考研完形--康建刚

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考研英语知识运用（主讲人：康建刚）

1第一部分：总论一.大纲要求：考察考生对于不同语境中规范的语言要素(包括词汇，表达方式和结构)的掌握程度，而且考察考生对于语段特征(如连贯性和一致性)的辨识能力。在一篇240—280词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全的文章意思通顺，前后连贯，结构完整。例一：(2004年)Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquency(crimescommittedbyyoungpeople)focuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories(21)ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior(22)theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough(23)withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietyarguethatchildrencommitcrimesin(24)totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus(25)asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues.Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies,(26)thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes(27)lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheories,however,aretentativeandare(28)tocriticism.Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly(29)juvenilecrimerates.Forexample,changesintheeconomythat(30)tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment(31)makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin(32)leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior.Familieshavealso(33)changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;(34),childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome(35)wascommoninthetraditionalfamily(36).Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other(37)causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschool,theincreased(38)ofdrugsandalcohol,andthegrowing(39)ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,(40)adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.21.[A]actingIB]relying[C]centering[DJcementing22.[A]before[B]unless[C]until[D]because23.[A]interactions[B|assimilation[C]cooperation[D]consultation24.[A]return[B]reply[C]reference[D]response25.[A]or[B]butrather[C]but[D]orelse26.[A]considering(B|ignoring[C]highlighting|D]discarding27.[A]on[B]in[C]for[D]with28.[A]immune[B]resistant[C]sensitive[D]subject29.[A]affect|B|reduce[C]chock[D]reflect30.[A]point[B]lead[C]come[D]amount31.[A]ingeneral[B]onaverage[C]bycontrast[D]atlength32.[A]case[B]short[C]turn|D|essence33.[A]survivedIBJnoticed[C]undertaken[D]experienced34.[A]contrarily[B]consequently[C]similarly[D]simultaneously35.[A]than[B]that[C]which[D]as36.[A]system[B]structure[C]concept[D]heritage37.[A]assessable[B]identifiable[C]negligible[D]incredible38.[A]expense[B|restriction[C]allocation[D]availability39.[A]incidence[B]awareness[C]exposure[D]popularity

240.[A]provided[B]since[C]although[D]supposing例二：Chequeshave]replacedmoneyasameansofexchange,fortheyarewidelyacceptedeverywhere.Thoughthisisveryconvenientforbothbuyerandseller,itshouldnotbeforgottenthatchequesarenotrealmoney:theyarequitevaluelessinthemselves.Ashopkeeperalwaysrunsacertain2whenheacceptsachequeandheisquite3hisrightsif,onoccasion,herefusestodoso.Peopledonotalwaysknowthisandareshockediftheirgoodfaithiscalled4.Anoldandverywealthyfriendofminetoldmehehadanextremelyunpleasantexperience.Hewenttoafamousjewelryshopwhichkeepsa5ofpreciousstonesandaskedtobeshownsomepearlnecklaces.Afterexaminingseveraltrays,hedecidedtobuyaparticularlyfinestringofpearlsandaskedifhecouldpaybycheque.Theassistantsaidthatthiswasquite6,butthemomentmyfriendsignedhisname,hewasinvitedintothemanager'soffice.Themanagerwasverypolite,butheexplainedthatsomeonewithexactlythesamenamehadpresentedthemwithaworthlesschequenotlongago.Myfriendgotveryangrywhenheheardthisandsaidhewouldbuyanecklacesomewhereelse.Whenhegotuptogo,themanagertoldhimthatthepolicewouldarriveatanymomentandhehadbetterstay7hewantedtogetintoserioustrouble.8thepolicearrivedsoonafterwards.Theyapologizedtomyfriendforthe9.butexplainedthatapersonwhohadusedthesamenameashiswasresponsibleforanumberofrecentrobberies.Thenthepoliceaskedmyfriendtocopyoutanotewhichhadbeenusedbythethiefinanumberofshops.Thenote1()“Ihaveaguninmypocket.Asknoquestionsandgivemeallthemoneyinthesafe.”Fortunately,myfriend*shandwritingwasquiteunlikethethiefs.Hewasnotonlyallowedtogowithoutfurtherdelay,buttotakethestringofpearlswithhim.1.[A]exactly[B]really[C]largelyEd]thoroughly2.[A]dangerLB]chance[C]risk[D]opportunity3.[A]within[B]beyond[C]without[D]outof4.[A]indifficulty[B]indoubt[C]inearnest[D]inquestion5.[A]amountB]stock[C]number[D]store6.[A]inorder[B]inneed[C]numberEd]incommon7.[A]whether[B]if[C]otherwise[D]unless8.[A]Really[B]Sureenough[C]Certainly[D]However9.[A]treatment[B]manner[C]inconvenience[D]behavior10.[A]read[B]told[C]wrote[D]informed二.词法1.单词记忆方法1）遗忘发生的规律：艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线图

32010020609分分小时125天天天问忆时间间隔31天oooooooo09876543音节保持率2）遗忘的原因：干扰（interference）和消退（decay）前摄干扰与倒摄干扰3）平时记忆单词的技巧：三步曲4）考前突击背单词的技巧：黑白记忆法5）利用构词法提高记忆效率（见附录）1.单词辨义1）近义词（strengthen,accommodate,stimulate,enhance）2）近形词（头韵词hostile,hospital,hospitable尾韵词affect,effect）仔细区分：1.accuse,charge,scold,curse,blame,sentence,persecute,testify,justify,witness2.ability,capability,capacity3.accessible,available,attainable4.refuse,dismiss,deny,eliminate,abandon,avoid,escape,prevent,refrain,discard5.acquire,obtain,win,achieve,accomplish,gain,clutch,grasp,seize,earn,fulfill,secure6.desirable,desirous7.agree,assent,consent,comply,abide8.alike,similar,identical,same9.alteration,alternative10.controversy,argument,dispute11.highway,avenue,street,lane,path,pavement12.punctual,timely,instant,swift13.clothes,clothing,dress,suit,uniform,costume14.excursion,trip,tour,voyage,travel,journey15.fancy,imagination16.fate,fortune,doom17.freedom,liberty18.harbor,port19.material,matter,substance,thing,object20.motion,movement,campaign21.package,packet,parcel22.percent,percentage23.basic,fundamental,essential,elementary,indispensable,necessary24.occupation,profession,employment,job,work,position25.beneficial,beneficent,profitable26.ashamed,shameful

