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第14讲阅读理解词义猜测题（测）时间：45分钟满分：50分阅读理解(每题2分，共50分)A（2017·全国·高考真题）Julieboergers,Ph．DasleepexpertfromtheBradleyHasbroChildren'sResearchCenter,recentlyledastudyconnectinglaterschoolstarttimestoimprovedsleepandmoodinteens．"Sleepdeprivationiscommonamongteenagers,withpotentiallyseriousimpactsonmentalandphysicalhealth,safetyandlearning.Earlyhighschoolstarttimescontributetothisproblem，"saidBoergers."Inthisstudy,welookedatwhetheradelayinschoolstarttimewouldchangestudents'sleeppatterns,sleepiness,moodandcaffeine(咖啡因)use."Beorgers'teamconductedtheSchoolSleepHabitssurveyamongboardingstudentsattendinganindependenthighschoolbothbeforeandaftertheirschoolstarttimewasexperimentallydelayedfrom8to8:25a.m.duringthewinterterm.Thedelayinschoolstarttimeledtoasignificantincrease(29minutes)insleepdurationonschoolnights,withthepercentageofstudentsreceivingeightormorehoursofsleeponaschoolnightjumpingfrom18to44percentTheresearchfoundthatyoungerstudentsandthosesleepinglessatthestartofthestudyweremostlikelytobenefitfromthetimetablechange.Daytimesleepiness,lowmoodandcaffeineusewereallsignificantlyreducedafterthedelayinschoolstarttime.Thelaterschoolstarttimehadnoeffectonthenumberofhoursstudentsspentdoinghomework,playingsportsortakingpartinactivitiesoutsideclass.Andoncetheearlierstarttimechangedbackduringthespringterm,teensreverted(恢复)backtotheiroriginallevels.Beorgerssaidthatthesefindingsareimportantforpublicpolicy."Theresultofthisstudyaddtoagrowingbodyofresearchshowingimportanthealthbenefitsoflaterschoolstarttimesforadolescents,"shesaid,"andwehavestudentswhoaremorealert(机敏的),happier,betterpreparedtolearn,andaren'tdependentoncaffeineandenergydrinksjusttostayawakeinclass."1．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase"thisproblem"inParagraph2referto？A．Lackofsleep.B．Mentalhealth.C．Students'safety.D．Takingenergydrinks.2．Whathappenedwhenschoolstarttimewasdelayed？A．Studentshadlesstimeplayingsports.B．Youngstudentsbecamesleepier.C．Morestudentssleptlonger.D．Studentsgotabadmood.3．Whyisthestudyoflaterschoolstarttimeimportant__________A．Ithelpsformgoodhabits.B．Itrelatestowhatstudentslearn.C．Itincreasesstudents'learninginterest.学科网（北京）股份有限公司
1D．Itmayhaveaneffectonapublicpolicy.4．Wherecanwepossiblyreadthistypeofarticle？A．Asciencejournal.B．Ahistorybook.C．Afashionmagazine.D．Aschoolyearbook.B（2013·四川·高考真题）Fearmaybefeltintheheartaswellasinthehead,accordingtoastudythathasfoundalinkbetweenthecyclesofabeatingheartandthechanceofsomeonefeelingfear.Testsonhealthyvolunteersfoundthattheyweremorelikelytofeelasenseoffearatthemomentwhentheirheartsarecontracting(收缩)andpumpingbloodaroundtheirbodies,comparedwiththepointwhentheheartbeatisrelaxed.Scientistssaytheresultssuggestthattheheartisabletoinfluencehowthebrainrespondstoafearfulevent,dependingonwhichpointitisatinitsregularcycleofcontractionandrelaxation.SarahGarfinkelattheBrightonandSussexMedicalSchoolsaid:“OurStudyshowsforthefirsttimethatthewayinwhichwedealwithfearisdifferentdependingonwhenweseefearfulpicturesinrelationtoourheart.”Thestudytested20healthyvolunteersontheirreactionstofearastheywereshownpicturesoffearfulfaces.DrGarfinkelsaid,“Thestudyshowedthatfearfulfacesarebetternoticedwhentheheartispumpingthanwhenitisrelaxed.Thusourheartscanalsoaffectwhatweseeandwhatwedon’tsee一andguidewhetherweseefear.”Tofurtherunderstandthisrelationship,thescientistsalsousedabrainscanner(扫描仪)toshowhowthebraininfluencesthewaytheheartchangesaperson’sfeelingoffear.