿透,但它们却会吸收某些较长波长(longer-wavelength),亦即从地球表面辐射出的红外发射(infraredemission),这种辐射若不是二氧化碳的缘故就会被重新输送回太空。31.Therolethoseanthropologistsascribetoevolutionisnotofdictating thedetailsofhumanbehaviorbutone ofimposingconstraints—waysof feeling,thinking,andactingthat "comenaturally"inarchetypalsituationsinanyculture.这些人类学家所归诸于生物进化的作用,不是规定人类行为的种种细节,而是将各种限制强加于人类——即在任何文化的典型情景中都会“自然表露”的情感、思维、以及行动方式。32.Whichofthefollowingmostprobablyprovidesanappropriateanalogyfromhumanmorphologyforthe“details”versus“constraints”distinctionmadeinthepassageinrelationtohumanbehavior?以下哪一个选项最有可能为文章中所谈到的与人类行为有关的“人类行为细节”相对“人类所受限制”之间的差异,从人类形态的角度上提供了一个合适的类比?33.StudiesbyHargraveandGeenestimatednaturalcommunitygrazingratesbymeasuringfeedingratesof individualzooplanktonspeciesinthe laboratoryandthencomputingcommunitygrazingratesforfieldconditions usingtheknownpopulationdensity ofgrazers.由哈格雷夫(Hargrave)和吉恩(Geen)所进行的研究,对自然条件下的群落捕食速率进行了估计,其手段是通过测量出实验室内单独的浮游动物种类的捕食速率,然后利用已知的食草动物种群密度,计算出实地状况下的群落捕食速率。34.Intheperiods ofpeakzooplanktonabundance,thatis,inthelatespringandinthesummer, Haneyrecordedmaximumdailycommunitygrazingrates,fornutrient-poor lakesandboglakes,respectively,of6.6percentand114percentofdailyphytoplanktonproduction.在浮游动物数量激增的高峰期,亦即在春季后期以及夏季,哈尼记录了最大程度上的每日群落食草比率,对于营养物不充足的湖和沼泽湖而言,分别为每日浮游植物繁殖量的6.6%和114%.
3435.Thehydrologiccycle,amajortopicinthisscience,isthecompletecycleofphenomenathroughwhichwaterpasses,be.g.inningasatmosphericwatervapor,passingintoliquidandsolidformasprecipitation,thencealongandintothegroundsurface,andfinallyagainreturningtotheformofatmosphericwatervaporbymeansofevaporationandtranspiration.水文循环(hydrologiccycle),作为该学科中的一个主要课题,指的是水所经过的诸现象的整个循环过程,开始时是作为大气中的水蒸气,转而作为雨、雪、露、雹一类的降水量经过液体和固体形态,由此而沿着地层表面分布或进入地层表面,最终通过蒸发和散发作用再度回复到大气水蒸气的形态。36.ThehistorianFrederickJ.Turnerwroteinthe1890’sthattheagrariandiscontentthathadbeendeveloping steadilyintheUnitedStatessinceabout1870hadbeenprecipitatedbythe closingoftheinternalfrontier——thatis,thedepletionofavailablenewland neededforfurtherexpansionoftheAmericanfarmingsystem.史学家弗雷德里克.杰.特纳(FrederickJ.Turner)于十九世纪九十年代著述道,美国约自18世纪70年代以来一直在持续不断发展的农民不满,由于国内边远地区(internalfrontier)的封闭而更趋加剧——亦即是说,美国农业系统进一步扩展所必需的可资利用的新土地几近耗竭。37.Intheearly1950’s,historianswhostudiedpreindustrialEurope(whichwemaydefinehereasEuropeintheperiodfromroughly1300to1800)be.g.an,forthefirsttimeinlargenumbers,to investigatemoreofthepreindustrialEuropeanpopulationthanthe2or3percentwhocomprisedthepolitical andsocialelite:thekings,generals,judges,nobles,bishops,andlocal magnateswhohadhithertousuallyfilledhistorybooks.难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语译文:二十世纪五十年代早期,研究前工业化时代欧洲(此处我们可将其界定为约自1300年至1800年这一时期的欧洲)的史学家,首次以众多的人数(杨鹏的书中:第一次以大量的数据),开始调查前工业化时代欧洲人口中的大多数,而非那些构成了政治与社会精英阶层的百分之二或三的人口,即国王、将军、法官、贵族、主教、以及地方上的达官显贵,而正是这部分人一直到那时为止普遍充斥于史学著作。38.Eventherequirementthatbiomaterialsprocessedfromthesematerialsbenontoxictohosttissuecanbemetbytechniquesderivedfromstudyingthereactionsoftissueculturestobiomaterialsorfromshort-termimplants.即使是这样的要求,即从这些材料中加工出来的生物材料应该对受移植者的组织无害,也能够通过从研究组织培养对生物材料的反应而来的,或从研究短期移植而来的技术来满足。39.Butachievingnecessarymatchesinphysicalpropertiesacrossinterfacesbetweenlivingand nonlivingmatterrequiresknowledgeofwhichmoleculescontrolthebondingofcellstoeachother—anareathatwehavenotyetexploredthoroughly.但是,要想沿着原生和非原生物质之间的界面获取生理特性的必要匹配,需要某种知识,即什么样的分子控制着细胞彼此间的结合——而对这一领域,我们尚未进行充分的探索。40.Islamiclawisaphenomenonsodifferentfromallotherformsoflaw—notwithstanding,ofcourse,a considerableandinevitablenumberofcoincidenceswithoneortheotherofthemasfarassubjectmatterandpositiveenactmentsareconcerned—thatitsstudyisindispensableinorderto appreciateadequatelythefullrangeof possiblele.g.alphenomena.伊斯兰法是一种如此不同于所有其它法律形式的现象——毋庸置疑,尽管就其主要内容和有积极意义的法规而言,与其它法律形式中的这种或那种形式存在着相当数量的且不可避免的巧合相似之处——