41.bare,empty,naked,vacant,vacuum,blank,bald,bleak2.constant,continual,continuous,successive,persistent,steady3.entire,total,whole,complete4.altogether,alltogether5.accomplish,complete,finish,fulfill6.alter,change,transform7.amuse,entertain8.anticipate,expect9.assume,suppose,presume10.attack,charge11.ban,forbid,prohibit,prevent,stop12.scold,condemn,curse,swear,abuse13.distribute,attribute,contribute14.focus,concentrate15.damage,destroy16.decrease,reduce,diminish17.delay,postpone18.disappear,fade,vanish19.display,expose,reveal20.flourish,prosper,thrive21.transfer,transit,translate,transmit,transform,transparent,transplant,transport,transportation22.assure,ensure,insure,secure»confirm,guarantee23.late,later,latest,latter,lately24.negligent,negligible25.statue,status,statute26.dispose,compose,impose,oppose,suppose,expose,pose27.literal,literally,literary,literate28.desert,dessert29.immigrant,emigrant,migrant30.precede,proceed,exceed,succeed31.clash,crash,crush32.perceive,receive,conceive,deceive33.hard,hardly,hardy,hardily,hardiness,harness34.high,highly35.hostile,hostility,hospitable,hospitality36.commend,recommend,comment,command37.legal,legible,eligible38.mediate,medicate,meditate39.belief,confidence,trust40.certificate,qualification,diploma,credential41.compel,impel,repel,propel,dispel42.complement,implement,supplement,fulfillment,compliment43.compress,depress,impress,suppress,oppress,repress44.observance,observation45.sensible,sensitive,sentimental46.credible,creditable,credulous47.altitude,attitude,latitude,longitude,magnitude,multitude

51.award,reward2.efficient,effective3.inspiration,aspiration,perspiration4.intelligent,intelligible,intellectual5.broad,abroad,board,aboard6.admission,admittance7.appreciative,appreciable8.amaze,surprise,astonish,shock9.alone,lonely,lonesome,lone10.prescribe,describe,inscribe,ascribe,subscribe11.ignore,neglect,ban,prohibit,deny12.comprehensive,comprehensible13.consequent,subsequent14.consider,considering,considerate,considerable,consideration15.conscience,conscientious,conscious,consciousness16.convince,persuade,trust,believe17.principal,principle18.glare,stare,glance,glimpse19.stubborn,unyielding,inflexible20.indignation,anger,fury,rage21.lawyer,attorney,judge,witness22.economic,economical23.effective,efficient24.imaginary,imaginative,imaginable,imagine25.industrial,industrious,industry26.respectable,respectful,respective,irrespective,respectively27.personal,private,individual,own28.possible,probable,likely29.sensible,sensitive,sentimental30.custom,tradition,habit,hobby,fancy31.journey,excursion,voyage,flight,travel,tour32.circumstance,surroundings,environment例1：Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin28.Itisimportanttodoso.(2002)A.conceptB.dimensionC.effectD.perspective例J2：Inasignificant32tighteningoflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLordChancellor,willintroducea33draflbillthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses34illegalandwillstrictlycontroltheamountof35thatcanbegiventoacase36beforeatrialbegins.(2001)A.publicityB.penaltyC.popularityD.peculiarity彳列3：Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow49raleofinterest,butloansofthiskindarenot50obtainable.(2000)A.genuinelyB.obviouslyC.presumablyD.frequently例4：Successfulsafetyprogramsmay45greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.(1999)A.alterB.differC.shiftD.distinguish例5：This"45disposable“workforceisthemostimportant46inAmericanbusinesstoday,anditis47

6fundamentaHychangingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.(1997)A.approachB.flowC.fashionD.trend3.习惯用法例1：TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBill,which43makestheEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally44bindinginBritain,laiddownthateverybodywas45toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies.(2001)A.authorizedB.creditedC.entitledD.qualifled例2：Fromafinancialstandpointalone,safety48.(1999)A.comesoffB.turnsupC.paysoffD.holdsup例3：Theyareneededfor42foodsintoenergyandbodymaintenance.(1996)A.shiftingB.transferringC.alteringD.transforming例：UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They41thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe42man.Buttheyinsistedthatits43resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe44oftheEnglishpopulation.45contrast,theysawintheprecedinghundredyears,from1650to1750,whenEnglandwasstilla46agriculturalcountry,aperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity.Thisview,47,isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists48historyandeconomics,have49twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was50bygreatpoverty,andthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.(1998)41.A.admittedB.believedC.claimedD.predicted42.A.plainB.averageC.meanD.normal43.A.momentaryB.promptC.instantD.immediate44.A.bulkB.hostC.grossD.magnitude45.A.OnB.WithC.ForD.By46.A.broadlyB.thoroughlyC.generallyD.completely47.A.howeverB.meanwhileC.thereforeD.moreover48.A.atB.inC.aboutD.for49.A.manifestedB.approvedC.shownD.speculated50.A.notedB.impressedC.labeledD.marked三.语法1.动词的时态：一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在进行时，过去进行时，将来进行时，现在完成时，过去完成时，将来完成时，现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，过去将来时，过去将来进行时，过去将来完成时，过去将来完成进行时Themanwholikescoffeeandoftencomestothiscoffeehousesurvivedanaccidentlastyear.BythetimeyouarriveinBeijing,weshallhavestayedherefortwoweeks.2.虚拟语气1)基本形式：与现在实际情况相虚拟(did/were...would/should/coulddo),与过去实际情况虚拟(haddone...would/should/couldhavedone),与将来实际情况虚拟(weretodo...would/should/coulddo)2)特殊句型：(1)Hadthedoctorbeenavailable,thechildwouldhavebeensaved.(2)ifonly,suppose:IfonlyIcouldaffordsuchabighouse.

7Supposeyouwereamillionaire,howwouldyouspendthemoney?(1)Itis(about,high)timesb.didsth.(2)without,butfor,butthat,or,otherwise:Withoutairandwater,nohumanbeingcouldsurviveontheearth.Buiforyourtimelyhelp,wecouldn'thavefinishedthejobontime.Shewasseriouslyilllastnight,otherwiseshewouldhaveattendedtheparty.(5)错综时间条件句：IfIwereyou,Iwouldn'lhaveleftschoolsoearly.Hadyoulistenedtoyourparentstenyearsago,youwouldbeasuccessfulscientistnow.(6)需要用虚拟的动词：suggest,propose,insist,prefer,order,command,advise,desire,recommend,require,intend,decide,request,deserve,demand,determine,arrange,beg,ask,pray,urge,move,instruct,stipulate,maintain,resolve(7)需要用虚拟的名词idea,importance,insistence,motion,order,plan,proposal,recommendation,request,suggestion,necessity,desire,motion,requirement,resolution,demand,stipulation,advice,preference,wish(8)需要用虚拟的形容词advisable,anxious,appropriate,better,desirable,eager,essential,imperative,important,insistent,keen,natural,necessary,possible,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,absurd,best,content,unfair,odd,pleasant,right,strange,crucial,surprising(9)wishShewishesthatshewereateacher.IwishIcouldtakeawalkonthemoon.(10)would(had)rather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoonI'dratheryoustayedwithustonight.Iwouldjustassoontheyhaddonethejobaheadoftime.(1l)asif,asthoughShetalksasifshewereadoctor.(Itseemsasifit'sgoingtorain.)(12)incase,lest,forfearthatShetookanumbrellaincaseitshouldrain.Remembertoleaveearlierlestyoushouldmissthetrain.(13)ifonlyIfonlyIcouldspeakfluentEnglish.1.非限定性动词：分词，不定式，动名词(时态&语态)例1.Heregrettedhavingblamedhisassistantforthemistake.例2.Havingfinishedthisjob,theyheadedhome.例3.Walkingonthestreet,wesawmanypeopledancingandcheering.例4.Thestudentsenteredtheclassroomlaughingandtalking.例5.Foundinallpartsofthestate,sequoias(杉树)arethemostcommontreesinCalifornia.

