田静语法英语一

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田静23考研英语一语法笔记目录第一部分简单句................................................................................2第一章简单句的核心........................................................................2第一节简单句的核心构成................................................................2第二节简单句的核心变化................................................................5第二章简单句的扩展.......................................................................19第一节词性角度的扩展.................................................................19第二节成分角度的扩展.................................................................26第二部分长难句...............................................................................32第一章并列句.............................................................................32（一）并列句的构成：多个简单句+并列连词...............................................32（二）并列句的省略....................................................................33（三）练习............................................................................34第二章复合句.............................................................................35第一节名词性从句.....................................................................35第二节定语从句.......................................................................41第三节状语从句.......................................................................47第三章特殊句式...........................................................................53（一）倒装............................................................................53（二）强调............................................................................54（三）虚拟............................................................................55第三部分长难句分析...........................................................................58第一章基本结构的长难句分析...............................................................58第一节断开长难句.....................................................................58第二节简化长难句.....................................................................62第二章晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta特殊结构的长难句分析...............................................................64第一节分裂结构.......................................................................64第二节嵌套结构.......................................................................65第三节平行结构.......................................................................661

1第一部分简单句第一章简单句的核心第一节简单句的核心构成（一）五种简单句1.主谓①Eveiybodyelseloses.（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartB）②Smallerspeciessurvived.（2006,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）2.主谓宾①Everybodylovesafatpayrise.（2005，ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）②Yets晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantaciencehasaculturalhistory,too...（2017,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）③Severalofhisstaffmembershavemilitaiy-intelligencebackgrounds.（2003,Readingcomprehension,PartAText1）3.主谓双宾①Theygavejusticespermanentpositions…（2012，UseofEnglish）2

2②Theygavepermanentpositionstojustices.…railroadschargedallcustomersthesameaveragerate…（2003，Readingcomprehension，PartAText3）4.主谓宾补①Youalwayskeepyoureyesopen…（2004,ReadingComprehension，PartAText1）②…changesintheeconomy...makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficult…（2004，UseofEnglish）5.主系表Thisisadangerousgame…“这是一个危险的游戏。”（2005,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）（二）系动词1.be动词单独使用2.getbecometurngogrow“变得"3.looksoundsmelltastefeel感官动词“看/听/闻/尝/感觉起来”4.seemappear/keepremain似乎（表示一种不确定性）①Trustisatrickybusiness.（2018,UseofEnglish）②…manydiscussionsarenotsosuccessful.（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartB）③…theirbehaviorbecamemarkedlydifferent.（2005,ReadingComprehension,PartA,Textl）④ThiscourageousattitudeinfactbecomesarequirementfortheperformersofBeethoven'smusic.（2014,晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantaReadingComprehension,PartC）⑤Theylookcute.（2005,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）⑥Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirability…（2004,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）⑦Nonetheless,…unificationofsortsremainsamajorgoal.（2012,Translation）⑧theretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.3

3（2000,ReadingComprehension,Passage1）补充：Thesocialsciencesareflourishing.（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartB）areflourishing是主谓结构，表示现在进行时（三）真题演练①Theseviewsofargumentsalsounderminereason.（2019，ReadingComprehension，PartB）②Moreapparentreasonablenessfollowed.（2014,ReadingComprehension，PartAText1）③…theysuddenlybecameextinct.（2006,ReadingComprehension，PartAText3）④poetryofmanykindsgavehimgreatpleasure.（2008，Translation）⑤…ourpresidentcallshimself"theDecider"（2009，ReadingComprehension，PartAText1）晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta4

4第二节简单句的核心变化（一）谓语动词的时态主语+谓语v.（时态、情态、语态、否定、强调）简单句中的谓语动词可能不是一个单词（1）一般时态1.一般过去时谓语动词=did①IndiareleaseditsAlethicsstrategythisspring（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）②Thisscaletooknumerousfactorsintoconsideration.（2013，UseofEnglish）③…thiscitywasoneofthelargesthumansettlementsintheworld.（2014,ReadingComprehension,PartB）2.一般现在时谓语动词=do/does①Sofartheresultsarcinconclusive.（2009，UseofEnglish）②Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）③Butmostlawgraduatesnevergetabig-firmjob.（2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）④Archaeologistscommonlyusecomputerstomapsitesandthelandscapearoundsites.（2014，ReadingComprehension，PartB）⑤Todayitmakesalmostnodifference.（2000，ReadingComprehension，Passage2）⑥Pearsonalsopredictsabreakthroughincomputer-humanlinks.（200晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta1,Translation）3.一般将来时谓语动词=①willdo②am/is/aregoingtodo①Wewillhavealesscivilsociety.（2004,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）②Who'sgoingtopayfortherestofthebill?（2003,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）5

5③…theproblemswillbedifferent.（2002,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）④Clearly,onlythebiggestandmostflexibletelevisioncompaniesaretobeabletocompeteinsucharichandhotly-contestedmarket（2005,Translation）4.（一般）过去将来时谓语动词=woulddowas/weregoingtodo①Theygavejusticespermanentpositionssotheywouldbefreetoupsetthoseinpower.（2012,UseofEnglish）①…itsimplydidn'tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）①Forawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors…wasgoingtobethenextcasualty.（2002，ReadingComprehension，Passage1）一般时态一般过去时did一般现在时do/does一般将来时willdoam/is/aregoingtodo（一般）过去将来时woulddowas/weregoingtodo（2）进行时态1.过去进行时谓语动词=was/weredoing①Hewassearchingfortinyengravedseels...（2014,ReadingComprehension,PartB）②Withintwoweeks,hewastalkingforthefirsttimewiththeboardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroup…（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）2.现在进晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta行时谓语动词=am/is/aredoing①Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.（2004,ReadingComprehension，PartAText3）②TheastronomycommunityismakingcompromisestochangeitsuseofMaunaKea.（2017，ReadingComprehension，PartAText2）3.将来进行时谓语动词=willbedoing①Now,rivalswillbechargingsalestax…6

6（2019;ReadingComprehension，PartAText4）（3）完成时态【错误】“完成“=都做完了【正确】“完成”不代表都做完了“完成”包含两方面：①全部完成②部分完成“完成”表达一件事的“完成结果"，强调角度“xx时间的之前”【统一的公式】have+done1.过去完成时谓语动词=haddone……过去的之前①By2020theyhadfinished30%oftheresearch.②Whenhecame’shehadalreadyleft.③Hehadnevergambledbeforethecasinosenthimacouponfor$20worthofgambling.（2006,ReadingComprehension,PartB）④Theinterviewershadratedapplicantsonascaleofonetofive.（2013,UseofEnglish）⑤…heexpressedtheopinionthatintwoorthreerespectshismindhadchangedduringtheprecedingtwentyorthirtyyears.（2008,Translation）⑥RomanCatholicismhadbeenthestatereligion...（2007,UseofEnglish）过去完成时vs.一般过去时过去的之前过去先后2.现在完成时谓语动词=have/hasdone①ThequestionofGDPanditsusefulnesshasannoyedpolicymakersforoverhalfacentury.（201晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta7,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）②TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.（2012;UseofEnglish）③Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable...（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）④Mostleadingretailershavealreadytriede-commerce,withlimitedsuccess,andexpansionabroad.（2010,ReadingComprehension,PartB）7

7补充：just/ever/never/also/nearly/longScientificpublishinghaslongbeenalicensetoprintmoney.（2020，ReadingComprehension，PartAText2）Familieshavealsoexperiencedchangestheseyears.（2004，UseofEnglish）区别：现在完成时vs一般过去时（1）宏观上：时间段不同。..theresponsehasbeenfavorable..现在完成时：从过去到现在；现在的之前..theresponsewasfavorable...一般过去时：只能表达过去，不能表达现在（2）微观上：做完和没都做完。（做完的可以换成过去，没做完的就不能换成过去。）1）现在全部完成，可以换成过去时Hehasleft,soIcannotfindhimnow.Helefttwohoursago.2）现在部分完成，不能换成过去时WehavelearnedEnglishfor15years.WelearnedEnglishfor15years.3.将来完成时谓语动词=willhavedonerelaxationwillbeinfrontofsmell-television,anddigitalagewillhavearrived.（2001,Translation）完成时态：“阶段性总结”谓语动词=have+done过去完成时=haddone现在完成时-have/hasdone将来完成时=willhavedone（4）完成晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta进行时态=完成+进行1.现在完成进行时谓语动词二have/hasbeendoing①Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestaxnationwide…（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）②Thatkindofelectronicspyinghasbeengoingonfordecades.（2003，ReadingComprehension，PartAText1）③Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestaxnationwide…8

8（2019，ReadingComprehension.PartAText4）现在完成时vs现在完成进行时角度相同都表示“现在的之前”两种时态现在完成时：have/has+done现在完成进行时：have/hasbeen+doing强调不同强调结果（做完与否都可以）强调过程例句WehavenotwonthematchWehavebeenworkinghardforseveralmonths2.过去完成进行时：谓语动词=hadbeendoing3.将来完成进行时：谓语strt^=willhavebeendoing完成进行时态：谓语动词=havebeendoing过去完成进行：hadbeendoing现在完成进行时：have/hasbeendoing将来完成进行时：willhavebeendoing内容小结1.时态二事情发生的“时间“+“状态”，通过谓语动词的变化来体现。注意：每一个谓语动词都一定有时态，因此很重要。2.时态共十六种（见下表）：其中背景为黄色8种为考研重点3.学习时态要分成两个维度一时间和状态，重点学习“状态”的维度，分为：一般、进行、完成、完成进行。4.注意：不管表达时态的谓语动词是几个单词，都算作一个整体，即一个谓语动词。过去现在将来过去将来一般将来时一般过去将来时一般过去时一般现在时一般will+dowould+dodiddo/does晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantaam/is/aregoingtodowas/weregoingtodo进行过去进行时现在进行时将来进行时×bedoingwas/were+doingam/is/are+doingwillbe+doing完成过去完成时现在完成时将来完成时×havedoneHad+donehave/has+doingwillhave+done完成进行过去完成进行时现在完成进行时将来完成进行时×Have+been+doinghadbeen+doinghave/hasbeen+doingwillhavebeen+doing9

