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你的考试好帮手，记住我们的网址：www.zuowenw.com.快乐阅读网你的考试好帮手，记住我们的网址：www.zuowenw.com.快乐阅读网从2002年起，研究生英语考试取消了语法、词汇等基础知识的考查，将此部分改考为听力。但取消了此部分知识点的考查并不意味着英语语法等基础知识的不重要。根据以往英语取得高分同学的经验和海文英语辅导名师的建议，他们都一致认为英语语法和词汇是学好、考好英语的重要基础，其实完形填空是对语法、词汇的综合考查，但更关键的是学好此部分有助于对英语句子结构的分析和理解，有助于学生掌握灵活多变的句式，这样不仅有助于学生做好阅读理解，而且有助于学生做好英译汉，写好作文。情态动词现在完成式主要有两个功能：表示已经发生的情况和表示虚拟语气。在这两个方面must/mustn't,;can/cann't;need/needn't;may/mayn't;might/mightn,t;should/shouldn,t;ougtht等情态动词+完成式表示的意思是有一定区别的1.表示已经发生的情况。1）musthave+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的肯定推测，译为“（昨天）一定如：MypainapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:^^Areyoufeelingallright?”[A]mustbe[B]hadbeen[C]musthavebeen[D]hadtobe（答案为C）2）can，t/couldn'thave+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的否定推测，译为“（昨天）一定没……如：Marymyletter;otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.[A]couldn'thavereceived[B]oughttohavereceived[C]hasreceived[D]shouldn'thavereceived（答案为A）3）may/mighthave+过去分词，表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测，或事实上根本没发生，译为“也许……”。如：AtFloridaPower'sCrystalRiverplant,apotentiallyseriousleakageofradioactivewatermayhavebeenunknowinglycausedbyanelectrician.21）needn'thave+过去分词，表示做了不必做的事，相当于"didn'tneedtodo”,译为“其实没必要……”。如：Youneedn'thavecomeoveryourself.Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,wesoformally.[A]needn'tdressup[B]didnotneedhavedressedup[C]didnotneeddressup[D]needn'thavedressedup（没有必要穿的那么正式，体现是说话者的建议，实际结果是否真的穿的很正式没有确定，答案为D）2）shouldhave+过去分词，表示应该做某事但实际上未做，译为“本应该”shouldnot+have过去分词表示本不应该做某事但实际上做了，译为“本不应该……”。如：Iregrethavinglefttheworkunfinished;Ishouldhaveplannedeverythingaheadcarefully.

1我本来应该事先认真地把每件事情规划的很好，但实际上作者还是没有规划好，以至工作没有完成。3)oughttohave+过去分词，表示动作按理该发生了，但实际上未发生，译为“该……”，与should的完成式含义类似。如：Theporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthestock,whichwentupinsmoke.4)couldhave+过去分词，表示过去本来可以做但却未做，译为“完全可以这点与ought/shoukl/have+过去分词用法相似。如：Whatyousaidisright,butyoucouldhavephraseditmoretactfully.5)may/mighthave+过去分词，表示过去可以做但实际未做，译为“(那样)也许会……如：Itmighthavebeenbettertoincludemorepunchystatisticsandphotosofequipmentintheintroductiontofurtherassistfirst-timeofficeautomationmanagers.1).may/might(just)aswell"不妨,最好“，与hadbetter相近；Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.既然航班已经取消了，你不嬴乘火车吧。相当于youhadbettergobytraino2),cannot/can't...too…"越越好，怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannot...over….如：Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.驾车时候，越小心越好。Thefinalchaptercoversorganizationalchangeanddevelopment.Thissubjectcannotbeoveremphasized.3),usedn't或did'tuseto为usedto(do)的否定式。4).should除了“应该”一层意思外，考研大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：Ididn'texpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlikethat.我无法想象他竟然这样做。1want,require,worthdoingYourhairwantscuttingThebookisworthreadingThefloorrequireswashing.2needneedtobedoneneeddoingThehouseneedspainting=thehouseneedstobepainted.Thewatchneededrepairing=thewatchneededtoberepaired.一般来说，从构词法角度来看，后缀“ly”往往是副词，但有的以“ly'结尾的词是形容词而不是副词，这点要注意；形容词一般可以在句子中做定语，表语等成份，但有些形容词在句子中只能做表语和只能做前辂定语；这些形容词在修饰时候有一定的特殊性要引起大家的注意，下面做了一下归纳：1-lycostly昂贵的lonely孤独的deadly死一般的lively活泼的

