历年考研英语真题

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历年考研英语真题SectionIUseofEnglishThehomelessmakeupagrowingpercentageofAmerica'spopulation._1_homelessnesshasreachedsuchproportionsthatlocalgovernmentcan'tpossibly_2_.Tohelphomelesspeople_3_independence,thefederalgovernmentmustsupportjobtrainingprograms,_4_theminimumwage,andfundmorelow-costhousing._5_everyoneagreesonthenumbersofAmericanswhoarehomeless.Estimates_6_anywherefrom600,000to3million._7_thefiguremayvary,analystsdoagreeonanothermatter:thatthenumberofthehomelessis_8_,oneofthefederalgovernmentsstudies_9_thatthenumberofthehomelesswillreachnearly19millionbytheendofthisdecade.Findingwaysto_10_thisgrowinghomelesspopulationhasbecomeincreasinglydifficult._11_whenhomelessindividualsmanagetofinda_12_thatwillgivethemthreemealsadayandaplacetosleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkofeachday_13_thestreet.Partoftheproblemisthatmanyhomelessadultsareaddictedtoalcoholordrugs.Andasignificantnumberofthehomelesshaveseriousmentaldisorders.Manyothers,_14_notaddictedormentallyill,simplylacktheeveryday_15_skillsneedtoturntheir1ives_16_.BostonGlobereporterChrisReidynotesthatthesituationwillimproveonlywhenthereare_17_programsthataddressthemanyneedsofthehomeless._18_EdwardBlotkowsk,directorofcommunityserviceatBentleyCollegeinMassachusetts,_19_it,aTherehastobe_20_ofprograms.What'sneedisapackagedeal.”1.[A]Indeed[B]Likewise[C]Therefore[D]Furthermore2.[A]stand[B]cope[C]approve[D]retain3.[A]in[B]for[C]with[D]toward4.[A]raise[B]add[C]take[D]keep

11.[A]Generally[B]Almost[C]Hardly[D]Not2.[A]cover[B]change[C]range[D]differ3.[A]nowthat[B]although[C]provided[D]Exceptthat4.[A]inflating[B]expanding[C]increasingED]extending5.[A]predicts[B]displays[C]proves[D]discovers6.[A]assist[B]track[C]sustain[D]dismiss7.[A]Hence[B]But[CjEven[D]0nly8.[A]lodging[B]shelter[C]dwelling[D]house9.[A]searching[B]strolling[C]crowding[D]wandering10.[A]when[B]once[C]while[D]whereas11.[A]life[B]existence[C]survival[D]maintenance12.[A]around[B]over[C]on[D]up13.[A]complex[B]comprehensive[C]complementary[D]compensating14.[A]So[BlSince[C]As[D]Thus15.[A]puts[B]interprets[C]assumes[D]makes16.[A]supervision[B]manipulation[C]regulation[D]coordinationSectionIReadingComprehensionPartAText1Inspiteofaendlesstalkofdifference,“Americansocietyisanamazingmachineforhomogenizingpeople.Thereis“thedemocratizinguniformityofdressand

2discourse,andthecasualnessandabsenceofconsumption”launchedbythe19th-centurydepartmentstoresthatofferedavastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.Insteadofintimateshopscateringtoaknowledgeableelite."thesewerestoresaanyonecouldenter,regardlessofclassorbackground.Thisturnedshoppingintoapublicanddemocraticact.”Themassmedia,advertisingandsportsareotherforcesforhomogenization.Immigrantsarequicklyfittingintothiscommonculture,whichmaynotbealtogetherelevatingbutishardlypoisonous.WritingfortheNationalImmigrationForum,GregoryRodriguezreportsthattoday'simmigrationisneitheratunprecedentedlevelnorresistanttoassimilation.In1998immigrantswere9.8percentofpopulation;in1900,13.6percent.Inthe10yearspriorto1990,3.1immigrantsarrivedforevery1,000residents;inthelOyearspriorto1890,9.2forevery1,000.Now,considerthreeindicesofassimilation-language,homeownershipandintermarriage.The1990Censusrevealedthat“amajorityofimmigrantsfromeachofthefifteenmostcommoncountriesoforiginspokeEnglish'well'or'verywellJaftertenyearsofresidence."ThechildrenofimmigrantstendtobebilingualandproficientinEnglish."Bythethirdgeneration,theoriginallanguageislostinthemajorityofimmigrantfamilies."HencethedescriptionofAmericaasaagraveyardvforlanguages.By1996foreign-bornimmigrantswhohadarrivedbefore1970hadahomeownershiprateof75.6percent,higherthanthe69.8percentrateamongnative-bornAmericans.Foreign-bornAsiansandHispanics“havehigherratesofintermarriagethandoU.S-bornwhitesandblacks."Bythethirdgeneration,onethirdofHispanicwomenaremarriedtonon-Hispanics,and41percentofAsian-Americanwomenaremarriedtonon-Asians.RodrigueznotethatchildreninremotevillagesaroundtheworldarefansofsuperstarslikeArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooks,yetusomeAmericansfearthatimmigrantlivingwithintheUnitedStatesremainsomehowimmunetothenation,sassimilativepower.”