9（5）练习：谓语动词的时态①Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears…（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）②Readersaremigratingawayfromprintanyway（2016,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）③Andasignificantnumberofthehomelesshaveseriousmentaldisorders.（2006,UseofEnglish）④MywifeandIlecturedaboutthisloomingdangertwentyyearsago.（2001，ReadingComprehension，PartAText2）⑥Ateamofresearchers"wouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.（2008，ReadingComprehension，PartAText2）⑦Inrecentyears’railroadshavebeencombiningwitheachother…（2003,ReadingComprehension，PartAText3）（二）谓语动词的情态主语+谓语V.（变化——时态、情态、语态、否定、强调）情态动词+动同原形情态动同的时态变化有限情态动同的人称变化无情态动词变否定/疑问现在时过去时must无cancouldwillwouldshallshouldmay晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantamight1.情态动词表示“情态”（1）must必须Humandriverssometimesmustmakesplit-seconddecisions.（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）（2）can/could能够/可以10

10①…andtherightmentalworkoutscansignificantlyimproveourbasiccognitivefunctions.（2014,UseofEnglish）②Couldahugadaykeepthedoctoraway?（2017;UseofEnglish）（3）will/would将要/愿意①Thefirstdraftwillappearonthepage…（2008,ReadingComprehension,PartB）②Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.（2004,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）（4）may/might可以/可能①expressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround.（2011,UseofEnglish）②Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelpmoderatetheeffectsofpsychologicalstress.（2011,UseofEnglish）（5）should应该①Americashouldfollow.（2014,ReadingComprehension^PartAText2）②Thosesufferingfrompersistentnightmaresshouldseekhelpfromatherapist.（2005,ReadingComprehension,PartA,Text3）2.情态动词表示"推测"①Itmightbepoetic,philosophical,sensual,ormathematical,butanycaseitmust…havesomethingtodowiththesoulofthehumanbeing.（2014，ReadingComprehension，PartC）②thislossofmentalfocuscanpotentiallyhaveadamagingimpactonourprofessional,social,andpersonalwellbeing（2014,UseofEnglish）情态动词+do情态动词+晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantabedoing推测现在正在进行情态祝司+havedone推测过去①…thepeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmayhaveledtomisleadinginterpretationofwhathappened.（2010,UseofEnglish）②…thecommunityshouldbegraspingtheopportunitytoraiseitsinfluenceintherealworld.（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartB）11

113.其他情态动词词组词①Theyhavetobecarefulnottocomeacrossasdisappointedintheirchild.（2007,ReadingComprehension,PartB）②public-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers（2012;ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）内容小结1.情态动词的用法主要有两种：一是表达“情緒和态度"；二是表达“推测”。2.考研常用的情态动词：must,can,could,will,would,should,may,might.3.注意：“情态动词+动词原形”算作一个整体，即一个谓语动词4.练习：谓语动词的情态①Upcomingreformsmightbringthepricetoamorereasonablelevel.（2017,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）②Employerswouldn'tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.（2004,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）③...butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）④wemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearch.（2005,ReadingComprehension,PartA,Text2）（三）谓语动词的语态主语+谓语V.（变化——时态、情态、语态、否定、强调）主动语态Ieatapples.被动语态Applesareeaten.1.被动的构成：be+done（①被动的动作②被动的时间③主语的单复数）“不幸地晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta是，这些评论家（现在）都被遗了。”Unfortunately,thesecriticsareforgotten.by+动作发出者.【补充】被动语态不一定要翻译成“被”这些评论家（过去）被遗忘了。Theseriteswereforgotten.这些评论家（现在）被遗忘。Thesecriticsareforgotten.12

12这些评论家（过去）被遗忘了。Theseriteswereforgotten.这些评论家将会（现在的将来）被遗忘。Thesecriticswillbeforgotten.这些评论家过去将会（过去的将来）被遗忘。Thesecriticswouldbeforgotten.这些评论家过去正在被遗忘。Thesecriticswerebeingforgotten.这些评论家现在正在被遗忘。Thesecriticsarebeingforgotten.这些评论家过去已经（过去的之前）被遗忘了。Thesecriticshadbeenforgotten.这些评论家现在已经（现在的之前）被遗忘了。Thesecriticshavebeenforgotten.①Forexample,lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.（2010,UseofEnglish）②Oxytocinismadeprimarilyinthecentrallowerpartofthebrain...（2017,UseofEnglish）③Tlietruthwillnotbeknownforyears.（2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）④Butthegreatuniversalofmalemortalityisbeingchanged.（2000,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）⑤Attemptshavebeenmadetocontrolthisinflation..（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartC）3.被动语态与情态的结合①Intheinternetage,atleastintheory,thisfractioncanbemuchreduced.（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）②...weakerracesandsocietiesmusteventuallybereplacedbystronger,moreadvancedracesandsocieties.（2009,ReadingComprehension,PartB）③Thosefirstfewdaysshouldbespentlookingforwork.（2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）内容小结晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta1.被动语态表示主语和谓语动词之间是被动的关系住语是谓语动词的动作承受者）。2.被动语态的构成为“be+done”，其中done表达被动的动作，be表达被动的时间和主语的单复数。3.考研真题中经常考查被动语态与时态和情态的结合。注意：不管是和时态还是情态相结合，被动语态跟它们永远作为一个整体，即算一个谓语动词。13

134.练习：谓语动词的语态①Bythethirdgeneration,theoriginallanguageislostinthemajorityofimmigrantfamilies.（2006,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）②Agreatdealofattentionisbeingpaidtodaytotheso-calleddigitaldivide..（2001,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）③Thesentenceswithineachparagraphshouldberelatedtoasingletopic.（2008,ReadingComprehension,PartB）④Withinthenextdecadeortwo,onetotwobillionpeopleontheplanetwillbenettedtogether.（2001,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）⑤Mostarchaeologicalsiteshavebeenlocatedbymeansofcarefullsearching-（2014,ReadingComprehension,PartB）（三）谓语动词的否定和强调主语+谓语v.（变化——时态、情态、语态、否定、强调）1.实义动词变否定①Americanprofessorsdidnotpossessoee.（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartB）②Theydonotfundpeer-reviewedresearch.（2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）③…itdoesn'tworkverywellforveryIohr.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartATextD2.助动词和情态动词变否定①Tobesure,thefutureisnotallrosy.（2013，ReadingComprehension，PartAText3）②Withotheraudiencesyoumustn'tattempttocutinwithhumor（2002,ReadingComprehension，PartAText1）③…averageheight…hasn'treallychangedsince1960.（2008，ReadingComprehension，PartAText3）3.谓语动晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta词的强调do/does/did+动词原形①Althoughthefiguremayvary,analystsdoagreeonanothermatter…（2006,UseofEnglish）②Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture…（2005,ReadingComprehension,PartA,Text2）③Thecourtdidsuggestthatacceptingfavorsinreturnforopeningdoorsis"distasteful"and"nasty."（2017,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）14

14考场攻略谓语动词的“三态"变化建议重点掌握，否定和强调简单了解。攻略1：抓住谓语动词，就抓住了句子最核心的表述动作或内容...nationalspendingonsocialsciencesandthehumanitiesasapercentageofallresearchanddevelopmentfunds…variedfromaround4%to25%…（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartB）攻略2：通过定位谓语动词,找到复杂多变的主语...nationalspendingonsocialsciencesandthehumanitiesasapercentageofallresearchanddevelopmentfunds...variedfromaround4%to25%…（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartB）攻略3：通过谓语动词的数量，判断长难句中包含了几件事Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmore（andmorediverse）communicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuchmoredamagingways.（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）（四）主语、谓语、表语的变化主语（名词，非谓语动词doing、非谓语动帽todo，并列多个，从句）+谓语v.+宾语/表语名词、代词（作主语/宾语）1.名词、代词（作主语/宾语）①Theprocessisnaturalselection.（2008，UseofEnglish）②Butmostlawgraduatesnevergetabig-firmjob.（2014，ReadingComprehension，PartAText2）③Theyfinancedthem.（200ReadingComprehension，Passage2）2.非谓语晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta动词doing（1）doing作主语①…sufferingisinevitable…（2014,Translation）②…laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitness.（2011，UseofEnglish）③Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagers…（2003,UseofEnglish）④Broadcastinghisambitionwas"verymuchmydecision/…（2011,ReadingComprehension，PartAText2）15

15⑤Ontheotherhand,puttingyourfaithinthewrongplaceoftencarriesahighprice.（2018,UseofEnglish）（2）doing作宾语两种位置：动宾/介宾①Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.（2000,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）②Thinkingisessentiallyaprocessofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.（2014,UseofEnglish）3.非谓语动词todo（1）todo作主语①todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone…（2009,ReadingComprehension，PartAText1）②Toseeistobelieve.（√）Seeingisbelieving.（√）Seeingistobelieve.（×）③toanticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituationisadifficultprogrammingproblem.（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）④Todosoisimportant.Itisimportanttodoso.（2002,UseofEnglish）⑤Itispainfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstoday.（2020,ReadingComprehension,PartC）⑥…ittookBeaumontdecadestoperfecthercraft…（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）⑦Soitseemsparadoxicaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnoyation.（2009,ReadingComprehension^PartAText1）（2）todo作宾语①Theymaythendecidetogoelsewhere.（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartB）②Fortu晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantanatelytheWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.（2005,ReadingComprehension^PartAText2）③Thedecisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases.（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）（3）todo作表语①Thetrickistodirectthesefundsbetter.（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartB）16