35以致于对它进行研究便显得不可或缺,以便充分理解有可能存在的法律现象的全部范围。41.(BothJewishlawandcanonlawaremoreuniformthanIslamiclaw.)ThoughhistoricallythereisadiscerniblebreakbetweenJewishlawofthesovereignstateofancientIsraelandoftheDiaspora(thedispersionofJewishpeopleaftertheconquestofIsrael),thespiritofthele.g.almatterinlaterpartsoftheOldTestamentisveryclosetothatoftheTalmud,oneoftheprimarycodificationsofJewishlawintheDiaspora.尽管从历史角度来看,在古代以色列作为独立主权国家的犹太教法与大流散时期(Diaspora,即以色列被征服后古代犹太人被巴比伦人逐出故土)的犹太教法之间存在着一个明晰可辨的断裂,然则,《旧约全书》(OldTestament)后半部分中法律内容的精神与《犹太教法典》(Talmud)极为一脉相承,而所谓的《犹太教法典》,是指大流散时期犹太教法的主要典籍辑录之一。42.Islam,ontheotherhand,representedaradicalbreakawayfromtheArabpaganismthatprecededit;Islamiclawistheresultofanexamination, fromareligiousangle,(examination)ofle.g.alsubjectmatterthatwasfarfromuniform,comprisingasitdidthevariouscomponentsofthelawsofpre-Islamic Arabiaandnumerousle.g.alelements takenoverfromthenon-Arabpeoples oftheconqueredterritories.(asitdid)实际上是一句插入语。另一方面,伊斯兰教则代表着与此前存在的阿拉伯异教(Arabpaganism)的一种根本上的决裂;伊斯兰法是从宗教的角度,对各种杂乱无章、绝无共同点的法律内容进行考察所致的结果,而这些法律内容实际上是由前伊斯兰阿拉伯国家(Pre-IslamicArabia)法律的不尽相同的组成部分以及由从被征服的土地上非阿拉伯民族借鉴过来的无数法律因素所构成。43.Onesuchnovelideais that(idea)ofinsertingintothechromosomesofplantsdiscretegenesthatarenotapartoftheplants’naturalconstitution;specifically,theideaofinsertingintononle.g.uminousplantsthegenes,iftheycanbeidentifiedandisolated,thatfitthele.g.uminousplantstobehostsfornitrogen-fixingbacteria.Hence,(thereis)theintensifiedresearchonle.g.umes.这其中的一个新颖思想就是,在植物的染色体(chromosome)内注入并非是该植物自然构造一个部分的那些不相关联的因基:具体而言,这一思想是,在非豆科植物内注入这样一些基因,倘若这些基因可被辨识出来并被分离开来,而这些基因业已使豆科植物宜于充当那些具备固氮作用的细菌的寄主。由此,对豆科植物的研究日趋深入。44.Itis oneofnature’sgreatironiesthatthe availabilityofnitrogeninthesoilfrequentlysetsanupperlimitonplantgrowtheventhoughtheplants’leaves arebathedinaseaofnitrogengas.下述情形真可谓是自然界的一个莫大讽刺:土壤中所能获得的氮肥量往往对植物的生长构成了一个上限,虽然植物的叶子被沐浴在一片氮气的海洋中。45.Unlesstheysucceed,theyieldgainsoftheGreenRevolutionwillbelargelylostevenifthegenesine.g.umesthatequipthoseplantstoenter intoasymbiosiswithnitrogenfixers areidentifiedandisolated,andevenifthetransferofthosegenecomplexes,oncetheyarefound,becomespossible.除非他们能取得成功,不然的话,绿色革命的产量收益将在很大程度上损失殆尽,即使豆科植物中使这些植物有条件进入到与固氮细菌共生关系的基因可被辨识出来和分离开来的话,且即使这些基因综合体(genecomplex),一旦被发现之后,其移植得以成为可能的话。46.Itssubject(touseMaynardMack’scate.g.ories)is "life-as-spectacle,"forreaders,divertedbyitsvariousincidents,observeitsheroOdysseusprimarilyfromwithout;thetragicIliad,however,presents"life-as-experience":readers areaskedtoidentifywiththemindof
36Achilles,whosemotivationsrenderhimanotparticularlylikablehero.(5)其主题〔若借鉴梅纳德。迈克(MaynardMack)的两个分类范畴的话〕是“人生作为外部景象”,因为读者的注意力被作品那形形色色的事件所分散,主要是从外部来观察其主人公奥德修斯(Odyssus)的;然而,富于悲剧色彩的《伊利亚特》所表现的则是“人生作为内心体验”:读者被要求与阿基琉斯(Achilles)的心灵产生共鸣,而其行为动机却致使他变作一个并非特别惹人喜爱的主人公。(从分号后的语句推理出前面的意思)注:hero:主人公;without:外部;likable:有吸引力的47.Thebestevidenceforthelayered-mantlethesisisthewell-establishedfactthatvolcanicrocksfoundonoceanicislands,islandsbelievedtoresultfrommantleplumesarisingfromthelowermantle,arecomposedofmaterialfundamentallydifferentfromthatofthemid-oceanridgesystem,whosesource,most geologistscontend,istheuppermantle.对于地幔分层论点来说,最好的证据乃这样一个确认的事实,即在那些海洋岛屿——这些岛屿据信是源于由下层地幔升上来的地幔柱状溶岩流(mantleplume)——上发现的火山岩石,是由与海洋中部山脊系统的物质根本不同的物质构成的,而这一海洋中部山脊系统的成因,大多数地质学家论辩道,为上部地幔。48.Somegeologists,however,onthebasisofobservationsconcerningmantle xenoliths,arguethatthemantleis notlayered,butthatheterogeneityiscreatedbyfluidsrichin"incompatibleelements"(elementstendingtoward liquidratherthansolidstate)percolatingupwardandtransforming portionsoftheuppermantle irre.g.ularly,accordingtothevagariesofthefluids’pathways.但是,某些地质学家,以对地幔捕虏岩体(xenolith)所作的观察为依据,指出地幔并非是分层排列的,相反,地幔的异质性是由那些富含“不兼容成分”的流质构成的,这些成分趋向于流体而非固体的状态,自下而上渗透扩散,并依照这些流质流向的任意性,不规则地将上部地幔的某些部分予以改变。49.ItispossibletomakespecificcomplementaryDNA’s(cDNA’s)thatcanserveasmolecularprobestoseekoutthemessengerRNA’s(mRNA’s)ofthepeptidehormones.科学家可以制造出特异的(specific)互补DNA’s(cDNA’s),以此作为分子探子(molecularprobe),探觅出肽激素的信使RNA’s(mRNA’s)。50.ThemolecularapproachtodetectingpeptidehormonesusingcDNAprobesshouldalsobemuchfasterthantheimmunologicalmethodbecauseitcan takeyearsoftediouspurifications toisolatepeptidehormonesandthendevelopantiserumstothem.采用cDNA探子来测定肽激素的这一分子生物学方法同时也应该比免疫学的方法速度来得快,因为对于免疫的方法来说,需耗费好几年枯燥的提纯进程,方能将肽素分离了出来,然后再培养出针对它们的抗血清。51.Nevertheless,researchersofthePleistoceneepochhavedevelopedallsortsofmoreorlessfancifulmodelschemesofhowtheywouldhavearrangedtheIceAgehadtheybeeninchargeofevents.然而,研究更新世的研究者发展除了各种各样的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系统,用来显示如果由他们来决定地质事件的话他们将会如何安排冰川纪。52.Thissuccessionwasbasedprimarilyonaseriesofdeposits andeventsnotdirectlyrelatedto glacialandinterglacialperiods,rather thanonthemoreusualmodernmethodofstudyingbiologicalremainsfoundininterglacialbedsthemselvesinterstratifiedwithinglacialdeposits.