2friendly友好的silly傻气的kindly热心肠的likely可能的leisurely悠闲的ugly长得丑的brotherly兄弟般的monthly每月的earthly尘世的1aafraid害怕的alike相象的awake醒着的alone单独的，惟一的alive活着的ashamed羞愧的asleep睡着的aware意识到的、察觉到的well健康的content满意的unable无能的2earthen泥土做的，大地的daily每日的latter后面的golden金子般的weekly每周的inner里面的silken丝一般的monthly每月的outer外面的wooden木制的yearly每年的elder年长的woolen毛织的former前任的mere仅，只不过only惟一的sheer纯粹的very恰好的little小的live活的3remainkeepbecome,get,grow,go,come,turn,stay,stand,run,prove,seem,appear,looko如：Allthoseleftundonemaysoundgreatintheory,buteventhetruestbelieverhasgreatdifficultywhenitcomestospecifics.11）形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现，即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。如：Doyouenjoylisteningtorecords?Ifindrecordsareoften,orbetterthananactualperformance.[A]asgoodas[B]asgood[C]good[D]goodas在这里asgoodas比较连词与belterthan比较连词同时出现时候，不能省略任何一个介词。答案为AOnthewhole,ambitiousstudentsaremorelikelytosucceedintheirstudiesthanarethosewithlittleambition.2）比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念，既是说比较要具有可比性。如：Thenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear'smarathonwashalf.[A]oflastyear's[B]thoseoflastyear,s[C]ofthoseoflastyear[D]thatoflastyear's（前后相比的应该是今年和去年注册参加的人数“thenumber。产故代替它的应该是单数指示代词“that”，而不能选择B,those是指代participants,不是同类对比，答案为D。Youngreaders,moreoftenthannot,findthenovelsofdickensfarmoreexcitingthanThackeray's.3）比较级与倍数词关系及其位谿原级结构中可插入表达倍数的词，表示为“为….若干倍”,当与有表示倍数比较的

3词在一起时候等，他们的位络是，倍数词+as…as…，或倍数词+more…than…，但again一般放在原级词之后，即“as+原级+again+as”,如：Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkillspeopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.[A]sevenmoretimes[B]seventimesmore[C]overseventimes|D]seventimes（答案为B）“Doyouregretpayingfivehundreddollarsforthepainting?,ntNo,Iwouldgladlyhavepaidforit.”[A]twicesomuch[B]twiceasmuch[C]asmuchtwice[D]somuchtwice（答案为B）MyuncleisasoldagainasIam4）下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念：inferior,minor,senior,prior,preferto,superior,major,junior,preferable,differfrom,comparedwith,incomparisonwith,differentfrom,ratherthan.如：Theirwatchistoalltheotherwatchesonthemarket.[A]superior|B|advantageous[C]super|D|beneficial（答案为A）Priortohisdeparture,headdressedalettertohisdaughter.（1986年考研题）5）“比较级+and+比较级”或"moreandmore/lessandless+原级'’以及“ever,steadily,daily等副词+比较级”结构表示"越来越”的意思,与这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow,get.become等。前面两种情况更多地出现在进行时态中，注意的是这三种情况引导的比较级后面都不需要用than.如:Thingsaregettingworseandworse.AsIspoketohimhebecamelessandlessangry.HerhealthwasbecomingdailyworseTheroadgoteverworseuntiltherewasnoroadatall=theroadgotworseandworse.6）比较级前面可以用even,still,yet,allthe（more）等修饰语用以加强语气，表示“更加”的意思。如TodayitisevencolderthanyesterdayIhaveyetmoreexcitingnewsfbryou7）有关比较级的特殊句型：A）:notsomuch…as…与其说不如说你的考试好帮手，记住我们的网址：www.zuowenw.com.快乐阅读网你的考试好帮手，记住我们的网址：www.zuowenw.com.快乐阅读网Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn'tsomuchariseinbirthratesafallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.A]]and（B]as[C]but[D|or人口增长的主要原因与其说是因为出生率的提高，还不如说是因为医疗的进步带来的死亡率下降的结果。答案为BB]no/notanymore奥han…两者一样都不Theheartisintelligentthanthestomach,fbrtheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.[A]notso[B]notmuch[Cjmuchmore|D]nomore

