历考研英语二真题答案解析

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2010Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheoutbreakofswinefluthatwasfirstdetecctedinMexicowasdeclaredaglobalepidemiconjune11,2009.Itisthefirstwotldwideepidemic_1_bytheWorldHealthOrganizationin41years.Theheightenedalert_2_anemergencymeetingwithfluexpertsinGenevathatassembledafterasharppiseincasesinAustralia,andrising_3_inBritain,japan,Chileandelsewhere.Burtheepiemicis“_4_"inseverity.AccordingtoMargaretChan.Theorganization*sdirectorgeneral,_5_theoverwhelmingmajortyofpatientsexperiencingonlymildsymptomsandfullrecovery.Ofteninthe_6_ofanymedicaltreatment.Theourbreakcametogobal_7_inlafeApri12009.whenMexicanauthoritiesnotedanunusuallylatgenumberofhospitalizationsanddeaths_8_healthyadults.AsmuchofMexicoCityShutdownattheheightofapanic,casesbeganto_9_inNewYorkCity,thesouthwesternUnitedStatesandatoundtheworld.IntheUnitedStates,newcasesseemedtofade_10_warmerweatherarrived.ButinlateSeptember2009,officialsreportedtherewas_11_fluactivityinalmosteverystateandthatvirtuallyallthe_12_testedarethenewswineflu.Alsoknownas(A)H1N1,notseasonalflu.IntheU.S.,Ithas_13_morethanonemillionpeople,andcausedmonethan600deathsandmorethan6,000hospitalizations.Federalhealthofficials14Tamifluforchildrenfromthenationalstockpileandbegan_15_ordersfromtheatatesforthenewswinefluvaccine.Thenewvaccine,whichisdifferentfromtheannualfluvaccine,is_16_aheadofexpectations.MorethanthreemilliondosesweretobemadeavailableinearlyOctober2009,thoughmostofthose17_doseswereoftheFluMistnasalspraytype,whichisnot_18_forpregnantwomen,peopleover50orthosewithbreathingdifficulties,heartdiseaseorseveralother_19_.Butitwasstillpossibletovaccinatepeopleinotherhigh-riskgroups;healthcareworkers,people_20_infantsandhealthyyoungpeople.1.[A]criticized[B]appointed[C]commented[D]designated

12.[A]proceeded[B]activated[C]followed[D]prompted3.[A]digits[B]numbers[C]amounts[D]sums4.[A]Moderatre[B]normal[C]unusual[D]extreme5.[A]With[B]in[C]from[D]by6.[A]Progress[B]absence[C]presence[D]favor7.[A]Reality[B]phenomenon[C]cincept[D]notice8.[A]Over[B]for[C]among[D]to9.[A]stayup[B]cropup[C]fillup[D]coverup10.[A]as[B]if[C]unless[D]until11.[A]excessive[B]enormous[C]significant[D]magnificent12.[A]categories[B]examples[C]patterns[D]samples13.[A]imparted[B]immersed[C]injected[D]infected14.[A]released[B]relayed[C]relieved[D]remained15.[A]placing[B]delivering[C]taking[D]giving16.[A]feasible[B]available[C]reliable[D]applicable17.[A]prevalent[B]principal[C]innovative[D]initial18.[A]presented[B]restricted[C]recommended[D]introduced19.[A]problems[B]issues[C]agonies[D]sufferings20.[A]involvedoffin[B]caringfor[C]concernedwith[D]wardingSectionIIReadingcomprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourpassages.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachpassagebychoosingA,B,CandD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)TextlThelongestbullruninacenturyofart-markethistoryendedonadramaticnotewithasaleof56worksbyDamienHirst,aBeautifulInsideMyHeadForevern,atSothebyrsinLondononSeptember15th2008(seepicture).Allbuttwopiecessold,fetchingmorethan£70m,arecordforasalebyasingleartist.Itwasalasthurrah.Astheauctioneercalledoutbids,inNewYorkoneoftheoldestbanksonWallStreet,LehmanBrothers,filedforbankruptcy.Theworldartmarkethadalreadybeenlosingmomentumforawhileafterrisingvertiginouslysince2003.Atitspeakin2007itwasworthsome$65billion,reckonsClareMcAndrew,founderofArtsEconomics,aresearchfirm-doublethefigurefiveyearsearlier.Sincethenitmayhavecomedownto$50billion.Butthemarketgeneratesinterestfar

2beyonditssizebecauseitbringstogethergreatwealth,enormousegos,greed,passionandcontroversyinawaymatchedbyfewotherindustries.IntheweeksandmonthsthatfollowedMrHirst'ssale,spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable,especiallyinNewYork,wherethebail-outofthebankscoincidedwiththelossofthousandsofjobsandthefinancialdemiseofmanyart-buyinginvestors.Intheartworldthatmeantcollectorsstayedawayfromgalleriesandsalerooms.Salesofcontemporaryartfellbytwo-thirds,andinthemostoverheatedsector-forChinesecontemporaryart-theyweredownbynearly90%intheyeartoNovember2008.WithinweekstheworldTstwobiggestauctionhouses,Sotheby'sandChristie's,hadtopayoutnearly$200minguaranteestoclientswhohadplacedworksforsalewiththem.ThecurrentdownturnintheartmarketistheworstsincetheJapanesestoppedbuyingImpressionistsattheendof1989,amovethatstartedthemostseriouscontractioninthemarketsincethesecondworldwar.Thistimeexpertsreckonthatpricesareabout40%downontheirpeakonaverage,thoughsomehavebeenfarmorevolatile.ButEdwardDolman,Christie'schiefexecutive,says:'Tmprettyconfidentwe'reatthebottom.”Whatmakesthisslumpdifferentfromthelast,hesays,isthattherearestillbuyersinthemarket,whereasintheearly1990s,wheninterestrateswerehigh,therewasnodemandeventhoughmanycollectorswantedtosell.Christie'srevenuesinthefirsthalfof2009werestillhigherthaninthefirsthalfof2006.Almosteveryonewhowasinterviewedforthisspecialreportsaidthatthebiggestproblematthemomentisnotalackofdemandbutalackofgoodworktosell.ThethreeDs-death,debtanddivorce-stilldeliverworksofarttothemarket.Butanyonewhodoesnothavetoselliskeepingaway,waitingforconfidencetoreturn.21.Inthefirstparagraph,DamienHirst*ssalewasreferredtoas“alastvictory“because.A.theartmarkethadwitnessedasuccessionofvictoryiesB.theauctioneerfinallygotthetwopiecesatthehighestbidsC.BeautifulInsideMyHeadForeverwonoverallmasterpiecesD.itwassuccessfullymadejustbeforetheworldfinancialcrisis22.Bysayingspendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable”(Line1-2,Para.3),theauthorsuggeststhat,A.collectorswerenolongeractivelyinvolvedinart-marketauctionsB,peoplestoppedeverykindofspendingandstayedawayfromgalleriesC.artcollectionasafashionhadlostitsappealtoagreatextentD.worksofartingeneralhadgoneoutoffashionsotheywerenotworthbuying23.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTture?A.Salesofcontemporaryartfelldramaticallyfrom2007to2008.B.Theartmarketsurpassedmanyotherindustriesinmomentum.C.Themarketgenerallywentdownwardinvariousways.D.Someartdealerswereawaitingbetterchancestocome.

323.ThethreeDsmentionedinthelastparagraphareA.auctionhouses'favoritesB.contemporarytrendsC.factorspromotingartworkcirculationD.stylesrepresentingimpressionists24.ThemostappropriatetitleforthistextcouldbeA.FluctuationofArtPricesB.Up-to-dateArtAuctionsC.ArtMarketinDeclineD.ShiftedInterestinArtsText2IwasaddressingasmallgatheringinasuburbanVirginialivingroom-awomen，sgroupthathadinvitedmentojointhem.Throughouttheeveningonemanhadbeenparticularlytalkativefrequentlyofferingideasandanecdoteswhilehiswifesatsilentlybesidehimonthecouch.TowardtheendoftheeveningIcommentedthatwomenfrequentlycomplainthattheirhusbandsdon，ttalktothem.Thismanquicklyconcurred.Hegesturedtowardhiswifeandsaid"She'sthetalkerinourfamily.〃Theroomburstintolaughter;themanlookedpuzzledandhurt."It'strue〃heexplained.“WhenIcomehomefromworkIhavenothingtosay.Ifshedidn，tkeeptheconversationgoingwe'dspendthewholeeveninginsilence.z，ThisepisodecrystallizestheironythatalthoughAmericanmentendtotalkmorethanwomeninpublicsituationstheyoftentalklessathome.Andthispatterniswreakinghavocwithmarriage.ThepatternwasobservedbypoliticalscientistAndrewHackerinthelate’70s.SociologistCatherineKohlerRiessmanreportsinhernewbook“DivorceTalk〃thatmostofthewomensheinterviewed-butonlyafewofthemen-gavelackofcommunicationasthereasonfortheirdivorces.Giventhecurrentdivorcerateofnearly50percentthatamountstomillionsofcasesintheUnitedStateseveryyear-avirtualepidemicoffailedconversation.Inmyownresearchcomplaintsfromwomenabouttheirhusbandsmostoftenfocusednotontangibleinequitiessuchashavinggivenupthechanceforacareertoaccompanyahusbandtohisordoingfarmorethantheirshareofdailylife-supportworklikecleaningcookingsocialarrangementsanderrands.Insteadtheyfocusedoncommunication:"Hedoesn，tlistentome""Hedoesn，ttalktome.〃IfoundasHackerobservedyearsbeforethatmostwiveswanttheirhusbandstobefirstandforemostconversationalpartnersbutfewhusbandssharethisexpectationoftheirwives.Inshorttheimagethatbestrepresentsthecurrentcrisisisthestereotypicalcartoonsceneofamansittingatthebreakfasttablewithanewspaperheldupinfront

4ofhisfacewhileawomanglaresatthebackofitwantingtotalk.23.Whatismostwives，mainexpectationoftheirhusbands?A.Talkingtothem.B.Trustingthem.C.Supportingtheircareers.C.Shsringhousework.27.Judgingfromthecontext,thephraseuwreakinghavoc”(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans.Ageneratingmotivation.B.exertinginfluenceC.causingdamageD.creatingpressure28.AllofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPTA.mentendtotalkmoreinpublictanwomenB.nearly50percentofrecentdivorcesarecausedbyfailedconversationC.womenattachmuchimportancetocommunicationbetweencouplesD.afemaletendstobemoretalkativeathomethanherspouse29.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemianideaofthistext?A.Themoraldecayingdeservesmoreresearchbysociologists.B.Marriagebreak_upstemsfromsexinequalities.C.Husbandandwofehavedifferentexpectationsfromtheirmarriage.D.Conversationalpatternsbetweenmanandwifearedifferent.30.Inthefollowingpartimmediatelyafterthistext,theauthorwillmostprobablyfocusonA.avividaccountofthenewbookDivorceTalkB.adetaileddescriptionofthestereotypicalcartoonC.otherpossiblereasonsforahighdivorcerateintheU.S.D.abriefintroductiontothepoliticalscientistAndrewHackerTxet3overthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreatingautomaticbehaviors-habits-amongconsumers.Thesehabitshavehelpedcompaniesearnbillionsofdollarswhencustomerseatsnacks,applylotionsandwipecountersalmostwithoutthinking,ofteninresponsetoacarefullydesignedsetofdailycues.“Therearefundamentalpublichealthproblems,likehandwashingwithsoap,thatremainkillersonlybecausewecan,tfigureouthowtochangepeople,shabits,"Dr.Curtissaid.uWewantedtolearnfromprivateindustryhowtocreatenewbehaviorsthathappenautomatically.”ThecompaniesthatDr.Curtisturnedto-Procter&Gamble,Colgate-PalmoliveandUnilever-hadinvestedhundredsofmillionsofdollarsfinding

5thesubtlecuesinconsumersJlivesthatcorporationscouldusetointroducenewroutines.Ifyoulookhardenough,you*11findthatmanyoftheproductsweuseeveryday-chewinggums,skinmoisturizers,disinfectingwipes,airfresheners,waterpurifiers,healthsnacks,antiperspirants,colognes,teethwhiteners,fabricsofteners,vitamins-areresultsofmanufacturedhabits.Acenturyago,fewpeopleregularlybrushedtheirteethmultipletimesaday.Today,becauseofcannyadvertisingandpublichealthcampaigns,manyAmericanshabituallygivetheirpearlywhitesacavity-preventingscrubtwiceaday,oftenwithColgate,Crestoroneoftheotherbrands.Afewdecadesago,manypeopledidn,tdrinkwateroutsideofameal.Thenbeveragecompaniesstartedbottlingtheproductionoffar-offsprings,andnowofficeworkersunthinkinglysipbottledwateralldaylong.Chewinggum,onceboughtprimarilybyadolescentboys,isnowfeaturedincommercialsasabreathfreshenerandteethcleanserforuseafterameal.Skinmoisturizersareadvertisedaspartofmorningbeautyrituals,slippedinbetweenhairbrushingandputtingonmakeup.“Ourproductssucceedwhentheybecomepartofdailyorweeklypatterns,"saidCarolBerning,aconsumerpsychologistwhorecentlyretiredfromProcter&Gamble,thecompanythatsold$76billionofTide,Crestandotherproductslastyear.uCreatingpositivehabitsisahugepartofimprovingourconsumers'lives,andit'sessentialtomakingnewproductscommerciallyviable.”Throughexperimentsandobservation,socialscientistslikeDr.Berninghavelearnedthatthereispowerintyingcertainbehaviorstohabitualcuesthroughrelentlessadvertising.Asthisnewscienceofhabithasemerged,controversieshaveeruptedwhenthetacticshavebeenusedtosellquestionablebeautycreamsorunhealthyfoods.30.AccordingtoDr.Curtis,habitslikehandwashingwithsoap.[A]shouldbefurthercultivated[B]shouldbechangedgradually[C]aredeepiyrootedinhistory[D]arebasicallyprivateconcerns31.Bottledwater,chewinggunandskinmoisturizersarementionedinParagraph5soasto[A]revealtheirimpactonpeople*habits[B]showtheurgentneedofdailynecessities[C]indicatetheireffectonpeople,buyingpower[Djmanifestthesignificantroleofgoodhabits32.whichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtoproductsthathelpcreatepeople*shabits?[A]Tide[B]Crest[C]Colgate[D]UniIver

630.FromthetextwekonwthatsomeofconsumerJshabitsaredevelopeddueto[A]perfectedartofproducts[B]automaticbehaviorcreation[C]commercialpromotions[D]scientificexperiments31.theauthorsattitudetowardtheinfluenceofadvertisementonpeople'shabitsis[A]indifferent[B]negative[C]positive[D]biasedText4ManyAmericansregardthejurysystemasaconcreteexpressionofcrucialdemocraticvalues,includingtheprinciplesthatallcitizenswhomeetminimalqualificationsofageandliteracyareequallycompetenttoserveonjuries;thatjurorsshouldbeselectedrandomlyfromarepresentativecrosssectionofthecommunity;thatnocitizenshouldbedeniedtherighttoserveonajuryonaccountofrace,religion,sex,ornationalorigin;thatdefendantsareentitledtotrialbytheirpeers;andthatverdictsshouldrepresenttheconscienceofthecommunityandnotjusttheletterofthelaw.Thejuryisalsosaidtobethebestsurvivingexampleofdirectratherthanrepresentativedemocracy.Inadirectdemocracy,citizenstaketurnsgoverningthemselves,ratherthanelectingrepresentativestogovernforthem.Butasrecentlyasin1986,juryselectionproceduresconflictedwiththesedemocraticideals.Insomestates,forexample,jurydutywaslimitedtopersonsofsupposedlysuperiorintelligence,education,andmoralcharacter.AlthoughtheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStateshadprohibitedintentionalracialdiscriminationinjuryselectionasearlyasthe1880caseofstrauderv.WestVirginia,thepracticeofselectingso-calledeliteorblue-ribbonjuriesprovidedaconvenientwayaroundthisandotherantidiscriminationlaws.Thesystemalsofailedtoregularlyincludewomenonjuriesuntilthemid-20thcentury.AlthoughwomenfirstservedonstatejuriesinUtahin1898,itwasnotuntilthe1940sthatamajorityofstatesmadewomeneligibleforjuryduty.Eventhenseveralstatesautomaticallyexemptedwomenfromjurydutyunlesstheypersonllyaskedtohavetheirnamesincludedonthejurylist.Thispracticewasjustifiedbytheclaimthatwomenwereneededathome,anditkeptjuriesunrepresentativeofwomenthroughthe1960s.In1968,theCongressoftheUnitedStatespassedtheJurySelectionandServiceAct,usheringinaneweraofdemocraticreformsforthejury.Thislawabolishedspecialeducationalrequirementsforfederaljurorsandrequiredthemtobeselectedatrandomfromacrosssectionoftheentirecommunity.Inthelandmark1975decisionTaylorv.