16②ThecommissionwasalsotoconsiderpossiblearrangementsfortheWarandNavyDepartmants.（2018,ReadingComprehension,PartB）③…onebenefitofa"nationarorganizationwouldbetonegotiatebetterprices...withdrugmanufacturers.（2005,ReadingComprehension^PartB）4.并列多个①Scienceandtechnologywouldcurealltheillsofhumanity-（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）②Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）Ⅰ表并列（顺接）并列连词（或词组）表达含义and……和……bothand……和……Notonlybutalso不但……而且…（与“……和……”意思相同，但更书面化）①Newskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo.（2010,ReadingComprehension,PartB）②Inbothoral（English）andwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.（2005,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）③Newskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo.（2010,ReadingComprehension,PartB）④Theresearchersmappednotonlythecity'svastandomateceremonialareas,butalsohundredsofsimplerapartmentcomplexes…（2014,ReadingComprehension,PartB）Ⅱ表示选择并列连词表达含义...or...晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta......或者......（二选一）Either...and.........和......（二选一，同or）neither...nor...既不......也不......（两者都不选）①Butdemandingtoomuchofairtravelersorprovidingtoolittlesecurityinreturnunderminespublicsupportfortheprocess.（2017,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）②...theamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway.（2001,ReadingComprehension,Passage1）17

17③...today'simmigrationisneitheratunprecedentedlevelsnorresistanttoassimilation.（2006,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）（五）练习：主语、宾语、表语的变化①Gettingtheprinteditionsevendaysaweekcostsnearly$500ayear（2016,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）②Itisfairtocriticizeandquestionthemechanism...（2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）③Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeaturescanleadyoutocivilization.（2019,UseofEnglish）④Butprivacyisnottheonlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhemostimportant.（2018,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）⑤...artists*onlyjobistoexploreemotions..（2006,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）⑥Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.（2008,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）内容小结1.考研真题中，主语、宾语、表语的变化主要有4种：（1）名词、代词（2）非谓语动词doing（3）非谓语动词todo（4）并列多个2.非谓语动词doing或todo作成分时，注意其完整性：3.并列多个主语、宾语、表语，看作为一个整体：考场攻略：晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta主语、宾语、表语的变化①Inadulthood,lookingatsomeoneelseinapleasantwaycanbecomplimentarysignofpayingattention.（2020,ReadingComprehension，PartB）②Themainpurposeofthis“clawback”ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitutions.（2019,ReadingComprehension，PartAText1）③buildingneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemtoimproveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.（2009，ReadingComprehension，PartAText3）18

18第二章简单句的扩展第一节词性角度的扩展（一）限定词①Theroughly20millioninhabitantsofthesenationslookedhopefullytothefuture.（2007,UseofEnglish）②MorethantwodozencompaniessellDNAtestsdirectlytothepublic,ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2,500.（2009,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）③Bythethirdgeneration,onethirdofHispanicwomenaremarriedtononHispanics,and41percentofAsian-AmericanwomenaremarriedtononAsians.（英语2006,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）④MarkTwainTsHuckleberryFinnexemplifiedAmericanaiiti-intellectualism.（2004,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）⑤MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.（2004,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）（二）形容词、副词（1）形容词、副词作修饰成分Theangryboyshoutedangrily.生气的男孩生气地喊。1.形容词修饰名词①Theideaseemspromising,andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）②It’sa晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantastunningmove.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）③Theirthinkingoftenhadatraditionalsuperstitiousquality.（2009,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）2.副词修饰动词、句子、形容情或其他的副词1）副词修饰动词①...andtherightmentalworkoutscansignificantlyimproveourbasiccognitivefunctions.19

19（2014,UseofEnglish）②Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelpmoderatetheeffectsofpsychologicalstress.（2011,UseofEnglish）2）副词修饰句子①Similarly,thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood.（2011,UseofEnglish）②Strangely,ithasinvolvedlittlephysicalchange.（2000,ReadingComprehension,Passage2）3）副词修碱容词或其他的副词①Thetouriststreamsarenotentirelyseparate.（2006,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）②Insuchacase,thecompany'sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful..（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）③...becausetheyaresocloselytied.（2012,UseofEnglish）（2）形容词、副词的三种比较级别1.原级比较as+adj./adv.R（比较的内容）+as+比较的对象“和.....相比一样的....."①Fewpeopleareasfertileasinthepast.（2000,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）②Thegoalsoftheprize-giversseemasscatteredasthecriticism.（2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）2.比较级adj./adv.的比较级+（than比较的对象）表示“（晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta和……相比）更....."”通常用于两者之间的比较注意：比较级是在形容同或副词伺尾加er或是前加more.①...younger,healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential.（2003,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）②Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,andsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.（2002,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）3.最高级20

20adj./adv.的最高级+（介词短语表示比较的范围）表示“……范围内最.通常用于三者或以上的比较。注意：最高级是在形容词或副词词尾加est或是前加most,并且在最高级前再加上the.①Someofthebiggestdevelopmentswillbeinmedicine...（2001,Translation）②Thebestlawyersmadeskyscrapers-fullofmoney...（2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）③Themostobviousexampleislate-stagecancercare.（2003,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）【内容小结】形容词、副词1.形容词、副词作修饰成分：（1）形容词修饰名词（2）副词修饰动词、句子、形容词或其他的副词2.形容词、副伺的三种比较级别：（1）原级比较（2）比较级（3）最高级（3）练习①...themeansofexpressionispurelyandexclusively（副词）physical：（形容词）sound.（2014,Translation）②Fundamentally（adv.）,theUSPSisinahistoric（adj.）squeezebetweentechnological（adj.）change.（2018,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）③Andwhereisthenearestwatersource?（2019,UseofEnglish）④...child晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantarenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiatebetweenacrediblepersonandadishonestone.（2018,UseofEnglish）⑤Forthefirsttimeinhistorymorepeopleliveintownsthaninthecountry.（2016,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）（三）介词短语介词=“接词”21

21介词+名词/代词/doing二介词词组（介宾短语）通常是句子的非核心内容1.表示时间的介词介词表达含义at/on/in在……时间点/时间上/时间内before/after在……时间之前/之后From，since自从……时间by，until截止到（直到）……时间for持续……时间during在……期间①Onacoldwinter'sday,fewculinarypleasurescanmatchit.（2020,UseofEnglish）②InMarch1997helost$72,186.（2006,ReadingComprehension,PartB）③Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath…（2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）④SincethedaysofAristotle,asearchforuniversalprincipleshascharacterizedthescientificenterprise.（2012,Translation）⑤By1854slaveryhadbeenabolishedeverywhereexceptSpainfsremainingcolonies.（2007,UseofEnglish）⑥Foryearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherule…（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）⑦Duringhislifetime,…hewasalsooneofEngland'sforemostclassicalmusiccritics…（2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）2.表示地点或范围的介词晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta介词表达含义at/in在……地点/在……里面on，above，over/under，below，beneath在……上面/下面Infrontof/behind在……之前/之后near/by，beside，nextto在……附近/在……旁边（挨着）Between（两者之间），among（三者及以上）在……之间around在……周围22

22into/outof进入……里面/从……里面走出去onto/off到……上面/脱离……across，through/past穿过……/经过……along沿着……from/to，towasds来自……/朝着……去beyond超出，超过……①Behindthescenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse：theaccountingstandard-setters.（2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）②Butmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,too.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）③ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwrighfsclinic.（2005,ReadingComprehension,PartA,Text3）④Mydefinitionrevolvesaroundtheconceptof“stickness”...（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartB）⑤Televisionisaone-waytapflowingintoourhomes.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartB）⑥…awyerGantRedmonstumbledacrossCareerBuilder,ajobdatabaseontheInternet.（2004,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）⑦Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.（2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）3.其他用法的介词介词表达含义of……的……（表示属性）about关于……with/without伴随着有……/没有……为了……（表示目的）晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantafor因为……（表示原因）对于……（表示对象）通过……方式或方法by被……做（被动语态+by+动作的发出者）相差了……（表示变化的差额）作为……as像……一样，如同……23

23like像……一样despite，inspiteof尽管……①Theyperpetuatethemythofthelonegenius.（2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）②Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）③..mostpeoplestickwithdefaultsettings.（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）④First,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）⑤Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.（2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）⑥Thegrowthinpublicmoneyforacademicresearchhasspeededtheprocess…（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartB）⑦Insomeways,thisquestforcommonalitiesdefinesscience.（2012,ReadingComprehension,Passage4）⑧Inthepastdecade,theJapanesedivorcerate…hasincreasedbymorethan50percent..（2000,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）⑨Thelatterwasseenasaconsequenceofgeneticisolation.（2008,UseofEnglish）⑩Likephysicalfights,verbalfightscanleavebothsidesbloodied.（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartB）⑪Despitethesefactors,manysocialscientistsseemreluctanttotacklesuchproblems.（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartB）【内容小结】1.介词短晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta语二介词+名词/代词/doing2.注意每一个介伺不同的含义（见表格）3.介词短语是句子的扩展成分，通常属于非核心成分，但却是极为常见的内容补充。4.练习①Fewofusjustwalkstraightintothewoodswithoutaphone.（2019,UseofEnglish）②Foratimeliteratureshowednointerestinthispublicstage.24