8现在分词表示：1）不正在进行中的主动意味动作如：runningwater自来水guidingprinciple指导原则2）正在进行中的主动意味动作，如:developingcountries发展中国家barkingdog吠叫的狗过去分词表示：1）被动意味动作如：guidedmissile导弹2）被动，已完成smokedfish熏鱼3）主动，已完成returnedtalents归国人才fadedroses凋谢的玫瑰以不定式做宾语的动词promisingstudent有培养前途的学生neighboringcountry邻国ragingflames熊熊烈火settingsun落日so-calledexpert所谓的专家changedconditions已改变了的情况developedcountry发达国家aim,arrange,ask,afford,agree,apply,attempt,beg,bother,choose,claim,consent,care,decide,decline,demand,dare,desire,determine,elect,endeavor,expect,fail,guarantee,happen,hesitate,hope,intend,learn,long,manage,offer,ought,plan,prepare,presume,pretend,proceed,profess,promise,refuse,request,resolve,seek,strive,swear,tend,threaten,undertake,volunteer,wish以动名词做宾语的动词miss,mind,enjoy,avoid,admit,finish,escape,practice,acknowledge,advise,allow,anticipate,appreciate,consider,complete,contemplate,delay,deny,endure,evade,facilitate,favor,forbid,forgive,imagine,involve,permit,quit,resent,resume,suggest,advocate,detest,excuse,fancy,mention,resist,stand,understand,celebrate,dispute,doubt,dread,ensure,hinder,prohibit,recommend,can'thelp,feellike不定式和动名词都可，但意义不同mean,try,stop,regret,forget,remember,goon,love,like,hate,prefer,dislike动名词主动的形式，但表示被动意思want,need,deserve,require,beworth1.倒装1))虚拟条件句，省略if,同时将had,were,should提到主语之前Wereitnotforyourhelp,wecouldn'thavearrivedthere.2)so/such...thatSolittledidheknowaboutthesubjectthathehadtostayuppreparingfortheexam.3)as,though,nomatterhow(what),howeverYoungasheis,hehasaccomplishedalot.Howevercolditis,hewillgoswimminginthelake.4)so,neither,norHedidn'tgototheconcert,neitherdidhisfamily.5)no,hardly,never,scarcely,seldom,barely,rarely,nolonger,notuntil,nosooner...than,hardly...when,notonly...butalso,not,little,atnotime,bynomeans,onnoaccount,innocase,innoway,under/innocircumstances在句首6))only+adverb,prepositionalphrase,adverbialclauseOnlyinthiswaycanwehopetosolvetheproblemofenvironmentalpollution.

91)here/there/now/then/henceHerecomesthebus.1.一致性1)时态一致2)主谓一致(1)时间，重量，距离，价值，面积，体积等的复数名词表示总数量时，谓语动词要用单数Tenthousanddollarsisabigsumofmoney.Twoweeksisenoughtofinishwritingthispaper.(2)and表示一个整体，用单数thebreadandbutter(thebreadandthebutter?),thecupandsaucer,theknifeandfork,theebbandflow,theneedleandthread,trialanderror,thelawandorder,theteacherandmother(theteacherandthemother?),thepresidentandcommander-in-chief(3)people,police,cattle,poultry,militia,youth通常为复数；public,family,committee,audience,choir,class,club,company,council,crew,firm,gang,school,staff,union,board,flock,government,jury可单可复(4)any,anybody,anyone,anything,each,either,every,everybody,everyone,everything,neither,nobody,noone,nothing,somebody,someone,something为单数(5)with,togetherwith,aswellas,like,but,except,accompaniedby,inadditionto,ratherthan,besides,asmuchas(6)either...or,neither...nor,notonly...butalso,not...but(7)anumberof,thenumberof2.形容词和副词1)形容词的词序：限定词(冠词，代词，所有格形式)+数词或Iasi,next等+一般描述性形容词+大小，长短，高低+形状+年龄，新旧+颜色+国籍，地区，出处+物质材料+用途，类别+名词中心词abrightredsilkdress,abeautifullargegreenChinesecarpet2)比较级和最高级old(older,oldest,elder,eldest),far(farther,farthest,further,furthest),superior,inferior3)形容词的主动和被动surprised,surprising3.连词1)并列连词:and,but,yet,fbr,so,while,whereas,or,aswellas,ratherthan,either...or,neither...nor,notonly...butalso2)从属连词：(1)弓I导时间状语：when,whenever,as,since,till,until,before,after,assoonas,once,themoment,theinstant,immediately,theday,nosooner...than,hardly/scarcely...when,instantly,everytime,theminute,thesecond(2)地点：where,wherever,everywhere(3)条件：if,unless,providing/provided(that),aslongas,solongas,onconditionthat,suppose,supposingthat,incase,ifonly(4)原因：because,as,since,nowthat,seeing(that),considering(that),inviewof(5)让步：though,although,evenif,eventhough,as,while,whatever,wherever,whoever,however,nomatter...,granting/granted(that),inspiteof,despite(6)比较：as...as,thesameas,notsoas,than(7)方式：as,asif,asthough,theway

10(8)目的：that,sothat,lest,incase,forfearthat,inorderthat(9)结果：sothat,so...that,such...that,tosuchadegree/extentthat

11例1:"Benefits"havebeenweighed40"harmful"outcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.(2002)A.aboveB.uponC.againstD.with例2:39PublicalionofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda40slormofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe41interpretationofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges42toParliament.(2001)A.betterthanB.otherthanC.ratherthanD.soonerthan例3:Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowing,asaninsurance43theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto44replaceoldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto45feedthesoil.(2000)A.fbrB.againstC.ofD.towards例4:Companies41lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprograms,workhardtoorganizethem,andcontinueworkingtokeepthemaliveandactive.A.atB.inC.on例5:44itseconomycontinuestorecover,theUSistemporaryworkers.A.EventhoughB.NowthatC.Ifonly(1999)D.withincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersand(1997)D.Providedthat例：Vitaminsareorganiccompoundsnecessaryinsmallamountsinthedietforthenormalgrowthandmaintenanceoflifeofanimals,includingman.Theydonotprovideenergy,41dotheyconstructorbuildanypartofthebody.Theyareneededfor42foodsintoenergyandbodymaintenance.Therearethirteenormoreofthem,andif43ismissingadeficiencydiseasebecomes44.Vitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements—usuallycarbon,hydrogen,oxygen,and45nitrogen.Theyaredifferent46theirelementsarearrangeddifferently,andeachvitamin47oneormorespecificfunctionsinthebody.48enoughvitaminsisessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhasnonutritionalusefor49vitamins.Manypeople,50,believeinbeingonthe“safeside“andthustakeextravitamins.However,awell-balanceddietwillusuallymeetallthebody'svitaminneeds.(1996)41.A.eitherB.soC.norD.never42.A.shiftingB.transferringC.alteringD.transforming43.A.anyB.someC.anythingD.something44.A.seriousB.apparentC.severeD.fatal45.A.mostlyB.partiallyC.sometimesD.rarely46.A.inthatB.sothatC.suchthatD.exceptthat47.A.undertakesB.holdsC.playsD.performs48.A.SupplyingB.GettingC.ProvidingD.Furnishing49.A.exceptionalB.exceedingC.excessD.external50.A.neverthelessB.thereforeC.moreoverD.meanwhile四.文法(语篇衔接)根据语篇逻辑关系和句意进行判断例1:TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBill,which43theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally44bindinginBritain,laiddownthateverybodywas45entitledtoprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies.(2001)A.changesB.makesC.setsD.turns例2:Ifnosurplusisavailable,afarmercannotbe47.(2000)