7Louisiana,theSupremeCourtextendedtherequirementthatjuriesberepresentativeofallpartsofthecommunitytothestatelevel.TheTaylordecisionalsodeclaredsexdiscriminationinjuryselectiontobeunconstitutionalandorderedstatestousethesameproceduresforselectingmaleandfemalejurors.30.FromtheprinciplesoftheUSjurysystem,welearnthat[A]bothliterateandilliteratepeoplecanserveonjuries[B]defendantsareimmunefromtrialbytheirpeers[C]noagelimitshouldbeimposedforjuryservice[D]judgmentshouldconsidertheopinionofthepublic31.Thepracticeofselectingso-calledelitejurorspriorto1968showed[A]theinadequavyofantidiscriminationlaws[B]theprevalentdiscriminationagainstcertainraces[C]theconflictingidealsinjuryselectionprocedures32.Eveninthe1960s,womenwereseldomonthejurylistinsomestatesbecause[A]theywereautomaticallybannedbystatelaws[B]theyfellfarshortoftherequiredqualifications[C]theyweresupposedtoperformdomesticduties[D]theytendedtoevadepublicengagement33.AftertheJurySelectionandServiceActwaspassed.[A]sexdiscriminationinjuryselectionwasunconstitutionalandhadtobeabolished[B]educationalrequirementsbecamelessrigidintheselectionoffederaljurors[C]jurorsatthestateleveloughttoberepresentativeoftheentirecommunity[D]statesoughttoconformtothefederalcourtinreformingthejurysystem34.indiscussingtheUSjurysystem,thetextcenterson[A]itsnatureandproblems[B]itscharacteristicsandtradition[C]itsproblemsandtheirsolutions[D]itstraditionanddevelopmentPartBDirectionsReadthefollowingtextanddecidewhethereachofthestatementsistrueorfalse.ChooseTifthestatementistrueorFitthestatementisnottrue.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)CopyingBirdsMaySaveAircraftFuelBothBoeingandAirbushavetrumpetedtheefficiencyoftheirnewestaircraft.The787and350respectively.Theircleverdesignsandlightweightcompositescertainlymakeadifference.ButagroupofresearchersatStanfordUniversity,ledbyIlanKroo,

8hassuggestedthatairlinescouldtakeamorenaturalisticapproachtocuttingjet-fueluseanditwouldnotrequirethemtobuynewaircraft.Theanswer,saysDrKroo,lieswithbirds.Since1914,scientistshaveknownthatbirdsflyinginformation-aV-shape-expendlessenergy.Theairflowingoverabird*swingscurlsupwardsbehindthewingtips.aphenomenonknownasupwash.Otherbirdsflyingintheupwashexperiencereduceddrag,andspendlessenergypropellingthemselves.PeterLissaman,anaeronauticsexpertwhowasformerlyatCaltechandtheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,hassuggestedthataformationof25birdsmightenjoyarangeincreaseof71%.Whenappliedtoaircraft,theprinciplesarenotsubstantiallydifferent.DrKrooandhisteammodeledwhatwouldhappenifthreepassengerjetsdepartingfromLosAngeles,SanFranciscoandIasVegasweretoassembleoverUtah,assumeaninvertedV-formationoccasionallychangeplacessoallcouldhaveaturninthemostfavourablepositions,andproceedtoLondon.Theyfoundthattheaircraftconsumedasmuchas15%lessfuel(coupledwithareductionincarbon-dioxideoutput).Nitrogen-oxideemissionsduringthecruisingportionsoftheflightfellbyaroundaquarter.Thereare,ofcourse,knotstobeworkedout.Oneconsiderationissafety,oratleasttheperceptionofit.Wouldpassengersfeelcomfortabletravellingincompanion?DrKroopointsoutthattheaircraftcouldbeseparatedbyseveralnauticalmiles,andwouldnotbeintheintimategroupingsfavouredbydisplayteamsliketheRedArrows,Apassengerpeeringoutofthewindowmightnotevenseetheotherplanes.Whethertheseparationdistancesinvolvedwouldsatisfyair-traffic-controlregulationsisanothermatter,althoughaworkinggroupattheInternationalCivilAviationOrganisationhasincludedthepossibilityofformationflyinginablueprintfornewoperationalguidelines.Itremainstobeseenhowweatherconditionsaffecttheairflowsthatmakeformationflightmoreefficient.Inzonesofincreasedturbulence,theplanes'wakeswilldecaymorequicklyandtheeffectwilldiminish.DrKroosaysthisisoneoftheareashisteamwillinvestigatefurther.Itmightalsobehardforairlinestoco-ordinatethedeparturetimesanddestinationsofpassengeraircraftinawaythatwouldallowthemtogainfromformationflight.Cargoaircraft,incontrast,mightbeeasiertoreschedule,asmightroutinemilitaryflight.Asithappens,Americaysarmedforcesareontheoncasealready.Earlierthisyearthecountry?sDefenceAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyannouncedplanstopayBoeingtoinvestigateformationflight,thoughtheprogrammehasyettobegin.TherearereportsthatsomemilitaryaircraftflewinformationwhentheywerelowonfuelduringtheSecondWorldWar,butDrLissamansaystheyareunsubstantiated."MyfatherwasanRAFpilotandmycousintheskipperofaLancasterlostoverBerlin,“headds.Soheshouldknow.30.FindingsoftheStanfordUniversityresearcherswillpromotethesalesofnew

9BoeingandAirbusaircraft.30.Theupwashexperiencemaysavepropellingenergyaswellasreducingresistance.31.Formationflightismorecomfortablebecausepassengerscannotseetheotherplans.32.Therolethatweatherplaysinformationflighthasnotyetbeenclearlydefined.33.IthasbeendocumentedthatduringWorldWarII,America,sarmedforcesoncetriedformationflighttosavefuel.SectionIIITranslation34.Directions:InthissectionthereisatextinEnglish.TranslateitintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)aSuatainabilityMhasbecomeapopularwordthesedays,buttoTedNing,theconceptwillalwayshavepersonalmeaning.Havingenduredapainfulperiodofunsustainabilityinhisownlifemadeitcleartohimthatsustainability-orientedvaluesmustbeexpressedthougheverydayactionandchoice.Ningrecallsspendingaconfusingyearinthelate1990ssellinginsurance.He'dbeenthoughthedot-comboomandburstand,desperateforajob,signedonwithaBoulderagency.Itdidin,tgowell."ItwasareallyhadmovebecausethatJsnotmypassion,“saysNing,whosedilemmaaboutthejobtranslated,predictably,intoalackofsales.aIwasmiserable,IhadsomuchanxietythatIwouldwakeupinthemiddleofthenightandstareattheceiling.Ihadnomoneyandneededthejob.Everyonesaid,4Justwait,you'11trunthecorner,giveitsometime.’"SectionIVWritingPartA35.Directions:YouhavejustcomebackfromtheU.S.asamemberofaSino-Americanculturalexchangeprogram.WritealettertoyourAmericancolleagueto1)Expressyourthanksforhis/herwarmreception;2)Welcomehim/hertovisitChinainduecourse.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseaZhangWei”instead.Donotwriteyouraddress.(10points)

102011SectionIUseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblackandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers,ablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas[acrosstheWeb.Canprivacybepreserved2bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly3?Lastmonth,HowardSchmidt,thenation,scyber-czar,offeredthefederalgovernmenta4tomaketheWebasaferplace-aavoluntarytrustedidentityvsystemthatwouldbethehigh-tech5ofaphysicalkey,afingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled6one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential7toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.Theideaisto8afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould9whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver'slicense10bythegovernment.GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethese“singlesign-on”systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto11justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.12.theapproachwouldcreateaawalledgardenncyberspace,withsafe“neighborhoods“andbright“streetlights“toestablishasenseofa13community.Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasaavoluntaryecosystem“inwhichindividualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14,trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure15whichthetransactionruns”.Still,theadministration,splanhas16privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould17beacompulsoryInternet“drive'slicense”mentality.

11Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomecomputersecurityexperts,whoworrythatthevoluntaryecosystem“envisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet19.TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe20toregisterandidentifythemselves,inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.1.A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.ridden2.A.forB.withinC.whileD.though3.A.carelessB.lawlessC.pointlessD.helpless4.A.reasonB.reminderC.compromiseD.proposal5.A.informationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent6.A.byB.intoC.fromD.over7.A.linkedB.directedC.chainedD.compared8.A.dismissB.discoverC.createD.improve9.A.recallB.suggestC.selectD.realize10.A.releasedB.issuedC.distributedD.delivered11.A.carryonB.lingeronC.setinD.login12.A.InvainB.IneffectC.InreturnD.Incontrast13.A.trustedB.modernizedc.thrivingD.competing14.A.cautionB.delightC.confidenceD.patience15.A.onB.afterC.beyondD.across16.A.dividedB.disappointedC.protectedD.united17.A.frequestlyB.incidentallyC.occasionallyD.eventually18.A.skepticismB.releranceC.indifferenceD.enthusiasm19.A.manageableB.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisible20.A.invitedB.appointedC.allowedD.forcedSectionIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)TextlRuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs'sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000:

12ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmucheroticism.Butbytheendof2009Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman*scompensationcommittee;howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm'sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive*sproposals.Ifthesky,andthesharepriceisfalling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasehatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themost1ikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose“surprise”disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfountthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey“tradeup."Leavingriskier,smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks,evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus.21.AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor[A]gainingexcessiveprofits[B]failingtofulfillherduty[C]refusingtomakecompromisses[D]leavingtheboardintoughtimes22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe.[A]generousinvestors[B]unbiasedexecutives[C]sharepriceforecastersED]independentadvisers23.AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversityafteranoutsidedirectorssurprisedeparture,thefirmislikelyto.[A]becomemorestable[B]reportincreasedearnings[C]dolesswellinthestockmarket[D]performworseinlawsuits24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors.

13[A]maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirm[B]haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm[C]areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm[D]willdeclineincentivesfromthefirm21.Theauthor*sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis.[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText2Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspaper?Ayearagotheendseemednear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America'sFederalTradecommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations?Shouldthestatesubsidizethem?Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.Inmuchoftheworldthereisthesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers,whichinhabitthemosttroubledcomeoftheglobalindustry,havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago,butprofitallthesame.Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13,500newsroomjobshavegonesince2007.Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand,sadlyformanyjournalists,theycanbepushedfurther.Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses,withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008,accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperation&Development(OECD).InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody,butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspaperareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.22.BysayingwNewspapersliketheirowndoomM(Lines3-4,Para.1),theauthorindicatesthatnewspaper.[A]neglectedthesignofcrisis[B]failedtogetstatesubsidies[C]werenotcharitablecorporations[Djwereinadesperatesituation

1421.Somenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause.[A]readersthreatenedtopayless[B]newspaperswantedtoreducecosts[C]journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas[D]subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproducts22.ComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestablebecausethey.[A]havemoresourcesofrevenue[B]havemorebalancednewsrooms[C]arelessdependentonadvertising[D]arelessaffectedbyreadership23.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphaboutthecurrentnewspaperbusiness?[A]Distinctivenessisanessentialfeatureofnewspapers.[B]Completenessistoblameforthefailureofnewspaper.[C]Foreignbureausplayacrucialroleinthenewspaperbusiness.[D]Readershavelosttheirinterestincarandfilmreviews.24.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextwouldbe.[A]AmericanNewspapers:StrugglingforSurvival[B]AmericanNewspapers:GonewiththeWind[C]AmericanNewspapers:AThrivingBusiness[D]AmericanNewspapers:AHopelessStoryText3WetendtothinkofthedecadesimmediatelyfollowingWorldWarIIasatimeofprosperityandgrowth,withsoldiersreturninghomebythemillions,goingofftocollegeontheG.I.Billandliningupatthemarriagebureaus.Butwhenitcametotheirhouses,itwasatimeofcommonsenseandabeliefthatlesscouldtrulybemore.DuringtheDepressionandthewar,Americanshadlearnedtolivewithless,andthatrestraint,incombinationwiththepostwarconfidenceinthefuture,madesmall,efficienthousingpositivelystylish.Economicconditionwasonlyastimulusforthetrendtowardefficientliving.Thephrase“lessismorevwasactuallyfirstpopularizedbyaGerman,thearchitectLudwigMiesvanderRohe,wholikeotherpeopleassociatedwiththeBauhaus,aschoolofdesign,emigratedtotheUnitedStatesbeforeWorldWarIIandtookuppostsatAmericanarchitectureschools.ThesedesignerscametoexertenormousinfluenceonthecourseofAmericanarchitecture,butnonemoresothatMies.Mies'ssignaturephrasemeansthatlessdecoration,properlyorganized,hasmoreimpactthatalot.Elegance,hebelieved,didnotderivefromabundance.Likeothermodernarchitects,heemployedmetal,glassandlaminatedwood-materialsthatwetakeforgranted

15todaybuythatinthe1940ssymbolizedthefuture.Mies'ssophisticatedpresentationmaskedthefactthatthespaceshedesignedweresmallandefficient,ratherthanbigandoftenempty.TheapartmentsintheeleganttowersMiesbuiltonChicago'sLakeShoreDrive,forexample,weresmaller-two-bedroomunitsunder1,000squarefeet-thanthoseintheirolderneighborsalongthecity*sGoldCoast.Buttheywerepopularbecauseoftheirairyglasswalls,theviewstheyaffordedandtheeleganceofthebuildings'detailsandproportions,thearchitecturalequivalentoftheabstractartsopopularatthetime.Thetrendtoward"less"wasnotentirelyforeign.Inthe1930sFrankLloydWrightstartedbuildingmoremodestandefficienthouses-usuallyaround1,200squarefeet-thanthespreadingtwo-storyoneshehaddesignedinthe1890sandtheearly20thcentury.The“CaseStudyHouses“commissionedfromtalentedmodernarchitectsbyCaliforniaArts&Architecturemagazinebetween1945and1962wereyetanotherhomegrowninfluenceonthe“lessismore“trend.Aestheticeffectcamefromthelandscape,newmaterialsandforthrightdetailing.InhisCaseStudyHouse,Ralpheverydaylife-fewAmericanfamiliesacquiredhelicopters,thoughmosteventuallygotclothesdryers-buthisbeliefthatself-sufficiencywasbothdesirableandinevitablewaswidelyshared.21.ThepostwarAmericanhousingstylelargelyreflectedtheAmericansJ.[A]prosperityandgrowth[B]efficiencyandpracticality[C]restraintandconfidence[D]prideandfaithfulness22.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3aboutBauhaus?[A]ItwasfoundedbyLudwigMiesvanderRohe.[B]ItsdesigningconceptwasaffectedbyWorldWarII.[C]MostAmericanarchitectsusedtobeassociatedwithit.[D]IthadagreatinfluenceuponAmericanarchitecture.23.Miesheldthateleganceofarchitecturaldesign.[A]wasrelatedtolargespace[Bjwasidentifiedwithemptiness[C]wasnotreliantonabundantdecoration[Djwasnotassociatedwithefficiency24.WhatistrueabouttheapartmentsMiesbuildingChicago'sLakeShoreDrive?[A]Theyignoreddetailsandproportions.[B]Theywerebuiltwithmaterialspopularatthattime.[C]Theyweremorespaciousthanneighboringbuildings.[D]Theysharedsomecharacteristicsofabstractart.25.Whatcanwelearnaboutthedesignofthe“CaseStudyHouse”?[A]Mechanicaldeviceswerewidelyused.

16[B]Naturalscenesweretakenintoconsideration[C]Detailsweresacrificedfortheoveralleffect.[D]Eco-friendlymaterialswereemployed.Text4WilltheEuropeanUnionmakeit?Thequestionwouldhavesoundedstrangenotlongago.NoweventheprojectJsgreatestcheerleaderstalkofacontinentfacinga“Bermudatriangle“ofdebt,populationdeclineandlowergrowth.Aswellasthosechronicproblems,theEUfaceanacutecrisisinitseconomiccore,the16countriesthatusethesinglecurrency.Marketshavelostfaiththattheeurozone'seconomies,weakerorstronger,willonedayconvergethankstothedisciplineofsharingasinglecurrency,whichdeniesuncompetitivemembersthequickfixofdevaluation.YetthedebateabouthowtosaveEurope?ssinglecurrencyfromdisintegrationisstuck.Itisstuckbecausetheeurozone'sdominantpowers,FranceandGermany,agreeontheneedforgreaterharmonizationwithintheeurozone,butdisagreeaboutwhattoharmonies.Germanythinkstheeuromustbesavedbystricterrulesonborrowspendingandcompetitiveness,barkedbyquasi-automaticsanctionsforgovernmentsthatdonotobey.ThesemightincludethreatstofreezeEUfundsforpoorerregionsandEUmega-projectsandeventhesuspensionofacountry'svotingrightsinEUministerialcouncils.Itinsiststhateconomicco-ordinationshouldinvolveall27membersoftheEUclub,amongwhomthereisasmallmajorityforfree-marketliberalismandeconomicrigour;intheinnercorealone,Germanyfears,asmallmajorityfavourFrenchinterference.A“southern“campheadedbyFrenchwantssomethingdifferent:"Europeaneconomicgovernmentwithinaninnercoreofeuro-zonemembers.Translated,thatmeanspoliticiansinterveninginmonetarypolicyandasystemofredistributionfromrichertopoorermembers,viacheaperborrowingforgovernmentsthroughcommonEurobondsorcompletefiscaltransfers.Finally,figuresclosetotheFrancegovernmenthavemurmured,euro-zonemembersshouldagreetosomefiscalandsocialharmonization:e.g.,curbingcompetitionincorporate-taxratesorlabourcosts.ItistoosoontowriteofftheEU.Itremainstheworldrslargesttradingblock.Atitsbest,theEuropeanprojectisremarkablyliberal:builtaroundasinglemarketof27richandpoorcountries,itsinternalbordersarefarmoreopentogoods,capitalandlabourthananycomparabletradingarea.Itisanambitiousattempttobluntthesharpestedgesofglobalization,andmakecapitalismbenign.21.TheEUisfacedwithsomanyproblemsthat.[A]ithasmoreorlesslostfaithinmarkets[B]evenitssupportersbegintofeelconcerned[C]someofitsmembercountriesplantoabandoneuro[D]itintendstodenythepossibilityofdevaluation22.ThedebateovertheEU'ssinglecurrencyisstuckbecausethedominantpowers.

17[A]arecompetingfortheleadingposition[B]arebusyhandlingtheirowncrises[C]failtoreachanagreementonharmonization[D]disagreeonthestepstowardsdisintegration21.Tosolvetheeuroproblem,Germanyproposedthat.[A]EUfundsforpoorregionsbeincreased[B]stricterregulationsbeimposed[C]onlycoremembersbeinvolvedineconomicco-ordination[D]votingrightsoftheEUmembersbeguaranteed22.TheFrenchproposalofhandlingthecrisisimpliesthat__.[A]poorcountriesaremorelikelytogetfunds[B]strictmonetarypolicywillbeappliedtopoorcountries[C]loanswillbereadilyavailabletorichcountries[D]richcountrieswillbasicallycontrolEurobonds23.RegardingthefutureoftheEU,theauthorseemstofeel_—.[A]pessimistic[B]desperate[C]conceited[D]hopeful46.Direction：InthissectionthereisatextinEnglish.TranslateitintoChinese,writeyourtranslationonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Whowouldhavethoughtthat,globally,theITindustryproducesaboutthesamevolumesofgreenhousegasesastheworld'sairlinesdo-rough2percentofallC02emissions?Manyeverydaytaskstakeasurprisingtollontheenvironment.AGooglesearchcanleakbetween0.2and7.0gramsofC02dependingonhowmanyattemptsareneededtogetthe“right”answer.Todeliverresultstoitsusersquickly,then,Googlehastomaintainvastdatacentresroundtheworld,packedwithpowerfulcomputers.WhileproducinglargequantitiesofC02,thesecomputersemitagreatdealofheat,sothecentresneedtobewellair-conditioned,whichusesevenmoreenergy.However,Googleandotherbigtechprovidersmonitortheirefficiencycloselyandmakeimprovements.Monitoringisthefirststepontheroadtoreduction,butthereismuchtobedone,andnotjustbybigcompanies.2012SectionIUseofEninglishDirections:MillionsofAmericansandforeignersseeGI.Joeasamindlesswartoy,thesymbolofAmericanmilitaryadventurism,butthat'snothowitusedtobe.Tothemenandwomenwho1)inWorldWarIIandthepeopletheyliberated,theGI.wasthe2)mangrownintohero,thepoolfarmkidtornawayfromhishome,theguywho3)alltheburdensofbattle

