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第13讲阅读理解主旨大意题（测）时间：45分钟满分：50分阅读理解(每题2分，共50分)A（2018·上海·高考真题）Bitcoinandotherso-calledcryptocurrencies（加密货币）havebeenalloverthenewslately.Apparently,theideaofmoneythat'snottiedtoaspecificbank—oraspecificcountry—isappealingtomany.Butit'sworthrememberingthatthebankingsystemthatwenowalllivewithisjustthat：Amoderninvention.Notsolongago,moneywasalmostalwayscreatedandusedlocally,andbarteringwascommon.（Infact,itstilliscommonamongmanyonlinelocalnetworks,liketheBuyNothingProject.）.Inthepast,money'smakeupvariedfromplacetoplace,dependingonwhatwasconsideredvaluablethere.Sowhilesomeoftheworld'sfirstcoinsweremadefromanaturallyoccurringhybridofgoldandsilvercalledelectrum（银金矿），objectsotherthancoinshaveservedascurrency,includingbeads,ivory,livestock,andcowrieshells.InWestAfrica,braceletsofbronzeorcopperwereusedascash,especiallyifthetransactionwasassociatedwiththeslavetradethere.Throughoutthecolonialperiod,tobaccowasusedtoreplacecoinsorpaperbillsinVirginia,MarylandandNorthCarolina,eventhoughitwasusedelsewhereinthecoloniesandextensivelythroughoutEuropeandtheU.K.Today,onanislandinthePacific,aspecifictypeofshellstillservesascurrency—andsomepeoplethereareevenhoarding（贮存）it,justlikeBitcoinmoguls,convincedthatoneday,itwillmakethemwealthybeyondimagination.OnMalaita,themost-populatedislandthat'spartoftheSolomonIslands,shellsareacceptedatmostplacesinexchangeforgoods."Howmuchtuna（金枪鱼）youcangetforyourshellsdependsontheircolorandshape,"MaryBruno,ashopownerfromthesmalltownofAuki,onMalaita,toldVice."Onestripofdarkershellsmightgetyouabouttwocansofsmallertuna,buttheredonesareworthmore.Fortheredones,onestripmightgetenoughtunatofeedabigfamilyforalongtime."Justlikeamintthatcreatescoins,there'sonlyoneplaceontheislandwheretheshells,whicharepolishedandstrungtogethertoform3-foot-longropes,aremade.Thestripsofred,white,andblackshellsallcomefromLangaLangaLagoon,whereartificialislandswerelong-agobuiltbylocalstoescapefromtheisland-dwellingcannibals.Oncemarooned（困住）outontheirislands,localsneededacurrencytouseamongthemselves,andsotheshellcurrencywasborn.UsingshellsformoneywascommonthroughoutthePacificislandsaslateastheearly1900s,butMalaitaisuniqueinthattheyarestillusedtoday.Andjustlikecryptocurrencies,therearethosewhothinktheislandersaresmarttoinvestinthistypeofmoney,whichisreportedtohaveriseninvalueoverthelastthreedecades.Itmightseemstrangetohoardabunchofprocessed,strung-togethershells,butwhatisapileofdollars?Justaspeciallyprintedpieceofpaperandhempthatwe'veassignedvalueto—andprobablylessdurableovertimethanthoseshells.1．Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTRUE?A．Moneywascreatedandwaswidelyusedintheworld.B．TobaccowasusedascoinsorpaperbillsinAmericaninthepast.