4（心脏和胃两者都不具有智力，他们都受大脑控制。答案为D）Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,theycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.[A]muchmorethan[B|nomorethan[C]nolessthan[D]anymorethan（答案为D）C）no/notanyless…than…两者一样，都注意基本上与no/notanymore...than意思相反Sheisnolessbeautifulthanhersister.她和她姐姐一样漂亮D）justas...so...正如也（用倒装结构）Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,theatmosphere.[A]asitis[B]thesameis[C]sois[D]andsois（答案为C）21）最高级比较范围用介词in,over,of,among。in,（all）over用于在某一范围内的比较,i0：inChina,allovertheworld.of,among用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较，如：amongtheteachers,ofthefourdresses.注意：among…相当于oneof不说amongall.这一点考生应与汉语表达区别开来如：allvisiblelights,redlighthasthelongestandviolettheshortestwavelength.[A]Among[B]Of[C]For[D]To答案为[B]2）比较级形式表示最高级意义时，比较对象的范围应用：anyother+单数名词theother+复数名词theothersanyone/anythingelse上述词是用业将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语，切不可遗漏，尤其是other,否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说：Johnrunsfasterthananyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。3）most可以用来修饰形容词或副词，意思相当于very,用法区分单复数，但不能用定冠词the,如：amostinterestingbook,mostexpensiverestaurants,要注意与“the+形容词最高级+of+名词”的结构表示的最高级的区别，如：HespokeinthewarmestofvoicesTheyhavebeenmostkindtomeBasketballisthemostpopularofsportsinthiscountry.ChineseisthemostdifficultoflanguageChineseisamostdifficultlanguage1）表示颜色的有：white,black2）表示形态的有：round,square,oval,circular,triangular（三角形），level3）表示性质和特征的有：atomic,economic,scientific,sonic,golden,silvery,woolen,earthen,silent,full,empty,sure,dead,deaf,blind,lame,rainy4）表示状态作表语的有：afraid,asleep,alive,ashamed,alone,aware,alike

55）表示时间、空间和方位的有：daily,weekly,monthly,annual,present,front,back,forward,backward,east,west,south,north,left,right,final6）表示极限、主次、等级的有：maximum,minimum,utmost,main,major,chiefminor,superior,inferior,senior,junior,super,favorite7）含有绝对概念的有：absolute,entire,whole,total,perfect,excellent,thorough,complete.平行结构很多情况下是由形容词或副词的比较级或者暗含比较意味的连词引导的。如：Theideallistenerstaysbothinsideandoutsidethemusicatthemomentitisplayedandenjoysitalmostasmuchasthecomposeratthemomenthecomposes.大多数情况下平行结构都是具有一定的比较含义的，有的是递进对比notonly…but（also）;prefer...to...;ratherthan有的是同类对比：and;but；or；both...and...；either...or...;neither...nor1如：Itisbettertodieone'sfeetthan.[A]livingonone'sknees[B]liveonone'sknees[C]onone'sknees[D]toliveonone'sknees（答案为D）Despitethetemporarydifficulties,themanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputtodecreasingit.2一1）ratherthan,letalone虽不是并列连词，但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如：Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyleinapersonalstyle.[A]ratherthan[B]otherthan[C]betterthan[D]lessthan答案为AForthenewcountrytosurvive,foritspeopletoenjoyprosperity,neweconomicpolicieswillberequired.[A]tonameafew[B]letalone[C]nottospeak[D]let'ssay（答案为B）2）如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如：Attimes,morecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials.1thatthat指代不可数名词和单数可数名词（如是复数，用those）,后面通常跟有修饰语，如出现在比较结构中的thatof。如Conversationcallsforawillingnesstoalternatetheroleofspeakerwiththatoflistener,anditcallsforoccasional"'digestivepauses“byboth.这里that指代前面的therole。Nobreadeatenbymenissosweetasthatearnedbyhisownlabor.2oneone指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词，复数为ones。theone指代带定冠词的单数可数名词。如：Agoodwriteriswhocanexpressthecommonplaceinanuncommonway.[A]that[B]he[C]one[D]this答案为[C]3do

6do代替动词，注意数和时态的变化。如:Forhimtobere-elected,whatisessentialisnotthathispolicyworks,butthatthepublicbelievethatitdoes.代词指代一致是指指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致，或者所照应的名词词组在某些方面保持一致。Eachcigaretteapersonsmokesdoessomeharm,andeventuallyhemaygetaseriousdiseaseformitseffect.这星he指代前面的person。Itwasduringthe1920'sthatthefriendshipbetweenthetwoAmericanwritersHemingwayandFitzgeraldreacheditshighestpoint.这里its指代前面的两人的friendship。Ourdepartmentwasmonitoredbytwosupervisors,Billandme.这里me必须用宾格形式。eitheror,neithernor,notonlybut(also)NeitherMarynorAlicehasherkeywithher.NeitherthepackagenorthelettershavereachedtheirdestinationIfeitherDavidorJanetcomes,heorshewillwantadrink2noone,everyone,each,everybody,none,anybody,someone,somebody,anything,nothing,somethingeverything如：Everybodytalkedatthetopofhisvoice.Noneoftheboyscandoit,canhe?Everythingisready,isn'tit?3eacheacheach如：Theyeachhavetwocoatsweareeachresponsiblefbrhisownfamily4and如：thetouristandbusinessmenlosttheirluggageintheaccident主谓一致是指主语与谓语在数上要一致。把握主谓一致问题，考生主要解决的是对不同结构的主语单复数的认定，进而选择适当的谓语。很多情况下应该综合利用这三个原则来处理主谓一致，在不同情况下可能应用三个原则中的不同原则，具体应用哪种原则应该视具体情况而定。总结如下：1如：Buyingclothesisoftenatime-consumingjobbecausethoseclothesthatapersonlikesarerarelytheconesthatfithimorher.(1987年考研题)Tounderstandthesituationcompletelyrequiresmorethoughtthanhasbeengiventhusfar.2