18,whosleptincoldfoxholes,whowentwithoutthe4)offoodandshelter,whostuckitoutanddrovebacktheNazireignofmurder.thiswasnotavolunteersoldier,notsomeonewellpaid,5)anaverageguy,up6)thebesttrained,bestequipped,fiercest,mostbrutalenemiesseenincenturies.Hisnameisnotmuch.GI.isjustamilitaryabbreviation7)GovernmentIssue,anditwasonallofthearticle8)tosoldiers.AndJoe?Acommonnameforaguywhonever9)ittothetop.JoeBlow,JoeMagrac•••aworkingclassname.TheUnitedStateshas10)hadapresidentorvicepresidentorsecretaryofstateJoe.GI.joehada(11)careerfightingGerman,Japanese,andKoreantroops.Heappersasacharacter,ora(12)ofamericanpersonalities,inthe1945movieTheStoryofGI.Joe,basedonthelastdaysofwarcorrespondentErniePyle.SomeofthesoldiersPyle(13)portraydethemselvesinthefilm.Pylewasfamousforcoveringthe(14)sideofthewarl,writingaboutthedirt-snow-and-mudsoldiers,nothowmanymileswere(15)orwhattownswerecapturedorliberated,Hisreports(16)the“willie”cartoonsoffamedStarsandStripesartistBillMaulden.Bothmen(17)thedirtandexhaustionofwar,the(18)ofcivilizationthatthesoldierssharedwitheachotherandthecivilians:coffee,tobacco,whiskey,shelter,sleep.(19)Egypt,France,andadozenmorecountries,G.I.JoewasanyAmericansoldier,(20)themostimportantpersonintheirlives.1.[A]performed[B]served[C]rebelled[D]betrayed2.[A]actual[B]common[C]special[D]normal3.[A]bore[B]cased[C]removed[D]loaded4.[A]necessities[B]facilitice[C]commodities[D]propertoes5.[A]and[B]nor[C]but[D]hence6.[A]for[B]into[C]form[D]against7.[A]meaning[B]implying[C]symbolizing[D]claiming8.[A]handedout[B]turnover[C]broughtback[D]passeddown9.[A]pushed[B]got[Cjmade[D]managed10.[A]ever[B]never[C]either[D]neither11.[A]disguised[B]disturbed[C]disputed[D]distinguished12.[A]company[B]collection[C]community[D]colony13.[A]employed[B]appointed[C]interviewed[D]questioned14.[A]ethical[B]military[C]political[D]human15.[A]ruined[B]commuted[C]patrolled[D]gained16.[A]paralleled[B]counteracted[C]duplicated[D]contradicted17.[Ajneglected[B]avoided[C]emphasized[D]admired18.[A]stages[B]illusions[C]fragments[D]advancea19.[A]With[B]To[C]Among[D]Beyond20.[A]onthecontrary[B]bythismeans[C]fromtheoutset[D]atthatpoint

19SectionIResdiongComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts,answerthequestionaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Homeworkhasneverbeenterriblypopularwithstudentsandevenmanyparents,butinrecentyearsithasbeenparticularlyscorned.Schooldistrictsacrossthecountry,mostrecentlyLosAngelesUnified,arerevisingtheirthinkingonhiseducationalritual.Unfortunately,L.A.Unifiedhasproducedaninflexiblepolicywhichmandatesthatwiththeexceptionofsomeadvancedcourses,homeworkmaynolongercountformorethan10%ofastudent,sacademicgrade.Thisruleismeanttoaddressthedifficultythatstudentsfromimpoverishedorchaotichomesmighthaveincompletingtheirhomework.Butthepolicyisunclearandcontradictory.Certainly,nohomeworkshouldbeassignedthatstudentscannotdowithoutexpensiveequipment.Butifthedistrictisessentiallygivingapasstostudentswhodonotdotheirhomeworkbecauseofcomplicatedfamilylives,itisgoingriskilyclosetotheimplicationthatstandardsneedtobeloweredforpoorchildren.Districtadministratorssaythathomeworkwillstillbeapatofschooling:teachersareallowedtoassignasmuchofitastheywant.Butwithhomeworkcountingfornomorethan10%oftheirgrades,studentscaneasilyskiphalftheirhomeworkandseeveylittledifferenceontheirreportcards.Somestudentsmightdowellonstatetestswithoutcompletingtheirhomework,butwhataboutthestudentswhoperformedwellonthetestsanddidtheirhomework?Itisquitepossiblethatthehomeworkhelped.Yetratherthanempoweringteacherstofindwhatworksbestfortheirstudents,thepolicyimposesaflat,across-the-boardrule.Atthesametime,thepolicyaddressesnoneofthetrulythornyquestionsabouthomework.Ifthedistrictfindshomeworktobeunimportanttoitsstudents*academicachievement,itshouldmovetoreduceoreliminatetheassignments,notmakethemcountforalmostnothing.Conversely,ifhomeworkdoesnothingtoensurethatthehomeworkstudentsarenotassigningmorethantheyarewillingtoreviewandcorrect.Thehomeworkrulesshouldbeputonholdwhiletheschoolboard,whichisresponsibleforsettingeducationalpolicy,looksintothematterandconductspublichearings.ItisnottoolateforL.A.Unifiedtodohomeworkright.21.Itisimpliedinparagraph1thatnowadayshomework.[A]isreceivingmorecriticism[B]isnolongeraneducationalritual[C]isnotrequiredforadvancedcourses[D]isgainingmorepreferences22.L.A.Unifiedhasmadetheruleabouthomeworkmainlybecausepoorstudents.[A]tendtohavemoderateexpectationsfortheireducation

20[B]haveaskedforadifferenteducationalstandard[C]mayhaveproblemsfinishingtheirhomework[D]havevoicedtheircomplaintsabouthomework21.AccordingtoParagraph3,oneproblemwiththepolicyisthatitmay.[A]discouragestudentsfromdoinghomework[B]resultinstudents*indifferencetotheirreportcards[C]underminetheauthorityofstatetests[D]restrictteachers，powerineducation22.AsmentionedinParagraph4,akeyquestionunansweredabouthomeworkiswhether.[A]itshouldbeeliminated[B]itcountsmuchinschooling[C]itplacesextraburdensonteachers[D]itisimportantforgrades23.Asuitabletitleforthistextcouldbe.[A]WrongInterpretationofanEducationalPolicy[B]AWelcomedPolicyforPoorStudents[C]ThornyQuestionsaboutHomework[D]AFaultyApproachtoHomeworkText2Prettyinpink:adultwomendonotrememerbeingsoobsessedwiththecolour,yetitispervasiveinouryounggirls'lives.Ttisnotthatpinkisintrinsicallybad,butitissuchatinysliceoftherainbowand,thoughitmaycelebrategirlhoodinoneway,italsorepeatedlyandfirmlyfusesgirls'identitytoappearance.Thenitpresentsthatconnection,evenamongtwo-year-olds,betweengirlsasnotonlyinnocentbutasevidenceofinnocence.Lookingaround,Idespairedatthesingularlackofimaginationaboutgirls'livesandinterests.Girls'attractiontopinkmayseemunavoidable,somehowencodedintheirDNA,butaccordingtoJoPaoletti,anassociateprofessorofAmericanStudies,itisnot.Childrenwerenotcolour-codedatalluntiltheearly20thcentury:intheerabeforedomesticwashingmachinesallbabiesworewhiteasapracticalmatter,sincetheonlywayofgettingclothescleanwastoboilthem.What'smore,bothboysandgirlsworewhatwerethoughtofasgender-neutraldresses.Whennurserycolourswereintroduced,pinkwasactuallyconsideredthemoremasculinecolour,apastelversionofred,whichwasassociatedwithstrength.Blue,withitsintimationsoftheVirginMary,constancyandfaithfulness,symbolisedfemininity.Itwasnotuntilthemid-1980s,whenamplifyingageandsexdifferencesbecameadominantchildren,smarketingstrategy,thatpinkfullycameintoitsown,whenitbegantoseeminherentlyattractivetogirls,partofwhatdefinedthemasfemale,atleastforthefirstfewcriticalyears.Ihadnotrealisedhowprofoundlymarketingtrendsdictatedourperceptionofwhatisnaturaltokins,includingourcorebeliefsabouttheirpsychologicaldevelopment.Takethetoddler.Iassumedthatphasewassomethingexpertsdevelopedafteryearsofresearchintochildren,sbehaviour:wrong.Turnsout,acdordingtoDanielCook,ahistorianofchildhoodconsumerism,itwaspopularisedasamarketingtrickbyclothingmanufacrurersinthe1930s.

21Tradepublicationscounselleddepartmentstoresthat,inordertoincreasesales,theyshouldcreatea“thirdsteppingstone“betweeninfantwearandolderkids'clothes.Ttwasonlyafter“toddler“becameacommonshoppers'termthatitevolvedintoabroadlyaccepteddevelopmentalstage.Splittingkids,oradults,intoever-tiniercategorieshasprovedasure-firewaytoboostprofits.Andoneoftheeasiestwaystosegmentamarketistomagnifygenderdifferences-orinventthemwheretheydidnotpreviouslyexist.21.Bysaying〃itis...therainbow”(Line3,Para.1),theauthormeanspink.[A]shouldnotbethesolerepresentationofgirlhood[B]shouldnotbeassociatedwithgirls，innocence[C]cannotexplaingirls'lackofimagination[D]cannotinfluencegirls'livesandinterests22.AccordingtoParagraph2,whichofthefollowingistrueofcolours?[A]Coloursareencodedingirls'DNA.[B]Blueusedtoberegardedasthecolourforgirls.[C]Pinkusedtobeaneutralcolourinsymbolisinggenders.[D]Whiteispreferedbybabies.23.Theauthorsuggeststhatourperceptionofchildren，spsychologicaldevelopmentwasmuchinfluencedby.[A]themarketingofproductsforchildren[B]theobservationofchildren，snature[C]researchesintochildren，sbehavior[D]studiesofchildhoodconsumption24.WemaylearnfromParagraph4thatdepartmentstoreswereadvisedto.[A]focusoninfantwearandolderkids'clothes[B]attachequalimportancetodifferentgenders[C]classifyconsumersintosmallergroups[D]createsomecommonshoppers，terms25.Itcanbeconcludedthatgirls'attractiontopinkseemstobe.[A]clearlyexplainedbytheirinborntendency[B]fullyunderstoodbyclothingmanufacturers[C]mainlyimposedbyprofit-drivenbusinessmen[D]wellinterpretedbypsychologicalexpertsText3In2010.afederaljudgeshookAmerica，sbiotechindustrytoitscore.CompanieshadwonpatentsforisolatedDNAfordecadesby2005some20%ofhumangeneswereparented.ButinMarch2010ajudgeruledthatgeneswereunpatentable.Executiveswereviolentlyagitated.TheBiotechnologyIndustryOrganisation(BIO),atradegroup,assuredmembersthatthiswasjusta-preliminarystep||inalongerbattle.OnJuly29ththeywererelieved,atleasttemporarily.Afederalappealscourtoverturnedthepriordecision,rulingthatMyriadGeneticscouldindeedholbpatentstotwogenesthathelpforecastawomansriskofbreastcancer.ThechiefexecutiveofMyriad,acompanyinUtah,saidtherulingwasablessingtofirmsandpatientsalike.Butascompaniescontinuetheirattemptsatpersonalisedmedicine,thecourtswillremainratherbusy.TheMyriadcaseitselfisprobablynotoverCriticsmakethreemainargumentsagainstgenepatents:ageneisaproductofnature,soitmaynotbepatented;genepatentssupp

22ressinnovationratherthanrewardit;andpatents，monopoliesrestrictaccesstogenetictestssuchasMyriad,s.Agrowingnumberseemtoagree.Lastyearafederaltask-forceurgedreformforpatentsrelatedtogenetictests.InOctobertheDepartmentofJusticefiledabriefintheMyriadcase,arguingthatanisolatedDNAmolecule-isnolessaproductofnature...thanarecottonfibresthathavebeenseparatedfromcottonseeds.IIDespitetheappealscourt，sdecision,bigquestionsremainunanswered.Forexample,itisunclearwhetherthesequencingofawholegenomeviolatesthepatentsofindividualgeneswithinit.ThecasemayyetreachtheSupremeCourt.AStheindustryadvances,however,othersuitsmayhaveanevengreaterimpact,companiesareunlikelytofilemanymorepatentsforhumanDNAmolecules-mostarealreadypatentedorinthepublicdomain.firmsarenowstudyinghowgenesinteract,lookingforcorrelationsthatmightbeusedtodeterminethecausesofdiseaseorpredictadrug,sefficacy,companiesareeagertowinpatentsfor'connectingthedits',expaainshanssauer,alawyerfortheBIO.Theirsuccessmaybedeterminedbyasuitrelatedtothisissue,broughtbytheMayoClinic,whichtheSupremeCourtwillhearinitsnextterm.TheBIOrtcentlyheldaconventionwhichincludedseddionstocoachlawyersontheshiftinglandscapeforpatents.Eachmeetingwaspacked.31.itcanbelearnedfromparagraphIthatthebiotechcompanieswouldlikeA.theirexecutivestobeactiveB.judgestoruleoutgenepatentingC.genestobepatentableD.theBIOtoissueawarning32.thosewhoareagainstgenepatentsbelievethatA.genetictestsarenotreliableB.onlyman-madeproductsarepatentableC.patentsongenesdependmuchoninnovatiaonD.courtsshouldrestrictaccesstogenetictests33.accordingtohanssauer,companiesareeagertowinpatentsforA.establishingdiseasecomelationsB.discoveringgeneinteractionsC.drawingpicturesofgenesD.identifyinghumanDNA34.Bysayingaeachmeetingwaspacked”(line4,para6)theauthormeansthatA.thesupremecourtwasauthoritativeB.theBIOwasapowerfulorganizationC.genepatentingwasagreatconcernD.lawyerswerekeentoattendconventiongs35.generallyspeaking,theauthor?sattitudetowardgenepatentingisA.criticalB.supportiveC.scornfulD.objectiveText4Thegreatrecessionmaybeover,butthiseraofhighjoblessnessisprobablybeginning.Beforeitends,itwilllikelychangethelifecourseandcharacterofagenerationofyoungadults.Andultimately,itislikelytoreshapeourpolitics,ourculture,andthecharacterofoursocietyforyears.Noonetriesharderthanthejoblesstofindsilverliningsinthisnationaleconomicdisaster.Manysaidthatunemployment,whileextremelypainful,hadimprovedtheminsomeways;theyhadbecomelessmaterialisticandmorefinanciallyprudent;theyweremoreaware

23ofthestrugglesofothers.Inlimitedrespects,perhapstherecessionwillleavesocietybetteroff.Attheveryleast,ithasawokenusfromournationalfeverdreamofeasyrichesandbiggerhouses,andputanecessaryendtoaneraofrecklesspersonalspending.Butforthemostpart,thesebenefitsseemthin,uncertain,andfaroff.InTheMoralConsequencesofEconomicGrowth,theeconomichistorianBenjaminFriedmanarguesthatbothinsideandoutsidetheU.S.,lengthyperiodsofeconomicstagnationordeclinehavealmostalwaysleftsocietymoremean-spiritedandlessinclusive,andhaveusuallystoppedorreversedtheadvanceofrightsandfreedoms.Anti-immigrantsentimenttypicallyincreases,asdoesconflictbetweenracesandclasses.Incomeinequalityusuallyfallsduringarecession,butithasnotshrunkinthisone,.Indeed,thisperiodofeconomicweaknessmayreinforceclassdivides,anddecreaseopportunitiestocrossthem—especiallyforyoungpeople.TheresearchofTillVonWachter,theeconomistinColumbiaUniversity,suggeststhatnotallpeoplegraduatingintoarecessionseetheirlifechancesdimmed:thosewithdegreesfromeliteuniversitiescatchupfairlyquicklytowheretheyotherwisewouldhavebeeniftheyhadgraduatedinbettertimes;itisthemassesbeneaththemthatareleftbehind.Intheinternetage,itisparticularlyeasytoseetheresentmentthathasalwaysbeenhiddenwinthinAmericansociety.Moredifficult,inthemoment,isdiscerningpreciselyhowtheseleantimesareaffectingsociety'scharacter.Inmanyrespects,theU.S.wasmoresociallytolerantenteringthisresessionthanatanytimeinitshistory,andavarietyofnationalpollsonsocialconflictsincethenhaveshownmixedresults.Wewillhavetowaitandseeexactlyhowthesehardtimeswillreshapeoursocialfabric.Buttheycertainlyit,andallthemoresothelongertheyextend.32.Bysaying“tofindsilverlinings”(Line1,Para.2)theauthorsuggestthatthejoblesstryto.[A]seeksubsidiesfromthegovernment[B]explorereasonsfortheunermployment[C]makeprofitsfromthetroubledeconomy[D]lookonthebrightsideoftherecession33.AccordingtoParagraph2,therecessionhasmadepeople.[A]realizethenationaldream[B]struggleagainsteachother[C]challengetheirlifestyle[D]reconsidertheirlifestyle34.BenjaminFriedmanbelievethateconomicrecessionsmay.[A]imposeaheavierburdenonimmigrants[B]bringoutmoreevilsofhumannature[C]Promotetheadvanceofrightsandfreedoms[D]easeconflictsbetweenracesandclasses35.TheresearchofTillVonWachthersuggeststhatinrecessiongraduatesfromeliteuniversitiestendto.[A]lagbehindtheothersduetodecreasedopportunities[B]catchupquicklywithexperiencedemployees[C]seetheirlifechancesasdimmedastheothers"[D]recovermorequicklythantheothers

2432.Theauthorthinksthattheinfluenceofhardtimesonsocietyis.[A]certain[B]positive[C]trivial[D]destructivePartBDirections:Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromtheleftcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintherightcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEERT1.(10points)“Universalhistory,thehistoryofwhatmanhasaccomplishedinthisworld,isatbottomtheHistoryoftheGreatMenwhohaveworkedhere,“wrotetheVictoriansageThomasCarlyle.Well,notanymoreitisnot.Suddenly,Britainlookstohavefallenoutwithitsfavouritehistoricalform.Thiscouldbenomorethanapassingliterarycraze,butitalsopointstoabroadertruthabouthowwenowapproachthepast:lessconcernedwithlearningfromforefathersandmoreinterestedinfeelingtheirpain.Today,wewantempathy,notinspiration.FromtheearliestdaysoftheRenaissance,thewritingofhistorymeantrecountingtheexemplarylivesofgreatmen.In1337,PetrarchbeganworkonhisramblingwritingDeVirisIllustribus-OnFamousMen,highlightingthevirtus(orvirtue)ofclassicalheroes.Petrarchcelebratedtheirgreatnessinconqueringfortuneandrisingtothetop.ThiswasthebiographicaltraditionwhichNiccoloMachiavelliturnedonitshead.InThePrince,thechampionedcunning,ruthlessness,andboldness,ratherthanvirtue,mercyandjustice,astheskillsofsuccessfulleaders.Overtime,theattributesofgreatnessshifted.TheRomanticscommemoratedtheleadingpaintersandauthorsoftheirday,stressingtheuniquenessoftheartist*spersonalexperienceratherthanpublicglory.Bycontrast,theVictorianauthorSamualSmileswroteSelf-Helpasacatalogueoftheworthylivesofengineers,industrialistsandexplores.“Thevaluableexampleswhichtheyfurnishofthepowerofself-help,ifpatientpurpose,resoluteworkingandsteadfastintegrity,issuingintheformulationoftrulynobleandmanycharacter,exhibit,“wroteSmiles,“whatitisinthepowerofeachtoaccomplishforhimself〃His