1C．Theingredientsofworld’sfirstcoinsmaybethecombinationofgoldandsilver.D．Usingshellsformoneyhasbeenoutofdateintheworld.2．Theword"mint"inparagraph5isclosestinthemeaningto.A．akindofmoneythatcanexchangeB．theleavesofamintplantusedfreshorcandiedC．aplacetoproduceandpolishshellsD．afactorythatproducescurrency3．What'sopinionoftheauthortowardsshellsformoney?A．Reasonable.B．Imaginary.C．Convenient.D．Inventive.4．Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleofthepassage?A．TheHistoryofBitcoinB．ShellsStillMoneyC．TheCurrencyIsofGreatUseD．SomeShellsB（2021·浙江·高考真题）Researcherssaytheyhavetranslatedthemeaningofgesturesthatwildchimpanzees(黑猩猩)usetocommunicate.Theysaywildchimpscommunicate19specificmessagestooneanotherwitha"vocabulary"of66gestures.ThescientistsdiscoveredthisbyfollowingandfilminggroupsofchimpsinUganda,andexaminingmorethan5,000incidentsofthesemeaningfulexchanges.DrCatherineHobaiter,wholedtheresearch,saidthatthiswastheonlyformofintentionalcommunicationtoberecordedintheanimalkingdom.Onlyhumansandchimps,shesaid,hadasystemofcommunicationwheretheydeliberatelysentamessagetoanothergroupmember."That'swhat'ssoamazingaboutchimpgestures,"shesaid."They'retheonlythingthatlookslikehumanlanguageinthatrespect.”Althoughpreviousresearchhasshownthatapesandmonkeyscanunderstandcomplexinformationfromanotheranimal'scall,theanimalsdonotappeartousetheirvoicesintentionallytocommunicatemessages.Thiswasasignificantdifferencebetweencallsandgestures,DrHobaitersaid.Chimpswillchecktoseeiftheyhavetheattentionoftheanimalwithwhichtheywishtocommunicate.Inonecase,amotherpresentsherfoottohercryingbaby,signaling:"Climbonme."Theyoungsterimmediatelyjumpsontoitsmothersbackandtheytravelofftogether."Thebigmessagefromthisstudyisthatthereisanotherspecies(物种)outthere.thatismeaningfulinitscommunication,sothat'snotuniquetohumans,"saidDrHobaiter.DrSusanneShultz,anevolutionarybiologistfromtheUniversityofManchester,saidthestudywaspraiseworthyinseekingtoenrichourknowledgeoftheevolutionofhumanlanguage.But,sheadded,theresultswere"alittledisappointing"."Thevaguenessofthegesturemeaningssuggestseitherthatthechimpshavelittletocommunicate,orwearestillmissingalotoftheinformationcontainedintheirgesturesandactions,"shesaid."Moreover,themeanings
2seemtonotgobeyondwhatotheranimalconveywithnon-verbalcommunication.So,itseemsthegulfremains."5．WhatdochimpsandhumanshaveincommonaccordingtoDrHobaiter?A．Memorizingspecificwords.B．Understandingcomplexinformation.C．Usingvoicestocommunicate.D．Communicatingmessagesonpurpose.6．WhatdidDrShultzthinkofthestudy?A．Itwaswelldesignedbutpoorlyconducted.B．Itwasagoodtrybutthefindingswerelimited.C．Itwasinspiringbuttheevidencewasunreliable.D．Itwasafailurebutthemethodsdeservedpraise.7．Whatdoestheunderlinedword"gulf"inthelastparagraphmean?A．Difference.B．Conflict.C．Balance.D．Connection.8．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ChimpanzeebehaviourstudyachievedabreakthroughB．ChimpanzeesdevelopedspecificcommunicationskillsC．Chimpanzees:thesmartestspeciesintheanimalkingdomD．Chimpanzeelanguage:communicationgesturestranslatedC（2017·全国·高考真题）Cloudcomputingwillbeinusebyabout80percentofabout600companies.Thetrendsuggeststhatdatamanagementandstoragearemovingtocloudcomputingsellersonalargescale.Touting(兜售)cloudcomputingasawaytogetridofthecostsofbuyingandmaintaininon-siteinformation-technologyequipment,sellersofferitintheformofSoftwareAsA．