“Wehavefoundanimportantmechanismbywhichtheheartandbrain‘speak’toeachothertochangeourfeelingsandreducefear,”DrGarfinkelsaid.“Wehopethatbyincreasingourunderstandingabouthowfearisdealtwithandwaysthatitcouldbereduced,wemaybeabletodevelopmoresuccessfultreatmentsforanxietydisorders,andalsoforthosewhomaybesufferingfromseriousstressdisorder.”5．Whatisthefindingofthestudy?A．One’sheartaffectshowhefeelsfear.B．Fearisaresultofone’srelaxedheartbeat.C．Fearhassomethingtodowithone’shealth.D．One’sfastheartbeatsarelikelytocausefear.6．Thestudywascarriedoutbyanalyzing.A．volunteers’heartbeatswhentheysawterriblepicturesB．thetimevolunteerssawfearfulpicturesandtheirhealthconditionsC．volunteers’reactionstohorriblepicturesanddatafromtheirbrainscansD．differentpicturesshowntovolunteersandtheirheart—braincommunication7．Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningto“mechanism”inParagraph6?A．Order.B．System.学科网（北京）股份有限公司
2C．Machine.D．Treatment.8．Thisstudymaycontributeto.A．treatinganxietyandstressbetter.B．explainingthecycleoffearandanxietyC．findingthekeytotheheart-braincommunicationD．understandingdifferentfearsinourheartsandheadsC（2013·山东·高考真题）Sparrowisafast-foodchainwith200restaurants.Someyearsago,thegrouptowhichSparrowbelongedwastakenoverbyanothercompany.AlthoughSparrowshowednosignofdeclining,thechainwasgenerallyinanunhealthystate.Withmoreandmorefast-foodconceptsreachingthemarket,theSparrowmenuhadtostruggleforattention.Andtomakemattersworse,itsnewownerhadnoplanstogiveitthefundsitrequired.Sparrowfailedtogrowforanothertwoyears.UntilanewCEO,CarlPearson,decidedtobuildupitsmarketshare.Hedidasurvey,whichshowedthatconsumerswhoalreadyusedSparrowrestaurantswereextremelypositiveaboutthechain,whilecustomersofotherfast-foodchainswereunwillingtoturnawayfromthem.Sparrowhadtodevelopanewpromotionalcampaign.PearsonfacedabattleoverthefutureoftheSparrowbrand.Thechain’sownernowfavoredrebrandingSparrowasMarcy’srestaurants.Pearsonresisted,arguingforanadvertisingcampaigndesignedtoconvincecustomersthatvisitstoSparrowrestaurantswerefun.Suchanattempttoestablishapositiverelationshipbetweenacompanyandthegeneralpublicwasunusualforthattime.Pearsonstronglybelievedthatnumberswerethekeytosuccess,ratherthancustomers’speedingpower.Finally,theowneracceptedhisidea.Thecampaignitselfchangedthetraditionaladvertisingstyleofthefast-foodindustry.TheTVadsofSparrowfocusedonentertainmentandfeaturedoriginalsongsperformedbyavarietyofstars.Insteadofshowingthesuperiorityofaspecificproduct,theintentionwastoputSparrowintheheartsofpotentialcustomers.PearsonalsomadeotherdecisionswhichhebelievedwouldcontributetothenewSparrowimage.Forexample,heofferedtolowertherentofanyrestaurantswhichachievedacertainincreaseintheirturnover(营业额).Theseeffortspaidoff,andSparrowsoonbecameoneofthemostsuccessfulfast-foodchainsintheregionswhereitoperated.9．WhichwasoneoftheproblemsSparrowfacedbeforePearsonbecameCEO?A．ThenumberofitscustomerswasdecliningB．ItscustomersfoundthefoodunhealthyC．ItwasinneedoffinancialsupportD．Mostofitsrestaurantswereclosed10．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“them”inParagraph2referto?A．CustomersofSparrowrestaurantsB．SparrowrestaurantsC．Customersofotherfast-foodchainsD．otherfast-foodchains11．ForwhatpurposedidPearsonstarttheadvertisingcampaign?学科网（北京）股份有限公司