12A.self-confidentB.self-sufficientC.self-satisfiedD.self-restrained彳列3：Everymorning,itspeople41intotheofficesandfactoriesofAmerica,seekingaday'sworkforaday?spay.(1997)A.swarmB.strideC.separateD.slip例4：48Gettingenoughvitaminsisessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhasnonutritionalusefor49vitamins.(1996)A.exceptionalB.exceedingC.excessD.external例5:Inasignificant32tighteningoflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLordChancellor,willintroducea33draftbillthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses34illegalandwillstrictlycontroltheamountof35publicitythatcanbegiventoacase36atrialbegins.(2001)A.sinceB.ifC.beforeD.as例：Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleep,characterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreaming,andlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.41kindofsleepisatallwellunderstood,butREMsleepis42toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore43.Thenewexperiments,suchasthese44forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolis,suggestfascinatingexplanations45ofnon-REMsleep.Forexample,ithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep46is100percentfataltorats,yet,47examinationofthedeadbodies,theanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow48themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats49bacterialinfectionsoftheblood,50theirimmunesystems—theself-protectingmechanismagainstdisease—hadcrashed.(1995)41.A)EitherB)NeitherC)EachD)Any42.A)intendedB)requiredC)assumedD)inferred43.A)subtleB)obviousC)mysteriousD)doubtful44.A)maintainedB)describedC)settledD)afforded45.A)inthelightB)byvirtueC)withtheexceptionD)forthepurpose46.A)reductionB)destructionC)deprivationD)restriction47.A)uponB)byC)throughD)with48.A)paidattentiontoB)caughtsightofC)laidemphasisonD)castlighton49.A)developB)produceC)stimulateD)induce50.A)ifB)asifC)onlyifD)ifonly第二部分：全真题详解2003年考题Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotional,intellectual,andphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious21tohowtheycanbest22suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand23.butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.24theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe25thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare26byothers.However,thetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe27toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers,28,publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews,29studentartwork,andsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide30opportunitiesforleadership,aswellasforpracticeinsuccessful31dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagers,andmanyshystudentsneedthe32ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult33visibleinthebackground.

13Intheseactivities,itisimportanttorememberthattheyoungteenshave34attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized35participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto36elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants37»Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.38theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby39forrolesthatarewithintheir40andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedrules.(2(X)3)21.A.thoughtB.ideaC.opinionD.advice22.A.strengthenB.accommodateC.stimulateD.enhance23.A.careB.nutritionC.exerciseD.leisure24.A.IfB.AlthoughC.WhereasD.Because25.A.assistanceB.guidanceC.confidenceD.tolerance26.A.claimedB.admiredC.ignoredD.surpassed27.A.improperB.riskyC.fairD.wise28.A.ineffectB.asaresultC.forexampleD.inasense29.A.displayingB.describingC.creatingD.exchanging30.A.durableB.excessiveC.surplusD.multiple31.A.groupB.individualC.personnelD.corporation32.A.consentB.insuranceC.admissionD.security33.A.particularlyB.barelyC.definitelyD.rarely34.A.similarB.longC.differentD.short35.A.ifonlyB.nowthatC.sothatD.evenif36.A.everythingB.anythingC.nothingD.something37.A.offB.downC.outD.alone38.A.OnthecontraryB.OntheaverageC.OnthewholeD.Ontheotherhand39.A.makingB.standingC.planningD.taking40.A.capabilityB.responsibilityC.proficiencyD.efficiency2002年考题Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened21.Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot22the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic23,followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe24oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution25up,beginningwithtransport,therailway,andleading26throughthetelegraph,thetelephone,radio,andmotionpictures27the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin28.Itisimportanttodoso.Itisgenerallyrecognized,29,thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury,30bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,radicallychangedtheprocess,31itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately32.Astimewentby,computersbecamesmallerandmorepowerful,andtheybecameMpersonal'*too,aswellas33,withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage34increasing.Theywerethoughtof,likepeople,35generations,withthedistancebetweengenerationsmuch36.Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterm"informationsocietyMbegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe37withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas38bothworkandleisureandhowwe

14thinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtime,buttherehavebeen39viewsaboutitseconomic,political,socialandculturalimplications.,'BenefitsHhavebeenweighed40''harmful"outcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.21.[A]between[B]before[C]since[D]later22.[A]after[B]by[c]during[D]until23.[A]means[B]method[C]medium[D]measure24.[A]process[B]company[C]light[D]form25.[A]gathered[B]speeded[c]worked[D]picked26.[A]on[B]out[C]over[D]off27.[A]of[B]for[C]beyond[D]into28.[A]concept[B]dimension[c]effect[D]perspective29.[A]indeed[B]hence[C]however[D]therefore30.[A]brought[B]followed[C]stimulated[D]characterized31.[A]unless[B]since[c]lest[D]although32.[A]apparent[B]desirable[C]negativeEd]plausible33.[A]institutional[B]universal[C]fundamental[D]instrumental34.[A]ability[B]capability[C]capacity[D]faculty35.[A]bymeansof[B]intermsof[C]withregardto[D]inlinewith36.[A]deeper[B]fewer[C]nearer[D]smaller37.[A]context[B]range[c]scope[D]territory38.[A]regarded[B]impressed[C]influenced[D]effected39.[A]competitive[B]controversial[C]distracting[D]irrational40.[A]above[B]upon[c]against[D]with2001年考题Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases31thetrialofRosemaryWest.Inasignificant32oflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLordChancellor,willintroducea33billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses34andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof35thatcanbegiventoacase36atrialbegins.InalettertoGeraldKaufman,chairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommittee,LordIrvinesaidhe37withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot38sufficientcontrol.39ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda40ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe41ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges42toParliament.TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBill,which43theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally44inBritain,laiddownthateverybodywas45toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies.“Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands46ourBritishjudges/,hesaid.Witnesspaymentsbecamean47afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere48tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised49witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto50guiltyverdicts.31.A.astoB.forinstanceC.inparticularD.such32.A.tighteningB.intensifyingC.focusingD.fastening33.A.sketchB.roughC.preliminaryD.draft34.A.illogicalB.illegalC.improbableD.improper