Service(SAAS),adeliverymodelinwhichsoftwareapplicationsaredeliveredtocustomersoveraweb-basednetwork.SAAScanservetheneedsofentirecompaniesthroughhuge,web-basedplatforms.Ascloudcomputingrapidlybccomesthedeliverychannelforsoftwaredevelopersofallshapesandsizestogettheirproductstomarket,offeringapplicationsinacloudisnowtherulenottheexception.A．relativelysmallnumberofsellersareabletoofferSAAStobigcompaniesthatwantcompany-widecloudcomputing,andonlythesellersneedapply.Althoughmarket-sharedataarehardtocomeby,thelistofcompany’slargeenoughtooffercloud-computingonthisscaleisshort:Microsoft,Amazon,Google,Salesforce,Rackspaceandnotmanyothers.Theconcentrationofdataandvirtual(虚拟)computinginthehandsofrelativelyfewsellersraisesanimportantriskfortheircustomersiftheInternet-basedsystemsofanyonesellerarehacked,theresultcouldbesecurityproblemsacrossentireindustriesinwhichtheircustomersdoCanthissmallgroupofcloud-computingsellerseffectivelyrespondtotheneedsoftheircustomerstoquicklyfixsuchaproblemand,mostimportantly,cutoffthedamagetothesecompanies'owncustomers?Don'tthinksuchthingscan'thappen.IfhackerscanpenetratetheDepartmentofDefense,theriskthattheywillpenetrateMicrosoftorgooglecannotberuledoutCompromiseofjustoneofthesesellers---evenonewithamodestmarketshare---possiblycouldshutdown,atleasttemporarily,asizablepartoftheU.S.economy.9．Whatcancloudcomputingdo？
3A．Reducethecostofcomputers.B．Providesoftwareservice.C．Marketvariousproducts.D．Helpcompaniesdesignwebsites.10．Whatdoweknowaboutcloudcomputing？A．ItworksunderSAAS.B．Itcoversalargepartofmarket-share.C．Mostcompaniescanprovideit.D．Mostsellersapplyforit.11．WhyistheDepartmentofDefensementionedinthelastparagraph？A．Towarnpeopleofthehackers'power.B．Toshowrelationshipbetweenitandmicrosoft.C．Togiveanexampleofthecountry'sloss.D．TopresenttherealpictureoftheU.S.economy.12．Whatmightbethebesttitleforthetext？A．TheUnthinkablerisksofthecloud.B．CloudComputingandSmartSellers.C．SAASandchangingCompanies.D．TheCloudComputingAge.D（2012·辽宁·高考真题）IfConfucius(孔子)werestillalivetodayandcouldcelebratehisSeptember28birthdaywithabigcake,therewouldbealotofcandles.He'dneedafanorastrongwindtohelphimputthemout.WhilemanypeopleinChinawillrememberConfuciusonhisspecialday,fewpeopleintheUnitedStateswillgivehimapassingthought.It'snothingpersonal.MostAmericansdon'tevenrememberthebirthdaysoftheirownnationalheroes.Butthisdoesn'tmeanthatAmericansdon'tcareaboutConfucius.InmanywayshehasbecomeabridgethatforeignersmustcrossiftheywanttoreachadeeperunderstandingofChina.Inthepasttwodecades,theChinesestudiesprogramshavegainedhugepopularityinWesternuniversities.Morerecently,theChinesegovernmenthassetupConfuciusInstitutesinmorethan80countries.TheseschoolsteachbothChineselanguageandculture.ThemaincoursesofChinesecultureusuallyincludeChineseart,historyandphilosophy(哲学).SomesocialscientistssuggestthatWesternersshouldtakeadvantageoftheancientChinesewisdomtomakeupforthedrawbacks(缺陷)ofWesternphilosophy.StudentsintheUnitedStates,atthesametime,areracingtolearnChinese.SotheywillbereadyforlifeinaworldwhereChinaisanequalpowerwiththeUnitedStates.BusinessmenwhohopetomakemoneyinChinaarereadingbooksaboutConfuciustounderstandtheirChinesecustomers.