3A．TobuildagoodrelationshipwiththepublicB．TostresstheunusualtraditionofSparrowC．Toleanaboutcustomers’spendingpower.D．TomeetthechallengefromMarcy’srestaurants.12．TheTVadsofSparrow________.A．changedpeople’sviewsonpopstarsB．amusedthepublicwithoriginalsongsC．focusedonthesuperiorityofitsproductsD．influencedtheeatinghabitsoftheaudience13．WhatwasPearson’sachievementasaCEO?A．HemanagedtopayoffSparrow’sdebts.B．HemadeSparrowmuchmorecompetitiveC．HehelpedSparrowtakeoveracompanyD．HeimprovedthewelfareofSparrowemployeesD（2015·全国·高考真题）My colortelevisionhasgivenmenothingbutaheadache.Iwasabletobuyitalittleoverayearago becauseIhadmyrelativesgiveme moneyformybirthdayinsteadofalotofclothesthatwouldn’tfit.Iletasalesclerkfoolmeintobuyingadiscontinuedmodel.Irealizedthisadaylater,whenIsawnewspaperadvertisementsforthesetatseventy-fivedollarslessthanIhadpaid.ThesetworkedsobeautifullywhenIfirstgotithomethatIwouldkeepitonuntilstationssignedoff forthenight.Fortunately,Ididn’tgotanychannelsshowingall-nightmoviesorIwouldneverhavegottentobed.ThenIstarteddevelopingaproblemwiththesetthatinvolvedstatic(静电)noise.Forsomereason,whencertainshowsswitchedintoacommercial,aloudnoisewouldsoundforafewseconds.Gradually,thisnoisebegantoappearduringashow,andtogetridofit.Ihadtochangetoanotherchannelandthenchangeitback.Sometimesthistechniquewouldnotwork,andIhadtopickupthesetandshakeittoremovethesound.Iactuallybegantobuildupmyarmmuscles(肌肉)shakingmyset.Whenneitherofthesemethodsremovedthestaticnoise,Iwouldsithelplesslyand waitforthenoisetogoaway.AtlastIendeduphittingthesetwithmyfist,anditstoppedworkingaltogether.Mytriptotherepairshopcostme$62,andthesetisworkingwellnow,butIkeepexpectingmoretrouble.14．WhydidtheauthorsayhewasfooledintobuyingtheTVset?A．Hegotanoldermodelthanhehadexpected.B．Hecouldn’treturnitwhenitwasbroken.C．Hecouldhaveboughtitatalowerprice.D．Hefailedtofindanymovieshowsonit.15．Whichofthefollowingcanbestreplacethephrase“signedoff”inParagraph1?A．endedalltheirprogramsB．providedfewerchannelsC．changedtocommercialsD．showedall-nightmovies学科网（北京）股份有限公司
416．HowdidtheauthorfinallygethisTVsetworkingagain?A．Byshakingandhittingit.B．Byturningitonandoff.C．Byswitchingchannels.D．Byhavingitrepaired.17．Howdoestheauthorsoundwhentellingthestory?A．CuriousB．AnxiousC．CautiousD．HumorousE（2020·海南·高考真题）Theendoftheschoolyearwasinsightandspiritswerehigh.Iwasbackteachingafteranabsenceof15years,dealingwiththevariouskindsof"forbiddenfruit"thatcomeoutofbookbags.Nowwasthespringofthewaterpistol.Idecidedtothinkupamethodofdealingwithforbiddenfruit."Pleasebringthatpistoltome,"Isaid."I'mgoingtoputitinmyGrandma'sBox.""What'sthat?"theyasked."It'salargewoodenchestfulloftoysformygrandchildren,"Ireplied,"Youdon'thavegrandchildren,"someonesaid."Idon'tnow."Ireplied."ButsomedayIwill.WhenIdo,myboxwillbefullofwonderfulthingsforthem."MyimaginaryGrandma'sBoxworkedlikemagicthatspring,andlater.Sometimes.studentswouldaskmetodescribeallthethingsIhadinit.ThenIwouldtrytorememberthedifferentpossessionsIsupposedlyhadtakenaway—sinceIseldomactuallykeptthem.Usuallytheoffenderwouldappearattheendoftheday,andIwouldreturnthebelonging.The-yearswentby,andmyfirstgrandchildGordonwasborn.Isharedmyjoywiththatyear'sclass.Thensomeonesaid,"NowyoucanuseyourGrandma'sBox."Fromthenoninsteadofcomingtoasktheirpossessionsback,thestudentswouldsay,"That'sokay.PutitinyourGrandma'sBoxforGordon."Ilovedtalkingabouttheimaginarybox,notonlywithmystudentsbutalsowithmyownchildren.TheyenjoyedhearingaboutalltheforbiddenfruitIhadcollected.ThenoneChristmasIreceivedasurprisegift—alarge,beautifullymadewoodenchest.MysonBrucehadmademyGrandma'sBoxareality.18．