37这一序列演替(succession)所依据的,主要是一系列与冰川期和间冰期并不直接相关的地质沉积物和地质事件,而不是依据更为普遍的现代方法,去研究间冰层(interglacialbed)中所发现的生物残留物,而这些间冰层本身又在冰川沉积物发生间层化(interstatified)。53.Therehavebeenattemptstoexplainthesetaboosintermsofinappropriatesocial relationshipseitherbetweenthosewhoareinvolvedandthosewhoare notsimultaneouslyinvolvedinthesatisfactionofabodilyneed,or betweenthosealreadysatiatedand thosewhoappeartobeshamelesslygorging.人们试图对这些禁忌作出解释,所依据的要么是那些正置身于某一身体需要满足的人与那些并置身于某一身体需要之满足的人之间的,要么是那些早已酒足饭饱的人与那些正在不知羞耻地狼吞虎咽失之间的不相称的社会关系。54.Grantedthatthepresence oftheseelementsneednotarguean authorialawarenessofnovelistic constructioncomparabletothatofHenryJames,theirpresencedoesencourageattemptstounifythenovel’s heterogeneousparts.诚然,这些因素的存在并不能证明作者对小说架构的意识可与亨利。詹姆斯(HenryJames)的那种意识相比拟;然则,任何力图将小说所有形形色色的因素统一起来的做法,在某种程度上注定是无法令人信服的。Grantedthat:大家都统一、当然,表让步,=admitted,ofcourse.55.Itisnotknownhowrarethisresemblanceis,orwhetheritismostoftenseenin inclusionsofsilicatessuchasgarnet,whosecrystallographyisgenerallysomewhatsimilartothatofdiamond; butwhenpresent,theresemblanceisre.g.ardedascompellingevidencethatthediamondsandinclusionsaretrulycogenetic.现在尚不知这种类似稀少到何种地步,也不知道是否它最常见于象石榴石一类的硅酸盐内含物中,而这类物质的晶体结构普遍地在某种程度上类似于金刚石的晶体结构。但一旦存在,这种类似就被视作极有说服力的证据,证明金刚石与内含物确是同源的。56.Eventhe"radical"critiques ofthismainstreamresearchmodel,suchasthecritiquedevelopedinDividedSociety,attachtheissueofethnicassimilationtoomechanicallytofactorsofeconomicandsocial mobilityandarethusunabletoilluminatetheculturalsubordination ofPuertoRicansasacolonialminority.即使是对这一主流研究模型的“激进”批评,诸如《分裂的社会》(DividedSociety)一书中所提出的那种批判,亦将少数民族同化问题过分机械地与经济和社会移动性的因素联系起来,因此无从阐明波多黎各人作为一个殖民地少数民族的文化从属关系。57.Icanthinkofagoodfewmedicalstudentswhowouldwillingly“worktheirwaythroughcolle.g.es”byfillinginasnursesatourunderstaffedhospitals.我可以想象不少读医的学生是愿意来我们人手不足的医院临时充当护士,以此来挣钱读完大学的。分析:fillin用做及物动词词组,和ablank/acheck./aform等搭配时,是做“填写”、“填入”解释的,但是如果用作不及物动词词组时,和forsb.assb.搭配,就是做“暂时代替”来解释。58.(Anintelligencetestdoesnotmeasurecharacter,socialadjustment,physicalendurance,manualskills,orartisticabilities.)Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughlycomparabletocriticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity.批评智力的测试不反映上述情况,就好比批评温度计不能测出风速一样。分析:很多情况下,failure这个词是做“失败”解释的,但是,当failure后面接动词不定式,形成failuretodosth.的结构的时候,这个failure就应当解释为“未能”、“没有”。59.ItseemstomethatthetimeisripefortheDepartmentofEmploymentandthe
38DepartmentofEducationtogettogetherwiththeuniversitiesandproducearevisededucationalsystemwhichwillmakeamoreeconomicuseofthewealthoftalent,applicationandindustrycurrentlybeingwastedoncertificates,diplomasandde.g.reesthatnoonewantstoknowabout.我认为时机已成熟。就业部门和教育部门应同大学携起手来,修正我们的教育制度,使之能比较合理地使用学生的才能、勤奋和刻苦。而现在他们这些才能和努力都浪费在无人感兴趣的证书、文凭和学位上。分析:虽然application常做“申请”解释,但是由上下文来看,这里显然不是这个意思,而是另一个意思:勤奋刻苦。同样,industry也有这个问题,它多做“工业”解释,但根据上下文应当是“勤劳”的意思。此外,这里的economic也是误译,只是看它和economy有些像,就想当然地译成“经济”,这是不对的,应当是看它在文章里的具体环境,采用“节约的”、“合理的”这个译法。60.(Thereisadefinitelinkbetweensmokingandheartdiseaseandlungcancer.)Butthisdoesn’tmakeyoutoouncomfortablebecauseyouareingoodcompany.但这并不能使人们感到太多不舒服,因为和你一样抽烟的人很多。分析:company作可数和不可数名词时的意义是不同的。作可数名词时是“公司”,而作不可数名词时是“伙伴”、“伴侣”的意思,要格外小心。61.Hesteppedrightinafterthem,likeitornot,andhewasdeterminedthatnothingaspettyasgoodmannersshouldkeephimfromachanceofenlightenment.他不管人家欢迎不欢迎,紧跟着他们走了进去。什么礼貌不礼貌,他顾不得这一套。他决心不错过这个机会,把心里的问题弄明白。分析:enlightenment在词典中的意思确实是“启蒙”、“启发”,但是在这里如果原封不动地照搬,不仅生硬,且不符合原文意思,这里就需要我们把它的引申意义找出来,即“把问题搞清楚”。62.UntiltheWorldWarbroughtchaostomostoftheirinstitutions,theirwholeliveswerere.g.ulated;perhapsmorethanthoseofanyotherpeoplesavetheSpaniards,byare.g.ardforprecedent.在第一次世界大战给他们的大部分风俗习惯带来变化之前,他们的所有生活,除了西班牙人之外,或许比其它民族都更受到先例的制约。分析:save可以用作动词,但是如果作为动宾结构的话,它的主语又是什么呢?perhapsmorethanthoseofanyotherpeople和perhapsmorethanthirtypeople是两种不同的结构,后者是名词短语,可以作主语;但是前者只是一个形容词短语,不能做主语。其次,如果byare.g.ardforprecedent是save的状语的话,前面也没有必要用逗号隔开。实际上,这个byare.g.ardforprecedent是和werere.g.ulated组成的一个被动结构:werere.g.ulatedby…。这样,save这一部分就不是一个句子,只是一个修饰成分。事实上,save是个介词,作“除了”解,相当于but,或是except。63.ItisthetwosuperpowersthatshouldberesponsibleforthehostilitiesintheMiddleEast.应对中东战争(×敌对状态)负责的是两个超级大国。有一些名词,特别是抽象名词的单数变成复数后,意义是不一样的。“hostility单数作“enmity,“illwill“敌意”“敌视”解,但“hostilities复数作“war“战争”解。64.)...heletthelineslipdown,down,down,unrollingoffthefirstofthetworeservecoils.……他就松手让钓丝滑下去,下去,下去,把两卷备用的(×多余的)钓丝也松开了一卷。reserve有“预备着的”,“多余的”意思,这里应是“备用”之意。"才"的用法
391.(=amomentago;just):你怎么才來就要走? You’veonlyjustcome.Whydoyouwanttoleavesosoon?/他才回到家里,汤姆就來找他了. HehadjustgothomewhenTomcamelookingforhim.2.(=notuntil;前面加“时间词”):他九点钟才來,太晚了. Hedidn’tcomeuntil9o’clock.Thatwastoolate./大风到晚上才止住了.Thegaledidn’tstopuntilevening./他走了两个钟头才走到.Ittookhimtwohourstogetthere./你为什么这会儿才说呢? Howcomeyoudidn’tsayanythinguntilnow?3.(=notunless;notuntil;thenandonlythen;fornootherreason):他吃了三碗面才饱. Hewasn’tfulluntilhehadeatenthreebowls.经他解释之后,我才明白是怎么回事. Ididn’tunderstandwhatwasgoingonuntilheexplainedittome./他说行才行.It’sO.K.onlyifhesaysso./只有靠群众,才能把工作做好.Onlybyrelyingonthepeoplecanwedoourworkwell./正因为我们有困难,才派我们去. Weweresentpreciselybecausetherewereproblemsthere.4.(=only;后面跟“数词”):現在才八点钟,还早著呢.It’sonly8o’clock,sothere’sstillplentyoftime./才五块钱?真便宜. Onlyfivedollars?That’sreallycheap./这孩子才五岁,已经认得不少字了. Thechildisonlyfive,andhealreadyknowsquiteafewcharacters.5.(=actually;really;用于肯定或冲突,强调“才“字之前的词,通常句尾用”呢“字作語助词):这才好呢! Nowthisisreallygood!/你以为他傻吗?他才不傻呢!Youthinkheisstupid?Nothim!/我才懒得管呢!Ican’tbebothered!或Icouldn’tcareless./你才是撒谎!Youaretheonewho’slying./他要是不知道才怪呢!I’dbereallysurprisedifhedidn’tknow.6.(表示事情在前不久发生;剛才):Theperformancehasjuststarted.节目才开始.Whyleavesosoon?怎么,才來就要走?7.(表示事情发生或结束得晚):HeleftNewYorkonlyyesterday.他昨天才离开纽约.8.(表示只有在某种条件下或由于某种原因、目的,然后怎么样,前面常有“只有、必须、因为、由于”等配合):非等起重机來了才能裝吗?Mustwewaittillthecranearrivesbeforewestartloading.只有肯努力,才能得到好成绩.Onlyyoustudyhardcanyougetgoodresults.9.(对比起來表示数量小,次数少,能力差等等;):1949年以前中国钢年产量最高才90多万吨.Before1949,China’shighestannualoutputofsteelwasonlyjustover900,000tons.当时他才五岁.Hewasonlyfiveyearsoldthen.10.(表示强调所说的事,句尾常用“呢”字):麦子长的才好呢!Thewheatiscomingalongfine.他要是不知道才怪呢!Itwouldbereallystrangeifhedidn’tknow.屋子里不热外面才热呢!Itisnothotinthehouse,nutit’sreallyhotoutside.请注意!在英文中这个“才”字不一定是非要用“某个字”来表达不可;它可以用一些特別的句型,片语或语气来表达.所以,学会用这些特別的句型,片语或语气来表达是很重要的.“非常,很,极其”的英文表达法相信大家都会有这样的经历:每每用英语表达一些很一般的概念时,我们总会立刻想起某个表达法.例如:想说"很"时,立刻想到了very或verymuch;想说"大"时,则用big或large.这样的一一对应,大大减弱了英语写作的丰富性和生动性.于是这些最先为我们想到的表达法,便成了我们提高英语水平的羁绊.如果我们能把这些最常用概念的英语表达归类,总结,贫乏的英语表达便会焕然一新.在英语中用来表达"极其,非常,很"的方式有26种:
401)most(usedforgivingforce)a.(toanadjective)veryItreallyismostannoying.b.(toanadverb)quite;veryWhateverhappens,Ishallmostcertainlyattendthemeeting.注意:most只能修饰具有主观意见或感情色彩的形容词和副词,表示"非常,很"的概念.我们可以说mostcertainly,但不能说mosttall或mostquick2)awfullyadv.infml(usedtogivemoreforcetoanexpression)veryawfullycold,awfullyniceIamawfullysorryforit.3)badlyadv.(与"want","need"连用)agreatdeal;verymuchTheywanthelpbadly.Heisbadlyinneedofahaircut.4)morethan...fml,toade.g.reeatwhich"..."isnolongerastrongenoughorsuitableword.与中文的"无以名状"差不多Weweremorethanhappytohearofyourescape.Ithinkhisofferismorethanfair.5)everso/suchinfml.esp.BrEveryIt'seversocold.She'seversuchanicegirl.6)immenselyadv.apprecverymuchIenjoyeditimmensely.7)muchadv.toagreatde.g.reeIdon'tmuchlikethatidea.I'mmuchsurprisedtohearthat.8)mightyadv.infml.veryItwasamightygoodmeal,andeveryoneenjoyedit.9)highlyadv.(esp.beforeadjectivesmadefromverbs)toahighde.g.ree;veryhighlypleased,highlyskilled,highlyinteresting,highlyenjoyableThisisahighlyamusingfilm.10)greatlyadv.(withverbforms,esp.thepastp.)toalargede.g.ree;very
41greatlymovedbyhiskindnesgreatlytobefearedWearegreatlyobligedtoyouforyourhelp.11)mortallyadv.verygreatly;deeplySheismortallyafraidofwalkinghomealoneonadarknight.Heismortallyjealous.12)deeplyadv.greatlyWearedeeplyobligedtoyouforyourhelp.13)likeanythingveryhard;fiercelyWhentheyarrived,thehousewasburninglikeanything.Themaidwantedlikeanythingtotryonhermistress'sclothes.Heisbravelikeanything.14)onlytooveryonlytoohappytocomeIamonlytoogladtogothere.15)athousandItisathouandpity.Athousandthanks!16)onehundredpercentIamsurethefigureisonehundredpercentcorrect.17)totheworldHewastiredtotheworld.18)uptothehandleIamenjoyingmytripuptothehandle.19)toalargeextentIagreewithwhatyousaytoalargeextent.20)nothalfBrEinfmlveryItisn'thalfwindytoday!Theydidn'thalfsupportmyproposal.21)extremelyIamextremelysorry22)exceedinglyadv.very;toanunusualde.g.reeTheywereexceedinglykind.23)terriblyadv.infml.veryI'vebeenterriblyworriedaboutyouallday.Wewereterriblyluckytofindyouthere.
4224)quiteadv.morethanusually;ratherIt'sreallyquitegood;muchbetterthanweexpected.25)utterlyadv.completelyIfoundthebooksutterlycharming,instructive,andinspiring.26)completelyadvwholly;altogether;ineveryway;totallyThearmymadeacompletelysuccessfulattackontheenemycapital.与日、夜相关的惯用语每天都要经历的"日"和"夜"与惯用语的关系也很密切,下列例句足以为证:(1)Allnightlong:整夜Somestoresstayopenallnightlong.(2)Callitaday:一天工作完毕Everyday,wehaveclassfrom9amandwillcallitadayat4.30pm.(3)Dayafterday:每天Schoolingcouldbeveryboring,asthestudentsdothesamethingsdayafterday.(4)Dayindayout:一天又一天Henrywearsthesameoldjeansdayindayout.Isn'thegoingtobuysomenewclothes?(5)Forarainyday:为困难的日子作准备Whenapersongetsolder,hewillrealisetheimportanceofsavingforarainyday.(6)Inthisdayandage:在现在这时代Inthisdayandage,noonecanexpecttogetsomethingoutofnothing.(7)Haveanoffday:不大成功或顺利的一天Tomdidnotdowellinyesterday'stest.Heconsideredhimunluckyeuoughtohaveanoffday.(8)Theorderoftheday:一般的惯例Inapetroleumstationhere,paymentbycreditcardistheorderoftheday.(9)Theotherday:几天前Ibumpedintoanoldfriendtheotherday.(10)Tothisday:(指日期)准确地Itis40yearstothisdaythatIleftuniversity.(11)Haveseenbetterdays:曾经历过好日子Palmerwasdepartmentalheadinthatuniversitybeforehecamehere.Hehasseenbetterdays.(12)Someday:将来Everyonehopestobegreatsomeday.(13)One'sdaysarenumbered:末日将临:Undercomputerisation,unskilledworkersbecomeredundant.Theirdaysinacompanyarenumbered.(14)Carrytheday:胜利的一天Ourteamlostatfirst,butlater,itcarriedthedaywithtwogoalstoone.
43(15)Someone'sday:幸运的一天Jimwaspromoted.Furthermore,hewasgivenaperformancebonusyesterday.Itwashisday.(16)Takeadayoff:休息一天Janetwasunwellandtookadayoff.(17)Haveanightout:夜间出去消遣It'stimetohaveachange.Wemusthaveanightoutattheweekend.(18)Anightowl:迟迟不睡者ThemomentJackenteredtheuniversity,hewasanightowl.(19)Atthedeadofnight:深夜Ourmanagerialofficersattendedtheemergencymeetingatthedeadofnight.(20)Savetheday:使情况变佳.Franksavedthedaybykickinginagoalduringthelastfiveminutesofthematch.(21)Everydoghasitsday:凡人都有得意日Ihaveseenordinarypeoplesuddenlybecomeimportant.Thisisacaseofeverydoghasitsday.(22)Whatisdonebynightappearsbyday:若要人不知,除非己莫为"Crimedoesnotpay.Criminalswillbefoundout.That'swhywesay:Whatisdonebynightappearsbyday.《联合早报》"Not"的巧用大家都知道,说话和写文章是有很大的不同的,说话讲求的是能够清楚地表达自己的意思,因此在用字上要力求简单扼要,但重点部份要强调出来.你能够清楚地掌握这个重点吗?现在来考考你,如果有人问你,"Didyoubreakthisplate?"你要强调这不是我干的,你会怎么说?你会不会说,"No,Ididn't."但是要注意喔!"No,Ididn't"只是说,"我没有作"这跟"不是我干的"有很大的差别喔..那正确的说法应该是怎样?让我们来看看"Not"的用法.1.Notme.不是我.嘿...没想到这么简单吧!这种看似简单,文法也不对的句子,却是老美天天挂在嘴边的话.这句话简单明了,而且把重点"不是我"给强调出来.这是非常好的一个句子.另外,老美也很喜欢讲"Wasn'tme."这跟"Notme."都是一样的意思,同样强调这不是我干的.还有像以前大家很流行机车联谊,结果很不幸你的钥匙被恐龙给抽中了,你就可以望天长叹说,"Oh,notme."(怎么会是我呢?)或是你也可以说,"Whyme?"2.Nottoday.不要今天啦.这种用法常常用在二个人相约时间的时候.例如有人找你去看电影,"Doyouwanttogotoseethemovie?"你就可以说,"Oh,nottoday"这表示出你还是蛮想去的,只不过今天不行.另外"Notatthismoment."或是"Notnow."也蛮常用的.3.Notaword.保持安静."Notaword"跟"Bequiet."一样都是要别人安静下来的意思.例如你跟朋友去看电影,结果电影都开演了,你的朋友还在叽叽喳喳讲个不停,这时候你就可以跟他说,"Shhhhhhh.Notaword."或是"Bequiet."要是你真的已经很烦了,就说"Shutup!"4.Notsofast.不要那么快啦.有些男女朋友第一次约会就牵牵手,如果你是女生,觉得这样子实在是太快了,你就可以说,"Hey,notsofast."同样的,有些男生去陪女朋友就像例行公事一样,随便敷衍个二句就想走人,这时女生就可以说,"Notsofast."5.Notachance.一点机会也没有.这句话根"Youdon'thaveanychance"是一样的,都是表示根本就没有机会.