4Sotheoldthinker'sideasarestillaliveandwell.TodayChinaattractstheWestmorethanever,anditwillneedmoreteacherstointroduceConfuciusandChineseculturetotheWest.Asfortheoldthinker,hewillnotsoonbeforgottenbypeopleintheWest,evenifhisbirthdayis.13．Theopeningparagraphismainlyintendedto______________.A．providesomekeyfactsaboutConfuciusB．attractthereaders'interestinthesubjectC．showgreatrespectfortheancientthinkerD．provethepopularityofmodembirthdaycelebrations14．WecanlearnfromParagraph4thatAmericanstudents___________.A．haveagreatinterestinstudyingChineseB．takeanactivepartinChinesecompetitionsC．trytogethighscoresinChineseexamsD．fightforachancetolearnChinese15．Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A．ForgottenWisdominAmericaB．HugeFansoftheChineseLanguageC．ChineseCultureforWesternersD．OldThinkerwithaBigFuture16．Thepassageislikelytoappearin__________.A．apersonalbiographyB．ahistorypaperC．aculturalnewspaperD．aphilosophytextbookE（2020·全国·高考真题）When“RiseofthePlanetoftheApes”wasfirstshowntothepubliclastmonth,agroupofexcitedanimalactivistsgatheredonHollywoodBoulevard.Buttheyweren’ttheretothrowredpaintonfur-coat-wearingfilmstars.Instead,oneactivist,dressedinafull-bodymonkeysuit,hadarrivedwithasignpraisingthefilmmakers:“Thanksfornotusingrealapes(猿)!”Thecreativeteambehind“Apes”usedmotion-capture(动作捕捉)technologytocreatedigitalizedanimals,spendingtensofmillionsofdollarsontechnologythatrecordsanactor’sperformanceandlaterprocessesitwithcomputergraphicstocreateafinalimage(图像).Inthiscase,oneofarealistic-lookingape.Yet“Apes”ismoreexceptionthantherule.Infact,Hollywoodhasbeenhotonliveanimalslately.Onenonprofitorganization,whichmonitorsthetreatmentofanimalsinfilmedentertainment,iskeepingtabsonmorethan2,000productionsthisyear.Already,anumberoffilms,including“WaterforElephants,”“TheHangoverPartⅡ”and“Zookeeper,”havedrawntheangerofactivistswhosaythecreaturesactinginthemhaven’tbeentreatedproperly.Insomecases,it’snotsomuchthetreatmentoftheanimalsonsetinthestudiothathasactivistsworried;it’stheoff-settrainingandlivingconditionsthatareraisingconcerns.Andtherearequestionsaboutthefilmsmade
5outsidetheStates,whichsometimesarenotmonitoredascloselyasproductionsfilmedintheStates.17．WhydidtheanimalactivistsgatheronHollywoodBoulevard?A．Toseefamousfilmstars.B．Toopposewearingfurcoats.C．Toraisemoneyforanimalprotection.D．Toexpressthankstosomefilmmakers.18．Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytalkabout?A．Thecostofmaking“Apes.”B．Thecreationofdigitalizedapes.C．Thepublicityabout“Apes.”D．Theperformanceofrealapes.19．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“keepingtabson”inparagraph3probablymean?A．Listingcompletely.B．Directingprofessionally.C．Promotingsuccessfully.D．Watchingcarefully.F（2020·全国·高考真题）Wearetheproductsofevolution,andnotjustevolutionthatoccurredbillionsofyearsago.Asscientistslookdeeperintoourgenes(基因),theyarefindingexamplesofhumanevolutioninjustthepastfewthousandyears.PeopleinEthiopianhighlandshaveadaptedtolivingathighaltitudes.Cattle-raisingpeopleinEastAfricaandnorthernEuropehavegainedamutation(突变)thathelpsthemdigestmilkasadults.OnThursdayinanarticlepublishedinCell,ateamofresearchersreportedanewkindofadaptation-nottoairortofood,buttotheocean.Agroupofsea-dwellingpeopleinSoutheastAsiahaveevolvedintobetterdivers.TheBajau,asthesepeopleareknown,numberinthehundredsofthousandsinIndonesia,MalaysiaandthePhilippines.Theyhavetraditionallylivedonhouseboats;inrecenttimes,they’vealsobuilthousesonstilts(支柱)incoastalwaters.“Theyaresimplyastrangertotheland,”saidRedneyC．Jubilado,aUniversityofHawaiiresearcherwhostudiestheBajau.Dr.JubiladofirstmettheBajauwhilegrowinguponSamalIslandinthePhilippines.Theymadealivingasdivers,spearfishingorharvestingshellfish.“Weweresoamazedthattheycouldstayunderwatermuchlongerthanuslocalislanders,”Dr.Jubiladosaid.“Icouldseethemactuallywalkingunderthesea.”In2015,MelissaIlardo,thenagraduatestudentingeneticsattheUniversityofCopenhagen,heardabouttheBajau.Shewonderedifcenturiesofdivingcouldhaveledtotheevolutionofphysicalcharacteristicsthatmadethetaskeasierforthem.“itseemedliketheperfectchancefornaturalselectiontoactonapopulation,”saidDr.Ilardo.ShealsosaidtherewerelikelyanumberofothergenesthathelptheBajaudive.20．Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellusbytheexamplesinparagraph1?A．Environmentaladaptationofcattleraisers.B．Newknowledgeofhumanevolution.C．Recentfindingsofhumanorigin.D．Significanceoffoodselection.