24（2018,ReadingComprehension,PartC）③StarwatcherswereamongthemostesteemedmembersofHawaiiansociety.（2017,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）④ThestudyoflawhasbeenrecognizedforcenturiesasabasicintellectualdisciplineinEuropeanuniversities.（2007,ReadingComprehension,PartC）⑤Theirsometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas.（2000,ReadingComprehension,Passage1）【考场功略】攻略4：去掉扩展，找到简单句的核心①ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）②ThedecisiontohireAlanGilberthasbeenthetalk.（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta25

25第二节成分角度的扩展（一）非谓语动词作定语、状语什么是非谓语动词?什么时候用非谓语动词?非谓语动词有哪几种？doing/done/todo单独出现!非谓语动词的用途?①相当于名词，作主/宾/表语②修饰名词/句子,作定语/状语1.非谓语动词作定语①Italsoraisesquestions（concern）"values."（2002,ReadingComprehension,PartB）②Iamcoming（see）you.③Isawapassing（pass）plane.④Isawaplanepassing（pass）nightandday.⑤Ateamofresearchers（work）togetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.（2008,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）⑥Ate晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantaamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.（2008,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2]⑦Thehumannoseisan（underratel）tool.（2005,UseofEnglish）⑧The（network）computerisanamazingdevice.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartB）⑨Permission（run）anuclearplantisapublictrust.26

26（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）⑩Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapublictrust.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）⑪America'snewplan（buy）uptoxicassetswillnotwork（2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）⑫America'snewplantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotwork（2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）2.非谓语动词作状塔①Injustonegeneration,millionsofmothershavegonetowork,（transform）basicfamilyeconomics.（2007,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）②（Enrage）byEntergy'sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）③（promote）thisidea,heturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.（2013,UseofEnglish）④EnragedbyEntergy'sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）⑤Peoplearepooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhen（make）individualdecisions.（2013,UseofEnglish）⑥（depend）onthecomments（receive）,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.（2008,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）【内容小结】1.非谓语动词共有三种：doing/done/todo2.非谓语动词做修饰成分：晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta看懂非谓语动词,要先确定它修饰什么（详见考场攻略）3.注意非谓语动词词组的完整性27

273.练习①Sixtytoddlerswereeachintroducedtoanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer.（2018,UseofEnglish）②Passengersmustpay$85everyfiveyearstoprocesstheirbackgroundchecks.（2017,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）③Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder…（2009,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）④Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarian,valuingequalityofeverything.（2007,UseofEnglish）⑤Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）【考场攻略】攻略3-1：非谓语动词词组的完整性Thenetworkedcomputeroffersthefirstchancein50yearstoreversetheflow,toencouragethoughtfuldownloadingand...meaningfuluploading.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartB）攻略3-2：准确找到非谓语动词所修饰的对象Isawapassingplane.Passingthecafe,Isawafriend.Archaeologistscommonlyusecomputerstomapsitesandthelandscapesaroundsites.（2014,ReadingComprehension,PartB）攻略3-3：非谓语动词的去留作主宾表核心√修帰名词/句子非核心×（二）同位晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta语、插入语（1）同位语解释说明名词放在所解释的名词后词/词组/句子都可以作同位语不是句子的核心信息标志性标点：逗号，破折号，冒号28

28①...thenumberofpapersincludingthekeywords"environmentalchange"or"climatechange"haveincreasedrapidlysince2004.（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartB）②Inanothercase,AmericanarchaeologistsReneMillionandGeorgeCowgillspentyearssystematicallymappingtheentirecity…（2014,ReadingComprehension,PartB）专有名词vs.普通名词①ItsaidthatInternetExplorer10,theversionduetoappearwithwindows8,wouldhaveDNTasadefault.（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）①Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublicsectorunions.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）标志性的标点①BrendonLynch,Microsoffschiefprivacyofficer,_blogged："Webelieveconsumersshouldhavemorecontrol."（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）②Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）③Behindthescenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse：theaccountingstandard-setters.（2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）（2）插入语后来插入句子中间的成分（造成分裂构造）表示补充说明的内容句子的非核心成分通常插入语两端有成对的逗号、破折号或括号（有时没有）1.主谓结构作插入语表示“某人说，某人认为”①Noo晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantane,hesubmits,couldhavewrittenitwithoutpossessingsomepowerofreasoning.（2008,ReadingComprehension,PartC）②Youcan,Mr.Menandpointsoul,becomealawyerinthreeyearsandamedicaldoctorinfour.（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartB）③Thisspeedingupoflife,saystheFuturist,requiresanewfonnofexpression.（2000,ReadingComprehension,Passage3）2.副词作插入语29

29①Thesefacts,however,havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.（2008,UseofEnglish）②Politicsor,morebroadly,thefunctioningofthestate,isamajorsubjectforjoumalists.（2007,ReadingComprehension,PartC）③Adealisadeal-except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）3.介词短语作插入语①JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.（2012,UseofEnglish）②Otherstandardizedtests,suchastheScholasticAssessmentTest（SAT）andtheGraduateRecordExam（GRE）,capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.（2007,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）③Amateurs,ontheotherhand,havecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.（2001,ReadingComprehension,Passage1）同位语：Tony,myteacher,iscominghere.插入语：Tony,withhisstudents,iscoininghere.【内容小结】1.同位语：解释说明前面的名词。插入语：后插入句子的成分，表示补充说明。2.同位语和插入语都是对于句子的补充说明,因此都是非核心部分，在考研的长难句分析当中可以先略去不看。尤其是旁边有逗号或破折号隔开的时候,可以率先省掉，降低句子难度。（3）练习①Hisc晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantaoncernismainlywiththehumanities：Literature,languages,philosophyandsoon.（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartB）②...positivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）③Sapirfspupil,BenjaminLeeWhorf,continuedthestudyofAmericanIndianlanguages.（2004,ReadingComprehension,PartB）④Everycatwithanowner,forinstance,isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.30

30（2009,UseofEnglish）【考场功略】如何利用简单句的核心和扩展攻克考研真题。Girlsplaygames.Girlsareplayinggames.Cutegirlsareplayinggameshappily.Thousandsofcutegirlsareplayinggamesveryhappily.Afterclassthousandsofcutegirlsareplayinggamesveryhappilyontheplayground...攻略6：如何利用简单旬的核心和扩展攻克考研真题①Inresponsetothesemanyunilateralmeasures,theOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmen（tOECD）iscurrentlyworkingwith131countriestoreachaconsensusbytheendof2020onaninternationalsolution.（2020,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）②...theOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment（OECD）is…working…（2020,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）③Sharpeningjudgmentbyabsorbingandreflectingonlawisadesirablecomponentofajoumalisfsintellectualpreparationforhisorhercareer.（2007,ReadingComprehension,PartC）④Sharpeningjudgment…isacomponent…（2007,ReadingComprehension,PartC）晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta31

31第二部分长难句Conj.连词长难句：句子和句子，事和事之间的连词怎么加第一章并列句（一）并列句的构成：多个简单句+并列连词（1）表示顺接的并列连词表示顺接的并列连词含义……and……“……和……”both……and（两者都）notonly……but……aswell“不但……而且……”notonly……butalso……（意思同“……和……”）notonly……but①Thefinancialfallouthasbegun,andthepoliticalfalloutmaynotbefarbehind.（2007,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）②..the晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantaRenaissancewasoveranditwastimeforanewera-theAgeofReason.（2）表示转折的并列连词表示转折的并列连词含义……but……“……但是……”……yet……①Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportant,butitsrolehasremainedobscure.32

32（2002,ReadingComprehension,PartB）②Weallunderstandthatatsomelevel,yetasmedicalconsumerswetreatdeathasaproblemtobesolved.（2003,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）（3）表示选择的并列连词表示选择的并列连词含义……or……“……或者……”either……or……（二选一）neither……nor……“既不……也不……”（两个都不选）①EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn'tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）（4）表示因果的并列连词表示因果的并列连词含义……for……“……因为……”……so……“……所以……”①Reporterstendtobepartofabroadlydefinedsocialandculturalelite,sotheirworktendstoreflecttheconventionalvaluesofthiselite.（2001,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）【补充】并列连词不一定非要连接句子，也可以连接词或词组。【补充】并列句不仅可以并列两件事，还可以并列更多件事，依次加入合适的并列连词即可。如果多个并列连词相同，保留最后一个,前面替换为逗号；如果多个并列连词不同，则不能替换。（二）并列句的省略①...youd晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantaon’t“get”successbutbecomeit.（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartC）②Tlieprogramkeepstrackofyourprogressandprovidesdetailedfeedbackonyourperformanceandimprovement.（2014,UseofEnglish）③...thepeoples...diedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.（2004,ReadingComprehension,PartB）④Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligations-andfeelingthestrain.33

33（2008,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）⑤...thefederalgovernmentmustsupportjobtrainingprograms,raisetheminimumwage,andfundmorelow-costhousing.（2006,UseofEnglish）⑥Humilityrequiresyoutorecognizeweaknessinyourownargumentsandsometimesalsotoacceptreasonsontheoppositeside.（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartB）【内容小结】并列句1.并列句的构成：多个简单句+并列连词（四类并列连词是重点）2.并列句的省略：相同的成分可以省略，余下的成分保持不变。（三）练习①Weneitherunderstandnorrespecteachother...（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartB）②Theycross-checksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectives...（2018,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）③...theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.（2008,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）④Formerlyitlastedthreedays,butbythe1980sitmorecoimnonlylastedadayandahalf.（2016,UseofEnglish）⑤InEurope,taxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.（2002,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）【考场功略】并列句的四晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta类并列连词建议重点掌握。34