3AretheredivisiveissuesandpocketsofseethingangerinAmerica?Indeed.Itisbigenoughtohaveabitofeverything.ButparticularlywhenviewedagainstAmerica,sturbulentpast,today'ssocialinducessuggestadarkanddeterioratingsocialenvironment.21.Theword“homogenizing”(Line2,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeansLA]identifying[B]associating[C]assimilating[D]monopolizing22.Accordingtotheauthor,thedepartmentstoresofthe19thcentury[A]playedaroleinthespreadofpopularculture.[B]becameintimateshopsforcommonconsumers.[C]satisfiedtheneedsofaknowledgeableelite.[D]oweditsemergencetothecultureofconsumption23.ThetextsuggeststhatimmigrantsnowintheU.S.[A]areresistanttohomogenization.[B]exertagreatinfluenceonAmericanculture.[C]arehardlyathreattothecommonculture.[D]constitutethemajorityofthepopulation.24.WhyareArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooksmentionedinParagraph5?

4[A]Toprovetheirpopularityaroundtheworld.[B]Torevealthepublic'sfearofimmigrants.[C]Togiveexamplesofsuccessfulimmigrants.[D]ToshowthepowerfulinfluenceofAmericanculture.22.Intheauthor?sopinion,theabsorptionofimmigrantsintoAmericansocietyis[A]rewarding.[B]successful.[C]fruitless.[D]harmful.Text2Stratford-on-Avon,asweallknow,hasonlyoneindustry-WilliamShakespeare-buttherearetwodistinctlyseparateandincreasinglyhostilebranches.ThereistheRoyalShakespeareCompany(RSC),whichpresentssuperbproductionsoftheplaysattheShakespeareMemorialTheatreontheAvon.Andtherearethetownsfolkwholargelyliveoffthetouristswhocome,nottoseetheplays,buttolookatAnneHathaway'sCottage,ShakespeareJsbirthplaceandtheothersights.TheworthyresidentsofStratforddoubtthatthetheatreaddsapennytotheirrevenue.TheyfranklydisliketheRSC'sactors,themwiththeirlonghairandbeardsandsandalsandnoisiness.It9salldeliciouslyironicwhenyouconsiderthatShakespeare,whoearnstheirliving,washimselfanactor(withabeard)anddidhisshareofnoise-making.Thetouriststreamsarenotentirelyseparate.Thesightseerswhocomebybus-andoftentakeinWarwickCastleandBlenheimPalaceontheside-don'tusuallyseetheplays,andsomeofthemareevensurprisedtofindatheatreinStratford.However,theplaygoersdomanagealittlesight-seeingalongwiththeirplaygoing.Itistheplaygoers,theRSCcontends,whobringinmuchofthetown'

5srevenuebecausetheyspendthenight(someofthemfourorfivenights)pouringcashintothehotelsandrestaurants.Thesightseerscantakeineverythingandgetoutoftownbynightfal1.Thetownsfolkdon'tseeitthiswayandlocalcounci1doesnotcontributedirectlytothesubsidyoftheRoyalShakespeareCompany.Stratfordcriespoortraditionally.Neverthelesseveryhotelintownseemstobeaddinganewwingorcocktaillounge.Hiltonisbuildingitsownhotelthere,whichyoumaybesurewillbedecoratedwithHamletHamburgerBars,theLearLounge,theBanquoBanquetingRoom,andsoforth,andwillbeveryexpensive.Anyway,thetownsfolkcan,tunderstandwhytheRoyalShakespeareCompanyneedsasubsidy.(Thetheatrehasbrokenattendancerecordsforthreeyearsinarow.Lastyearits1,431seatswere94percentoccupiedallyearlongandthisyearthey'11dobetter.)Thereason,ofcourse,isthatcostshaverocketedandticketpriceshavestayedlow.ItwouldbeashametoraisepricestoomuchbecauseitwoulddriveawaytheyoungpeoplewhoareStratfordJsmostattractiveclientele.Theycomeentirelyfortheplays,notthesights.Theyallseemtolookalike(thoughtheycomefromallover)-lean,pointed,dedicatedfaces,wearingjeansandsandals,eatingtheirbunsandbeddingdownforthenightontheflagstonesoutsidethetheatretobuythe20seatsand80standing-roomticketsheldforthesleepersandsoldtothemwhentheboxofficeopensat10:30a.m.22.Fromthefirsttwoparas,welearnthatA.thetownsfolkdenytheRSC'scontributiontothetown'srevenueB.theactorsoftheRSCimitateShakespeareonandoffstageC.thetwobranchesoftheRSCarenotongoodtermsD.thetownsfolkearnlittlefromtourism23.ItcanbeinferredfromPara3that