25biographiesofJamesWalt,RichardArkwrightandJosiahWedgwoodwereheldupasbeaconstoguidetheworkingmanthroughhisdifficultlife.ThiswasallabitbourgeoisforThomasCarlyle,whofocusedhisbiographiesonthetrulyheroiclivesofMartinLuther,01iverCromwellandNapoleonBonaparte.Theseepochalfiguresrepresentedliveshardtoimitate,buttobeacknowledgedaspossessinghigherauthoritythanmeremortals.CommunistManifesto.Forthem,historydidnothing,itpossessednoimmensewealthnorwagedbattles:"Itisman,real,livingmanwhodoesallthat."Andhistoryshouldbethestoryofthemassesandtheirrecordofstruggle.Assuch,itneededtoappreciatetheeconomicrealities,thesocialcontextsandpowerrelationsinwhicheachepochstood.For:“Menmaketheirownhistory,buttheydonotmakeitjustastheyplease;theydonotmakeitundercircumstanceschosenbythemselves,butundercircumstancesdirectlyfound,givenandtransmittedfromthepast.”Thiswasthetraditionwhichrevolutionizedourappreciationofthepast.InplaceofThomasCarlyle,BritainnurturedChristopherHill,EPThompsonandEricHobsbawm.Historyfrombelowstoodalongsidebiographiesofgreatmen.Wholenewrealmsofunderstanding-fromgendertoracetoculturalstudies—wereopenedupasscholarsunpickedthemultiplicityoflostsocieties.Andittransformedpublichistorytoo:downstairsbecamejustasfascinatingasupstairs.[A]emphasizedthevirtueofclassicalheroes.41.Petrarch[B]highlightedthepublicgloryoftheleadingartists.42NiccoloMachiavellli[C]focusedonepochalfigureswhoseliveswerehardtoimitate.43.SamuelSmiles[D]openedupnewrealmsofunderstandingthegreatmeninhistory.44.ThomasCarlyle[E]heldthathistoryshouldbethestoryofthemassesandtheirrecordofstruggle.45.MarxandEngels[F]dismissedvirtueasunnecessaryforsuccessfulleaders.[G]depictedtheworthylivesofengineerindustrialistsandexplorersSectionIIITranslation46.Directions:

26TranslatethefollowingtextfromEnglishintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Whenpeopleindevelopingcountriesworryaboutmigration,theyareusuallyconcernedattheprospectoftherbestandbrightestdeparturetoSiliconValleyortohospitalsanduniversitiesinthedevelopedworld,ThesearethekindofworkersthatcountrieslikeBritian,CanadaandAustraliatrytoattractbyusingimmigrationrulesthatprivilegecollegegraduates.Lotsofstudieshavefoundthatwell-educatedpeoplefromdevelopingcountriesareparticularlylikelytoemigrate.AbigsurveyofIndianhouseholdsin2004foundthatnearly40%ofemigrantshadmorethanahigh-schooleducation,comparedwitharound3.3%ofallIndiansovertheageof25.This"braindrain"haslongbotheredpolicymakersinpoorcountries,Theyfearthatithurtstheireconomies,deprivingthemofmuch-neededskilledworkerswhocouldhavetaughtattheiruniversities,workedintheirhospitalsandcomeupwithclevernewproductsfortheirfactoriestomake.SectionIIIWritingPartA47.DirectionsSupposeyouhavefoundsomethingwrongwiththeelectronicdictionarythatyouboughtfromanonlinstoretheotherday,Writeanemailtothecustomerservicecentertol)makeacomplaintand2)demandapromptsolutionYoushouldwriteaboutlOOwordsonANSERESHEET2Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter,Use"zhangwei“instead.48、writeanessaybasedonthefollowingtable.Inyourwritingyoushould1)describethetable,and2)giveyourcommentsYoushouldwriteatleast150words(15points)某公司员工工作满意度调查年龄满意度满意不清楚不满意小于等于40岁16.7%忖.0%33.3%41-50岁0.0%64.0%大于50岁40.050.0%10.0%2013SectionIUseofEnglishGiventheadvantageofelectronicmoney,youmightthinkthatweshouldmovequicklytothecashlesssocietyinwhichallpaymentsaremadeelectronically._1However,atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecorner.Indeed,predictionshavebeen2around_fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.Forexample,BusinessWeekpredictedin1975thatelectronicmeansofpayment“wouldsoonrevolutionizethevery3.conceptofmoneyitself?'onlyto4.reverseitselfseveralyearslater.Whyhasthe

27movementtoacashlesssocietybeenso5.slowincoming?Althoughe-moneymightbemoreconvenientandmaybemoreefficientthanapaymentssystembasedonpaper,severalfactorswork6.againstthedisappearanceofthepapersystem.First,itisvery7,expcnsivetosetupthecomputer,cardreader,andtelecommunicationsnetworksnecessarytomakeelectronicmoneythe8.dominantformofpayment.Second,electronicmeansofpayment14.raisesecurityandprivacyconcerns.Weoftenhearmediareportsthatanunauthorizedhackerhasbeenabletoaccessacomputerdatabaseandtoalterinformation15.storedthere.Becausethisisnotan16.uncommonoccurrence,unscrupulouspersonsmightbeabletoaccessbankaccountsinelectronicpaymentssystemsandI7.stealfundsbymovingthemfromsomeoneelse'saccountsintotheirown.The18.preventionofthistypeoffraudisnoeasytask,andawholenewfieldofcomputersciencehasdevelopedto19.copewithsecurityissues.Afurtherconcernisthattheuseofelectronicmeansofpaymentleavesanelectronic2O.trailthatcontainsalargeamountofpersonaldataonbuyinghabits.1.[A]However[B]Moreover[C]Therefore[D]Otherwise2.[A]off[B]back[C]over[D]around3.[A]power[B]concept[C]history[D]role4.[A]reward[B]resist[C]resume[D]reverse5.[A]silent[B]sudden[C]slow[D]steady6.[A]fbr[B]against[C]with[D]on7.[A]imaginative[B]expensive[C]sensitive[D]productive8.[A]similar[B]original[C]temporary[D]dominant9.[A]collect[B]provide[C]copy[D]print10.[A]giveup[B]takeover[C]bringback[D]passdown11.[A]before[B]after[C]since[D]when12.[A]kept[B]borrowed[C]released[D]withdrawn13.[A]Unless[B]Until[C]Because[D]Though14.[A]hide[B]express[C]raise[D]ease15.[A]analyzed[B]shared[C]stored[D]displayed16.[A]unsafe[B]unnatural[C]uncommon[D]unclear17.[A]steal[B]choose[C]benefit[D]return18.[A]consideration[B]prevention[C]manipulation[D]justification19.[A]copewith[B]fightagainst[C]adaptto[D]callfbr20.[A]chunk[B]chip[C]path[D]trailSectionIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Inanessay,entitled“MakingItinAmerica,inthelatestissueofTheAtlantic,theauthorAdamDavidsonrelatesajokefromcottoncountryaboutjusthowmuchamodemtextilemillhasbeenautomated:Theaveragemillhasonlytwoemployeestoday,“amanandadog.Themanistheretofeedthedog,andthedogistheretokeepthemanawayfromthemachines.MDavidson'sarticleisoneofanumberofpiecesthathaverecentlyappearedmakingthepointthatthe

28reasonwehavesuchstubbornlyhighunemploymentandsaggingmiddle-classincomestodayislargelybecauseofthebigdropindemandbecauseoftheGreatRecession,butitisalsobecauseofthequantumadvancesinbothglobalizationandtheinformationtechnologyrevolution,whicharemorerapidlythaneverreplacinglaborwithmachinesorforeignworkers.Inthepast,workerswithaverageskills,doinganaveragejob,couldearnanaveragelifestyle.But,today,averageisofficiallyover.Beingaveragejustwon'tearnyouwhatitusedto.Itcan'twhensomanymoreemployershavesomuchmoreaccesstosomuchmoreaboveaveragecheapforeignlabor,cheaprobotics,cheapsoftware,cheapautomationandcheapgenius.Therefore,everyoneneedstofindtheirextra-theiruniquevaluecontributionthatmakesthemstandoutinwhateveristheirfieldofemployment.Averageisover.Yes,newtechnologyhasbeeneatingjobsforever,andalwayswill.Astheysay,ifhorsescouldhavevoted,thereneverwouldhavebeencars.Butthere'sbeenanacceleration.AsDavidsonnotes,“Inthe10yearsendingin2009,[U.S.]factoriesshedworkerssofastthattheyerasedalmostallthegainsoftheprevious70years;roughlyoneoutofeverythreemanufacturingjobs—about6millionintotal—disappcared.,,Andyouain'tseennothin*yet.LastApril,AnnieLowreyofSlatewroteaboutastart-upcalled“ElaCarte“thatisouttoshrinktheneedforwaitersandwaitresses:Thecompany"hasproducedakindofsouped-upiPadthatletsyouorderandpayrightatyourtable.ThebrainchildofabunchofM.I.T.engineers,theniftyinvention,knownasthePresto,mightbefoundatarestaurantnearyousoon....Youselectwhatyouwanttoeatandadditemstoacart.Dependingontherestaurant^preferences,theconsolecouldshowyounutritionalinformation,ingredientslistsandphotographs.Youcanmakespecialrequests,like'dressingontheside'or'quintuplebacon?Whenyou'redone,theorderzingsovertothekitchen,andthePrestotellsyouhowlongitwilltakeforyouritemstocomeout....Boredwithyourcompanions?Playgamesonthemachine.Whenyou'rethroughwithyourmeal,youpayontheconsole,splittingthebillitembyitemifyouwishandpayinghoweveryouwant.Andyoucanhaveyourreceipte-mailedtoyou....Eachconsolegoesfor$100permonth.Ifarestaurantservesmealseighthoursaday,sevendaysaweek,itworksoutto42centsperhourpertable—makingthePrestocheaperthaneventheverycheapestwaiter.”WhattheiPadwon'tdoinanaboveaveragewayaChineseworkerwill.ConsiderthisparagraphfromSunday'sterrificarticleinTheTimesbyCharlesDuhiggandKeithBradsheraboutwhyAppledoessomuchofitsmanufacturinginChina:"ApplehadredesignedtheiPhone'sscreenatthelastminute,forcinganassembly-lineoverhaul.Newscreensbeganarrivingatthe[Chinese]plantnearmidnight.Aforemanimmediatelyroused8,000workersinsidethecompany'sdormitories,accordingtotheexecutive.Eachemployeewasgivenabiscuitandacupoftea,guidedtoaworkstationandwithinhalfanhourstarteda12-hourshiftfittingglassscreensintobeveledframes.Within96hours,theplantwasproducingover10,000iPhonesaday.'Thespeedandflexibilityisbreathtaking/theexecutivesaid.'There'snoAmericanplantthatcanmatchthat.'"Andautomationisnotjustcomingtomanufacturing,explainsCurtisCarlson,thechiefexecutiveofSRIInternational,aSiliconValleyidealabthatinventedtheAppleiPhoneprogramknownasSiri,thedigitalpersonalassistant.fcfcSiriisthebeginningofahugetransformationinhowweinteractwithbanks,insurancecompanies,retailstores,healthcareproviders,informationretrievalservicesandproductservices.Therewillalwaysbechange—newjobs,newproducts,newservices.ButtheonethingweknowforsureisthatwitheachadvanceinglobalizationandtheI.T.revolution,thebestjobswillrequireworkerstohavemoreandbettereducationtomakethemselvesaboveaverage.HerearethelatestunemploymentratesfromtheBureauofLaborStatisticsforAmericansover25yearsold:thosewithlessthanahighschooldegree,13.8percent;thosewithahighschooldegreeandnocollege,8.7percent;thosewithsomecollegeorassociatedegree,7.7percent;andthosewithbachelor'sdegreeorhigher,4.1percent.

29Inaworldwhereaverageisofficiallyover,therearemanythingsweneedtodotobuttressemployment,butnothingwouldbemoreimportantthanpassingsomekindofG.I.Billforthe21stcenturythatensuresthateveryAmericanhasaccesstopost-highschooleducation.21.ThejokeinParagraph1isusedtoillustrate[A]theimpactoftechnologicaladvances[B]thealleviationofjobpressure[C]theshrinkageoftextilemills[D]thedeclineofmiddle-classincomes22.AccordingtoParagraph3,tobeasuccessfulemployee,onehasto[A]workoncheapsoftware[B]askfbramoderatesalary[C]adoptanaveragelifestyle[D]contributesomethingunique23.ThequotationinParagraph4explainsthat[A]gainsoftechnologyhavebeenerased[B]jobopportunitiesaredisappearingatahighspeed[C]factoriesaremakingmuchlessmoneythanbefore[D]newjobsandserviceshavebeenoffered24.Accordingtotheauthor,toreduceunemployment,themostimportantis[A]toacceleratetheI.T.revolution[B]toensuremoreeducationfbrpeople[C]roadvanceeconomicglobalization[D]topassmorebillsinthe21stcentury25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatetitlefbrthetext?[A]NewLawTakesEffect[B]TechnologyGoesChe叩[C]AverageIsOver[D]RecessionIsBadText2ImagineanewimmigrationpolicyAcenturyago,theimmigrantsfromacrosstheAtlanticincluedsettlersandsojourners.AlongwiththemanyfolkslookingtomakeapermanenthomeintheUnitedStatescamethosewhoha

30dnointentiontostay,and7millinpeoplearrivedwhileabout2milliondeparted.AboutaquarterofallItalianimmigrants,fbrexanmle,eventuallyreturnedtoItalyfbrgood.Theyevenhadanaffectionatenickname,4tuccellidipassaggio/'birdsofpassage.Today,wearemuchmorerigidaboutimmigrants.Wedividenemcomersintotwocategories:legalorillegal,goodorbad.WehailthemasAmericansinthemaking,orourbrokenimmigrantionsystemandthelongpoliticalparalysisoverhowtofixit.Wedontneedmorecategories,butweneedtochangethewaywethinkaboutcategories.Weneedtolookbeyondstrickdefinitionsoflegalandillegal.Tostart,wecanrecognizethenewbirdsofpassage,thoselivingandthrivinginthegrayareas.Wemightthenbegintosolveourimmigrationchallenges.Croppickers,violinists,constructionworkers,entrepreneurs,engineers,homehcalth-careaidesandphysicistsareamongtodaysbirdsofpassage.Theyareenergeticparticipantsinaglobaleconomydrivenbytheflowofwork,moneyandideas.Theyprefertocomeandgoasopportunitycallsthem,Theycanmanagetohaveajobinoneplaceandafamilyinanother.Withorwithoutpermission,theystraddlelawsJurisdictionsandidentitieswithease.WeneedthemtoimaginetheUnitedStatesasaplacewheretheycanbeproductivefbrawhilewithoutcommittingthemselvestostayingforever.Weneedthemtofeelthathomecanbebothhereandthereandthattheycanbelongtotwonationshonorably.Accommodatingthisnewworldofpeopleinmotionwillrequirenewattitudesonbothsidesoftheimmigrationbattle.Lookingbeyondtheculturewarlogicofrightorwrongmeansopeningupthemiddlegroundandunderstandingthatmanagingimmigrationtodayrequiresmultipiepathsandmultipleoutcomes.Includingsomethatarenoteasytoaccomplishlegallyintheexistingsystem.[B]leavetheirhomecountriesfbrgood.[D]findpermanentjobsoverseas.26"Birdsofpassage"referstothosewho[A]immigrateacrosstheAtlantic.[C]stayinafbregintemporally.27Itisimpliedinparagraph2thatthecurrentimmigrationstystemintheUS[A]needsnewimmigrantcategories.[B]hasloosenedcontroloverimmigrants.[C]shouldbeadoptedtomeetchallenges.[D]hasbeenfixeedviapoliticalmeans.28Accordingtotheauthor,today'sbirdsofpassagewant_[A]fiancialincentives.[B]aglobalrecognition.[D]opportunitiestogetregularjobs.[D]thefreedomtostayandleave.29Theauthorsuggeststhatthebirdsofpassagetodayshouldbetreated_[A]asfaithfulpartners.[C]withregaltolerance.30whichisthemosttitle?[A]comeandgo:bigmistake.[C]withorwithout:greatrisk.[B]witheconomicfavors.[D]asmightyrivals.[B]livingandthriving:greatrisk.[D]legalorillegal:bigmistake.Text3Scientistshavefoundthatalthoughwearepronetosnapoverreactions,ifwetakeamomentandthinkabouthowwearelikelytoreact,wecanreduceoreveneliminatethenegativeeffectsofourquick,hard-wiredresponses.Snapdecisionscanbeimportantdefensemechanisms;ifwearejudgingwhethersomeoneisdangerous,ourbrainsandbodiesarehard-wiredtoreactveryquickly,withinmilliseconds.Butweneedmoretimetoassessotherfactors.Toaccuratelytellwhethersomeoneissociable,studiesshow,weneedatleastaminute,preferablyfive.Ittakesawhiletojudgecomplexaspectsofpersonality,likeneuroticismoropen-mindedness.Butsnapdecisionsinreactiontorapidstimuliarentexclusivetotheinterpersonalrealm.PsychologistsattheUniversityofTorontofoundthatviewingafast-fbodlogoforjustafewmilliseconds

31primesustoread20percentfaster,eventhoughreadinghaslittletodowitheating.Weunconsciouslyassociatefastfoodwithspeedandimpatienceandcarrythoseimpulsesintowhateverelsewercdoing,Subjectsexposedtofast-fbodflashesalsotendtothinkamusicalpiecelaststoolong.Yetwecanreversesuchinfluences.Ifweknowwewilloverreacttoconsumerproductsorhousingoptionswhenweseeahappyface(onereasongoodsalesrepresentativesandrealestateagentsarealwayssmiling),wecantakeamomentbeforebuying.Ifweknowfemalejobscreenersaremorelikelytorejectattractivefemaleapplicants,wecanhelpscreenersunderstandtheirbiases-orhireoutsidescreeners.JohnGottman,themarriageexpert,explainsthatwequickly“thinslice“informationreliablyonlyafterwegroundsuchsnapreactionsin“thicksIiced^^long-termstudy.WhenDr.Gottmanreallywantstoassesswhetheracouplewillstaytogether,heinvitesthemtohisislandretreatforamucklongerevaluation;twodays,nottwoseconds.Ourabilitytomuteourhard-wiredreactionsbypausingiswhatdifferentiatesusfromanimals:dogecanthinkaboutthefutureonlyintermittentlyorforafewminutes.Buthistoricallywehavespentabout12percentofourdayscontemplatingthelongerterm.Althoughtechnologymightchangethewaywereact,ithasntchangedournature.Westillhavetheimaginativecapacitytoriseabovetemptationandreversethehigh-speedtrend.31.Thetimeneededinmakingdecisionsmay.[A]varyaccordingtotheurgencyofthesituation[B]provethecomplexityofourbrainreaction[C]dependontheimportanceoftheassessment[D]predeterminetheaccuracyofourjudgment32.Ourreactiontoafast-fbodlogoshowsthatsnaodecisions.[A]canbeassociative[B]arenotunconscious[C]canbedangerous[D]arenotimpulsive33.Toreversethenegativeinfluencesofsnapdecisions,weshould.[A]trustourfirstimpression[B]doaspeopleusuallydo[C]thinkbeforeweact[D]askforexpertadvice34.JohnGottmansaysthatreliablesnapreactionarebasedon.[A]criticalassessment[B]4