34第二章复合句复合句=主句+从句America'snewplantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotwork（主句）unless（从句1前的连接词）banksmarkassetstolevelswhich（从句2前的连接词）buyersfindattractive.（2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）第一节名词性从句（一）宾语从句1.宾语从句的含义JusticeAnthonyKennedyivrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed（宾语从句）（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）2.宾语从句写法（1）陈述句变宾语从句Dr.Wormacknowledges（thatthesefiguresareconservative.）（2006,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）（2）特殊疑问句变宾语从句Wesuddenlycan'tremember（whereweputthekeysjustamomentago）...（2014,UseofEnglish）（3）一般疑问句变宾语从句①Idon’tknow（if/whetherotherclientsaregoingtoabandonme,too）…（2004,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）②WhydosomanyAmericansdistrust（whattheyreadintheirnewspapers）?（英语2001,ReadingComprehension,Passage3）③Dr.Wormacknowledgesthatthesefiguresareconservative.④Wes晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantauddenlycan'trememberwhereweputthekeysjustamomentago...⑤Idon'tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonme,too田静老师说宾语从句都是陈述语句宾语从句的前面都是连接词35

353.宾语从句的位置①Thismayalsoexplainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells（2005,UseofEnglish）动宾：及物动词+从句②...userscouldtelladvertisersthattheydidnotwanttobefollowed.（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）动宾：及物动词+人+从句③Thisandothersimilarcasesraisethequestionofwhetherthereisstillalinebetweenthecourtandpolitics.（2012,UseofEnglish）介宾：介词+宾语从句④hefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.（2008,ReadingComprehension,PartC）形容词+宾语从句⑤Youmightevenbetemptedtoassumethathumanityhaslittlefuturetolookforwardto.（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）⑥Neitherofthesepatternsisborneoutbytheanalysis,suggestingthatthestructuresofthelanguagesarelineagespecificandnotgovernedbyuniversals.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartC）【补充】十晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta句话中多个宾语从句Tofilteroutwhatisuniquefromwhatissharedmightenableustounderstandhowcomplexculturalbehavioraroseandwhatguidesitinevolutionaryorcognitiveterms.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartC）【补充】宾语从句后置，it作形式宾语Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt'sdecisionswillbeacceptedasimpartialjudgments.（2012,UseofEnglish）36

36（二）表语从句1.表语从句的含义Thiskindofthinkingiswhy（表语从句）somanypeopletrytoavoidarguments...（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartB）2.表语从句的写法田静老师说表语从句的写法同宾语从句①根据意思写出陈述句②加连接词（that不要省略）例句：①Partoftheissueisthatairportshaveonlysomuchroomforscreeninglanes.（2017,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）②Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.（2009,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）③Thisiswhyrepeatedattemptsatreformlegislationhavefailedinrecentyears（2018,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）3.表语从句的位置①ForWilliams,theseactivitiesbecomewhathecalls^electronicheroin.M（2006,ReadingComprehension,PartB）系动词后②Yetthefactremainsthatthemergermovementmustbewatched.（2001,ReadingComprehension,Passage4）并列连词放在句首是与上一句的关系③Humannaturebeingwhatitis,mostpeoplestickwithdefaultsettings.（201晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta3,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）④Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsitinefficienttokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcancreatenewreceptorsifnecessary.（2005,UseofEnglish）（三）主语从句1.主语从句的含义37

37Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence（主语从句）...continuestoevadescientists.（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）2.主语从句的写法同宾语从句（that不能省略，“是否”只能用whether）例句：①Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.（2006,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）②Whatmotivatedhim...washiszealfor“fundamentalfairness”...（2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）③Andwhetherthecommunity'sworkcontributesmuchtoanoverallaccumulationofknowledgeisdoubtful.（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartB）3.主语从句的位置（1）位于句首①Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood...（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）②Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehavior...（2002,ReadingComprehension,PartB）（2）位于句尾①Itdidnotmatterwhatwasdoneintheexperiment...（2010,UseofEnglish）②Itisbecominglessclear,however,thatsuchatheorywouldbeasimplification...（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartC）4.主语从句的句型模板Itisdone+主语从句（表达人们对一事的观点看法）①Thisyear,itwasproposedthatthesystembechanged...（2013,晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantaReadingComprehension,PartB）②Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcrybecausetheyaresad.（2011,UseofEnglish）Itis+aq./n.+主语从句（表达对一件事的评价）①Itisnotyetclearhowmuchmoreeffectiveairlinesecurityhasbecome...（2017,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）38

38②Second,itissurelyagoodthingthatthemoneyandattentioncometoscienceratherthangoelsewhere.（2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）（四）同位语从句1.同位语从句的含义Sodoestheideatha（t同位语从句）decisionsmadebyAlsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent,andfair.（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）2.同位语从句的写法同宾语从句（that不能省略，“是否”只能用whether）放在需要解释的抽象名词后但是最常用that+陈述句①EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）②Formypart,IhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）3.同位语从句的位置抽象名词后idea,opinion,view,fact,evidence,question,doubt,reason,demand,theory,belief,possibility,chance,hope,contention,guarante......①Inotherwords,theyallshareaviewthattheinternationaltaxsystemhasfailedtokeepupwiththecurrenteconomy.（2020,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）②Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears...（2005,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）【补充】一晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta句中有多个名词性从句WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.（2006,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）（五）练习①InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat“substantialpart”ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）39

39②Partoftheissueisthatthegovernmentdidnotanticipatethesteepincreaseinairlinetravel...（2017,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）③Theideathat"housingcrisis”equals“concretedmeadows”ispurelobbytalk.（2016,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）④Askanyonenewlyunemployedwhattheywantandtheanswerisalways：ajob.（2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）⑤However,ithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmellatfirstcansuddenlybecomesensitivetoit...（2005,UseofEnglish）⑥Butwhatweforget…isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.（2006,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）【考场功略】攻略1：找到从句①Inasocialsituation,eyecontactwithanotherpersoncanshowthatyouarepayingattentioninafriendlyway.（2020,ReadingComprehension,PartB）②Anawarenessthattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobeenoughtoalterworkers’behaviorbyitself.（2010,UseofEnglish）③Inasocialsituation,eyecontactwithanotherpersoncanshowthatyouarepayingattentioninafriendlyway.（2020,ReadingComprehension,PartB）攻略2：判断从句①Onthecontrary,constraintsonimprovingproductivityexplainwhyeducationisn'tdevelopingmorequicklytherethanitis.（2009,晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantaReadingComprehension,PartAText3）②Publishershaverespondedtothedemandthattheymaketheirproductfreetoreadersbychargingtheirwritersfeestocoverthecostsofpreparinganarticle.（2020,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）40

40【小结】第二节定语从句（一）定语从句的概述Lawisadisciplinewhich（定语从句）encouragesresponsiblejudgment.田静老师说英语中定语从句放在所修饰的名词后（先行词后）定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词定语从句前的连接词叫关系词Lawisadiscipline.Adisciplineencouragesresponsiblejudgment.替换Law晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantaisadisciplinewhichencouragesresponsiblejudgment.【补充】定语从句关系词的作用1.引导从句2.替代从甸中跟先行词一样的成分（二）定语从句的写法41

41根据意思先写一个陈述句，再选关系词【补充】定语从句关系词的选择：看先行词！先行词关系词事/物which/that人who/whom/that人/物（表示人或物的所有关系，“某whose人的/某物的”）时间when地点where原因why这是我上周买的那本书。ThisisthebookwhichIboughtlastweek1.先行词是事/物，关系词选择which/that①Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotional,intellectual,andphysicalchanges（that）youngadultsexperience.（2003,UseofEnglish）②Furthermore,thelegalsystemandtheeventswhichoccurwithinitareprimarysubjectsforjoumalists.（2007,Translation）2.先行词是人,关系词选择who/whom/that①InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsinacompany.（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）②RetailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakeinsubstantialprofitsthereby.（2010,ReadingComprehension,PartB）3.先行词是人/物，表示人或物的所有关系，关系词选择whose①ItalsopledgedtonotdeployAlwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallawsorhumanrights.（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）②This晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.（2004,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）4.先行词是时间，关系词选择whenItisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.42

42（2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）5.先行词是地点，关系词选择whereToday,weliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigationappsareallavailableonoursmartphones.（2019,UseofEnglish）6.先行词是原因，关系词选择whyThat'sonereasonwhywehavelaunchedArc,anewpublicationdedicatedtothenearfuture.（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）关于定语从旬关系词的注意事项：1.定语从句的关系词每一个都作成分，包括that。that可以指人也可以指物.2.定语从句的先行词是“事/物”时，关系词which和that都可以,不需要区别3.whom指人，只骨雎作宾语时使用。4.关系词在定语从句中作宾语（动宾或介宾）时,都可以省略。健议不要省略）Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepricewhich/thatathirdpartywouldpay...（可以省略which/that）（2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）【补充】特殊的关系词whereby=bywhichThedefinitionalsoexcludesthemajorityofteachers,despitethefactthatteachinghastraditionallybeenthemethodwherebymanyintellectualsearntheirliving.（2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）（三）定语从句的分类晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta例：HewillcallhisfriendwhoisworkinginLondon.（限定性定语从句）Hewillcallhismother,whoisworkinginLondon.（非限定性定语从句）43