1535.A.publicityB.penaltyC.popularityD.peculiarity36.A.sinceB.ifC.beforeD.as37.A.sidedB.sharedC.compliedD.agreed38.A.presentB.offerC.manifestD.indicate39.A.ReleaseB.PublicationC.PrintingD.Exposure40.A.stormB.rageC.flareD.flash41.A.translationB.interpretationC.exhibitionD.demonstration42.A.betterthanB.otherthanC.ratherthanD.soonerthan43.A.changesB.makesC.setsD.turns44.A.bindingB.convincingC.restrainingD.sustaining45.A.authorizedB.creditedC.entitledD.qualified46.A.withB.toC.fromD.by47.A.impactB.incidentC.inferenceD.issue48.A.statedB.remarkedC.saidD.told49.A.whatB.whenC.whichD.that50.A.assureB.confideC.ensureD.guarantee2000年考题Ifafarmerwishestosucceed,hemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain41consumingallhisgrainimmediately.Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily42heproducesasurplus.Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowing,asaninsurance43theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto44oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto45thesoil.Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation46andimprovehisfarminotherways.Ifnosurplusisavailable,afarmercannotbe47.Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor48extrafundsintheformofloans.Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow49ofinterest,butloansofthiskindarenot50obtainable.41.A.otherthanB.aswellasC.insteadofD.morethan42.A.onlyifB.muchasC.longbeforeD.eversince43.A.forB.againstC.ofD.towards44.A.replaceB.purchaseC.supplementD.dispose45.A.enhanceB.mixC.feedD.raise46.A.vesselsB.routesC.pathsD.channels47.A.self-confidentB.self-sufficientC.self-satisfiedD.self-restrained48.A.searchB.saveC.offerD.seek49.A.proportionB.percentageC.rateD.ratio50.A.genuinelyB.obviouslyC.presumablyD.frequently1999年考题Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies41lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprograms,workhardtoorganizethem,andcontinueworkingtokeepthem42andactive.Whentheworkiswelldone,a43ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished44timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.Successfulsafetyprogramsmay45greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby46rulesorregulations.47othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.But,therearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained.

16Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalone,safety48.Thefewertheinjury49,thebettertheworkman'sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat50orataloss.41.A.atB.inC.onD.with42.A.aliveB.vividC.mobileD.diverse43.A.regulationB.climateC.circumstanceD.requirement44.A.whereB.howC.whatD.unless45.A.alterB.differC.shiftD.distinguish46.A.constitutingB.aggravatingC.observingD.justifying47.A.SomeB.ManyC.EvenD.Still48.A.comesoffB.turnsupC.paysoffD.holdsup49.A.claimsB.reportsC.declarationsD.proclamations50.A.anadvantageB.abenefitC.aninterestD.aprofit1997年考题ManpowerInc.,with560,000workers,istheworld'slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorning,itspeople41intotheofficesandfactoriesofAmerica,seekingaday'sworkforaday'spay.Onedayatatime.42industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandIBMstruggletosurvive43reducingthenumberofemployees,Manpower,basedinMilwaukee,Wisconsin,isbooming.44itseconomycontinuestorecover,theUSisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.This-45”workforceisthemostimportant46inAmericanbusinesstoday,anditis47changingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive48avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens49byemploymentrules,health-carecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecurity,benefitsandsenseof50thatcamefrombeingaloyalemployee.41.A.swarmB.strideC.separateD.slip42.A.ForB.BecauseC.AsD.Since43.A.fromB.inC.onD.by44.A.EventhoughB.NowthatC.IfonlyD.Providedthat45.A.durableB.disposableC.availableD.transferable46.A.approachB.flowC.fashionD.trend47.A.instantlyB.reverselyC.fundamentallyD.sufficiently48.A.butB.whileC.andD.whereas49.A.imposedB.restrictedC.illustratedD.confined50.A.excitementB.convictionC.enthusiasmD.importance第三部分：强化练习Test1Nobodylikesinsects.Theyare]andsometimesdangerous.Someofthembiteusandgiveus2_；othersbiteusandgiveusbigred3.Somedonotbite,4theyjustflyroundourheadsorcrawlroundourhousesandgardens.Andwedonotlikeanyofthem—5thoselovelybutterflies.Butinsectsareinteresting.First,theyarevery6animals.Threehundredandtwentymillionyearsagotherewerenomenorother7intheworldbuttherewereinsects.Today,8everysquaremileoflandtherearemillionsofthemflyingandcrawling9.Second,insectsarevery10totheirhabitat,totheirfoodandtotheweather.Nowthereareaboutamilliondifferent11intheworld.Then12dopeopleuseinsecticides?Notmanyinsects13us.Inmanycaseswedonotseetheinsectsandwedonotthinkmuchaboutthem.The14isthat

17insectseatsomuchofman'sfood.15therearesomanybillionsofthem.Sowemustuseinsecticidesto16them.Aninsecticideissimplyaspecialchemical17withsomepoisonouselements.Farmers18theircropsveryoftenandtheinsectsdiequickly.Ofcoursesomepoisonouschemicals19onthecropsorinthe20,andthatisalsodangeroustoourhealth.1.A)wickedB)shockedC)troublingD)annoying2.A)woundsB)diseasesC)hurtsD)cuts3.A)placesB)pointsC)spotsD)scraps4.A)andB)butC)orD)because5.A)besidesB)letaloneC)exceptforD)except6.A)oldB)youngC)smallD)weak7.A)mammalsB)catsC)reptilesD)birds8.A)onB)withC)throughoutD)in9.A)overB)aboveC)aboutD)up10.A)suitableB)adaptableC)agreeableD)changeable11.A)speciesB)samplesC)modelsD)examples12.A)whenB)howC)whereD)why13.A)stabB)woundC)hurtD)pin14.A)differenceB)conditionC)methodD)reason15.A)sothatB)duetoC)andD)owingto16.A)putanendtoB)getridofC)takecareofD)getholdof17.A)medicineB)sectionsC)compoundD)material18.A)sprayB)coverC)cleanD)splash19.A)dropB)stayC)disappearD)leave20.A)soilB)dirtC)earthD)mudTest2Mostworthwhilecareersrequiresomekindofspecializedtraining.Ideally,therefore,thechoiceofan_1shouldbemadeevenbeforethechoiceofacurriculuminhighschool.Actually,2,mostpeoplemakeseveraljobchoicesduringtheirworkinglives,3becauseofeconomicandindustrialchangesandpartlytoimprove4position.The“oneperfectjob“doesnotexist.Youngpeopleshould5enterintoabroadflexibletrainingprogramthatwill6themforafieldofworkratherthanforasingle7.Unfortunatelymanyyoungpeoplehavetomakecareerplans8benefitofhelpfromacompetentvocationalcounselororpsychologist.Knowing9abouttheoccupationalworld,orthemselvesforthatmatter,theychoosetheirlifeworkonahit-or-miss10.somedriftfromjobtojob.Others11toworkinwhichtheyareunhappyandforwhichtheyarenotfitted.Onecommonmistakeischoosinganoccupationfor12realorimaginedprestige.Toomanyhigh-schoolstudents-ortheirparentsforthem-choosetheprofessionalfield,13boththerelativelysmallproportionofworkersintheprofessionsandtheextremelyhigheducationalandpersonal14.Theimaginedorrealprestigeofaprofessionora“while-collar”jobis15goodreasonforchoosingitaslife'swork.16,theseoccupationsarenotalwayswellpaid.Sincealargeproportionofjobsareinmechanicalandmanualwork,the17ofyoungpeopleshouldgiveserious18tothesefields.