32"Personally,Idon'tlikequotas,9,Redingsaidrecently."Butilikewhatthequotasdo.^^Quotasgetaction:they“openthewaytoequalityandtheybreakthroughtheglassceiling,accordingtoReding,aresultseeninFranceandothercountrieswithlegallybindingprovisionsonplacingwomenintopbusinesspositions.IunderstandReding'srcluctance-andherfrustration.Idon'tlikequotaseither;theyruncountertomybeliefinmeritocracy,governmentbythecapable.Bur,whenoneconsiderstheobstaclestoachievingthemeritocraticideal,itdoeslookasifafairerworldmustbetemporarilyordered.Afterall,fourdecadesofevidencehasnowshownthatcorporationsinEuropeastheUSareevadingthemeritocratichiringandpromotionofwomentotopposition——nomatterhowmuch“softpressure“isputuponthem.Whenwomendobreakthroughtothesummitofcorporatepower—as,forexample,SherylSandbergrecentlydidatFacebook-theyattractmassiveattentionpreciselybecausetheyremaintheexceptiontotherule.Ifappropriatepubicpolicieswereinplacetohelpallwomen・・・whetherCEOsortheirchildren'scaregivers-andallfamilies,Sandbergwouldbenomorenewsworthythananyotherhighlycapablepersonlivinginamorejustsociety.31.IntheEuropeancorporateworkplace,generally.[A]womentakethelead[B]menhavethefinalsay[C]corporategovernanceisoverwhelmed[D]seniormanagementisfamily-friendly37.TheEuropeanUnion'sintendedlegislationis.[D]areflectionofgenderbalance[B]areluctantchoice[E]aresponsetoReding'scall[D]avoluntaryaction38.AccordingtiReding,quotasmayhelpwomen.[A]gettopbusinesspositions[B]seethroughtheglassceiling[C]balanceworkandfamily[D]anticipatelegalresults39.Theauthor'sattitudetowardReding'sappealisoneof.[A]skepticism[B]objectiveness[C]indifference[D]approval40.Womenenteringtopmanagementbecomeheadlinesduetothelackof.[A]moresocialjustice[B]massivemediaattention[C]suitablepublicpolicies[D]greater4tsoftpressure”PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatext.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Ffbreachnumberedparagraph(41-45).MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)[D]Livelikeapeasant[E]Balanceyourdiet[F]Shopkeepersareyourfriends[G]Remembertotreatyourself[H]Sticktowhatyouneed[I]Planningiseverything[J]Wastenot,wantnotThehugelypopularblogtheSkintFoodiechronicleshowTonybalanceshisloveofgoodfoodwithlivingonbenefits.Afterbills,Tonyhas£60aweektospend,£40ofwhichgoesonfbod,but10yearsagohewasearning£130,000aIyearworkingincorporatecommunicationsandeatingatLondon'sbctfl

33restaurants”'atleasttwiceaweek.Thenhismarriagefailed,hiscareerburnedoutandhisdrinkingbecameserious."Thecommunitymentalhealthteamsavedmylife.AndIfeltlikethatagain,toacertaindegree,whenpeoplerespondedtotheblogsowell.ItgavemethevalidationandconfidencethatI'dlost.Butit'sstilladay-by-daything."Nowhe'slivinginacouncilflatandfieldingoffersfromliteraryagents.He'sfeelingpositive,buthe'llcarryonblogging-notabouteatingascheaplyasyoucan-"therearesomanypeopleinamuchworsestate,withbarelyanymoneytospendonfbodn-buteatingwellonabudget.Here*shisadvicefbreconomicalfoodies.38.Impulsivespendingisn*tanoption,soplanyourweek'smenuinadvance,makingshoppinglistsfbryouringredientsintheirexactquantities.IhaveanExceltemplatefbraweekofbreakfast,lunchanddinner.Stoplaughing:it'snotjustcosteffectivebuthelpsyoubalanceyourdiet.Ifsalsoagoodideatoshopdailyinsteadofweekly,because,being-human,you'llsometimeschangeyourmindaboutwhatyoufancy.39Thisiswheresupermarketsandthei;anonymitycomeinhandy.Withthem,there'snotthesameembarrassmentaswhenbuyingonecarrotinalittlegreengrocer.Andifyouplanproperly,you'llknowthatyouonlyneed,say,350gofshinofbeefandsixrashersofbacon,notwhateverweightispre-packedinthesupermarketchiller.40Youmayproudlyclaimtoonlyhavefrozenpeasinthefreezer-that*snotgoodenough.Mineisfilledwithleftovers,bread,stock,meatandfish.Planningaheadshouldeliminatewastage,butifyouhavesurplusvegetablesyou'lldoavegetablesoup,andallfruitsthreateningtoMgooffwillbecookedorjuiced.41Everyonesaysthis,butitreallyisatoptipfbrfrugaleaters.Shopatbutchers,delisandfish-sellersregularly,evenfbrsmallthings,andbesuperfriendly.Soonyoullfeelcomfortableaskingifthey*veanyknucklesofhamforsoupsandstews,orbeefbones,chickencarcassesandfishheadsfbrstockwhich,moreoftenthannot,Theyilletyouhavefbrfree.42Youwon'tbeeatingoutalot,butsaveyourpenniesandonceeveryfewmonthstreatyourselftoasetlunchatagoodrestaurant-£1.75aweekfbrthreemonthsgivesyou£21-morethan"enoughfbrathree-courselunchatMichelin-starredArbutus.It's£16.95there-or£12.99fbralargepizzafromDomino*s:IknowwhichI'drathercat.SectionIIITranslation46.Directions:TranslatethefollowingtextfromEnglishtoChinese.WriteyourtranslationonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Icanpickadatefromthepast53yearsandknowinstantlywhereIwas,whathappenedinthenewsandeventhedayoftheweek,I'vebeenabletodothis,sinceIwas4.Ineverfeeloverwhelmedwiththeamountofinformationmybrainabsorbs.Mymindseemstobeabletocopeandtheinformationisstoredawayneatly.WhenIthinkofasadmemory,Idowhateverybodydoes-trytoputittooneside.Idon'tthinkit*sharderformejustbecausemymemoryisclearer.Powerfulmemorydoesn*tmakemyemotionsanymoreacuteorvivid.IcanrecallthedaymygrandfatherdiedandthesadnessIfeltwhenwewenttothehospitalthedaybefore.IalsorememberthatthemusicalHairopenedonBroadwayonthesameday-theybothjustpopintomymindinthesameway.

34SectionIVWriting47WritingSupposeyourclassistoholdacharitysalefbrkidsinneedofhelp.Writeyourclassmatesanemailto1)informthemaboutthedetailsand2)encouragethemtoparticipate100wordsuseLiMing.Don*twriteyouraddress.(10points)PartB(15points)48Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchartinyourwriting,youshould(1)interpretthechart,and(2)giveyourcommentsYoushouldwriteabout150words.

35百分比（％）100某高校学生兼职情况+2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试（英语二）试题标准答案sectionIUseofEnglish(lOpoints)I.D2.C3.B4.A5.A6.B7.D8.C9.B10.AII.C12.D13.D14.A15.C16.B17.D18.C19.A20.B21.D22.A23.B24.C25.C26.A27.C28.B29.D30.B31.A32.A33.D34.C35.B36.D37.A38.C39.B40.D41.F42.T43.®44.T45.FSectionIIITranslation最近，“承受力”'坚持不懈”成了一个流行词，但对TedNing来说，他对其含义有自己亲身的体会。在经历了•段无法承受的痛苦生活后，他清楚的认识到，旨在提高承受力的价值观只有通过每日的行为和抉择才能得到体现。Ning回忆起九十年代后期销售保险那困惑的一年。在经历了网络泡沫的膨胀和破灭后，他急需找到一份工作，因此就与Boulder公司签了约。但情况并不顺利。“这的确是糟糕的一步，因为它激不起我的工作热情，"Ning说。不出所料，工作上的进退维谷造成他销售业绩不佳。“我很痛苦，愁肠百结，常常在半夜惊醒，望着天花板发愣。我身无分文，需要这份工作。大家都说，'等等看，过一段时间情况会好转的‘。”SectionIVWritingPartADearxxx,IwouldliketoconveymyheartfeltthankstoyouforyourkindnesstoreceivemewhenIparticipatedinanexchangeprograminUSA.YourgeneroushelpmadeitpossiblethatIhadaverypleasantstayandachancetoknowAmericanculturesbetter.Besides,IthinkitisanhonorformetomakefriendswithyouandIwillcherishthegoodwillyoushowedtomewhereverIgo.IdohopethatyouwillvisitChinaoneday,sothatIcouldhavetheopportunitytorepayyourkindnessandrefreshourfriendship.

36Ifeelobligedtothankyouagain.Sincerelyyours,ZhangWeiPartBInthischart,wecanseethemobilephonesubscriptionsindevelopedcountrieshaveasteadyandslightincreasefrom1990to2007andthenremainconstantin2008.Meanwhilethemobilephonesubscriptionsindevelopingcountrieshavewitnessedaslowincreasefrom1990to2004andthenagreatsurgefrom2004to20007:thebiggestsurgehappensfrom2005to2006.Thischartreflectsdifferentdevelopingmodesofmobilephoneindustryindevelopedanddevelopingcountries.Thedevelopedcountrieshavealimitednumberofpopulations,mostofwhomarewell-educated.Therefore,thespreadingofthemobilephoneserviceisefficientandsoonthemarketissaturated.Alsoatthebeginningthedevelopedcountrieshavemorepeoplewhocanaffordthisservice.Thedevelopingcountrieshavealargepopulationwhokeepsalargedemandformobileservice.Asthemobilephoneservicebecomescheaperandcheaper,theincreasingcustomerssubscribetobenefitfromthisservice.Asdiscussedabove,itisnotsurprisingtoseethischange.Inmyopinion,thistrendthatthenumberofmobile-phonesubscriptionsisincreasinglyincreasingwillcontinueforawhileinthefuture.2011参考答案从全球范围来看•，有谁会想到IT行业释放的温室气体与全球航空公司产生的一样多呢？它大约占总二氧化碳总排量的2%。许多U常工作对环境造成了令人震惊的破坏。根据每次你搜索并得到正确答案的尝试次数，谷歌会排放0.2至7克的:氧化碳。为了迅速将结果传递给用户，谷歌在全球设置了大量充斥着能量巨大的电脑的数据中心。这些电脑在排放大量二氧化碳的同时，也产生大量的能量。因此，这些数据中心需要良好的空调降温，这又会同时产生大量的能量。然而，谷歌和其他技术提供商严密检测他们的效果并不断进行改进。监控是减排的第一步，但这仍任重道远，且不仅只由大公司来承担1-5:ACBDD6-10BACCB11-15DBACA16-20ADACDText121.[B]failingtofulfillherduty.22.[D]independentadvisers.23.[C]dolesswellinthestockmarket.24.[A]maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirm.25.[D]critical.Text226.[D]wereinadesperatesituation.27.[B]newspaperswantedtoreducecosts.28.[C]arelessdependentonadvertising.

3721.[A]Distinctivenessisanessentialfeatureofnewspapers..22.[A]AmericanNewspapers:StrugglingforSurvivalText323.[C]restraintandconfidence.24.[D]IthadagreatinfluenceuponAmericanarchitecture.25.[C]wasnotreliantonabundantdecoration.26.[D]Theysharedsomecharacteristicsofabstractart.27.[B]Naturalscenesweretakenintoconsideration.Text428.[B]evenitssupportersbegintofeelconcerned29.[C]failtoreachanagreementonharmonization30.[B]stricterregulationsbeimposed.31.[A]poorcountriesaremorelikelytogetfunds32.[D]hopefulPartB41.E42.D43.C44.B45.G2012英语二答案：完形填空：I.B2.B3.A4.A5.C6.B7.C8.A9.D10.BII.D12.B13.C14.D15.B16.A17.C18.B19.B20.DTEXT1：21.A22.C23.A24.B25.DTEXT2：26.A27.B28.A29.C30.CTEXT3：31.C32.B33.A34.D35.DTEXT4：36.D37.D38.B39.D40.A翻译：而发展中国家担心移民，则通常考虑的是，他们最优秀的人才流入了硅谷，或是发达国家的•些医院和大学。而这些人才正是英国、加拿大、澳大利亚这样的国家需要的，他们通过优待大学生的移民政策来吸引这样的人才。很多研究发现，发展中国家受过良好教育的人们尤其可能移民。据估计，三分之二受过良好教育的CapeVerdeans都居住在国外。2004年对印度家庭展开了•次大范围调查，询问了他们移居国外的家庭成员情况。调查发现，近40%的移民接受过高等教育，而所有25岁以上的印度人中，这一比例仅为3.3%。这种“人才外流”的现象长期困扰着穷国的政策制定者们。他们担心这会有损经济发展，使得他们丧失亟需的有技能的人才，他们本可在大学里教书，在医院里工作，或是研发出可供生产的新产品。新题型：41-45：AFGCE小作文范文：DearSirorMadame,Asoneoftheregularcustomersofyouronlinestore,Iamwritingthislettertoexpressmycomplaintagainsttheflawsinyourproduct—anelectronicdictionaryIboughtinyourshoptheotherday.Thedictionaryissupposedtobeafavorabletoolformystudy.Unfortunately,Ifoundthatthereareseveralproblems.Tobeginwith,whenIopenedit,Idetectedthattheappearanceofithadbeenscratched.Secondly,Ididnotfindthebatterypromisedintheadvertisementpostedonthehomepageofyourshop,whichmakesmefeelthatyou

38havenotkeptyourpromise.Whatisworse,someofthekeysonthekeyboarddonotwork.Istronglyrequestthatasatisfactoryexplanationbegivenandeffectivemeasuresshouldbetakentoimproveyourserviceandthequalityofyourproducts.Youcaneithersendanewonetomeorrefundmemymoneyinfull.Iamlookingforwardtoyourreplyatyourearliestconvenience.Sincerelyyours,ZhangWei20131.【答案】A(However)【解析】空前作者讲到“鉴于电子货币的优势，你也许会认为,我们将快速步入非现金社会，实现完全电子支付。”而空后说“真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来”这两句话语义是转折的，因此答案A。B.moreover表递进C.therefore表结果D.Otherwise表对比2.【答案】D(around)【解析】由空格所在句的“but”得知，句子前后是转折关系。事实上，这样的预测已经二十年了，但迄今还没有实现。A.off停止B.back返回C.over结束，与后文均不构成转折，故答案选D.around出现。3.【答案】B(concept)【解析】空格所在的句子意思为例如，1975年《商业周刊》预测电子支付手段不久将“彻底改变货币本身的—”将四个选项带入，能够彻底改变的对象只能是金钱的概念(定义)，而A“力量”，C“历史”，D“角色”，语义都不恰当，并且如果选择role的话，应该是复数roles,因为是金钱的作用不止一个,故答案选B。4.【答案】D(reverse)【解析】空格填入的动词跟前面的动词revolutionize(变革)意思上应该是同义替换的，要选择含有变革，彻底改变意思的词汇，四个选项中A.reward奖励B.抵抗C.resume重新开始，继续，都不合适，只有D选项reverse"颠覆”最为贴切，本句译为“电子支付方式不久将改变货币的定义,并将在数年后颠覆货币本身。”5.【答案】C(slow)【解析】根据前面的句意得知，早在1975年就预测了无现金社会将到来，而实际上作者讲到“真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来”，因此也得出这种变革是•个缓慢的过程，故答案选择C。A.silent沉寂的，B.sudden突然的，D.steady稳定不变的。6.【答案】B(against)【解析】上一段末句提出本段的论点，即人们进入无现金时代的速度缓慢的原因。因此本段应围绕纸币系统不会消失来阐述。而且由句首的Although得知，空格所在句与前一句是转折关系。尽管电子支付手段可能比纸币支付方式更加高效，然而以下几个方面解释了纸币系统“不会”消失的原因，故答案选B,workagainst妨碍，对…产生消极影响。A.workfor为…而工作C.workwith与…共事，对…起作用D.workon从事…工作，对…起作用，都不合适。7.【答案】B(expensive)【解析】

39本句陈述的原因都是关于上句提到的传统支付方式的优点，即推广电子支付方式不利之处。所以根据这个基调，得出选项productive不对，最后根据空后的内容推理出消极意思的选项expensive,其他选项意思放到空格处不合理，imaginative,意思是“虚构的、富于想象力的"；sensitive,意思是“敏感的、容易受伤的”。故本题正确答案为B。1.【答案】D(dominant)【解析】空格所在句译为・・.使得电子货币成为—支付方式，将四个选项带入，C,D是比较恰当的，再结合本文章的主旨，应该选择“占主导地位的，支配地位”这层意思的D选项。A.similar相似的B.original原始的，独创的，都不合适。2.【答案】B(provide)【解析】纸质支票支付能够—收据,这是和电子支付相比的一大优势，A.collect收集收据，C.copy复印收据，D.print打印收据都和实际生活不符合。应该是B.provide提供收据。3.【答案】A(giveup)【解析】该动词短语的宾语是前文的something,指代上文的advantage,纸质支票支付能够提供收据这一优势，肯定是消费者不愿放弃的。和优势相搭配的动词短语不能是B.takeover接管，也不能是C.bringback拿回来，D.passdown传递、遗传也不符合。A.giveup放弃一种优势，符合语境，为正确答案。4.【答案】A(before)【解析】这里考查的是时间连词的应用。句子意思是“在支票兑换成现金之前要花上好几天”，符合句意的只有before,其它三项都不符合。5.【答案】D(withdrawn)【解析】这里考查动词辨义。原文句子意思是“资金是从发卡机构的账户里提取的“，withdraw有“提款、取款”的意思，这里是指纸币从银行账户中“被取出”故为正确答案。6.【答案】C(Because)【解析】这里考查的是连词的应用。从原文可以看出空后的两个句子在意思上存在着因果关系，“因为电子支付是即付的，所以消除了客户的付款”。四个选项中只有Cbecause可以表因果，其他三项均不能表因果。故答案为C。7.【答案】C(raise)【解析】这里考查的是动词辨析以及上下文语义衔接。[A]hide"隐臧，隐瞒”,[B]express"表达，表示"，[C]raise"举起，提高，引发"，[D]ease”减轻，缓和”，四个选项中能和concerns构成搭配的只有raise,故正确答案为［C］。8.【答案】C.(stored)【解析】这句讲了anunauthorizedhackerhasbeenabletoaccessacomputerdatabaseandtoalterinformationthere.“一些黑客入侵电脑数据库并且更改信息”根据空前篇丽显入侵电脑数据库，所以information是被储存在电脑数据库中的信息。9.【答案】C.(uncommon)【解析】此题考查,,致性。空格所在句"Thefactthatthisisnotan_16_occurrencemeans中this指代上文中that从句的内容，即黑客能够获取电脑数据库和更改储存的信息。因此notan16一occurrence应该能体现这一行为的特征，而上文提到“Weoftenhearmediareportsthat…”,其中的often正是对这-一行为的特征解释，即notan_occurrence等于often的含义，对比选项，只有C选项uncommon符合，带入后意为“经常发生的事情”。