43限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句逗号无逗号有逗号先行词范围不明确范围明确作用修饰限定先行词，不能省略，影响表意补充说明先行词，可以省略，不影响表意翻译往前翻译不用往前翻译（译到先行词前面。“……的名词”）关系词①关系词可以用that①关系词不能用that②作宾语可以省略②不可以省略③指人作宾语，用whom/who/that都行③指人作宾语，只能用whom非限定性定语从句（先行词范围明确）①IfitistryingtoupsetGoogle,whichreliesalmostwhollyonadvertising,ithaschosenanindirectmethod.（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）②Thistrend,whichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancy,effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）③ThebillsaresimilartoameasurerecentlyadoptedinCalifornia,whichlastyearbecamethefirststatetorequiregenderquotasforprivatecompanies.（2020,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）④Thewinner,byalargemargin,wasatinyVirginiacompanycalledOpenSourceSolutions,whoseclearadvantagewasitsmasteryoftheelectronicworld.（2003,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）（四）定语从句的补充1.限定性定语从句与同位语从句的区别n.+从句同位语从句限定性定语从句解释说明晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantan.修饰限定n.抽象n.后任意n.后（抽象或不抽象的n.后都行）区别1：从句前若为不抽象的n.，则可判断是定语从句n.+that从句（that不做从句中的成分）区别2：n.+that从句（that作从句的成分）同位语从句中连接词都不能省略区别3：n.+省略关系词的从句①Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）44

44②Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.（2008,UseofEnglish）③..weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorwesveeveryday.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）2.特殊的非限定性定语从句（修饰整句话）①Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwaytodobusiness.（2006,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）②Afewgenerativerulesarethensufficienttounfoldtheentirefundamentalstructureofalanguage,whichiswhychildrencanlearnitsoquickly.（2012,Translation）③Nevertheless,asanybiographerknows,aperson'searlylifeanditsconditionsareoftenthegreatestgifttoanindividual.（2011,Translation）④AsaNewsFeaturearticleinNaturediscusses,astringoflucrativeawardsforresearchershavejoinedtheNobelPrizesinrecentyears.（2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）3.介词提前的定语从句①Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacoursewhichtheyreceivedalowgradein.Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade...（2019.ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）②……commercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionswhichasampleiscomparedto.……commercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionstowhichasampleiscompared.（2009,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）③Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe'reunaware,shesays.（2009,晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantaReadingComprehension,PartAText1）④Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed...（2005,ReadingComprehension,PartC）⑤Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher'sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity'sanyone,anywhere,anytime.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）45

45【内容小结】1.定语从句的概述：一个句子做定语，修饰限定名词。2.定语从句的写法：关系词+陈述句（重点是关系词的选择）3.定语从句的分类：限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。4.定语从句的补充：1）限定性定语从句与同位语从句的区别2）特殊的非限定性定语从句（修饰整句话）3）介词提前的定语从句（五）练习①...themostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudenfsoverallGPA.（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）②Inthisasinmuchelse,thosewhowishtoinfluencethefuturemustprepareforit.（2017,ReadingComprehension,PartC）③Groundsurveysallowarchaeologiststopinpointtheplaceswheredigswillbesuccessful.（2014,ReadingComprehension,PartB）④AsNaturehaspointedoutbefore,therearesomelegitimateconcernsabouthowscienceprizes-bothnewandold—aredistributed.（2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）⑤Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive...（2003,Translation）【考场功略】攻略1：不纠结于定语从句和同位语从句的区别，不重要攻略2：找到定语从句的先行词（代入法），更准确看懂句意①Thisw晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantaasalsofoundinhigh-functioningmenwithsomeautisticspectrumsymptoms,whomaytendtoavoideyecontact.（2020,ReadingComprehension,PartB）②...thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.（2005,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）46

46第三节状语从句（一）状语从句的概述1.定语从句的含义一个句子作状语去表达描述性的信息2.状语从句的写法写一个完整的陈述句，前面的连词是从属连词①WhentheUnitedStatesbuiltitsindustrialinfrastructure,itdidn'thavethecapitaltodoso.（2001,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）②Wedidnotevolve,becausemachinesandsocietydiditforus.（2000,ReadingComprehension,Passage2）3.状语从句的位置①Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders.（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）②Opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders,astheeconomypicksup.③Opportunities,astheeconomypicksup,willaboundforaspiringleaders.田静老师说：状语从句通常写在句子的前、后、中。特殊的有结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句等不能放在这三种位子。（二）状语从句的分类1.时间状语从句when/while/as、before/after、since/untikassoonasbythetime晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta、eachtime/everytime、thenexttime①Butinsomecases,onemarketer'sownedmediabecomeanothermarketer'spaidmedia-forinstance,whenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）②In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.（2000,ReadingComprehension,Passage1）③CartersiftedthroughrubbleintheValleyoftheKingsforsevenyearsbeforehelocatedthe47

47tombin1922.（2014,ReadingComprehension,PartB）④Grammar,punctuation,andspellingcanwaituntilyourevise.（2008,ReadingComprehension,PartB）⑤Assoonasthatreportruns,wellsuddenlyget500newinternetsign-upsfromUkraine-（2003,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）⑥...bythetime100percentoftheevidenceisin,itmaybetoolate.（2005,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）2.地点状语从句①Now,rivalswillbechargingsalestaxwheretheyhadn'tbefore.（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）②“Thetraditionalrulewasit'ssafertostaywhereyouare（表语），butthafsbeenfundamentallyinverted,”saysoneheadhunter.（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）3.原因状语从句because、sinceas、nowthat①Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresocloselytied.（2012,UseofEnglish）②Sincedesireandwillaredamagedbythepresenceofthoughtsthatdonotaccordwithdesire,Allenconcluded："Wedonotattractwhatwewant,butwhatweare."（2012,UseofEnglish）③Nowutopiahasgrownunfashionable,aswehavegainedadeeperappreciationoftherangeofthreatsfacingus,fromasteroidstriketoepidemicfluandtoclimatechange.（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）④Nowthatyouhavedevelopedatopicintoatentativethesis,youcanassembleyournotesandbegi晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantantofleshoutwhateveroutlineyouhavemade.（2008,ReadingComprehension,PartB）4.结果状语从句So（adj./adv.）such（n./名同词组）...that…、sothat...①Indeed,homelessnesshasreachedsuchproportionsthatlocalgovernmentscan’tpossiblycope.（2006,UseofEnglish）48

48②Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhose（定语从句）trafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentore-comnierceengineswithinthatenvironment.（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）②Transitionsshouldconnectoneparagraphtothenextsothattherearenoabruptorconfusingshifts.（2008,ReadingComprehension,PartB）5.目的状语从句sothat......inorderthat...①InDecember2010America'sFederalTradeCommission（FTC）proposedaddinga"donottrack"（DNT）optiontointernetbrowsers,sothatuserscouldtelladvertisersthattheydidnotwanttobefollowed.（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）6.条件状语从句if、unless、onceoaslongas/solongas①Ifconnectionscanbebought,abasicpremiseofdemocraticsociety...isundermined.（2017,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）②TheUSSupremeCourtfrownsonsex-basedclassificationsunlesstheyaredesignedtoaddressan"important”policyinterest.（2020,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）③Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）④Thisisanadequateamountsolongasitisaimedintherightdirection.（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartB）⑤Ifyouseeaconversationasafightorcompetition,youcanwinbycheatingaslongasyoudon'tgetcaught.（2019,晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantaReadingComprehension,PartB）7.让步状语从句although/thoughtevenif/eventhoughtwhile、however/nomatterhow①Althoughsadnessalsoprecedestears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflowfrommuscularresponses.（2011,UseofEnglish）②Afterall,ithasanadbusinesstoo,whichitsayswillcomplywithDNTrequests,thoughitisstill49

49workingouthow.（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）③ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.（2007,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）④Whilethequalityof1egaljournalismvariesgreatly,thereisanunduerelianceamongstmanyjournalistsoninterpretationssuppliedtothembylawyers.（2007,ReadingComprehension,PartC）⑤Nomatterhowformalorinformaltheworkenvironment,thewayyoupresentyourselfhasanimpact.（2016,ReadingComprehension,PartB）8.比较状语从句than、as①Butphonesrunonbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize.（2019,UseofEnglish）②Inthegeneralpopulationtoday,atthisgenetic,environmentallevel,we'veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango...（2008,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）9.方式状语从句asasif①Duringmostofhiswalkinglifehewilltakehiscodeforgranted,asthebusinessmantakeshisethics.（2006,ReadingComprehension,PartC）②Beethoven’smusictendsto（倾向于，往往）movefromchaostoorderasiforderwereanimperativeofhumanexistence.（2014,ReadingComprehension,PartC）晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta50

50【内容小结】1.状语从句的概述1）状语从句的含义：一个句子作状语，表达描述性的信息。2）状语从句的写法：从属连词+—个完整的陈述句。3）状语从句的位置：主句前、后、中。2.状语从句的分类共九种：属于哪种类型，取决于从属连词的含义。（重点掌握从属连词的表格）（三）练习①Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）②...theoldandinfirm“haveadutytodieandgetoutoftheway”sothatyounger,healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential.（2003,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）③...they'redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner.（2008,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）③Althoughthefiguremayvary,analystsdoagreeonanothermatter：thatthenumberofthehomelessisincreasing.（2006,UseofEnglish）④Labourlikewisewantstodiscontinuelocalplanningwherecouncilsopposedevelopment.（2016,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）【考场功略】攻略1：完晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta形填空中，选择从属连词①Thecourtcannotmaintainitslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflawwhenjusticesbehavelikepoliticians.（2012,UseofEnglish）②Itdidnotmatterwhatwasdoneintheexperiment;solongassomethingwaschanged,productivityrose.（2010,UseofEnglish）③Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,although51

51adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.（2004,UseofEnglish）攻略2：根据从属连词,判断上下文Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon'talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday'sevents-until,itappears,webegintodream.（2005,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）Evenifajob'sstartingsalaryseemstoosmalltosatisfyanemergingadult'sneedforrapidcontent,thetransitionfromschooltoworkcanbelessofasetbackifthestart-upadultisreadyforthemove.（2007,ReadingComprehension,PartB）晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta52