18Beforemakinganoccupationalchoice,apersonshouldhaveageneralideaofwhathewants19lifeandhowhardheiswillingtoworktogetit.Somepeopledesiresocialprestige,othersintellectualsatisfaction.Somewantsecurity,othersarewillingtotake20forfinancialgain.Eachoccupationalchoicehasitsdemandsaswellasitsrewards.1.[A]identification[B]entertainment[C]accommodation[D]occupation2.[A]however[B]therefore[C]though[D]thereby3.[A]entirely[B]mainly[C]partly[D]his4.[A]its[B]his[C]our[D]their5.[A]since[B]therefore[C]furthermore[D]forever6.[A]make[B]fit[C]take[D]leave7.[A]jobLb]way[C]means[D]company8.[A]toLb]for[C]without[D]with9.[A]littleLb]few[C]muchED]alot10.[A]chance[B]basis[C]purpose[D]opportunity11.[A]applyLB]appeal[C]stick[D]turn12.[A]our[B]its[C]your[D]their13.[A]concerning[B]following[C]consideringEd]disregarding14.[A]preference[B]requirements[C]tendencies[D]ambitions15.[A]a[B]any[C]no[D]the16.[A]Therefore[B]However[C]Nevertheless[D]Moreover17.[A]majority[B]mass[C]minority[D]multitude18.[A]proposalLb]suggestion[C]consideration[D]appraisal19.[A]towards[B]against[C]outof[D]without20.[A]turns[B]parts[C]choices[D]risksTest3IntheUnitedStatesthefirstdaynurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe]halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.,thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWar,when4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentofunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplants,underdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7,thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar,_8_,federal,stateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9thedaynurseries,chieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries.The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofdaynurseriesinalmostallcountries,aswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis\3theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools,14$6,000,000inJuly,1942,foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.Manystatesandlocalcommunities15thisfederalaid.Bytheendofthewar,inAugust,1945,morethan100,000childrenwerebeingcared16indaycarecentersreceivingFederal17.Soonafterward,theFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.However,theexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled.1.A)latterB)lateC)otherD)first2.A)thoseB)themC)whoseD)whom3.A)impetusB)inputC)imitationD)initiative4.A)sourcesB)abundanceC)shortageD)reduction5.A)hardlyB)entirelyC)onlyD)even6.A)BecauseB)AsC)SinceD)Although7.A)unanimouslyB)sharplyC)predominantlyD)militantly

198.A)thereforeBConsequentlyC)howeverD)moreover9.A)overB)inC)atD)moreover10.A)formulatingB)labelingC)patentingD)licensing11.A)outsetB)outbreakC)breakthroughD)breakdown12.A)againB)thusC)repeatedlyD)yet13.A)circumstanceB)occasionC)caseD)situation14.A)regulatingB)summoningC)allocatingD)transferring15.A)expandedB)facilitatedC)supplementedD)compensated16.A)byB)afterC)ofD)for17.A)pensionsB)subsidiesC)revenuesD)budgets18.A)prevalentlyB)fiiriouslyC)statisticallyD)drastically19.A)abolishedB)diminishedOjeopardizedD)precluded20.A)nurseriesB)homesC)jobsD)childrenTest4Mostyoungpeopleenjoysomeformofphysicalactivity.Itmaybewalking,bicycling,orswimming,orinwinter,skatingorskiing.Itmaybeagameofsome]一football,hockey,golfortennis.Itmaybemountaineering.Thosewhohaveapassionfor2highanddifficultmountainsareoften3withastonishment.Whyaremenandwomenwillingto4coldandhardship,andtotakerisksonhighmountains?Thisastonishmentiscaused,5,bythedifferencebetweenmountaineeringandotherformsofactivityto6mengivetheirleisure.Mountaineeringisasportand7agame.Therearenoman-maderules8thereareforsuchgamesasgolfandfootball.Thereare,9,rulesofadifferentkindwhichitwouldbedangerousto10butitisthisfreedomfromman-maderulesthatmakesmountaineering11tomanypeople.Thosewhoclimbmountainsare12tousetheirownmethods.Ifwecomparemountaineeringandothermore13sports,wemightthinkthatonebigdifferenceisthat14isnota“teamgame".Weshouldbemistaken15this.Thereare,itistrue,no“matches”between“team"ofclimbers,butwhenclimbersareonarockface16byaropeonwhichtheirlivesmaydepend,thereis17teamwork.Themountainclimberknowsthathemay18fightforcesthatarestrongerandmorepowerfulthanman.Hehastofighttheforcesof19,Hissportrequireshighmentalandphysical20.1.A)partB)sortsC)sportD)kind2.A)climbingB)risingC)goingD)enjoying3.A)dealtB)lookeduponC)copedD)disgusted4.A)catchB)diverseC)sufferD)overcome5.A)probablyB)preciselyC)logicallyD)strongly6.A)thatB)howC)whichD)why7.A)butB)notC)alsoD)is8.A)asB)suchasC)i.e.D)possibly9.A)forexampleB)perhapsC)thenD)ofcourse10.A)behaveB)implyC)ignoreD)list11.A)luxuriousB)painfulC)attractiveD)noticeable12.A)occasionalB)freeC)accustomedD)popular13.A)familiarB)similarC)regularD)thirty14.A)sportB)astonishmentC)ruleD)mountaineering15.A)byB)inC)fromD)against16.A)admittedB)trackedC)vanishedD)linked

2017.A)obviously18.A)would19.A)mountain20.A)limitationB)basicallyB)havetoB)windB)divisionC)alreadyC)duetoC)natureC)goodnessD)converselyD)betoD)snowD)qualitiesTest5Recentstudiesofthehumanbrainhaveresultedinsomeinterestingdiscoveries.Scientistsbelievethatawaytoimprovethe1ofthebrainmaysoonbepossible.Scientistshavediscovered2thebraincanmakeitsowndrugs.Thebrain_3_aproteinsubstancewhichcanactdirectly4thebraintochange5ofmentalactivity.Somemaychangeorimprove,6_creativity,intelligence,imagination,andgood7.Chemicalsfoundinthebrain8messages.Inrecentyearsscientistshavefoundchemicalsthat_9mood,memoryandother10ofthemind.About25havebeenfound11.Todaytheroleofchemicalsand12proteinsubstanceinhumanbehavior13muchinterest.Researchseemstoshowthattheymayhelp14insomnia,pain,andmentalillness.Theyhaveagreat15tostimulatethebrainto16deficiencies.Theyalsoimprovethe17ofmemoryandlearningalreadyinthebrain.Theyholdthesecret18betterandmore20brain.moodandemotion.Someday19maybeachemicalwaytocreateC)powerD)impact1.A)caseB)fashion2.A)thatB)whatC)whetherD)when3.A)entertainsB)reslrainsC)sustainsD)contains4.A)againstB)onC)forD)to5.A)placesB)aspectsC)speedsD)behaviors6.A)asaresultB)intheendC)forexampleD)forthisreason7.A)characterB)temperC)spiritD)memory8.A)obtainB)acceptC)carryD)receive9.A)approachB)affectC)aidD)apply10.A)happeningsB)findingsC)dealingsD)understandings11.A)somanyB)somuchC)sofarD)sogood12.A)aB)theC)/D)its13.A)iscreatingB)arecreatingC)havecreatedD)wascreating14.A)concealB)compressQconfineD)control15.A)courageB)capacityC)authorityD)curiosity16.A)containB)contestC)conquerD)condemn17.A)amountsB)quantitiesC)qualitiesD)contents18.A)toB)inC)onD)with19.A)thisB)thereC)thatD)here20.A)excessiveB)economicalC)elaborateD)efficientAnswerKeytoTestsTest11.DBCBD6.AADCB11.ADCDC16.BCABATest21.DACDB6.BACABII.CBDBC16,DACCDTest31.CBACD6.DBCBA11.BABCC16,DBDACTest41.DABCA6.CBADCll.CBADB16.DABCDTest51.CADBB6.CDCBA11.CBADB16.CCABD附录：英语单词构词法1.Prefixes1)dis-(not,theoppositeof)disadvantage,dislike,disagree,disappear,disarm,disaster,disastrous,disappoint,