7TwoweekswastoolongFivetimesfivemakestwentyfive2andandlawandorder法制soapandwater肥皂水acupandsaucer茶杯碟子forkandknife刀叉你的考试好帮手，记住我们的网址：www.zuowenw.com.快乐阅读网你的考试好帮手，记住我们的网址：www.zuowenw.com.快乐阅读网theneedleandthread针线trialanderror反复尝试，不断摸索horseandcarriage马车timeandtide岁月breadandbutter奶油面包theebbandflow盛衰，潮涨潮落如：Iflawandordernotpreserved,neitherthecitizennorhispropertyissafe.A.isB.areC.wasd.were答案：Ao4Linguisticsisabranchofstudyonhumanlanguage.5ThechaoswasstoppedbythepoliceThenewsisagreatencouragementtousAseriesofdebatesbetweenthelectureswasscheduledforthenextweekend.6andBreadandbutterisourdailyfoodTimeandtidewaitsfornomanIand,bothand,both,afew,many,severalFewpeopleknowheandIwereclassmateswhenwewereatcollege.2police,public,militia,cattle,class,youthTheChinesepeoplearebraveandhardworkingThecattlearegrazinginthesunshine3TheJapanesewereonceveryaggressive4」Thericharenotalwaysselfish5Threemilliontonsofcoalwereexportedthatyear1这种情况下，谓语动词使用单数还是复数取决于最靠近该动词的主语的单复数,存在这种情况的主要由以下几种可能：1)由连词either...or...;neither...nor...;whether...or...;notonly...but(also);or等连接的并列主语NeithermoneynorfamehasinfluenceonmeNotonlyyoubutalsoheiswrong2)在倒装结构中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语一致

8Blockingtheopen-sidedporch,framedbytheenvelopingfog,standsatallgrave-facedpoliceman.Justoutsidetheruinsisamagnificentbuildingsurroundedbytalltrees.Althoughagreatnumberofhousesinthatareaarestillinneedofrepair,therehasbeenimprovementinthefacili1together/alongwith,suchas,accompaniedby,aswellas,nolessthan,except,besides,with,combinedwith,inadditionto,including,togetherwithProfessorTaylor,withsixofhisstudents,isattendingaconferenceinBostonorganizedtocomparecurrentpracticeintheUnitedStateswiththoseofothernations.Thepresidentofthecollege,togetherwiththedeans,isplanningaconferenceforthepurposeoflayingdowncertainregulations.（1981年考研题）3如：Despitemuchresearch,therearestillcertainelementsinthelifecycleoftheinsectthatarenotfullyunderstood.（1996年考研题）Therearemanyvaluableserviceswhichthepublicarewillingtopayfor,butwhichdonotbringareturninmoneytothecommunity.（1990年考研题）4alotof/lotsof;plentyof/heapsof;halfof;two-third（three-fourth...）of;eighty（ten,twenty）percent;partof;restof;noneofTwo-thirdsofpeoplepresentarewomenLotsofdamagewascausedbythefire5一army,audience,bandgovernment,group,flock,police,public,staff,team,troop.Crowd,firm,familyThefamilyisthebasicunitofoursocietyThefamilywerewatchingtheTVTheaudiencewasenormousTheaudienceweregreatlymovedatthewords6第一组：agreatmany+可数名词复数谓语用复数anumberof+可数名词复数谓语用复数themajorityof+可数名词复数谓语用复数第二组；thenumberof+可数名词复数谓语用单数each/every+可数名词复数谓语用单数neither/eitherof+可数名词复数谓语用单数oneandahalf+可数名词复数谓语用单数第三组；morethanone+可数名词单数谓语用单数manya+可数名词单数谓语用单数第四组；thegreaterpartofalargeproportionof50%ofonethirdofplentyoftherestof谓语的数与of后面的名词一致

9第五组；(n)either...(n)or....notonlybutalsonotbut谓语的数与主语的第二部分(即(n)or/butalso/but引导的后面部分)一致.注意比较：MorestudentsthanonehavebeenreferredtoMorethanonestudentisgoingtobuythisbook