44例如比赛前别人问你,"Canwebeatthem?"你就可以说,"Notachance"跟Notachance意思相当的句子有很多,例如"Notreally","Notinamillionyears","Notinmylifetime"或是"Notinyourlifetime"例如你要跟朋友去打球,你朋友说,"Youman.I'mgonnakickyourass!"你就可以说,"Inyourdream,pal!Notinyourlifetime"意思就是,作你的大头梦去吧!我看在你的有生之年是不可能了!6.Notatall.一点也不.这句话通常是用来回答别人的问题,例如别人问你,"DoyoulikeAmericanfood?"你就可以回答"Notatall".这句话强调出一点也不喜欢.如果只说"No,Idon'tlikeit."可能多少还会吃一点,可是"Notatall"可能就是连吃都不会想去吃了,算是全部否定对方的回答.如果是部份否定的话,你可以说"Notreally"表示你不全然同意对方所说的话.像是同样如果别人问你,"DoyoulikeAmericanfood?"你说"Notreally."就表示出你不是那么喜欢.7.Notgoodenough.还不够好.这句话是专门用来挑剔别人用的.例如小孩考了八十分就很兴奋地跑去跟父母说,"Igot80inthetest!"他父母如果是那种比较严苛一点的人的话,可能就会说,"Notgoodenough."或是你也可以泼别人冷水,例如别人说,"Thatbookisawesome!"你就可以回他一句,"Notgoodenoughforme."8.Notagain不会再来一次吧.当有什么倒霉事第一次发生时,你可以笑笑地说badluck或是rottenluck.但是当第二次又接著发生了,你大概就会说,"No,notagain"例如车子爆胎了,你刚拿去补完才出汽车修理店门口又被一根铁钉刺到,我想任何正常人的反应一定都是No,notagain吧!9.Notpossible.不可能.这个notpossible跟impossible是一样的意思.可是就算有了impossible这个字,很多老美还是喜欢说notpossible.可能是这个not比较能强较出"不"的意思吧!例如有人问你可不可以在半小时内到某地会面,你就可以说,"Notpossible,it'srushhournow."10.Notasoulinsight.半个人影也没有.这句话算是固定的用法.Soul在这里就是指人而言.如果讲的不是人而是其它的东西的话,则用"Notathing."例如别人问你,"Didyouseeanythinginthebush?"要是你什么也没看到,你就可以回答,"Notathing."表示“正在进行”的be+介词短语表示“正在进行”这一动作,通常用现在进行时表示。如:Iamhavingaclassnow.(我正在上课。)但“正在进行”这一动作,还可以用“be+介词短语”来表示。常见的介词短语类型有:be+at引导的介词短语;be+in引导的介词短语;be+on引导的介词短语;be+under引导的介词短语等。Ⅰ.be+at引导的介词短语beatwar(正在交战):Thetwocountriesareatwarnow.两国正在交战。(相当于:Thetwocountriesarewagingawarnow.)beatwork(正在工作):Jimisatworkonhiscarnow.吉姆正在修自己的车。(相当于:Jimisrepairinghiscarnow.)beatpeace(处于和平或平静状态):ThusEuropewasatpeaceforthefirsttimeintenyears.于是欧洲在十年以后第一次进入和平状态。beattable(正在吃饭):WhenIarrivedmyfriendswerealreadyattable.当我到达时,我的朋友们正在吃饭。常见的这类结构还有:beatmeeting正在开会;beatschool正在上学;beat
45breakfast(lunch/supper)正在吃早(午/晚)饭;beatchurch正在做礼拜,等等。Ⅱ.be+in引导的介词短语beinprogress(正在进展):Thebuildingofthebridgeisinprogress.这座桥梁正在施工中。(相当于:Thebridgeisbeingbuiltnow.)beintrade(正在做买卖):Somepeopleofthiscountryareingoldandivorytrade.这个国家的有些人正在做黄金和象牙买卖。beinfashion(流行):Longhairisverymuchinfashionnow.如今,留长发正时兴。beintrouble(处于困境/困难之中):Iamingreattrouble.Mylittleboyhasfallenoffaladderandhurthimself.我遇上点麻烦,我的小儿子从梯子上掉下来,并且摔伤了。常见的这类结构还有:beindanger处在危险中;beinoperation正在运行;beinaction在活动(运转/战斗)中;beinperil在危险之中;beinclass正在上课;beinhospital正在住院;beinoffice在执政;beintears正在流泪;beinmilk正在产奶;beinissue正在争论之中;beinchurch正在做礼拜;等等。Ⅲ.be+on引导的介词短语beonstrike(正在罢工):Theelectricityworkershavebeenonstrikeforseveralweeksnow.电力工人到目前已经罢工好几个星期了。(即现在仍在罢工)beonleave(正在休假):Severalsoldiersareonleaveinourvillage.几位军人正在我们村子里休假。beontherise(正在上涨):Pricesofve.g.etablesareontherise.蔬菜价格正在上涨。常见的这类结构还有:beonavisit正在访问;beonthestumps处在困难之中;beonsale正在出售(美语作:削价出售),等等。Ⅳ.be+under引导的介词短语beunderconsideration(正在考虑之中):TheplanisunderconsiderationbytheMinistryofEducation.教育部正在考虑这项计划。be+underconstruction(正在修建中):Thenewrailwayisstillunderconstruction.新铁路仍在修筑之中。be+underdiscussion(正在讨论之中):Thatissuehasnorelationtothematterunderdiscussion.那个问题和正在讨论的事没有关系。常见的这类结构还有:beundertreatment正在治疗中;beunderrepair正在修理中,等等。值得英语学习者注意的是⑴尽管be+介词短语能表示“正在进行”这一意义,但它和be+现在分词所表示的语法意义是有差别的。前者着重事物所处的状态,偏重于静态;后者着重事物的动态,集中表示事物的动感。⑵绝大部分这类结构,其名词前都没有冠词,假如加一冠词,意义将大相径庭。如:TheConservativePartyisinoffice.保守党在执政。Theprincipalisnowintheoffice.校长现在在办公室。英语学习者对上述差别决不可掉以轻心。★起形容词作用的分词(形容词型分词)★记得前两天有旺友问“动词+ed"作形容词的问题,刚好张道真的一本语法书上有很详细的介绍,准备把它拿到这和大家共享。有点长,而我打字又慢,慢慢输吧,争取在7-10天内完成:)起形容词作用的分词(形容词型分词)a.分词作定语的用法1)总的特点
46分词可以作定语,修饰或是限制一个名词,可以放在它前面,也可以放在它后面。一般说来,简单分词可以放在名词前面,分词短语放在名词后面。a)放在名词前面的分词1/表示动作的分词:一个现在分词或过去分词放在名词前时,可以表示一时的动作,这时它的动词特点胜过形容词特点,相当于一个定语从句Doyouseetherisingsun(=sunwhichisrising)intheeast?Theytriedtosurroundtheretreatingtroops(=troopswhichwereretreating).Theroaringlionfrightenedalltheanimalsinthejungle.Theytriedtodeliverthebesie.g.edcity(=citywhichwasbeingbesie.g.ed).Theserepeatedefforts(=effortswhichwerebeingrepeated)werestillinadequate.Thoseoppressednations(=nationsthatarebeingoppressed)arerisingtoliberatethemselves.2/表示特点的分词:它也可以表示比较长久或永久性的特点。这时它的形容词特点胜过它的动词特点:Germsarelivingcreatures(=notinanimatethings,creaturesthatcanlive).Sheisacharminglady(attractivelady,ladywhocharmsothers)Theworkingclassesareusuallypoor.Thereweremanyflyingfish.Wewatchedthemovingpictures(=motionpictures)Usedcars(=oldcars,carswhichhavebeenused)arecheaperthannewones/Stolenlove(=Secretlove,lovewhichisstolen),thoughdangerous,tastesexceptionallysweet.Thisprintedmattermaybesentbymail.3/和用作形容词的动名词的差别:用在名词前的现在分词和用在名词前起形容词作用的动名词是有区别的,从意思上、重音上及是否加连字号,都有区别。