21disable,disability,discharge,disclose,discount,discourage,discover,discovery,discrepancy,disease,disgrace,disguise,disgust,dishonor,dishonest,dislike,dismay,disorder,dispatch,disperse,displace,displacement,displease,disregard,dissatisfy,distort,distract1)in-(not,in,into)inability,incorrect,inability,incapable,inhuman,injustice,informal,inside,include,inclusive,income,increase,increasingly,incredible,indefinite,independence,independent,indifferent,indirect,indispensable,individual,indoor,inertia,inevitable,infamous,infinite,inhabit,inhabitant,inherent,inject,injection,inland,inlet,inner,innocent,innumerable,input,inquire,inquiry,insane,insert,inside,insight,insist,inspect,inspiration,inspire,install,installation,installment,instance,instant,instinct,insulate,intense,interior,internal,into,intrinsic,invade,invalid,invaluable,invariably,invasion,invert,investigate,invisible,involve,inward2)im-(not,in,into)impossible,imbalance,immature,immoral,impatient,implicit,impress,impression,import,immigrate,imprison,immerse3)il-(not)illegal,illogical4)ir-(not)irregular,irresponsible,irrespective5)un-(not)unable,uncover,undo,undoubtedly,undress,uneasy,unemployment,unexpected,unfold,unfortunately,unimportant,unlike,unload,unusual6)non-(not)nonsmoker,nonexistence,non-cooperation,nonstop,nonmetal,nonresident,nonsense7)mis-(wrong,wrongly)misjudge,misunderstand,mislead,misspell,misstep,misfortune,misuse8)de-(showingtheopposite,toremove,toreduce)deform,deface,demobilize,destruction,deforest,denationalize,depress,depression,devalue,decode,decrease,degenerate,degrade,descend,descendant,descent,devalue9)pre-(before,inadvance)prefix,pre-historic,precaution,precede,preceding,preclude,predecessor,predict,predominant,preface,prejudice,preliminary,premature,premier,premise,premium,preparation,prepare,prepay,preside,president,presumably,presume,pretext,prevail,prevent,previous,prewar10)ante-,(before,inadvance)anteroom,ante-Christian,antemeridian,anticipate,antique11)fore-(inadvance,before,inoratthefront)forehead,foreman,foretell,foresee,forefather,foreleg,forerunner,fore,foremost,forecast,forewarn12)ex-(out,outof,former)ex-minister,ex-president,ex-SovietUnion,ex-wife,export,exclude,exclusive,excursion,exhibit,exile,exit,exotic,expand,expansion,expedition,expel,expend,expenditure,expense,explode,explosion,explosive,expose,exposition,exposure,express,expression,extend,extension,extensive,exterior,external,extinct,extra,extract13)post-(laterthan,after)postgraduate,post-war,postmeridian,postpone,postscript14)sub-(under,below,lessimportant)sub,subject,subway,subtitle,submarine,sub-zero,submerge,submit,subordinate,subscribe,subsection,subsequent,subsidiary,subsidy,substance,substantial,substitute,subtract,suburb15)infra-(under)infrastructure,infrared16)re-(again,backtoaformerstate)react,reaction,recall,recede,receipt,recipient,reclaim,recognize,recognition,record,recorder,recover,recovery,recreation,recur,recycle,redundant,reflect,reflection,reflexion,reform,refrain,refresh,refreshment,refund,refute,reinforce,reject,remember,remind,removal,remove,renaissance,renew,repay,repeat,repeatedly,repel,repetition,replace,replacement,reply,report,reporter,represent,representative,repression,reproduce,respect,respond,response,responsibility,responsible,restore,resume,return,reunion,reuse,review,revise,revive17)co-,col-,com-,con-,cor-(withtogether)co-existence,cooperate,cooperative,co-author,coalition,coherent,coincide,coincidence,collaboration,colleague,collide,collision,compassion,concentric,conjoin,coordinate,correlation18)inter-(between,among)international,interchangeable,interdependent,interpersonal,interview,interact,interaction,intercourse,interface,interfere,interference,Internet,interrupt,interval,intervene

221)macro-(large)macroeconomics,macrocosm,macrostructure2)micro-(extremelysmall)microcomputer,microeconomics,microscope,microphone,microsurgery3)super-(greaterormorethan)super,supermarket,supersonic,superman,superpower,supernatural,supervise,superb,superficial,superintendent,superior,superiority,supreme4)sur-(morethan,beyond)surplus,surtax,surface,surpass,surround,survival,survive,suspect5)ultra-(beyond,very,too)ultramodern,ultrasound,ultra-violet6)auto-(oforbyoneself)auto,autocriticism,autoland,automobile,automation,automatic,autobiography,autonomous,autonomy7)mal-(bad,badly)malfunction,maltreat,malnutrition,malpractice8)tele-(atoroveralongdistance,byorfortelevision)telegram,television,telegraph,telephone,telecommunications,telescope,telescreen,teleswitch,televise9)semi-,hemi-(half)semicircle,semiconductor,semi-colony,hemisphere10)uni-,mono-(one)uniform,unify,union,unique,unit,unite,unity,universe,universal,university,monologue,monopoly,monotonous,carbonmonoxide11)bi-,di-(two)biweekly,bicycle,bilateral,billion,dialogue,carbondioxide12)tri-(three)tricycle,triangle,trilogy,triple13)quadri-,quadru-(four)quadruple,quadrangle33)penta-(five)pentagon,Pentagon,Pentium34)hexa-(six)hexagon,hexangular35)sept-(seven)September,Sept-Wolves36)octa-(eight)octagon,octave,octopus,October37)nona-(nine)nonagon,November38)deci-,deca-(ten)decade,decimal39)centi-(hundredthpart)centigrade,centimeter,centipede,century40)kilo-(thousand)41)mill-(thousand)42)multi-(many)kilo,kilometer,kilogram(me),kilowattmillennium,millimetermulti-purpose,multinational,multiple,multiply,multitude43)counter-,anti-,contra-(opposite,against)counterattack,counterclockwise,counterrevolutionary,antibiotic,antimatter,antiwar,contradict,contradiction,contramissile,contranatural,contrary,contrast44)mini-(smallest,short)minibus,miniskirt,minimum,minister,minimize,ministry,minor,minority,minute45)max-(greatest)maximum,maximal,maximize46)out-(outside,beyond)outdo,outwit,outlive,outnumber,outdoor,outstanding,outskirts,outward,outcome,outer,outing,outline,outlook,output,outrage,outside47)over-(toomuch,above,additional)overwork,overuse,overtake,overpass,overthrow,overturn,overall,overdue,overhead,overhear,overlook,overseas,48)trans-(across,onortotheothersideof)transaction,transatlantic,transcend,transfer,transform,transistor,transit,transition,translate,translation,transmission,transmit,transmitter,transparent,transplant,transport,transportation49)under-(toolittle,below)underdevelopment,underestimate,undergraduate,underground,underlie,underline,undersea,underlying,undermine,underneath,underwear50)neo-(new)neo-Nazism,neolithic51)be-(causetobeorhave)befriend,belittle52)bio-(life)biology,biography,autobiography,antibiotic53)en-em-(causetobecome,putintothestatedcondition)embody,empower,endanger,enlarge,enrich54)extra-(outside,beyond)extracurricular,extraordinary55)mid-(middle)midday,midnight