6A.thesightseerscannotvisittheCastleandthePalaceseparatelyB.theplaygoersspendmoremoneythanthesightseersC.thesightseersdomoreshoppingthantheplaygoersD.theplaygoersgotonootherplacesintownthanthetheater22.Bysaying^Stratfordcriespoortraditionally(Line2-3,Paragraph4),theauthorimpliesthatA.StratfordcannotaffordtheexpansionprojectsB.StratfordhaslongbeeninfinancialdifficultiesC.thetownisnotreallyshortofmoneyD.thetownsfolkusedtobepoorlypaid23.Accordingtothetownsfolk,theRSCdeservesnosubsidybecauseA.ticketpricescanberaisedtocoverthespendingB.thecompanyisfinanciallyill-managedC.thebehavioroftheactorsisnotsociallyacceptableD.thetheatreattendanceisontherise24.FromthetextwecanconcludethattheauthorA.issupportiveofbothsidesB.favorsthetownsfolk,sviewC.takesadetachedattitudeD.issympathetic

7Text3Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstronghappenedtothelargeanimals;theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived,thelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceansthattheseasarebeingover-fishedhasbeenknownforyearswhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.Theyhavelookedathalfacenturyofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdenotattempttoestimatetheactualbiomass(theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter)offishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheocean,butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanesfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethenDr.Wormacknowledgesthatthesefiguresareconservative,onereasonforthisisthatfishingtechnologyhasimprovedToday'svesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsatellitesandsonar,whichwerenotavailable50yearsagothatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes.Intheearlydays,too,longlineswouldhavebeenmoresaturatedwithfish.Someindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught,sincetobaitedhookswouldhavebeenavailabletotrapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.Furthermore,intheearlydaysoflonglinefishing,alotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.Thatisnolongeraproblem,becausetherearefewersharksaroundnoise.Dr.MyersandDr.wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount.Theybelievethedatesupportanideacurrentamongmarinebiologists,thatoftheashiftingbaselinev.Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonly

8arelativelyshorttimeintothepast.Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximumsustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedformafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspeciesisabout50%ofitsoriginallevels.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwaytodebusiness.31、TheextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedtosuggestthatA^largeanimalwerevulnerabletothechangingenvironmentB、smallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappearedC、largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattoday.D^Slow-growingfishoutlivefast-growingones32、whocaninferformDrMyersandDr.Worm'spaperthatA、thestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshasreducedby90%B、thereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesaretherewere15yearsagoC、thecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly20%oftheoriginalamountD、thenumberoflargerpredatorsdroppedfasterinnewfisherishthanintheold33、Bysayingthesefiguresareconservative(linein,paragragf-3),DrwormmeansthatA、fishingtechnologyhasimprovedrapidlyB、thencatch-sizesareactuallysmallerthenrecordedC、themarinebiomasshassufferedagreaterlossD、thedatecollectedsofararepitpfdate.34、DrMyersandotherresearchersholdthat

9A、peopleshouldlookforabaselinethatcan,tworkforalongertimeB、fisheriesshouldkeeptheyieldbelow50%ofthebiomassC、theoceanbiomassshouldrestoreditsoriginallevel.D、peopleshouldadjustthefishingbaselinetochangingsituation.35、Theauthorseemstobemainlyconcernedwithmostfisheries,A^managementefficiencyB、biomasslevelC、catch-sizelimitsD、technologicalapplication.Text4Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweirdandtheweirdestmaybethis:artists'onlyjobistoexploreemotions,andyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad.Thiswasn，talwaysso.Theearliestformsofart,likepaintingandmusic,arethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewhereinthe19thcentury,moreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasinsipid,phonyor,worstofall,boringaswewentfromWordsworth，sdaffodilstoBaudelaire，sflowersofevil.Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemoderntimeshaveseensuchmisery.Butit'snotasifearliertimesdidn，tknowperpetualwar,disasterandthemassacreofinnocents.Thereason,infact,maybejusttheopposite:thereistoomuchdamnhappinessintheworldtoday.Afterall,whatistheonemodernformofexpressionalmostcompletelydedicatedtodepictinghappiness?Advertising.Theriseofanti-happyartalmostexactlytrackstheemergenceofmassmedia,andwithit,acommercialcultureinwhich