下面各对句子中,第一句中带-ing词尾的动词为分词,第二句中带-ing词尾的动词为动名词:Boilingwater(=Waterthatisboiling)canproduceenormouspower.Waterbe.g.instoboilattheboiling-point(=pointatwhichliquidboils;而不是pointwhichboils).Heisawalkingdictionary(=dictionarythatcanwalk,learnedman).Hecamewithawalking-stick(=stickforwalking;非stickthatoswalking)Howcleverthatdancingbear(=bearthatisdancing)is!Heisadancing-master(=masterwhoteachesdancing).SomeonesaidmanyyearsagothatChinawasasleepinglion(=lionthatwassleeping).Heisinthesleeping-car(=carforsleeping,而不是carthatissleeping).Runningwateriscleanerthanstagnantwater.Itisarunning-trackforsportsmen.4/用作名词的情况和形容词一样,某些分词在加the时(后面不跟名词),可以代表一类人或一种抽象东西:Whicharemorenumerous,thedeadortheliving(=thelivingpeople)Somethingmustbedoneimmediatelywiththewoundedandthedying.Whatshouldwedowiththeoppressed,thedefeatedtheinsultedandtheinjured?
47Canwesayanythingabouttheunseen(=thethingunseen)andtheunknown(=thethingunknown)?放在名词后的分词放在名词后的分词多数是分词短语,它可以变成一个定语从句(尽管定语从句不一定都能变成分词短语):1/表示一时动作的分词短语:Thedangerthreateningtheworld(=whichisthreateningthearea)istoomanypeoplewithtoolittlefood.Theylookedonatthecitybeingattackedbytheenemy(=whichwasbeingattackedbytheenemy).Themanbeingfollowedbyguards(=whoarebeingfollowedbyguards)isapartyleader.2/表示长久特点的分词短语:Amanrespectingothers(=whorespectsothers)willberespected.Canyouteachaboyrefusingtobetaught(=whorefusestobetaught)?Itisdifficulttosaveamanenchantedbythebeautyofawoman.Bookscalledthecomics(=thatarecalledthecomics)aresometimesharmfultochildren.Anybookswellread(=thatarewellread)aregoodbooksandanymenwelltreatedaregoodmen.放在名词后的分词放在名词后的分词多数是分词短语,它可以变成一个定语从句(尽管定语从句不一定都能变成分词短语):1/表示一时动作的分词短语:Thedangerthreateningtheworld(=whichisthreateningthearea)istoomanypeoplewithtoolittlefood.Theylookedonatthecitybeingattackedbytheenemy(=whichwasbeingattackedbytheenemy).Themanbeingfollowedbyguards(=whoarebeingfollowedbyguards)isapartyleader.2/表示长久特点的分词短语:Amanrespectingothers(=whorespectsothers)willberespected.Canyouteachaboyrefusingtobetaught(=whorefusestobetaught)?Itisdifficulttosaveamanenchantedbythebeautyofawoman.Bookscalledthecomics(=thatarecalledthecomics)aresometimesharmfultochildren.Anybookswellread(=thatarewellread)aregoodbooksandanymenwelltreatedaregoodmen.2)名词前作定语的分词a)用在名词前的不及物现在分词名词前的现在分词多数为不及物动词:Thetremblingcriminalhunghishead.Doyouseethefloatingbridgethere?Sheisadotingmother.Theexistingsituationwilllastsomeyears.Inthefieldarenoddingtrees,murmuringrivulets,smilingflowers,singingbirds,swimming
48ducksandplayingchildren.Heisanuncompromisingdiplomat.Itprovesfutileinspiteofalluntiringefforts.Thisuprightmanalwaystakesanunswervingcourse.Itisanunavailingplot.Thereisanundyingfriendshipbetweenthem.b)用在名词前的及物现在分词1/意义上的宾语为‘人’的情况:及物动词的分词也可用在名词前面,但它们大多表示情绪。它们的意义上的宾语指一般人或某些人,是不说出的。Itisacharmingstory=Itisastorythatcharmsus(me,youoranyone).Wehaveanencouragingprospect.=Wehaveaprospectthatencouragesus.Thisexcitingexperiencemadehimsleepless.=Thisexperience,whichexcitedhim,madehimsleepless.Itisaninteresting(orsurprising,amazing,moving,entertaining,affecting)story.Hehasapuzzlingproblemtosolve.Intheforesttherehappenedashocking(orfrightening)caseofmurder.Herfascinatingeyesandhertemptingmouthputyouinareverie.Itisamisleadingstatement,adeceivingpromise.Anunconvincingrumorspreadoverthecity.2/意义上的宾语为‘物’的情况:有少数及物动词的分词,它们的意义上的宾语也不说出,却是指‘物’的,这时要经过琢磨才知道宾语是什么:Itisanarrestingsight(=asightthatarrestssomebody'sattention),animploringlook(=alookthatimploressomebody'shelp),arevealingstory(=astorythatrevealsthingshiddenorkeptsecret),adeservingcause(=acausethatdeservessympathyorhelp).Heisagraspingattorney(anattorneywhoareeagertograspmoney).Aknowingman(=amanwhoknowsallthesecret),anunderstandingman(amanwhounderstandsothers'feelings),aforbiddingheadmaster(=aheadmasterwhoforbidsotherstoapproachortolikehim),alovingfather(=afatherwholoveschildrenorothers),apromisingyouth(ayouthwhopromisestosuceed),adesigningbusinessman(=abisinessmanwhodesignssomeintrigues),anunfeelingjudge(=judgewhofeelsnosympathy),anunforgivingfather(=afatherwhodoesnotforgiveanyfault),anunthinkingplayboy(=aplayboywhodoesnotthinkoftheconsequences)anunsparinghousewife(=housewilfewhodoesnotsparemoney),anunassumingscholar(=ascholarwhodoesnotassumeimportance),anunpretendingmanager(=amanagerwhodoesnotpretendimportance).c)用在名词前的及物过去分词1/一般过去分词:及物动词的过去分词常可用在名词前作它的修饰语。它表示同句谓语动词所表示的动作发生时正在被进行的一个动作,也可以表示那时之前一个被动动作的后果:Heisanhonouredabdrespectedprofessor(=professorwhoishonouedandrespected).