52第三章特殊句式（一）倒装（1）全部倒装全部的谓语动词全部放在主语前①OnthenorthbankoftheOhioRiversitsEvansville,Ind....（2006,ReadingComprehension,PartB）②ImplicitwithinTylor*sdefinitionistheconcept-（2003,ReadingComprehension,PartB）③AlsouncleariswhyMicrosofthasgoneitalone.（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）1.Therebe句型Therebe+n.（客观存在）Thereisagirl..2.Therebe型：Therebe+n.+介词短语①Thereisabookonthetable.②Thereisagreatdealofthiskindofnonsenseinthemedicaljournals..（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartC）③Thereisnogapbetweenmindandmatter.（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartC）④Therewillnowbeaseven-daywaitforthejobseeker'sallowance.（2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）⑤Therehasbeenakindofinflationaryprocessatwork...（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartC）⑥…buttherehavebeencontroversialviewsaboutitseconomic,political,socialandculturalimpl晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantaications.（2002,UseofEnglish）⑦Theremaybemorematchesinthedatabase...（2004,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）【补充】Therebe中的be还可以结合不同的时态和情态。田静老师说：therebe句型讲就近原则53

53（2）部分倒装相当于把陈述句变一般疑问句（语序）1.否定副词或词组位于句首①...andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.（2005,ReadingComprehension,PartC）②...andperhapsithasneverservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsbeforeasintherecenteventsinEurope③Notonlydidtheydevelopsuchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillenniumtheyhadalsomanagedtoembeditinaworldwidesystem...（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartB）④Theynotonlydevelopedsuchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillenniumtheyhadalsomanagedtoembeditinaworldwidesystem...2.only位于句首①OnlythenwilltheybeusefulservantsandnotFrankensteinfsout-of-controlmonster.（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）②TheywillbeusefulservantsandnotFrankenstein'sout-of-controlmonsteronlythen.③Onlyrecentlydidlinguistsbegintheseriousstudyoflanguagesthatwereverydifferentfromtheirown.（2004,ReadingComprehension,PartB）④Linguistsbegantheseriousstudyoflanguagesthatwereverydifferentfromtheirownonlyrecently.⑤Andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.（2008,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）⑥Andscholarshaveexaminedhistoryfromthebottomuponlyoverthepast30years.3.虚拟条晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta件句省略if①ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）②ButifEntergyhadkeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.（二）强调（1）强调句的构成54

54Itis+强调的部分+that+句子余下的部分①wehearthemorehonestargumentonlyinrecentyears.②Itisonlyinrecentyearsthatwehearthemorehonestargument（2010,ReadingComprehension,PartC）（2）强调句的变化Itis/wasthat/who...（只有修饰人才能用who）①Itisthey,notAmerica,whohavebecomeanti-intellectual.（2006,ReadingComprehension,PartC）②...itwasnotuntilthe19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronicmedium,...（2002,UseofEnglish）③ItwasonlyafterIstartedtowriteaweeklycolumnaboutthemedicaljournals,andbegantoreadscientificpapersfrombeginningtoend,thatIrealisedjusthowbadmuchofthemedicalliteraturefrequentlywas.（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartC）【补充】强调句不仅可以强调词或词组，还可以强调从句。但是不能强调形容词或动词。（3）区分强调句和主语从句后置可以采用还原法①Itisthisimplicitorexplicitreferencetonaturethatfullyjustifiestheuseofwordgarden...（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartC）②Itisworrisomethatsocietyismedicalizingmoreandmorebehavioralproblems...（2006,晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantaReadingComprehension,PartB）（三）虚拟（1）虚拟的概述1.什么是虚拟？虚拟=“非真实”①是跟真实的情况比较，发现与真实情况不符55

55②是跟假设的情况比较，发现即使假设，也不太可能成真2.如何表达虚拟？谓语动词的一种特殊变化3.虚拟用在哪里？主要掌握if条件的虚拟和名词性从句的虚拟（2）if虚拟条件句if条件状语从句①真实条件句②虚拟条件句时间范围if从句主句假设过去havedonewould+havedone假设现在did（where）could/should+do假设将来did（where）might+do口诀：1.从句往前推2.主句4+13.将来同现在时间范围if从句主句假设过去havedonewould+havedone假设现在did（where）could+do假设将来did（where）should+doweretodomightShoulddo1.假设过去hehadplayedlastseason,however,hewouldhavebeenoneof42.（2008,晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantaReadingComprehension,PartAText3）2.假设现在Yourprospectswouldbealmostasdismalilargumentswereevenjustcompetitions-like,say,tennisgames.（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartB）3.假设将来56

56Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaveragerate…shipperswoulddoso,leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.（2003,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）【补充】“写”虚拟条件句，记住表格和口诀。“看”虚拟条件句，翻译成中文（3）名词性从句的虚拟名词性从句包括：宾语从句/表语从句/主语从句/同位语从句虚拟的条件：1）只要主句中有表示“建议/命令/要求"的词（无论词性是什么）2）从句要虚拟，谓语动词=（should）+动同原形①EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInteniationalAccountingStandardsBoard（IASB）（should）dolikewise.（2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）②Thisyear,itwasproposedthatthesystembechanged：...（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartB）（4）练习①First,mostresearcherswouldacceptsuchaprizeiftheywereofferedone.虚拟条件句（2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）②...thereisnoradicalinnovationwithoutcreativedestruction.倒装（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartB）③IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservants.虚拟（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）④Itwasd晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantauringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolutionspeededup.强调（2002,UseofEnglish）⑤However,onlyinrecentyearshasitbecomeafeatureofundergraduateprogramsinCanadianuniversities.倒装（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartC）57

57第三部分长难句分析第一章基本结构的长难句分析第一节断开长难句（一）标点1.逗号田静老师说：句子间有的必须是连接词，其次才是逗号；逗号一般不会单独出现，通常和连接词一起出现Theideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesn'texplainhowideasactuallyspread.（2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）2.冒号冒号是解释说明前面的It'shardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous：mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）3.分号Moreover,averageoverallmarginsarehigherinwholesalethaninretail;wholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesectorisgrowingquicklyasmoreEuropeanseatoutmoreoften;andchangesinthecompetitivedynamicsofthisfragmentedindustryareatlastmakingitfeasibleforwholesalerstoconsolidate晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta.（2010,ReadingComprehension,PartB）（二）连接词1.并列连词：andbutor...2.从属连词：becauseifwhilealthoughas...3.关系词：thathowwh-58

58从句开始于连接词，结束于三种位置（1）从句结束于标点。①Oneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise,however,isthatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）②ThedigitalservicestaxnowawaitsthesignatureofPresidentEmmanuelMacron,whohasexpressedsupportforthemeasure,anditcouldgointoeffectwithinthenextfewweeks.（2020,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）③Somespeciesoftreeshavebeen“readoutoftheparty"byeconomics-mindedforestersbecausetheygrowtooslowly,orhavetoolowasalevaluetopayastimbercrops.（2010,Translation）④Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheylargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.（2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）注意：并列句不完整，则不能断。（2）从句结束于下一个连接词前①Buttakealongerviewandthereisasurprisingamountthatwecansaywithconsiderableassurance.（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）②Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）③However,theJusticessaidthatArizonapolicewouldbeallowedtoverifythelegalstatusofpeoplewhocomeincontactwithlawenforcement.（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）④Nowt晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantahenationTstoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.（2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）⑤TheprincipleofBritishwelfareisnolongerthatyoucaninsureyourselfagainsttheriskofunemploymentandreceiveunconditionalpaymentsifthedisasterhappens.（2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）59

59（3）从句结束于第二个谓语动词前①Thehardesttaskthattelevisionasksofanyoneistoturnthepoweroffafterhehasturnediton.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartB）②Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestateorafewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshiptoaddressesoutsidethosestates.（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）③Second,themajorityofpeoplewhousenetworkedcomputerstouploadarenotevenawareofthesignificanceofwhattheyaredoing.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartB）④Ifthebarexamistrulyastemenoughtestforawould-belawyer,thosewhocansititearliershouldbeallowedtodoso.（2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）田静老师说：如果标点和连接词两段接的不是句子，没有谓语动词就不能断开①Takeabroaderlookatourspecies*placeintheuniverse,anditbecomesclearthatwehaveanexcellentchanceofsurvivingfortens,ifnothundreds,ofthousandsofyears.（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）②Whenthecompetitiveenvironmentpushedourancestorstoachievethatpotential,theycouldinturnaffordmoreeducation.（2009,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）注意：that不一定可以用来断开句子（4）练习①Amazon.comalsocollectssalestaxineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partysellerswhousethesitedon’thaveto.（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）②People晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantawhoperceivedgreatersocialsupportwerelesslikelytocomedownwithacold,andtheresearcherscalculatedthatthestress-reducingeffectsofhuggingexplainedabout32percentofthatbeneficialeffect.（2017,UseofEnglish）③Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.（2006,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）60

60④Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomous（self-governing）manoftraditionaltheory,andtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.（2002,Translation）（三）分析主谓1.主谓主谓（后面的主谓一定是从句）①TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanning,（宾语从句）…（2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）②Allen'scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare（定语从句）（2011,Translation）③Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.（2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）田静老师说：想知道后面是什么从句，往前看。名词+从句连接词省略就是定语从句2.主主谓谓Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawitshapesisinescapablypolitical...（2012,UseofEnglish）Thewayconsumersnowapproachtheprocessofmakingpurchasedecisionsmeansthatmarketing'simpactstemsfromabroadrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia.（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）3.练习①...thewayyoupresentyourselfhasanimpact,主主谓谓（2016,ReadingComprehension,PartB）②Cartwr晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantaightbelievesonecanexerciseconsciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreams.主谓主谓（2005,ReadingComprehension,PartA,Text3）③Buttheregulartimeittakestogetadoctoraldegreeinthehumanitiesisnineyears.主主谓谓（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartB）④Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberatelypressintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.主主谓谓（2009,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）61