2345)poly-(many)polycentric,polydirectional46)pseudo-(notreal,false)pseudomemory,pseudoscience47)thermo-(heat)thermochemistry,thermometer48)vice-(nextinrankbelow)vice-chairman,vice-president1.SuffixesNouns1)-ant,-entapplicant,component,servant,student2)-er,-or,-aremployer,interviewer,trainer,painter,NewYorker,Northerner,lighter,cooker,conductor,beggar3)-eeabsentee,abandonee,employee,interviewee,trainee4)-eerengineer,pioneer5)-an,-ian,-arianhistorian,humanitarian,librarian,musician,Canadian6)-eseChinese,Japanese7)-istartist,Marxist,capitalist8)-ismsocialism,capitalism,mechanism9)-ability,-ibilityability,flexibility10)-agepostage,shrinkage11)-alarrival,refusal12)-ance,-enceappearance,reference13)-ancy,-encyemergency,expectancy14)-cyaccuracy,bankruptcy15)-domfreedom,kingdom,wisdom16)-erybravery,cookery17)-essactress,lioness18)-ettecigarette,novelette,cassette19)-fulhandful,spoonful20)-hoodchildhood,brotherhood,neighborhood21)-icseconomics,electronics,mechanics,physics,mathematics,politics22)-ion(-sion,-ssion-ition,-ation)decision,discussion,inflation,translation,action,correction23)-ity,-tyreality,curiosity,purity,security,certainty,cruelty,difficulty,loyalty,poverty,safety24)-mentmovement,agreement,harassment25)-nesscarelessness,greatness,friendliness,weakness,tiredness26)-ologyfuturology,geology,biology,musicology,psychology,anthropology27)-shiphardship,friendship,sportsmanship28)-thbirth,death,breadth,strength,truth29)-ureclosure,exposureAdjectives30)-able,-ibleacceptable,admissible,avoidable,eatable,countable,notable,suitable,variable31)-aleducational,additional,normal,natural,essential32)-an,-arian,-iansuburban,disciplinarian,Canadian33)-ant,-entdifferent,resultant34)-ary,-oryadvisory,customary35)-ateconsiderate,fortunate36)-engolden,wooden,woolen37)-ernnorthern,southern

241)-eseChinese,Japanese2)-freecarefree,troublefree3)-fulcareful,painful4)-ic,-icalatomic,biological,economic,economical,historic,historical,scientific,medical,mechanic,mechanical5)-ishselfish,childish,womanish,greenish,reddish,yellowish,Swedish,Danish6)-ivecreative,decisive,supportive7)-lessuseless,fruitless,boundless,groundless,hopeless,jobless8)-likechildlike,ladylike9)-lymanly,monthly10)-ous,-ious,-uous,-eousvarious,continuous,courageous11)-proofairproof,bulletproof,fireproof,waterproof12)-sometiresome,lonesome,quarrelsome,troublesome,worrisome13)-warddownward,homeward14)-yhairy,noisyVerbs15)-endeepen,fasten,lengthen,strengthen,harden16)-ifybeautify,classify,electrify,horrify,modify,simplify17)-ize,-yze,-ise,-yseanalyze,modernize,industrialize,popularize,specialisation,professionalisationAdverbs18)-lyclearly,easily,quickly19)-ward,-wardsinward,outward,upward,downward,homeward,northwards20)-wiseclockwise,otherwise1.Stems1)aero(air)aerial,aeroplane,aeronautics2)agri(land)agriculture,agronomy3)ann(year)anniversary,annual,semiannual,centennial4)astro,aster(star)astrology,astronomy,astronaut,disaster,asteroid5)audi(tohear)audience,auditorium,audit,auditor,auditory,audio-visual6)bell(war)rebel,rebellion,rebellious,belligerent7)ced(togo)precede,precedent,unprecedented,exceed,proceed,succeed8)cid,cis(tocut,tokill)decide,decision,decisive,concise,suicide,homicide,pesticide

259)claim(tocry,toshout)exclaim,proclaim,acclaim,clamor10)clar(clear)11)cord(heart)declare,clarify,claritycordial,concord,discord,accord12)cred(tobelieve,totrust)credible,incredible,credulous,credit,credential13)dent(tooth)14)diet(tosay)dental,dentistcontradict,dictate,dictator,predict,indicate,indicative15)fact(todo,tomake)factory,manufacture,benefactor,malefactor16)flu(toflow)17)geo(earth)fluent,influence,influenza(flu),fluidgeography,geometry,geology,geopolitics18)gram,graph(todraw,towrite)diagram,telegram,program,photograph,geography,telegraph19)insul(island)20)ject(tothrow)21)liber(free)22)liter(letter)23)log(tospeak)24)manu(hand)25)medi(middle)26)mort(death)insulate,insulator,insular,peninsulaproject,inject,reject,subject,ejectliberate,liberty(atliberty),liberal,liberalismliterate,literacy,illiterate,illiteracy,literature,literary,literal,literallydialogue,apology,prologue,monologue,logicmanuscript,manufacture,manufacturer,manual,manage,management,managerimmediate,medium,media,mediate,medieval,medianmortal,immortal,mortality27)nov(new)novel,novelty,novice,innovate28)ori(torise)orient,oriental,Oriental,orientation,origin,original,originate,disorient29)pend(tohang,money)depend,dependent,dependency,dependable,independent,suspend,expend,spend,expenditure,expense,expensive,pension30)port(tocarry)portable,import,export,deport,porter,support31)pur(pure)purify,purity,Puritan32)rect(correct,straight)correct,rectify,erect33)rupt(tobreak)interrupt,disrupt,bankrupt,bankruptcy,corrupt34)sal(salt)salary,salad35)sist(tostand)36)spect(tolook)resist,resistance,resistible,consist,assist,exist,insist,persistspectacle,spectacular,prospect,retrospect,inspect,respect,suspect,circumspect,spectator,conspicuous,perspective37)spir(breath)inspire,inspiration,spirit38)tract(todraw)tractor,attract,protract,contract,abstract,extract,distract39)urb(city)urban,suburb,suburban40)vac(empty)vacant,vacation,vacuum41)vit(life)vital,vitality,vitamin,vitalize42)vis(tosee)43)viv(tolive)visible,vision,visual,visit,visitor,advice,supervise,televisionsurvive,survival,survivor,revival,vivid,vivacity