49Weliveinacrowdedarea.Theoppressednatonsarebe.g.inningtorise.Thepersecutedpatriothidhimselfinthejungle.Idrinkboiledwater(=waterthathasbeenboiledbefore,butisnomoreboiledandisfreefromgermsnow).Therearemanytrainednurses(=nurseswhohavebeentrainedbefore,butareefficientnow)inthishospital.Don'ttreadonthebrokenglass(=glassthathasbeenbrokenbefore,butmayhurtsomebody'sfeetnow).Usedcarscostcheaperthannewones.Therearethousandsofwoundedsoldiersinthislostbattle.Heisaqualifiedteacher.2/已失去动词特点的分词:a/以-en(或-n)结尾的过去分词有不少过去分词已失去动词特点,成为纯粹的形容词,它们有些以-en(或-n)结尾:Hishonestyisaprovenfact.Ilikefrozenfruit.Thisisthetombofforgottenheroes.Howhotismolteniron?Itissaidthedevilhasclovenhoofs.Somedrunkensailorsarefightinginthestreet.Doyouseethehiddenmeaningofthisletter?下面词组中也包含这种分词:drivensnow,woventhread,sawntimber,hewntimber,asunkencheek,shrunkenclothes,arottene.g.g,ashornlamb,agavenimage,aterror-strickenchild,adown-troddenpeople,ill-gottenmoney,aswollenface,acarvenimage,hisbrokenpromise.b/带un-前缀的过去分词:"Thatisanunfoundedrumour.""No,itisanundoubtedfact."Thereareunnumbered(oruntold)crimesinthissmallcity.Theenemysuddenlyattackedthisunguardedcity.Hisunaffected(orunfeigned)mannersmakemelovehim.Arichmanhastohearunearnedpraisefromtimetotime.Whatisthemostimportantthingforanunderdevelopedcountry?Thatisanunheard-of(=extraordinary)caseofmurder.Hebacametheownerofundreamt-ofwealth.Anunlooked-for(=unexpected)lovelettercametomethismorning.Anunwished-for(orunhoped-for)(=undesirable)accidenthappenedtome.Nobodycanstandthisuncalled-for(=unnecessaryandimproper)insult.c/有特别意义的过去分词:有少数过去分词,用做纯粹的形容词时,意思发生一些变化,已不再是做动词时的意思,如动词celebrate表示‘庆祝’,但形容词celebrated却表示‘著名的’:Thisisacelebratedcity.Thisisthemostnoted(=famous)mounaininJapan.Heisaconfirmedpickpocket(=pickpocketwhoisunlikelytobechanged).
50Heisapast-master(=onewhohasmuchexperience)indeceit.Hewillsufferforhisill-advised(=unwise)action.Ihaveneverseensuchabeautifulplaceinmyborndays(=inmylifetime).d/有主动意义的过去分词:大多数过去分词都有被动意思,例如theunforgottenhero的意思是theherothathasbeenforgotten,又如boiledwater的意思是waterthathasbeenboiled.但有少数过去分词却有主动意思,它们甚至起及物动词作用,可以有一个说不出的宾语。例如adrunkensailor意思是asailorwhohasdrunktoomuchliquor.Alearnedscholar(=Ascholarwhohasleanredverymush)usuallylookssilly.Experiencedmen(=Menwhohaveexperiencedalot)inthismatterarenotnumerous.Apractisedman(=Amanwhohasoftenpractiseddoingthis)candomorethanagreenhorn.Thesecultivatedpeople(=Thesepeople,whohavecultivatedtheirminds)aremygoodfriends.Thekingloveshisdevotedsubjects(=hissubjects,whodevotesthemselvestohim).Adissipatedyouth(=Ayouthwhodissipateshistimeandmoney)willruinhimself.Isacontentedman(=amanwhocontentshimselfwithwhathehas)alwayshappy?Themistakentravellerhashadanarrowescape.d)用在名词前的宾补动词的过去分词某些宾补动词的过去分词可以用在名词前面做定语。这是一类特殊的宾补动词,它们用在下面这类句子中:Theydeclaredhimtobeatraitor.Theyprovedthestatementtobefalse.Heprofessedhimselftobeascientist.下面句子包含了以这类动词作定语的过去分词Thisisthereputedscene(=theplacewhichisreputedtobethescene)ofrobbery.Johnisthesupposedfather(=themanwhoissupposedtobethefather)ofthischild.Heisanavowedmember(=amanwhohasavowedhimselftobeamember)ofthisparty.Heisaprofessedscientist.Theconfessed(oradmitted)thiefwassenttoprison.e)用在名词前的不及物动词的过去分词有几十个不及物动词的过去分词可用在名词前作定语。它们多数表示一种变化,表示一种完成的动作,一种状态。它们已失去动词的特点,不再有被动意义,几乎成了形容词:Aretiredofficial(=Anofficialwhohasretiredorisretired)livesnextdoor.Heisareturnedstudent(=astudentwhohasreturnedfromabroad).Thedecayedtoothshouldbepulledoff.Amarriedmanismorestableincharacterthanabachelor.Thousandsofpeoplemournedforthedeceasedactress.Bothfadingandfadedflowerswereblownaboutinthestrongwind.Hereandthereweredecayingordecayedleaves.Weseechangingandchangedmodesoflifeeveryyearandeveryday.下面词组中各包含一个这样的过去分词:abdictedemperor,obsconeddebtor,agedpoet,arrivedguest,assembledcompany,elopedpair,escapedprisoner,failedcandidate,fallenangel,fledrobber,perjuredwitness,travelledwritter
51departedglories,expiredlease,fore.g.oneconclusion,moulderedtemple,risensun,rottenfruit,shrunkenclothes,sunkenrocks,vanishedcivilization,witheredleaves,well-readandwell-behavedyoungman,plain-spokenpolitician,free-spokenman,full-growngirl,full-blownroses3)在名词后作定语的分词分词也可以放在它们所修饰的名词的后面a)简单分词简单分词,不管是现在分词还是过去分词,放在名词后的情况是比较少的,但在下面情况下可以放在名词后面:1/如果它受到强调,感到像一个从句:Iwanttoknowthepersoncoming(=whocomesoriscoming)Whowerethepeopleparticipating(=whoparticipated)?Iwentintotheroomadjoining---andsawsomethingIcan'ttell.Nomanlivingcandothat.Iwenttomeetherattheplaneindicated(=whichhadbeenindicated).Theythrewintoprisonallthepersonsallthepersonssuspected(=whoweresuspected).Theprisioneracquittedwenthomedirectly.Thematterbeinginvestgiated(=thatisbeinginvestigated)isamilitarysecret.Theworkbeingdone(=thatwasbeingdone)preventedhisfromgoing.下面词组中各包含一个这样的词Themoneyspent,thedayappointed,thefactalle.g.ed,thereasongiven,theplansuggested,thepartyinterested,theguestsinvited.2/如果它用来进行对比:Thevisitorscomingandgoingaresonumerous.Heisapersonreveredandbeloved.Inmanycountries,wordspokenaredifferentfromwordswritten.3/如果名词是一个不关紧要的词或被修饰的是一个代词:Thoseremaininghadtowaittwodaysmore.Virtueisathingunseen.Heislikeonecharmed.Allinvolvedwillbesenttojail.Thepointcontrovertedisinsignificant.4/如果名词前有一个形容词最高级或类似的形容词:Thisisthemostdifficultjobknown.HeisthefattestmanlivingThechief(oronly,one)guestinvitedwasme.Thisistheonlychanceleft.Wewelcomedeveryclient(orallclients)coming.Everymanarrivingreceivedagift.5/如果分词和其他词构成固定词组(短语):Iwillstayhereforthetimebeing.Wedancedfortwodaysrunning.Theywereatdaggersdrawn.Iknowthebankconcerned.