61【考场功略】攻略1：断开长难句只看谓语动词,不考虑非谓语动词aninabilitytoconsiderthebigpicturewasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamplesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.（2013,UseofEnglish）攻略2：先找从句，但先看主句TheDutchgiantElsevier,whichclaimstopublish25%ofthescientificpapersproducedintheworld,madeprofitsofmorethanE900mlastyear,whileUKuniversitiesalonespentmorethanE210min2016toenableresearcherstoaccesstheirownpubliclyfundedresearch...（2020,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）第二节简化长难句核心：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、补语非核心：形容伺、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词、同位语、插入语等①ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）【补充】去掉非核心的扩展成分,一定要注意其完整性②Duringthelate1990s,nationalspendingonsocialsciencesandthehumanitiesasapercentageofallresearchanddevelopmentfunds-ineludinggovernment,highereducation,non-profitandcorporate-variedfromaround4%to25%;（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartB）【补充】简化时，不要纠结于具体的一两个单词是否去掉③Astrin晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantagofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin2007andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee'ssafetyandEntergy'smanagement-especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）③Asadiscoveryclaimworksitswaythroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsan62

62individual'sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity'scrediblediscovery.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）④OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.（2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）【练习】①Fromthebeginningofourhistory,saysHofstadter,ourdemocraticandpopulisturgeshavedrivenustorejectanythingthatsmellsofelitism.（2004,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）②Thecomingofageofthepostwarbabyboomandanentryofwomenintothemale-dominatedjobmarkethavelimitedtheopportunitiesofteenagerswhoarealreadyquestioningtheheavypersonalsacrificesinvolvedinclimbingJapanTsrigidsocialladdertogoodschoolsandjobs.（2000,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）③Forexample,BritishanthropologistsGraftonElliotSmithandW.J.Perryincorrectlysuggested,onthebasisofinadequateinformation,thatfarming,potterymaking,andmetallurgyalloriginatedinancientEgyptanddiffusedthroughouttheworld.（2009,ReadingComprehension,PartB）【考场功略】攻略：“两步分析法”解决一切基本结构的长难句Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthat（从句1）haveprovidedmarketerswithmore（andmorediverse）communicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthat（从句2）passionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuchmoredamagingways.（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta63

63第二章特殊结构的长难句分析第一节分裂结构（一）插入式的分裂结构1.同位语、插入语造成的分裂结构①BobLiodice,thechiefexecutiveoftheAssociationofNationalAdvertisers,saysconsumerswillbeworseoffiftheindustrycannotcollectinformationabouttheirpreferences.（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）②Thesebenefactorshavesucceededintheirchosenfields,theysay,andtheywanttousetheirwealthtodrawattentiontothosewhohavesucceededinscience.（2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）③TwoofthethreeobjectingJustices—SamuelAlitoandClarenceThomas—agreedwiththisConstitutionallogicbutdisagreedaboutwhichArizonarulesconflictedwiththefederalstatute.（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）④Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-stepflowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.（2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）2.从句插入造成的分裂结构①Asacredplaceofpeace,howevercrudeitmaybe,isadistinctlyhumanneed...（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartC）②Yetthesecreaturesaremembersofthebioticcommunityandtheyareentitledtocontinuance（状语从句可以移动到句首），ifitsstabilitydependsonitsintegrity.（2010,ReadingComprehension,PartC）（二）从句后移式的分裂结构①Contr晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantaarytothedescriptionsonrecord,nosystematicevidencewasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.（2010,UseofEnglish）②ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission（NRC）reviewsthecompany'sapplication,itshouldkeepinmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）64

64（三）练习①Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,today'speople—especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations—apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.（2008,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）②Concernsthatwitnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourttoensureguiltyverdictswereraised（同位语移走的分裂结构）.（2001,ClozeTest）③Consumerssaythey'renotindespairbecause,despitethedreadfulheadlines,theirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.（2004,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）④GeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,maintainsthat,aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.（2002,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）第二节嵌套结构①Thegreatquestionis（主句）whoshouldbenefitfromtheanalysisofallthedata（表语从句）thatourlivesnowgenerate（定语从句）.（2018,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）②Ithoped（主句）theywouldlearn（宾语从句）howshop-floorlightingaffectedworkers’productivity（宾语从句）.（2010,UseofEnglish）③I（f条件状语从句）weareseriousaboutensuringtha（t宾语从旬）ourscienceisbothmeaningfulandreproducible,wemustensuretha（t宾语从句ourinstitutionsincentiAisethatkindofscience.（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartC）④Therou晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantaghguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethat（表语从句）yougotwhat（宾语从句）youpaidfor.（主句）（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）⑤It（主句it作形式主语）turnsoutthat（主语从句真正的主语）thepeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmayhaveledtomisleadinginterpretationsofwhat（宾语从句）happened.（2010,UseofEnglish）65

65【练习】①Carnegiewouldberightif（条件状语从句）argumentswerefights（,非限定性定语从句）whichishow（表语从句）weoftenthinkofthem.（主句）（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartB）②Afewgenerativerulesarethensufficienttounfoldtheentirefundamentalstructureofalanguage,（非限定性定语从句）whichiswhy（表语从句）childrencanlearnitsoquickly.（主句）（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartC）③Thatmattersbecaus（e原因状语从句）theorysuggeststha（t宾语从句）themaximumsustainableyieldthat（定语从句）canbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhen（时间状语从句）thebiomassofatargetspeciesisabout50%ofitsoriginallevels.（主句）（2006,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3）第三节平行结构平行结构=并列结构多个词、词组或句子并列在一起平行结构的特点：1.并列的多个成分词性相同形式一致2.中间有并列连词连接。主要四类：（一）名词（词组）的平行并列1.①TlieEnglish,②theGermans,③theDutchand④theFrenchwereinvestinginBritain’sformercolony.（2001,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）2.Thenetworkedcomputerisanamazingdevice,thefirstmediamachinethatservesas①themodeofproduction,②meansofdistribution,③siteofreception,④andplaceofpraiseandcritique.（2012,晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantaReadingComprehension,PartB）（二）动词（谓语动词、非谓语动词）的平行并列1.Alltheories,however,①aretentativeand②aresubjecttocriticism.（2004,UseofEnglish）2.Theprocess①sweepsfromhyperactiveAmericatoEuropeand②reachestheemergingcountrieswithunsurpassedmight.66

66（2001,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）3.Itallowsus①tohaveperspectiveonourlives-theabilitytonottakeourselvestooseriously,②tolaughatourselves,③toseethebiggerpicture,and④toseethatthingswillworkout.（2016,ReadingComprehension,Translation）4.Twoandthree-dimensionalmapsarehelpfultoolsin①planningexcavations,②illustratinghowsiteslook,③andpresentingtheresultsofarchaeologicalresearch.（2014,ReadingComprehension,PartB）（三）介词短语的平行并列1....headvocatedfreedom①ofthoughtand②ofpersonalexpression.（2014,ReadingComprehension,PartC）2.Mentalhealthallowsustoviewothers（Dwithsympathyiftheyarehavingtroubles,②withkindnessiftheyareinpain,③andwithunconditionallovenomatterwhotheyare.（2016,ReadingComprehension,PartC）3.Sodisciplinesacquireamonopoly①notjustovertheproductionofknowledge,②butalsoovertheproductionoftheproducersofknowledge.（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartB）（四）句子的平行并列1....theproblemis①notmerelythatpeopledobadscience,②butthatourcurrentsystemofcareeradvancementpositivelyencouragesit.（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartC）Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochange①partlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobserved②andpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.（2002,Translation）（1）多个平行结构Forthetim晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantae,attention,andmoneyoftheart-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahouses,dancetroupes,theatercompanies,andmuseums,butalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.（2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）（2）无并列连词的平行结构①In1998immigrantswere9.8percentofpopulation;in1900,13.6percent.67

67（2006,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）②“Thosefirstfewdaysshouldbespentlookingforwork,notlookingtosigilon,”heclaimed.（2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）（五）练习1.Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowed①morerapidtradingofequities,②quickeruseofinformationatthespeedofTwitter,③andthusshorterattentionspansinfinancialmarkets.（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1）2.Thecourfsrulingisastepforwardinthestruggleagainst①bothcorruption②andofficialfavoritism.（2017,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）3.Thepointofastyleupgradeisn't①tobecomemorevain②ortospendmoretimefussingoverwhattowear.（2016,ReadingComprehension,PartB）4.Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmos①whosepresencewebarelynotice②butwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.（2002,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）5.Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaiming①thatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,®andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.（2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）【考场功略】攻略1：解决分裂结构的关键是还原成连贯①BobLiodice,thechiefexecutiveoftheAssociationofNationalAdvertisers,saysconsumerswillbeworseoffiftheindustrycannotcollectinformationabouttheirpreferences.（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2）②Yetthesecreaturesaremembersofthebioticcommunityand,ifitsstabilitydependsonitsintegrit晓晓学姐VX：kaoyantay,theyareentitledtocontinuance.（2010,Translation）攻略2：解决嵌套结构的关键是分层次①I（f条件状语从句）weareseriousaboutensuringthat（宾语从句）ourscienceisbothmeaningfulandreproducible,wemustensuretha（t宾语从句）ourinstitutionsincentivisethatkindofscience.（主句）68

68（2019,ReadingComprehension,PartC）攻略3：解决平行结构的关键朝清多个并列①Simplyarrangingameeting,②makingaphonecall,③orhostinganeventisnotan“officialact.”（2017,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4）晓晓学姐VX：kaoyanta69