401.【答案】A(steal)【解析】本题缺少谓语动词，通过语法结构可以看出，主语是dishonestpersons,并通过后面的其他人的帐户，可以推定为答案是负向的，只有Asteal符合题意，语义上也说得通，故为正确答案。2.【答案】B.(prevention)【解析】文章最后一段首句谈论电子付费方式的又一个缺陷：会引起安全和隐私问题。接下来就开始解释这个现象。空格所在句提到“对这种欺诈的」8绝非易事，而且一个新的电脑科学领域正在形成来」9—安全问题。”因施，本句在谈论对问题的解决应对。18空格与19空格所填内容语意上应该是--致的。浏览选项，18空只能选prevention,即防止这种欺诈行为发生并非易事，而C选项manipulation是"操纵"的意思，D选项justification意为“解释，证明……合理”，均不合理。3.【答案】A.(copewith)【解析】此空格解释同18空格，应选有“处理，解决”意思的选项，只有A选项copewith合适。B选项fightagainst意为"对抗，抵制”，而宾语是securityissues,因此不符合。4.【答案】D.(trail)【解析】此空所在句提出了使用电子付费方式的又一个担心，即会留下_20_,空格后的定语从句解释了空格内容，即它包含大量个人数据。浏览选项,只有trail符合，意为“痕迹”。B碎片从语义上均说不通，C路径有一定的干扰性，但相比较D而言，痕迹更为合适，故为正确答案SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartAText121.【答案】A【解析i第一段第二行指出笑话是关于纺织厂自动化程度的，后一句具体说明了笑话的内容：工厂平均每天只有两个人，一人一狗。人的工作是喂狗，狗的工作是看机器，暗示了工厂所有的生产工作都是由机器自动完成的。因此，这个笑话是用来说明技术进步的影响，故选A。22.【答案】D【解析】事实细节题，通过题干“根据第3段，要想成为一个成功的雇员，一个人得……”，我们首先可以定位到文章第三段，由第三段的最后一句话aTherefore,everyoneneedstofindtheirextra-theiruniquevaluecontributionthatmakesthemstandoutinwhateveristheirfieldofemployment.M意思是“因此，人人都需要有另外的价值，异于常人的独特价值能够让他们在各自的雇佣市场上脱颖而出。"，我们可以得出，题干中“tobeasuccessfulemployee0与第三段的最后一-句话中的uthatmakesthemstandoutinwhateveristheirfieldofemploymentw是同义替换，weveryoneneedstofindtheirextra-theiruniquevaluecontribution”与D选项中的"contributesomethingunique”是同义替换，所以D选项正确。A、B两个选项与第三段的倒数第二句话意思不符，是干扰选项。C选项与第三段的第一、二句话意思相反，重点关注的是“But,today,averageisofficiallyover.M,意思是“现如今,拥有一般水平不行了。”23.【答案】B【解析】根据题干定位到第四段，第一句technologyhasbeeneatingjobs(技术使工作机会减少)也反映了该段的主旨。而根据题干quotation

41一词，我们读到引号里有"shedworkers(解雇工人)"、wroughlyoneoutofeverythreemanufacturingjobs-about6millionintotal-disappeared(大约1/3的手工生产工作机会消失，总计6百万)”，可推断出B选项。21.【答案】B【解析】细节题。根据题干reduceunemployment减少失业，可以定位到文章中最后一段，这段出现了与之类似的表达“supportemployment”促进就业，而题干表述"themostimportantH与文章Knothingwouldbemoreimportantthan"相对应，指出促进就业最重要的是颁布类似于"G.LBill”的法案来保障人们接受高等教育的权利，选项C与之吻合，故正确。A项加速信息技术产业变革，C项促进经济全球化，均未提及，故排除。D项是干扰项，虽提及要颁布更多法案，但颁布法案的目的实际是为了保障教育，故也排除。22.【答案】C【解析】核窗是主旨大意题，主要考查考生根据文章内容凝练主旨大意的能力。从整个文章的脉络来看，第一段以亚当?大卫森一篇论文中关于现代工厂自动化与仅需要一人一狗两个员工的一则笑话，揭示了科技进步给人们带来的影响。第二三段是科技的进步引起工厂自动化水平提高，普通员工如果没有竞争力和突出优势，就很容易失去工作，因此也对员工提出了更高的要求(extra-uniquevaluecontribution)。第四段就是员工只有不断地提高自己的教育水平，才能让自己脱颖而出(tohavemoreandbettereducationtomakethemselvesaboveaverage)。最后一段点明主题，averageisofficiallyovero由此可见，全文•直在围绕这一宏观主线展开，这一主线也统领全文，所以正确答案为C。Text223.【答案】C(stayinaforeigntemporarily)【解析】词义句意题。根据题干，首先定位到首段末句。在这句中，birdsofpassage是前面-一句中的1/4的意大利移民的昵称，他们只在美国居住了•段时间，但最终还是返回意大利。A项的内容在首段首句有提及，但是它突出强调的是横跨大西洋的移民，这也是一世纪前的情况，而如今birdsofpassage可能来自世界各个角落，并非局限于大西洋两岸。B项与段意不符，D项文中未提及。24.【答案】c(shouldbeadoptedtomeetchallenges)【解析】推理判断题。根据题干，直接定位到第二段。解题关键可定位到“…，butweneedtochangethewaywethinkaboutcategories.Weneedtolookbeyondstickdefinitionsoflegalandillegal.Tostart,wecanrecognizethenewbirdsofpassage,---Wemightthenbegintosolveourimmigrationchallenges."大意是“我们需要改变的是关于分类的思考方式，突破合法和非法的严格限制。首先承认短暂移民者的存在，然后解决移民问题面临的挑战。”C项高度总结了以上几点。A项与原文意思不符。B、D项在文中未提及。25.【答案】D(thefreedomtostayandleave)【解析】事实细节题。根据题干，可定位到第三段。解题关键在于对“Theyprefertocomeandgoasopportunitycallsthem.Theycanmanagetohaveajobinoneplaceandafamilyinanother.n大意是"他们跟着机会走，来去自如。他们可以在一个地方立业，在另一个地方成家”。强调的是工作机会,而不在乎工作地点。D项是这句意思的高度概括。A项是对原文的片面理解，吸引短暂移民者的不仅仅是来自金钱的激励(financialincentives),还有工作机会和工作理念。B项在文中未提及。C项中的regularjobs(一般工作)在文中未提及，也是对文意的曲解。26.【答案】C(withlegaltolerance)

42【解析】推理判断题。根据题干，可定位到第五段。题干问到“根据作者的意思，我们(美国)应该怎样对待这些短暂移民者？”在本段中，作者写道我们应该"Lookingbeyondtheculturewarlogicofrightorwrongmeansopeningupthemiddlegroundandunderstandingthatmanagingimmigrationtodayrequiresmultiplepathsandmultipleoutcomes.Includingsomethatarenoteasytoaccomplishlegallyintheexistingsystem",大意是"我们应该超越移民合法性方面的文化之争，重现看待中间地段，充分意识到当今的移民管理体系需要各种途径，从而取得多样化的结果，来解决现今移民体系下用法律手段很难解决的问题”，暗含了C项中的tolerance也就是对multiplepathsandmultipleoutcomes的改写。A、B和D项在文中未提及。21.【答案】D(legalorillegal:bigmistake)【解析】主旨大意题。文章第二段第二句中提到“我们把新移民分成两类：合法移民和不合法移民”，同时作者认为“我们不需要局限于合法与不合法这样严格的定义”，这说明了从合法和不合法角度对于移民的分类是错误的。另外，文章最后一段最后一•句”包括在现行的移民体系中不容易合法的实现的一些事情”也反映了文章的中心。即，从合法和不合法角度对于移民的分类是错误的。故选D(合法或非法：大错误)。A项谈到短暂移民者的移动是个错误，偏离了文章主旨。B和C项说的是risk(风险)，文中并未提及，偏离文章主旨。Text322.【答案】[D]predeterminetheaccuracyofourjudgment【解析】细节题。题干问的是“作决定过程中所需的时间可以”o文章第一段提到“如果我们在做出反应之前花点儿时间来思考，那么将会减少甚至消除我们快速反应所带来的负面影响”，也就是说我们做决定所花的时间决定了我们判断的准确性。文章第二段第二句话也隐含本题正确答案线索。第二句以But这一转折连词引导，应该重点关注其后表达的信息，“但是，我们需要更多的时间来评估其他要素。”而本段的第三、四句子，很明显地揭示出本题正确答案，尤其是第三个句子中的“accurately”•词。选项D中的表达“可预先决定判断的准确性”，此外，此选项中的"accuracy"为"accurately"的同词异形，故此项为正确答案。选项A表达“依形势紧急性而定”错在无中生有，本文并没有出现类似信息；选项B“证明大脑反映的复杂性”，也是无中生有；选项C”取决于评估的重要性”，也与原文不符合，故排除。23.【答案】[A]canbeassociative【解析】细节题。题干问的是“我们对于快餐商标的反应速度表明决定是一样的”，由题干的“fast-foodlogo"我们可以定位到第三段。第二段说处理人际关系问题时人们会仓促决定，第三段开头就说了，让人做出仓促决定的刺激因素不仅限于人际关系范围内。紧接着一句说人们对快餐商标的反应速度比一般阅读速度快。下一句阐述了原因：因为人们无意识地(unconsciously)将“快餐”与“速度”和“心急”联系在一起，并将这些冲动付诸行动。A说决定是有联系性的，正确，因为人们将“快餐”与“速度”，“心急”联系在了一起。B说决定是无意识的，与原文意思相反，错。C说决定是危险的，原文未提及，排除。D说决定是不冲动的，与原文意思相悖，故排除。24.【答案】[C]thinkbeforeweact【解析】细节题。先看题干说“为了逆转仓促决定所带来的影响，我们可以做"，

43根据题干定位到第四段。第四段通过两个例子说明我们应该怎样克服负面影响，第•个例子表示“如果我们会对消费产品或者房产选择做出“过度反应”，我们可以在购买之前先思考一会儿”，由此可说明我们应该在行动之前先思考来消除负面影响，因此选择答案C。其他选项：A项“相信我们的第一印象”；B项“按照人们通常所做的去做”；D项“征求专家意见”均不符合题意。21.【答案】[D]adequateinformation【解析】细节题。题干问的是“JohnGottman认为可靠的快速反映是基于—的。”由题干JohnGottman定位到全文倒数第二段。其中第一句：JohnGottman,themarriageexpert,themarriageexpert,explainsthatwequicklyMthinslice“informationreliablyonlyafterwegoundsuchsnapreactionsinnthicksiicedwlong-termstudy.婚姻专家约翰.古德曼解释说,我们快速反应的信息的可靠性是建立在这样的快速反应的行为是以长期的研究为基础而做出的快速反应行为。其中gound是题干中baseon的同意置换，long-termstudy长期的研究与D选项adequateinformation相互呼应。由此可判断出[D]adequateinformation(足够的信息)是本题正解。该段第二句话是WhenDr,Gottmanreallywantstoassesswhetheracouplewillstaytogether,heinvitesthemtohisislandretreatforamuchlongereveluation,twodays,nottwoseconds.当古德曼博士想去评估■—对夫妻是否应该继续在一起时，他会邀请他们到他的岛上进行一个更为长期的调查，是两天而不是两秒。第二句是对第一句的举例说明，更加验证此选项。22.【答案】[C]optimistic【解析】态度题。根据35题题干reversingthehigh-speedtrend是全文的最后一句，所以解此题可先定位到全文的最后一段。最后一段最后两句：Althoughtechnologymightchangethewaywereact,ithasn,tchangedournature.Westillhavetheimaginativecapacitytoriseabovetemptationandreversethehigh-speedtrend.译为：尽管技术可能改变我们反应的方式,但是它并没有改变我们的本性。我们仍然有能力去克服诱惑并扭转这种高速度的趋势。由此我们可以看出作者的态度是非常确定的，因此B选项uncertain（不确定）首先排除;Westillhavetheimaginativecapacity…表面作者对于我们的能力是有信心的。因此[C]optimistic（乐观的）是正解。A选项tolerant（容忍的）、D选项doubtful（怀疑的）在原文中没有体现，属于无中生有的选项。Text423.【答案】Bmenhavethefinalsay【解析】根据题干corporateworkplace定位到第一段。首句就说欧洲性别不平等，inparticular进一步指出corporateworkplace,说明工作中性别尤其不平等。紧接着说欧洲公司高管职位remainoverwhelminglymale,说明以男性为主导。Indeed进一步解释，指出女性在欧洲公司董事会只占有14%的席位。所以,B选项是基于首段信息给出的推论。A项womentakethelead和D项seniormanagementisfamily-friendly都与原文相反；C选项是对文章overwhelm这个词出的干扰项。24.【答案】Aareflectionofgenderbalance【解析】根据题干，定位到第二段首句，intendedlegislation是对isnowconsideringlegislation的同义改写。该句意思为“欧洲国家现在考虑立法来迫使公司董事让妇女的比例达到60%”，因此立法是为了保持性别的平衡。B选项的reluctant是对第5段的Reding'sreluctance出的干扰项，并不是说EuropeanUnion的立法。C选项aresponsetoReding'scall不正确，Reding号召的是voluntaryaction,D也是干扰项，而真正的立法缘由是对genderbalance的反思，所以A项正确，也是文章中心的反映。25.【答案】Agettopbusinesspositions【解析】定位至第4段，Reding说自己不喜欢quotas,后面出现了but,他真正的观点在but之后，他说他喜欢quotas所做的事情，即getaction,后面的冒号是对

44getaction的解释。核心的答案在aresultseeninFranceandothercoutrieswithlegallybindingprovisionsonplacingwomenintopbusinesspositions0aresult是前面内容的同位语，进一步补充说明，所以选A。B项seethroughtheglassceiling是对原文breakthroughtheglassceiling的望文生义，属于肤浅选项，也和原文意思不符。C和D选项属于无中生有。21.【答案】Dapproval【解析】本题问的是作者对Reding的呼吁的态度。Reding的appeal最早出现在第2段，即呼吁在董事会中有40%的女性，以实现性别均衡。而第四段再一次提到Reding的观点即“他自己也不喜欢quotas,但是quotas本身确实起到了作用”；接着作者在第五段给出了自己的观点，先是说可以理解Reding,自己本身也不喜欢quotas,但是“既然现在meritocraticideal（精英管理的理想）有障碍，确实需要一种强制的手段，即强制设定男女比例。”所以可以看出作者是持“赞成”的态度。22.【答案】Csuitablepublicpolicies【解析】题干中的womenenteringtopmanagementbecomeheadlines是对第6段第二句话whenwomendobreakthroughtothesummitofthecorporatepower的同义改写，becomeheadlines是对后面forexample所举的SherylSandberg的事例的概括。答案出现在第7段开头。第7段是提出一种解决措施，“Ifappropriatepubicchoiceswereinplacetohelpallwomen,...Sandbergwouldbenomorenewsworthy...w,这个句子是if虚拟条件句，是对未来的一种美好展望，也是提出观点的一种方式，意思是“如果有合理的公共政策来帮助所有的女性，Sandberg也就没有报道价值了"。所以正确答案是C,因为缺少“suitablepublicpolicies”。PartB23.【答案】FPlanningiseverything【解析】段落首句谈到"Impulsivespendingisn'tanoption,soplanyourwork,smenuinadvance...,r,其表达的含义是：冲动消费不是一个好的选择，所以提前计划你一周的菜单，为你所需材料的具体数量做一个购物清单。首句中出现了因果逻辑关联词so,而下文又没有出现明显转折，因此首句是本段的中心句。文章进而提及作者为此专门做一个Excel表格，并且认为这样做不仅花钱少并且有助于均衡饮食。显然文章的中心在于首句谈到的“plan”，而中心不是选项B表达的"balanceyourdiet",故答案为F。24.【答案】ESticktowhatyouneed【解析】段落第二句话中的代词"them"指代第一句中的"supermarketsandtheiranonymityH。该句通过这一指代顺接第一句，表达了一个否定的含义，即你不需要在小贩那里感到尴尬。紧接着第三句用肯定的语气指出“ifyouplanproperly,you,11knowthatyouonlyneed...350gofshinofbeef...”即如果你合理的规划，你就会清楚知道你想要什么，比如你只需要350克牛肉。作者通过语义上层层递进的方式指出了这一段的中心：你需要什么就买什么，要对你所需要购买的东西的分量要坚持。因此选项E为正确选项。25.【答案】GWastenot,wantnot【解析】本段内容首先谈到“你可能骄傲的说冰箱里只有冷冻的青豆，但是这还不够”。这句话中虽然没有明显的转折词，但在语义上属于隐性转折，因此段落的重点应该在后面。第二句提到"Mineisfilledwith.，其中Mine等于myfreezer,通过指代顺接上一句话。接着第三句前半句指出“提前做好计划可以避免浪费”，后半句具体陈述了怎样避免浪费。其中“eliminatewastagew与选项G中的

45"wastenot”构成同义替换。虽然该句中出现了planning,但是本段的主要内容是谈到对于剩余的食物要尽可能充分利用，从而避免浪费。所以选项G谈到“不浪费，不愁缺”为正确选项。21.【答案】CShopkeepersareyourfriends【解析】该段首句的句内出现转折，重点在转折之后。第一句but转折之后提到“itreallyisatoptip”，即这真的是一个好的提议。那么首先要还原it所指代的内容。句前没有提供信息，句后第二句提到“shopatbutchers,...regularly,..andbesuperfriendlyw。其中“befriendly”通过词性转换和选项C中的"areyourfriends”够成同义替换。同时，根据就近指代原则，这也是it所指代的内容。最后一句通过具体的信息描述了购物时表现出友好的态度所带来的好处：theywillletyouhaveforfree（通常他们都会免费给你），因此选项C为正确选项。22.【答案】DRemembertotreatyourself【解析】该段首句句内出现转折，重点在转折之后。第•句but后提到“saveyourpennisandonceeveryfewmonthstreatyourselftoasetlunch”,其表达的含义是要节省钱，但可以每几个月款待自己一次。而该句也是本段落的中心句。段落余下的信息都是在用数据来解释这个道理。选项D中出现了“treatyourself”,属于原词复现。因此选项D为正确选项。SectionIIITranslation46.翻译参考译文从过去的53年间任选一天，我能立刻回想起当时我身在何方，当天新闻中发生何事，甚至那天是周儿。自从四岁，我就具备这种能力。我从不会因大脑吸信息量过大而感到难以承受。我的大脑似乎可以处理它们，并将其有序地存储于脑中。每当忆及忧伤往事，和其他人一样，我会尽量将其搁置一旁。我不认为因为我的记忆更为清晰，自己就比其他人更难做到此事。好记性并没有让我的情感体验更鲜活生动。祖父去世那天的情景和之前那天我去医院看望他时的伤心欲绝都历历在目。我也还记得当天在音乐剧《毛发》百老汇开场演出。这两件事都以同样的方式跃入我的脑海。【解析】1.Icanpickadatefromthepast53yearsandknowinstantlywhereIwas,whathappenedinthenewsandeventhedayoftheweek.【词汇】instantly:立即、马上；【分析】句子主干为Icanpickadate…andknow…；宾语部分为where…，what…andeven…。句子中并列结构突出。【译文】从过去的53年间任选一天，我能立刻回想起当时我身在何方，当天新闻中发生何事，甚至那天是周儿。2.I,vebeenabletodothis,sinceIwasfour.【分析】句子主干为I'vebeenabletodothis,since引导时间状语从句【译文】自从四岁，我就具备这种能力。3.Ineverfeeloverwhelmedwiththeamountofinformationmybrainabsorbs.【词汇】overwhelmed:压垮，压倒，淹没；absorb:吸收【分析】句子主干为Ineverfeeloverwhelmedwith…，省略关系词的定语从句mybrainabsorbs作后置定语修饰information【译文】我从不会因大脑吸信息量过大而感到难以承受。3.Mymindseemstobeabletocopeandtheinformationisstoredawayneatly.