621．WhywastheyoungJubiladoastonishedattheBajau?A．Theycouldwalkonstiltsallday.B．Theyhadasuperbwayoffishing.C．Theycouldstaylongunderwater.D．Theylivedonbothlandandwater.22．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．BodiesRemodeledforaLifeatSeaB．Highlanders’SurvivalSkillsC．BasicMethodsofGeneticResearchD．TheWorld’sBestDiversG（2020·北京·高考真题）Forthepastfiveyears,PaulaSmith,ahistorianofscience,hasdevotedherselftore-creatinglong-forgottentechniques.Whiledoingresearchforhernewbook,shecameacrossa16th-centuryFrenchmanuscript（手稿）consistingofnearly1,000setsofinstructions,coveringsubjectsfromtoolmakingtofindingthebestsand.Theauthor'sintentionremainsasmysterious（神秘）ashisname;hemayhavebeensimplytakingnotesforhisownrecords.ButSmithwasstruckmainlybythefactthatshedidn'ttrulygraspanyoftheskillstheauthordescribed."Yousimplycan'tgetanunderstandingofthathandworkbyreadingaboutit,"shesays.ThoughSmithdidgetherhandsonthebestsand,doingthingstheold-fashionedwayisn'tjustaboutplayingaroundwithFrenchmud.Reconstructingtheworkofthecraftsmen（工匠）wholivedcenturiesagocanrevealhowtheyviewedtheworld,whatobjectsfilledtheirhomes,andwhatwentonintheworkshopsthatproducedthem.Itcanevenhelpsolvepresent-dayproblems:In2015,scientistsdiscoveredthata10th-centuryEnglishmedicineforeveproblemscouldkilladrug-resistantvirus.Theworkhasalsobroughtinsightsformuseums,Smithsays.Onemustknowhowonobjectwasmadeinordertopreserveit.What'smore,reconstructionsmightbetheonlywaytoknowwhattreasureslookedlikebeforetimeworethemdown.ScholarshaveseenthisideainpracticewithancientGreekandRomanstatues.Thesesculptureswerepaintedarainbowofstrikingcolours.Wecan'tappreciatethesekindsofdetailswithoutseeingworksofartastheyoriginallyappeared-somethingSmithbelievesyoucandoonlywhenyouhavearoadmap.Smithhasputthemanuscript'sideasintopractice.Herfinalgoalistolinktheworldsofartandsciencebacktogether:Shebelievesthatbringingtheoldrecipestolifecanhelpdevelopakindoflearningthathighlightsexperimentation,teamwork,andproblemsolving.Backwhenscience—thencalled“thenewphilosophy”—tookshape,academicslookedtocraftsmenforhelpinunderstandingthenaturalworld.Microscopesandtelescopeswereinventedbywayofartistictinkering（修补）,ascraftsmenexperimentedwithglasstobetterbendlight.Ifwecanrediscoverthevaluesofhands-onexperienceandcraftwork,Smithsays,wecanmarrythebestofourmoderninsightswiththehandinessofourancestors.23．HowdidSmith,feelafterreadingtheFrenchmanuscript?A．Confusedaboutthetechnicalterms.B．Impressedwithitsdetailedinstructions.C．Discouragedbyitscomplexstructure.D．Shockedforherownlackofhandskills.
724．AccordingtoSmith,thereconstructionworkisdonemainlyto_____________.A．restoreoldworkshopsB．understandthecraftsmenC．improvevisualeffectsD．inspirethephilosophers25．Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?A．CraftsmenSettheTrendsforArtistsB．CraftsmanshipLeadstoNewTheoriesC．CraftsmanshipMakesBetterScientistsD．CraftsmenReshapetheFutureofScience