Whatwastheauthor'spurposeinhavingtheconversationwiththestudents?A．Tocollectthewaterpistol.B．Totalkabouthergrandchildren.C．Torecommendsometoys.D．Toexplainherteachingmethod.19．Whatdotheunderlinedwords"theoffender"inparagraph8referto?A．Thestudent'sparent.B．ThemakeroftheGrandma'sBox.C．Theauthor'sgrandchild.D．Theowneroftheforbiddenfruit.20．WhatdidthestudentsdoaftertheylearnedaboutthebirthofGordon?A．Theywenttoplaywiththebaby.B．TheyaskedtoseetheGrandma'sBox.C．TheymadeapresentforGordon.D．Theystoppedaskingtheirtoysback.21．Whatcanweinferabouttheauthor?A．Sheenjoystellingjokes.B．Sheisastrictandsmartteacher.C．Shelovesdoingwoodwork.D．Sheisaresponsiblegrandmother学科网（北京）股份有限公司
5F（2020·北京·高考真题）CertainformsofAIareindeedbecomingubiquitous.Forexample,algorithms(算法)carryouthugevolumesoftradingonourfinancialmarkets,self-drivingcarsareappearingoncitystreets,andoursmartphonesaretranslatingfromonelanguageintoanother.Thesesystemsaresometimesfasterandmoreperceptivethanwehumansare.Butsofarthatisonlytrueforthespecifictasksforwhichthesystemshavebeendesigned.ThatissomethingthatsomeAIdevelopersarenoweagertochange.Someoftoday’sAIpioneerswanttomoveonfromtoday’sworldof“weak”or“narrow”AI,tocreate“strong”or“full”AI,orwhatisoftencalledartificialgeneralintelligence(AGI).Insomerespects,today’spowerfulcomputingmachinesalreadymakeourbrainslookweak.AGIcould,itsadvocatessay,workforusaroundtheclock,anddrawingonallavailabledata,couldsuggestsolutionstomanyproblems.DM,acompanyfocusedonthedevelopmentofAGI,hasanambitionto“solveintelligence”.“Ifwe’resuccessful,”theirmissionstatementreads,“webelievethiswillbeoneofthemostimportantandwidelybeneficialscientificadvancesevermade.”SincetheearlydaysofAI,imaginationhasoutpacedwhatispossibleorevenprobable.In1965,animaginativemathematiciancalledIrvingGoodpredictedtheeventualcreationofan“ultra-intelligentmachine…thatcanfarsurpassalltheintellectual(智力的)activitiesofanyman,howeverclever.”Goodwentontosuggestthat“thefirstultra-intelligentmachine”couldbe“thelastinventionthatmanneedevermake.”Fearsabouttheappearanceofbad,powerful,man-madeintelligentmachineshavebeenreinforced(强化)bymanyworksoffiction—MaryShelley’sFrankensteinandtheTerminatorfilmseries,forexample.ButifAIdoeseventuallyprovetobeourdownfall,itisunlikelytobeatthehandsofhuman-shapedformslikethese,withrecognisablyhumanmotivationssuchasaggression(敌对行为).Instead,IagreewithOxfordUniversityphilosopherNickBostrom,whobelievesthattheheaviestrisksfromAGIdonotcomefromadecisiontoturnagainstmankindbutratherfromadoggedpursuitofsetobjectivesattheexpenseofeverythingelse.ThepromiseanddangeroftrueAGIaregreat.Butalloftoday’sexciteddiscussionaboutthesepossibilitiespresupposesthefactthatwewillbeabletobuildthesesystems.And,havingspokentomanyoftheworld’sforemostAIresearchers,IbelievethereisgoodreasontodoubtthatwewillseeAGIanytimesoon,ifever.22．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“ubiquitous”inParagraphIprobablymean?A．Enormousinquantity.B．Changeabledaily.C．Stableinquality.D．Presenteverywhere.23．WhatcouldAGIdoforus,accordingtoitssupporters?A．Helptotackleproblems.B．Makebrainsmoreactive.C．Benefitambitiouspeople.D．Setuppowerfuldatabases.24．AsforIrvingGood’sopiniononultra-intelligentmachines,theauthoris____________.A．supportiveB．disapprovingC．fearfulD．uncertain25．WhatcanbeinferredaboutAGIfromthepassage?A．Itmaybeonlyadream.B．Itwillcomeintobeingsoon.学科网（北京）股份有限公司
6C．Itwillbecontrolledbyhumans.D．Itmaybemoredangerousthanever.学科网（北京）股份有限公司