46【词汇】cope:处理；store:存储；neatly:整齐的，整洁的【分析】句子主干为Mymindseemstobe…andtheinformationis…【译文】我的大脑似乎可以处理它们，并将其有序地存储于脑中。3.WhenIthinkofasadmemory,Idowhateverybodydoestrytoputittooneside.【词汇】thinkof:考虑，想起；【分析】句子主干为Idowhat•••what引导宾语从句，破折号后trytoputittooneside对其进行解释说明；when引导时间状语从句。【译文】每当忆及忧伤往事，和其他人一样，我会尽量将其搁置一旁。4.Idon'tthinkit'sharderformejustbecausemymemoryisclearer.【词汇】clear:清晰的【分析】句子主干为Idon'tthinkitsharderforme,because引导原因状语从句。It指代上句话内容。【译文】我不认为因为我的记忆更为清晰，自己就比其他人更难做到此事。5.Powerfulmemorydoesn,tmakemyemotionsanymoreacuteorvivid.【词汇】powerful:强大的，权力大的；emotion:情感，情绪；acute:敏锐的，敏感的；vivid:生动的，形象的【分析】句子主干为Powerfulmemorydoesn,tmake…【译文】好记性并没有让我的情感体验更鲜活生动6.IcanrecallthedaymygrandfatherdiedandthesadnessIfeltwhenwewenttothehospitalthedaybefore.【词汇】recall:回忆起，回想起【分析】句子主干为Icanrecalltheday…andthesadness…省略引导词的定语从句mygrandfatherdied作后置定语修饰theday；同样省略引导词的定语从句Ifelt修饰sadness（定语从句关系词做宾语时可以省略）；when引导时间状语从句对thesadnessIfelt进行修饰。【译文】祖父去世那天的情景和之前那天我去医院看望他时的伤心欲绝都历历在目7.IalsorememberthatthemusicalplayHairopenedonBroadwayonthesamedaytheybothjustpopintomymindinthesameway.【词汇】musicalplay:音乐剧；Hair:《毛发》（1968年上演，是对美国百老汇音乐剧的颠覆，获得托尼奖）；Broadway:百老汇；pop:突然出现【分析】句子主干Ialsorememberthat---,that引导的宾语从句主干为themusicalplayHairopened…；破折号后they指代前两句话的内容,表示同一天发生的两件截然不同的事件，突出前面提到的好记性并未使我的情感体验更鲜活生动。【译文】我也还记得当天在音乐剧《毛发》百老汇开场演出。这两件事都以同样的方式跃入我的脑海。SectionIVWriting47.应用文范文Dearmybelovedclassmates,OntheeveningofJanuary4lh,2013,wewillholdacharitysaleforchildrenwhoneedhelpattheschoolauditorium.Thekidscomefromremoteareaswheretheycannotbeeducatedproperly.Ourassistancemaychangetheirdestinies.Manypopstars,suchasJayandJackieChan,willattendtheactivity.Theschoolmasterandmostoftheteachersofourschoolwillalso

47joinus.Itrustyouwillbedisengagedandabletogivethepoorchildrenahand.Thankyouverymuchforyourkindness.YourssincerelyLiMing47.大作文写作Emergingfromthebar-chartaboveisapopularphenomenonthattheproportionofthestudentshavingpar-timejobshaschangedduringthefouryears'study.Theproportionincreasesslightlyfromthefirstyeartothethirdyear,however,thefourthyearhaswitnessedafastincrease,surgingto88.24%.Astheyareabouttoenterintothesociety,morepeoplethinkthatconcurrentpostafterschoolbenefitsgreaterthandisadvantage,castasidemakingmoneytonocomment.Thebar-chartaboveservestoremindusthatqualificationsaresomethingessentialifyouwanttofindagoodjobafteryouleaveschool,butontheotherhand,collegestudentscangetsomeworkingexperiencewhichisasvaluableastheiracademicachievement.Anyway,inmypointofview,itisdifficulttojudgewhethertakingparttimejobsisgoodorbad.Itdependsonhowyoudealwiththerelationshipbetweenworkingandlearning.Ifyoucanbalanceitwell,youaresuretogetenoughknowledgeaswellasexperience,soastogetreadyforyourfuturesuccess.

482014年英语二SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Thinnerisn'talwaysbetter.Anumberofstudieshave_1thatnormal-weightpeoplearcinfactathigherriskofsomediseasescomparedtothosewhoareoverweight.Andtherearehealthconditionsforwhichbeingoverweightisactually2.Forexample,heavierwomenarclesslikelytodevelopcalciumdeficiencythanthinwomen.3amongtheelderly,beingsomewhatoverweightisoftenan4ofgoodhealth.Ofevengreater5isthefactthatobesityturnsouttobeverydifficulttodefine.Itisoftendefined6bodymassindex,orBMI.BMI7_bodymassdividedbythesquareofheight.AnadultwithaBMIof18to25isoftenconsideredtobenormalweight.Between25and30isoverweight.Andover30isconsideredobese.Obesity,8,canbedividedintomoderatelyobese,severelyobese,andveryseverelyobese.Whilesuchnumericalstandardsseem9,theyarenot.Obesityisprobablylessamatterofweightthanbodyfat.SomepeoplewithahighBMIareinfactextremelyfit,10otherswithalowBMImaybeinpoor11.Forexample,manycollegiateandprofessionalfootballplayers12asobese,thoughtheirpercentagebodyfatislow.Conversely,someonewithasmallframemayhavehighbodyfatbuta13BMI.Todaywehavea(an)14_tolabelobesityasadisgrace.Theoverweightaresometimes_l5_inthemediawiththeirfacescovered.Stereotypes_16_withobesityincludelaziness,lackofwillpower,andlowerprospectsforsuccess.Teachers,employers,andhealthprofessionalshavebeenshowntoharborbiasesagainsttheobese._17_veryyoungchildrentendtolookdownontheoverweight,andteasingaboutbodybuildhaslongbeenaprobleminschools.Negativeattitudestowardobesity,_18_inhealthconcerns,havestimulatedanumberofanti-obesity_19_.Myownhospitalsystemhasbannedsugarydrinksfromitsfacilities.Manyemployershaveinstitutedweightlossandfitnessinitiatives.MichelleObamalaunchedahigh-visibilitycampaign_20_childhoodobesity,evenclaimingthatitrepresentsourgreatestnationalsecuritythreat.1.[A]denied[B]conduced[C]doubled[D]ensured、【答案】Bconcluded【解析】题干中，一系列的研究已经,事实上，正常体重的人的患病风险要高于超重的人。根据句义，后面的部分实际上是研究的结论，因此concluded符合题意，其他选项denied（否认）与意义相反，doubled（翻倍）与题意较远，ensured（确保）不符合题意，因为研究不能确保后面的事实，只能得出后面的事实作为结论。所以正确答案为B。

491.[A]protective[B]dangerous[C]sufficient[D]troublesome、【答案】Aprotective【解析】题干中，对于某些健康情况，超重事实上是有o根据前文研究的结论，超重能减少罹患疾病的风险，说明超重具有一定的保护作用。Dangerous和文章意思相反，sufficient表示充足，troublesome表示有麻烦，不符合题意，所以正确答案为A。2.[A]Instead[B]However[C]Likewise[D]Therefore、【答案】Clikewise【解析】第三句话中，较重的女人患缺钙的比例低于较瘦的女人。,在老年人中，•定程度上超重……o需要填入的是和前半句表示顺接的词语。A选项instead表示逆接的句意关系，B选项however也表示逆接，D选项therefore表示因此，只有C选项1ikewise意为同样地;也，而且。因此正确答案为C。3.[A]indicator[B]objective[C]origin[D]example、【答案】Aindicator【解析】本句话中，,一定程度上超重，经常是健康的.A选项，表示指示器，指标。B选项objective表示客观;C选项origin表示来源，D选项example表示例子。根据前面的文章内容，已经明确指出超重代表了健康，因此超重是健康的指标。因此正确答案为A。4.[A]impact[B]relevance[C]assistance[D]concern、【答案】Dconcern【解析】本句话的句意是，需要更加是，很难对肥胖加以定义。A、impact（印象）；B、relevance（相关性）；C、assistance（辅助）；D、concem（关注）。前文已经说到肥胖事实上有利健康，但是又面临一个问题，到底如何去定义肥胖，因此需要更加关注的是对肥的定义，其他选项均不符合题意，所以正确答案为D。5.[A]intermsof[B]incaseof[C]infavorof[D]inof、【答案】Aintermsof【解析】题干中，肥胖经常—体质指数，或称为BM1来定义。A.intermsof,根

50据，就而言。B、Incaseof表示在某种情况下，infavorof表示赞成，以来取代，I）、inrespectof,关于。因此正确答案为A。在医学研究和临床测试中经常使用BMI作为衡量受试者健康的重要指标，希望考生能够记住这一背景知识，方便日后做题。1.[A]measures[B]determines[C]equals[D]modifies、【答案】Cequals【解析】本题题干中BM1体重除以身高的平方，这里是用文字叙述了BMI指数得出的方法，也就是一个数学公式，所以equal符合题意。Ameasure（测量）、Bdetermine表示确定;Dmodify（修订）。句义就是BMI等于体重除以身高的平方。2.[A]inessence[B]incontrast[C]intuni[D]inpart、【答案】Cinturn【解析】本题题F中，肥胖能够分成中度肥胖、重度肥胖和极度肥胖。A、inessence（事实上、实际上）;B、incontrast（相反地）；C、inturn（依次）；D、inpart（部分地）。本句是将肥胖依次分级，所以正确答案为C。3.[A]complicated[B]conservative[C]variable[D]straightforward、【答案】Dstraightforward【解析】题干中，相比之卜.，这样的数字标准看起来，实际上不是的。A、complicated（复杂）；B、conservative（保守）、C、variable（可变的）；D、straightforward（直截了当）;这里的数字标准指的就是肥胖指数，肥胖指数分为三类，而且算法比较简单，所以A复杂不正确，B选项保守，用于描述一种数学公式，不恰当，一名患者或一名受试者的BMI一般是确定的，因此可变的也不符合题意，D选项straightforward表示直截了当，符合题意，因此正确答案为Do??????10.[A]so[B]unlike[C]since[D]unless【答案】Bwhile【解析】本句中，•些人有很高的BMI,实际上身材正好，其他人有较低的BMI指数，可能。从前半句我们可以看出，有些人的BMI指数很高，应该属于体重肥胖的人，事实上身材正好，这里说明的是反常的现象，后半句是其他人的BMI指数较低，而.

51较差。A、so（所以）；B、while（而）;C、since（因为）；D、unless（除非）四个选项中只有while有转折的含义，其他选项均不符合题意，所以正确答案为B。11.[A]shape[B]spirit[C]balance[D]taste、【答案】Ashape【解析】本题可以简化为：Some…arefit,whileothers…maybeinpoor.不难看出，前后意义相反，且fit（体型健康）与inpoor对应，与之最相关是Ashape（外形），故为正确答案。〃精神"、"均衡〃、"品味〃都相差比较远，可以排除。12.[A]start[B]quality[C]retire[D]stay12、【答案】Bqualify【解析】本题顺应前文意义：有一些人体型很好，有些人体型体型肥胖。接卜来举例说有些专业足球运动员是肥胖的，"开始"不符;”处在〃也不符合句意;”退休〃内容无关;“被认为〃符合句意，正确。13.[A]strange[B]changeable[C]normal[D]constant、【答案】Cnormal【解析】本句不难理解：有些人脂肪过高，但是BMI却。所需词汇明显是正向的，排除A、B;D属中性，且不符合句意，C（正常的）契合，为正确答案。14.[A]option[B]reason[C]opportunity[D]tendency、【答案】Dtendency【解析】本题解题关键是后半句：tostigmatizeobesity（抵毁肥胖），作为划线部分的后置定语，将四个选项"选择""理由"机会"倾向”代入划线处，最符合句意的是D（倾向）。后面一句也进一步证实了（出现在媒体中的肥胖者脸都是打了马赛马的）。15.[A]employed[B]pictured[C]imitated[D]monitored、【答案】bpictured【解析】空格所在句提到了媒体，根据语境，上句讲到当今我们都污蔑肥胖，所以本句的意思应该是媒体污蔑肥胖，四个选项中，跟媒体相关系的词汇只有bpicture

52意思为刻画，描写，描述。

53、【答案】Dassociated【解析】空格所在句的意思是与肥胖的原型包括懒惰，缺乏意志力，对成功的期望值不高。空格后面提到的懒惰，缺乏意志力和时成功的期望值不高都是与肥胖相关的表现，分析四个选项，A.与。。。相比;B与。。。相结合;C.和。。。和解;都不符合题意,只有D与。。。相联系，相关符合句意。17.[A]Even[B]Still[C]Yet[D]Only、【答案】Aeven【解析】空格所在句的意思是小孩子蔑视超重，而且对身材的嘲笑一直是学校的一个问题。本空格缺少一个副词，根据语境记忆常识，此处应该填入表示让步关系的词汇，分析四个选项，只有Aeven即使符合题意。18.[A]despised[B]corrected[C]ignored[D]grounded、【答案】Dgrounded【解析】根据语境，空前讲到对肥胖的负面态度，空后讲到对健康的关注，激发一批反肥胖的—。本句没有出现任何转折词，说明空前后所表达的意思是一致的，反对肥胖，是基于对健康的关注，分析四个选项，能够表达此意思的词汇，只有选项Dgrounded,意思是基于。19.[A]discussions[B]businesses[C]policies[D]studies、【答案】Dpolicies【解析】解答此题需要联系空格后面紧跟着的句子。空后的句子出现了一系列表示同一个语义场的词汇,比如hospitalsystem;ban;manyemployersinstitute,指向的意思是一个系统中所出台的政策的问题，浏览四个选项，D选项policies符合题意，直接入选。20.[A]for[B]against[C]with[D]without、【答案】Bagainst【解析】本段的主题是反对肥胖，本句话属于细节的句子，用来支持这个主题，空格所在句讲到米歇尔奥巴马已经发起了一个高知名度的儿童肥胖，甚至告诉奥兹博士，它代表了我们国家最大的安全威胁。空格中缺少词汇应该含有反对，反抗的意思，纵观四个选项,

54只有Bagainst符合题意。SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Whatwouldyoudowith590m?ThisisnowaquestionforGloriaMackenzie,an84-year-oldwidowwhorecentlyemergedfromhersmall,tin-roofedhouseinFloridatocollectthebiggestundividedlotteryjackpotinhistory.Ifshehopeshernew-fbundfbrtunewillyieldlastingfeelingsoffulfillment,shecoulddoworsethanreadHappyMoneybyElizabethDumnandMichaelNorton.Thesetwoacademicsuseanarrayofbehavioralresearchtoshowthatthemostrewardingwaystospendmoneycanbecounterintuitive.Fantasiesofgreatwealthofteninvolvevisionsoffancycarsandextravaganthomes.Yetsatisfactionwiththesematerialpurchaseswearsofffairlyquicklywhatwasonceexcitingandnewbecomesold-hat;regretcreepsin.Itisfarbettertospendmoneyonexperiences,sayMsDumnandMrNorton,likeinterestingtrips,uniquemealsorevengoingtothecinema.Thesepurchasesoftenbecomemorevaluablewithtime-asstoriesormemories-particularlyiftheyinvolvefeelingmoreconnectedtoothers.Thisslimvolumeispackedwithtipstohelpwageslavesaswellaslotterywinnersgetthemost"happinessbangfbryourbuck."Itseemsmostpeoplewouldbebetteroffiftheycouldshortentheircommutestowork,spendmoretimewithfriendsandfamilyandlessofitwatchingtelevision(somethingtheaverageAmericanspendsawhoppingtwomonthsayeardoing,andishardlyjollierfbrit).Buyinggiftsorgivingtocharityisoftenmorepleasurablethanpurchasingthingsfbroneself,andluxuriesaremostenjoyablewhentheyareconsumedsparingly.ThisisapparentlythereasonMacDonald'srestrictstheavailabilityofits

55popularMcRib-amarketingtrickthathasturnedtheporksandwichintoanobjectofobsession.Readersof“HappyMoney"areclearlyaprivilegedlot,anxiousaboutfulfillment,nothunger.Moneymaynotquitebuyhappiness,butpeopleinwealthiercountriesaregeneral!yhappierthanthoseinpoorones.Yetthelinkbetweenfeelinggoodandspendingmoneyonotherscanbeseenamongrichandpoorpeoplearoundtheworld,andscarcityenhancesthepleasureofmostthingsfbrmostpeople.Noteveryonewillagreewiththeauthors'policyideas,whichrangefrommandatingmoreholidaytimetoreducingtaxincentivesforAmericanhomebuyers.Butmostpeoplewillcomeawayfromthisbookbelievingitwasmoneywellspent.17.AccordingtoDumnandNorton,whichofthefollowingisthemostrewardingpurchase?[A]Abighouse[B]Aspecialtour[C]Astylishcar[D]Arichmeal、【答案】BAspecialtour【解析】细节题。答案定位在第二段的"itisfarbettertospendmoneyonexperiences…likeinterestingtrips…"，意思是"花钱消费在经历方面更好,比如说有趣的旅行……”，由此可以得知答案是B选项〃一场特别的旅行二18.Theauthor'sattitudetowardAmericans'watchingTVis[A]critical[B]supportive

56[C]sympathctic[D]ambiguous、【答案】Acritical【解析】观点态度题。答案定位在第三段的"somethingtheaverageAmericanspendsawhoppingtwomonthsayeardoing,andishardlyjollierforit",意思是“普通美国人一年花两个月的时间看电视，并且看电视几乎不可能更愉快〃，因此可以得知作者对于看电视的态度是A选项〃批判的〃。17.Macribismentionedinparagraph3toshowthat[A]consumersaresometimesirrational[B]popularityusuallycomesafterquality[C]marketingtricksareaftereffective[D]raritygenerallyincreasespleasure、【答案】Draritygenerallyincreasespleasure【解析】观点例证题。答案定位在第三段，文章中提到MeRib这个例子，用这个例子证明的论点是“luxuriesaremostenjoyablewhentheyareconsumedsparingly'",大意是〃有节制地消费奢侈品最令人愉悦”，D选项正是这句论点句的同义替换。18.Accordingtothelastparagraph,HappyMoney[A]hasleftmuchroomforreaders'criticism[B]mayprovetobeaworthwhilepurchase

57[C]haspredictedawiderincomegapintheus[D]maygiveitsreadersasenseofachievement【答案】Bmayprovetobeaworthwhilepurchase【解析】细节题。答案定位在最后一段的最后一句"mostpeoplewillcomeawayfromthisbookbelievingitwasmoneywellspent",大意是”大多数人看完这本书后，认为物有所值”，因此可以推知B选项是正确答案。17.Thistextmainlydiscusseshowto[A]balancefeelinggoodandspendingmoney[B]spendlargesumsofmoneywoninlotteries[C]obtainlastingsatisfactionfrommoneyspent[D]becomemorereasonableinspendingonluxuries【答案】Abalancefeelinggoodandspendingmoney【解析】主旨题。纵观全文可知，全文主要谈论花钱消费和心情愉悦之间的关系，因此答案定位在A选项。Text2AnarticleinScientificAmericahaspointedoutthatempiricalresearchsaysthat,act□ally,youthinkyou'remorebeautifulthanyouare.Wehaveadeep-seatedneedtofeelgoodaboutourselvesandwenaturallyemployanumberofself-enhancingstrategiestoresearchintowhatthecallthe“aboveaverageeffect",or"illusorysuperiority”,andshownthat,fbrexample,70%ofusrateourselvesasaboveaverage

58inleadership,93%indrivingand85%atgettingonwellwithothers-allobviouslystatisticalimpossibilities.Wcrosetintourmemoriesandputourselvesintoself-affirmingsituations.Webecomedefensivewhencriticized,andapplynegativestereotypestootherstoboostourownesteem,westalkaroundthinkingwe'rehotstuff.PsychologistandbehavioralscientistNicholasEpleyoversawakeystudyingintoself-cnhanccmcntandattractiveness.Ratherthathavepeoplesimplyratetheirbeautycompresswithothers,heaskedthemtoidentifyanoriginalphotograghofthemselves'fromalineupincludingversionsthathadbeenalteredtoappearmoreandlessattractive.Visualrecognition,readsthestudy,isuanautomaticpsychologicalprocessoccurringrapidlyandintuitivelywithlittleornoapparentconsciousdelibcration^^.Ifthesubjectsquicklychoseafalselyflatteringimage-whichmustdid-theygenuinelybelieveditwasreallyhowtheylookcd.Epleyfoundnosignificantgenderdifferenceinresponses.Norwasthereanyevidcncethat,thosewhoself-enhancethemust(thatis,theparticipantswhothoughtthemostpositivelydoctoredpicturewerereal)weredoingsotomakeupfbrprofoundinsecurities.Infactthosewhothoughtthattheimageshigheruptheattractivenessscalewererealdirectlycorrespondedwiththosewhoshowedothermakersfbrhavinghigherself-esteem."Idon'tthinkthefindingsthatwehavinghaveareanyevidenceofpersonaldelusion”,saysEpley."It'sareflectionsimplyofpeoplegenerallythinkingwellofthemselves'.Ifyouaredepressed,youwon'tbeself-enhancing.KnowingtheresultsofEpleyfcsstudy,itmakessensethatwhypeopleheatphotographsofthemselvesVisccrally-ononelevel,theydon'tevenrecognisethepersoninthepictureasthemselves,Facebooktherefore,isaself-enhancer'sparadise,wherepeoplecanshareonlythemostflatteringphotos,thecreamoftheirwit,style,beauty,intellectandlifestyleit'snotthatpeople'sprofilesaredishonest,sayscatalinatomaofWiscon—Madisonuniversity/'buttheyportrayanidealizedversionofthemselves.