52Thevotescastrepresenttheiropinion.Thereis20dollarsremaining.6/如果分词前加so或thus:Fishthus(orso)cookedisdelicous.Moneythus(orso)earnedismoneystolen.7/如果分词是某些特定的词(这时分词也可以放在名词前面):Heisapoetborn(orbornpoet)Heisanovelistbornandbred(orabornandbrednovelist).Anartistbornandbroughtup(orabornandbroughtupartist)mustbedifferentfromanordinaryman.Thetermsabove-metioned(or-cited,-specified,-said,-named)shouldbecarriedout.Thepersonbefore-(orafore-)metioneddiedin1950.Theexpectedvisitorcameintheyearfollowingatthetimeappointed.分词短语1/现在分词短语:现在分词短语必须放在所修饰名词的后面,它相当于一个包含一般时或进行时谓语的从句(完成分词不能这样用):Itisaquestionpuzzling(=thatpuzzles)manypeople.(带有宾语)(比较:Itisapuzzlingquestion.)Hewasabusinessmangrowing(=thatgrew)richinrecentyears.(带有补语)(比较:Heisagrowingboy.)Thegentlemantalking(=whoistalking)soloudlyismyuncle.(带有副词)(比较:Canyoureadhertalkingeyes?)Theladyvisiting(=whovisited)usfromtimetotimetaughtusFrench.(带有副词短语)Thegirlcomingtolearnmusicisonlysizyearsold.(带有不定式作状语)"Anybodygettingupassoonasthecockcrowswillberewarded,"saidmyfather.(带有状语从句)2/过去分词短语:过去分词短语也必须放在所修饰的名词后面,它相当于一个被包含有被动谓语的定语从句,这个谓语可以是完成时态,也可以是一般时态。若分词是被动进行形式(即由being开头的短语),这个谓语又可以是进行时态。Dogscruellytreated(=whichhavebeencruellytreated)willbevicious.(带有副词)Thewomanabandoned(=whohadbeenabandoned)byherhusbandcalledonmeoneday.(带有副词短语)Idrinkwaterboiled(=whichhasbeenboiled)atleasttenminutes.Bookcalled(=thatarecalled)thecomicsmaybeharmfultochildren.(带有补语)Boysdisciplined(=whoaredisciplined)whentheyareyongwillbecomegoodcitizens.(带有状语从句)Ishallstudythesubjectbeingstudied(=whichisbeingstudied)bysomanystudents.(带有being)Thetext-bookbeingused(=whichisbeingused)inthisschoolis"LetUsLearnFrench".c)前面带as的分词连词as可以用在分词前面Thenewsasarriving(=Thenewsasitarrives,Suchnewsasarrives(todayisnotbelievable.
53(Theremaybedifferentnews).Theresultsasproclaimed(=Theresultsastheyhavebeenproclaimed,Suchresultsashavebeenproclaimed)intoday'snewspaperareencouraging.Hisabilityasdisplayedduringthelastthreemonthswasinadequate.Iwilltellyouastoryastoldbymymother.b.作主语补语的分词现在分词和过去分词都可以用在is,was,grow,feel这类系动词后做补语(亦称表语)。由于它们修饰解释主语,可以称作主语补语:Itisinteresting(orcharming,astonishing,exciting).(这些表示情绪的现在分词这里用作纯粹的形容词,尽管看起来像谓语动词,却不是谓语动词。)Hewasinterested(orcharmed,astonished,excited).这些表示情绪的过去分词,这里也是用作纯粹的形容词。)Sheisvery(orgreatly)delighted(ordisgusted,concerned,pleased).(带有表示程度的副词)Hefeltinterested(orcharmed,astonished,excited,annoyed,assured).Heappears(orseems)pretending(orsparing,unthinking,grasping,forbidding).Itlooksdecayed(orwithered,rotten,sunken).Heremainsunsatisfied;thematterremainsunsettledanduntouched.Hisillnesscontinuedunchanged.Hebecameexcited(ordiscouraged).Hegotscolded.Hegrewtiredoflife.Thesituationprovesencouraging.c.作宾语补语的分词分词也可用在see,hear,set,make,keep这类宾补动词后,作宾语的补语,修饰或谈及宾语的情况,他们称为宾语补语。它们仍具有动词的特点,可以有宾语、补语及修饰语。另外,如果这些宾补动词表示感官作用,它们可以转变为及物动词,同时现在分词或过去分词可以变成that从句中的谓语动词:Isaw(宾补动词)him(宾语)running(现在分词作宾补)off.(=Isaw(及物动词)thathewasrunningorran(谓语动词)off)Ifound(宾补动词)thosepeople(宾语)working(现在分词)hard.(=Ifound(及物动词)thatthosepeoplewereworkingorworked(谓语动词)hard.)Theyheardhersinging.Didyounoticethatfellowstealingit?Isawthethiefcaughtbypolicemen.(=Isawthatthethiefwascaughtbythepolicemen.)Doyourownyourselfdefeated?(=Doyouownthatyouhavebeendefeated?)Hedeclaredhimselfsatisfied.Imustseeeverythingdoneproperly.Ifoundeverythingchanged.如果宾补动词不表示感官作用,分词则不能变为that从句中的谓语动词:Helefthischildrenplayinginthestreet.Thejokesetallofthemlaughing.Theymustkeepthepotboiling.Ihavekeptyouwaitingalongtime.Hesenttheballflying.
54Theycaughthimdoingevil.Ican'tmakemyselfunderstood.Hisactionsmakehimrespected,butnothiswords.Ihaveahousebuiltonthemountain.Pleasegetthieluggagecarriedintotheroom.分词也可由being开始:Hewatchedthepicturesbeinghungonthewall.Ifoundmyselfbeinglookedafterbytenservants.(=IfoundthatIwasbeinglookedafterbytenservants.)在某些宾补动词后,现在分词前可加连词as:Hedescribedthecityasexpressingthemodernideaofspeed.HequotedConfuciusassayingthis.Herecordedthemovementasbe.g.inninganewera.Heacceptedmeashavingseenmuchoftheworld.Theresultsshowtheirlessonsashavingbeenne.g.lected.Helookedupontheaccidentasbeingcausedbyagravemisunderstanding.在个别动词的被动结构后也可带as的分词短语:Thestorywastoldashavinghappenedtohimself.Anoldmanwasrepresentedasstandingamonghissons.Iwasgivenadictionaryasbeingthebeststudents.d.作解释性修饰语得分词作为解释性修饰语,它常常放在主语后面或前面,由逗号把它和主语分开,就像一个作状语的分词一样。但是作状语的分词可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步等,可改为一个状语从句,并修饰谓语动词。作解释性修饰语的分词若说明伴随的情况时,不能变为状语从句,这时对主语的说明多于对谓语的说明。对下面两对句子加以比较,就可看出这两种用法的差别:Gaspingandexcited(作状语的分词),Richardarousedsuspicion.(=Becausehegaspedandwasexcited,Richardarousedsuspicion.)Gaspingandexcited(作解释性修饰语的分词),Richardarrivedhome.(Approximately=Richardgaspedandwasexcitedwhenhearivedhome;或Richardgaspedandwasexcited,andthushearrivedhome.)Notseenbyanyone(作状语的分词),Davidstolethewatch.(=Ashewasnotseenbyanyone,Davidstolethewatch)Notseenbyanyone(),Davidranpast.(Approxinately=Davidwasnotseenbyanyonewhenheranpast;或Davidwasnotseenbyanyone,andthusheranpast.)下面是一些包含有解释性修饰语的句子:Shiveringandgreatlyashamed,Lilianloweredherhead.Starving,Johnwanderedabout.Kneelingandshuttinghereyes,Maryprayedtothegoddess.Bleedingandfainting,hewaitedfortheambulance.Closingthedoor,heshutoutthebe.g.gar.Shoutingaloud,hecalledtome.Walkingalongthebank,thepoetsangasorrowfulsong.Dressedinwhile,shesuddenlyappeared.
55Supportedbyhissons,theoldmancameout.这些分词放在主语后时最不强调,放在句末时强调意义最明显Richard,gaspingandexcited,arrivedhome.David,notseenbyanyone,ranpast.Mary,kneelingandshuttinghereyes,prayedtothegoddess.(只有主语为名词时,分词才可放在它后面,如果是代词,譬如说he,就不能放在这个位置.)
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