5917.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,socialpsychologisthavefoundthat.[A]ourself-ratingsareunrealisticallyhigh[B]illusorysuperiorityisbaselesseffect[C]ourneedfbrleadershipisunnatural[D]self-enhancingstrategiesareineffective、【答案】Aourself-ratingsareunrealisticallyhigh【解析】题目问〃根据第•段，社会心理学家发现了什么?”对应于文章第一段第三句”社会心理学家对所谓的‘高于均数效应'或者'虚幻的优越感'进行大量的研究，发现我们中70%的人认为自己的领导力在平均水平之上……一这些数据明显都是不可能的。”由此可知，我们对自己评价过高。故答案为[A]ourself-ratingsareunrealisticallyhigho18.Visualrecognitionisbelievedtobepeople's[A]rapidwatching[B]consciouschoice[C]intuitiveresponse[D]automaticsei^defence【答案】Cintuitiveresponse【解析】题H问”视觉识别被认为是人们的什么？”对应于文章第三段第三句”视觉识别是自动的心理过程，这个过程依靠直觉快速发生，且并不是故意的。”由此可知，视觉识别被认为是人们的直觉反应。故答案为[c]intuitiveresponse«

6017.Epleyfoundthatpeoplewithhigherself-esteemtendedto[A]underestimatetheirinsecurities[B]believeintheirattractiveness[C]coveruptheirdepressions[D]oversimplifytheirillusions【答案】Bbelieveintheirattractiveness【解析】题目问"Epley发现有更高自尊的人倾向于怎样"。对应到第四段，第二句讲到”没有证据显示那些自我提升最多的人这样做是为了掩饰自己的不安全,接着讲到：事实上,那些认为自己的形象高于吸引力标准的人就是那些表现出更高自尊的人，故答案为[B]believeintheirattractiveness,.18.Thcword“Viscerally”(Line2,para.5)isclosestinmeaningto.[A]instinctively[B]occasionally[C]particularly[D]aggressively【答案】[A]instinctively【解析】题目问“最接近viscerally的意思的是?对应到第五段，viscerally所在句讲到”许多人讨厌照片中的自己，从某种层面上说，他们甚至不承认照片中的人是他们自己。〃而下文又讲到facebook是自我拔高者的天堂，在那里人们可以分享最满意的的照片。”由此可知，viscerally在本句中是"本质上地”意思,故答案为[A]instinctively。

6117.ItcanbeinferredthatFacebookisself-enhancer^paradisebecausepeoplecan[A]presenttheirdishonestprofiles[B]definetheirtraditionallifestyles[C]sharetheirintellectualpursuits[D]withholdtheirunflatteringsides【答案】[D]withholdtheirunflatteringsides【解析】题干问“我们可以推理出脸书(facebook)之所以是一个自我拔高者的天堂，是因为人们可以做什么？”对应于文章最后一段的第二句，该句讲到“在脸书(facebook)中，人们可以分享最满意的照片。〃下文接着讲到“不是人们不诚实，而是人们展示了自己最理想的形象。”故答案为[D]withholdtheirunflatteringsidesoText3Cryingishardlyanactivityencouragedbysociety.Tears,betheyofsorrow,anger,onjoy,typicallymakeAmericansfeeluncomfbrubleandembarrassed.Theshedderoftearsislikelytoapologize,evenwhenadevastating(毁灭性的)tragedywastheprovocation.Theobserveroftearsislikelytodoeverythingpossibletoputanendtotheemotionaloutpouring.Butjudgingformrecentstudiesofcryingbehavior,linksbetweenillnessandcryingandthechemicalcompositionoftears,boththoseresponsestotearsareofteninappropriateandmayevenbecounterproductive.Humansaretheonlyanimalsdefinitelyknowntoshedemotionaltears.Sinceevolutionhasgivenrisetofew,ifany,purposelessphysiologicalresponse!,itislogicaltoassumethatcryinghasoneormore

62functionsthatenhancesurvival.Althoughsomeobservershavesuggestedthatcryingisawaytoelicitassistanceformothers(asacryingbabymightfromitsmother),thesheddingoftearsishardlynecessarytogethelp.Vocalcrieswouldhavebeenquiteenough,morelikelythantearstogainattention,So,itappears,theremustbesomethingspecialabouttearsthemselves.Indeed,thenewstudiessuggestthatemotionaltearsmayplayadirectroleinalleviatingstress,UniversityofMinnesotaresearcherswhoarestudyingthechemicalcompositionoftearshaverecentlyisolatedtwoimportantchemicalsfromemotionaltears.Bothchemicalsarefoundonlyintearsthatareshedinresponsetoemotion.Tearsshedbecauseofexposureto=cutonionwouldcontainnosuchsubstance.Researchersatseveralotherinstitutionsareinvestigatingtheusefulnessoftearsasameansofdiagnosinghumanillsandmonitoringdrugs.AtTulaneUniversity'sTeatAnalysisLaboratoryDr.PeterKastlandhiscolleaguesreportthattheycanusetearstodetectdrugabuseandexposuretomedication(药物)，todeterminewhetheracontactlensfitsproperlyofwhyitmaybeuncomfortable,tostudythecausesof“dryeye"syndromeandtheeffectsofeyesurgery,andperhapseventomeasureexposuretoenvironmentalpollutants.AtColumbiaUniversityDt.LiasyFarisandcolleaguesarestudyingtearsfbrcluestothediagnosisofdiseasesawayfromtheeyes.Tearscanbeobtainedpainlesslywithoutinvadingthebodyandonlytinyamountsareneededtoperformhighlyrefinedanalyses.17.Itisknownfromthefirstparagraphthat.A)sheddingtearsgivesunpleasantfeelingstoAmericanB)cryingmayoftenimitatepeopleorevenresultintragedy

63C)cryingusuallywinssympathyfromotherpeopleD)onewhoshedstearsinpublicwillbeblamed17.Whatdoes“boththoseresponsestotearsM(Line6,Para,1)referto?A)Cryingoutofsorrowandsheddingtearsfbrhappiness.B)Theembarrassmentandunpleasantsensationoftheobservers.C)Thetearshedder'sapologyandtheobserver'sefforttostopthecrying.D)Linkingillnesswithcryingandfindingthechemicalcompositionoftears.18.“Counterproductive”(Lines6-7,Para,1)veryprobablymeans"'A)havingnoeffectatallB)leadingtotensionC)producingdisastrousimpactD)harmfultohealth19.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutcrying?A)Itisapointlessphysiologicalresponsetotheenvironment.B)Itmusthavearoletoplayinman'ssurvival.C)Itismeanttogetattentionandassistance.D)Itusuallyproducesthedesiredeffect.20.Whatcanbeinferredfromthenewstudiesoftears?

64A)Emotionaltearshavethefunctionofreducingstress.B)Exposuretoexcessivemedicationmayincreaseemotionaltears.C)Emotionaltearscangiveriseto“dryeye”syndromeinsomecases.D)Environmentalpollutantscaninducethesheddingofemotionaltears.Text4Whenthegovernmenttalksaboutinfrastructurecontributingtotheeconomythefocusisusuallyonroads,railways,broadbandandenergy.Housingisseldommentioned.Whyisthat?Tosomeextentthehousingsectormustshouldertheblame.Wehavenotbeengoodatcommunicatingtherealvaluethathousingcancontributetoeconomicgrowth.Thenthereisthescaleofthetypicalhousingproject.Itishardtoshoveforattentionamongmultibillion-poundinfrastructureproject,soitisinevitablethattheattentionisfocusedelsewhere.Butperhapsthemostsignificantreasonisthattheissuehasalwaysbeensopoliticallycharged.Nevertheless,theaffordablehousingsituationisdesperate.Waitinglistsincreaseallthetimeandwearesimplynotbuildingenoughnewhomes.Thecomprehensivespendingreviewoffersanopportunityforthegovernmenttohelprectifythis.Itneedstoputhistoricalprejudicestoonesideandtakesomestepstoaddressoururgenthousingneed.Therearesomeindicationsthatitispreparingtodojustthat.Thecommunitiesminister,DonFoster,hashintedthatGeorgeOsborne,ChancelloroftheExchequer,mayintroducemoreflexibilitytothecurrentcapontheamountthatlocalauthoritiescanborrowagainsttheirhousingstockdebt.Evidenceshowsthat60,000extranewhomescouldbebuiltoverthenextfiveyearsifthecapwerelifted,increasingGDPby0.6%.

65Ministersshouldalsolookatcreatinggreatercertaintyintherentalenvironment,whichwouldhaveasignificantimpactontheabilityofregisteredproviderstofundnewdevelopmentsfromrevenues.Butitisnotjustdowntothegovernment.Whilethesemeasureswouldbewelcomeintheshortterm,wemustfaceuptothefactthattheexisting£4.5bnprogrammeofgrantstofundnewaffordablehousing,settoexpirein2015,isunlikelytobeextendedbeyondthen.TheLabourpartyhasrecentlyannouncedthatitwillretainalargepartofthecoalition'sspendingplansifreturnstopower.Thehousingsectorneedstoacceptthatweareveryunlikelytoeverreturntoeraoflarge-scalepublicgrants.Weneedtoadjusttothischangingclimate.17.Theauthorbelievesthatthehousingsector_[A]hasattractedmuchattention[B]involvescertainpoliticalfactors[C]shoulderstoomuchresponsibility[D]haslostitsrealvalueineconomy【答案】[B]involvescertainpoliticalfactors【解析】根据本题题干中的关键词housingsector可以对应到文章的第二段，中间说的很多，我们注意到最后有but出现，最后应该是作者真正想要表达的观点，另外这里用了themostsignificant最高级，所以最后这个是最重要的一个原因,politicallycharged和选项B的politicalfactors有对应关系，故选BinvolvescertainpoliticalfactorsoA项的吸引注意没有提及，C项的承担太多责任，原文说的shouldertheblame,D项说的丧失价值，原文说的是不善于表明真正价值，两者不一致，故排除。

6617.Itcanbelearnedthataffordablehousinghas_[A]increaseditshomesupply[B]offeredspendingopportunities[C]sufferedgovernmentbiases[D]disappointedthegovernment【答案】[C]sufferedgovernmentbiases【解析】经济适用房曾受到政府的偏见。答案定位到文章第三段最后•句话Itneedstoputhistoricalprejudicestoonesideandtakesomestepstoaddressoururgenthousingneed.政府需要把历史的偏见放在•边并且采取一些策略解决我们迫切的住房需求。Suffered是过去式,是对于原文history的同义反复，biases是对原文prejudices的同义反复。18.AccordingtoParagraph5,GeorgeOsbornemay.[A]allowgreatergovernmentdebtfbrhousing[B]stoplocalauthoritiesfrombuildinghomes[C]preparetoreducehousingstockdebt[D]releasealiftedGDPgrowthforecast【答案】[A]allowgreatergovernmentdebtforhousing【解析】根据人名GeorgeOsborne定位得知，此人将会让当地政府用来偿还建房借贷的限额变得更加宽松，并且在借贷限额放宽的情况下，将会另有60,000所房屋在未来的五年中建立，并由此拉动国内生产总值的百分之零点六。因此A（允许更大的政府的建房借贷）是正确的，而B（禁止当地政府建房），C（准备减少建房借贷），D

67（发布国内生产总值增长的预报）都与原文意思不符。17.Itcanbeinferredthatastablerentalenvironmentwould.[A]lowerthecostsofregisteredproviders[B]lessentheimpactofgovernmentinterference[C]contributctofundingnewdevelopments[D]relievetheministersofresponsibilities【答案】[C]contributetofundingnewdevelopments【解析】推断题。根据文章题干定位到第五段，题干考察的是对稳定的租赁环境的理解。A项的意思是"减少注册供应者的成本"，其中"成本一词”并未在文中出现，属于无中生有。B项的意思是"减少政府接介入的影响"，其中"政府介入”并未在文中出现，属于无中生有。B项的意思是"有助于为新发展提供资金支持"，其中"为新发展提供资金支持”对应文中的"fundnewdevelopments”;C选项中的“contributeto"（意思是有助于）对英文中的haveasignificantimpact（意思是有重要影响），符合正解的同义复现原则，所以是正确选项。18.Theauthorbelievesthatafter2015,thegovernmentmay.[A]implementmorepoliciestosupporthousing[B]reviewtheneedfbrlarge-scalepublicgrants[C]rcncwtheaffordablehousinggrantsprogramme

68[D]stopgenerousfundingtothehousingsector【答案】[D]stopgenerousfundingtothehousingsector【解析】推断题。根据题干定位到最后一段第三行。考察的是2015年以后政府的可能性动作。A项的意思是〃推行更多的政策来支持住房”与原文意义相反。B项的意思是重新审视大规模公共拨款的需求，与原文倒数第二段意义相违背。C项的意思是更新可负担的住房拨款项目并没有提到renew•词。D项的意思是停止对住房部门的大额资助，与原文的倒数第二句相匹配，故为正确选项。SectionIIITranslationDirections:TranslatethefollowingtextfromEnglishintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Mostpeoplewoulddefineoptimismasendlesslyhappy,withaglassthat'sperpetuallyhalffall.Butthat'sexactlythekindoffalsedecrfiilnessthatpositivepsychologistswouIdn'trecommend."Healthyoptimistsmeansbeingintouchwithreality."saysTaiBen-Shahar,aHarvardprofessor,AccordingtoBen-Shalar,realisticoptimistsarethesewhomakethebestofthingsthathappen,butnotthosewhobelieveeverythinghappensforthebest.Ben-Shalarusesthreeoptimisticexercisers.Whenhefeelsdown-sag,aftergivingabadlecture-hegrantshimselfpermissiontobehuman.Heremindshimselfthatmotevery1ccturecanbeaNobelwinner;somewillbelesseffectivethanothers.Nextisreconstruction,Heanalyzestheweaklecture,leaninglessons,forthefutureaboutwhatworksandwhatdoesn't.Finally,thereisperspective,whichinvolvesacknowledgingthatinthegroundschemeoflife,onelecturereallydoesn'tmatter.

69【参考译文】大多数人愿意把乐观定义为无尽的欢乐，就像一只总是装着半杯水的杯子。但那是一种绝不会为积极心理学家所推荐的虚假快乐。哈佛大学的TaiBen-Shahar教授说，“健康的乐观主义，意味着要处于现实之中。”在Ben-Shahar看来，现实的乐观主义者，会尽最大努力做好一件事，而不是相信每件事都会有最好的结果。Ben-Shahar会进行三种乐观方面的练习。比如说，当他进行了一次糟糕的演讲，感到心情郁闷的时候，他会告诉自己这是人之常情。他会提醒自己：并不是每一次演讲都可以获得诺贝尔获，总会有一些演讲比其它演讲效果差。接着是重塑，他分析了这个效果不好的演讲，并且从那些起作用和不起作用的演讲中吸取教训为将来做准备。最后，需要有这样一种观点，那就是承认，在广阔的生命当中，一次演讲根本算不上什么。SectionIIIWritingPartA47.Directions:SupposeyouaregoingtostudyabroadandshareanapartmentwithJohn,alocalstudent.Writehimtoemailto1)tellhimaboutyourlivinghabits,and2)askforadviceaboutlivingthere.DearJohn,IamLiMingwhowillgotostudyinyouruniversityandlivetogetherwithyouinonedepartment.NowIamwritingthislettertotellyousomeofmyhabitsandaskyouforsomesuggestionstoadaptmyselfthere.Tobeginwith,Iusuallygetupearlyinthemorningatsixo'clockandthengoouttodosomeexercise.Tocontinue,Iwouldliketospendmysparetimeinreadinginthelibrary.Meanwhile,Iwonderifyoucouldbesokindtooffermesomeproposalsonhowtogetusedtothelifethere.

70Iamlookingforwardtoseeingyousoonandwisheverythinggoeswell.Yourssincerely,LiMingYoushouldwriteabout100wordsonanswersheet.Donotuseyourownname.PartB47.Directions:WriteyouressayonANSWERSHEET.(15points)Youshould1.interpretthechart,and2.giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)Whatisclearlypresentedintheabovechartisthedifferentnumbersofurbanresidentsandruralpopulationamong1990,2000and2010.Thenumberofurbanresidentsclimbedsteadilyfrom300millionin1990to660millionorsoin2010,whileruralpopulationdecreasedslightlyfromabout820mi11ionto680millionorsointhesameperiod.Itisnotdifficulttocomeupwithsomepossiblefactorsaccountingforthistrend.Ontheonehand,withtherapiddevelopmentofeconomyandsociety,peopleinmountingnumberscrowdintocitiesinsearchofemployment,adecent1ivingandtheexcitementofurbanliferecently.Ontheotherhand,theeconomyintheruraldistrictsiscomparativelessdevelopedandthustheopportunitytomakemoneyandpursuetheirfutureisaswelllean.Asaresult,anincreasingnumberoffolksaretryingtoescapethisdestinybyflockingintotheurbanareas.

71Giventheanalysesabove,Ifirmlybelievethatsuchestablishedtrendwi11surelycontinueforquiteawhi1eintheforthcomingyearsanddueimportanceshouldbeattachedtothisevidentsituation.