10happinessisnotjustanidealbutanideology.Peopleinearliererasweresurroundedbyremindersofmisery.Theyworkeduntilexhausted,livedwithfewprotectionsanddiedyoung.IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereinperilandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.Givenal1this,theydidnotexactlyneedtheirarttobeabummertoo.TodaythemessagesyouraverageWesternerisbombardedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercial,andforeverhappy.Fast-foodeaters,newsanchors,textmessengers,allsmiling,smiling.Ourmagazinesfeaturebeamingcelebritiesandhappyfamiliesinperfecthomes.Andsincethesemessageshaveanagenda一一tolureustoopenourwalletstomaketheveryideaofhappinessseemunreliable."Celebrate!”commandedtheadsforthearthritisdrugCelebrex,beforewefoundoutitcouldincreasetheriskofheartattacks.Whatweforget一一whatoureconomydependsonisforgetting一一isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.Thethingsthatbringthegreatestjoycarrythegreatestpotentialforlossanddisappointment.Today,surroundedbypromisesofeasyhappiness,weneedsomeonetotellusasreligiononcedid,Mementomori:rememberthatyouwilldie,thateverythingends,andthathappinesscomesnotindenyingthisbutinlivingwithit.It'samessageevenmorebitterthanaclovecigarette,yet,somehow,abreathoffreshair.36.BycitingtheexampleofpoetsWordsworthandBaudelaire,theauthorintendstoshowthatA.Poetryisnotasexpressiveofjoyaspaintingormusic.B.Artgrowoutofbothpositiveandnegativefeeling.C.Poetstodayarelessskepticalofhappiness.D.Artisthavechangedtheirfocusofinterest.

1137.Theword“bummer”(Line5.paragraph5)mostprobablymeanssomethingA.religiousB.unpleasantC.entertainingD.commercial38.IntheauthorJsopinion,advertisingA.emergesinthewakeoftheanti-happypart.B.isacauseofdisappointmentforthegeneralpeerC.replacethechurchasamajorsourceofinformationD.createsanillusionofhappinessratherthanhappinessitself.39.WecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthattheauthorbelievesA.Happinessmoreoftenthannotendsinsadness.B.Theanti-happyartisdistastefulbyrefreshing.C.Miseryshouldbeenjoyedratherthandenied.D.Theanti-happyartflourisheswheneconomybooms40.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthetext?AReligiononcefunctionedasareminderofmisery.BArtprovidesabalancebetweenexpectationandreality.CPeoplefeeldisappointedattherealitiesofmorality.Dmassmediaareinclinedtocoverdisastersanddeaths.PartBOnthenorthbankoftheOhioriversitsEvansville,Ind,homeofDavidWillianis,52,andofariverboatcasinolaplacewheregamblinggamesareplayed.Duringseveralyearsofgamblinginthatcasino,Williamsastateauditorearning$35,000ayear,lastapproximately$175,000.Hehadnevergambledbeforethecasinosenthimacouponfor$20worthofgambling.

12Hevisitedthecasino,lostthe$20andleft.Onhissecondvisithelost$800.Thecasinoissuedtohim,asagoodcustomer,a"FunCard”,whichwhenusedinthecasinoearnspointsformealsanddrinks,andenablesthecasinototracktheuser'sgamblingactivities.ForWilliams,theseactivitiesbecomewhathecallsaelectronicheroin”.(41),In1997helost$21,000tooneslotmachineintwodays.Inmarch1997helost$72,186.Hesometimesplayedtwoslotmachinesatatime,allnight,untiltheboatlockedat5a.m,thenwentbackaboardwhenthecasinoopenedat9a.m.Nowheissuingthecasino,chargingthatitshouldhaverefusedhispatronagebecauseitknewhewasaddicted.Itdidknowhehadaproblem.Inmarch1998,afriendofWilliams'sgothiminvoluntarilyconfinedtoatreatmentcenterforaddictions,andwrotetoinformthecasinoofWilliams,sgamblers.ThecasinnoincludedaphotoofWilliamsamongthoseofbannedgamblers,andwrotetohima”ceaseadmissionsletternotingthe“medical/psychologicalnatureofproblemgamblingbehaviors,thelettersaidthatbeforebeingreadmittedtothepatronizingthecasinowouldposenothreattohissafetyorwel1-being.(42)TheWallStreetJournalreportsthatthecasinohas20signswarning,aenjoythefunandalwaysbetwithyourhead,notoverit."Everyentranceticketlistsatoll-freenumberforcounselingfromtheIndianaDepartmentofMentalHealth.NeverthelessWilliams'ssuitchargedthatthecasino,knowinghewasahelplesslyaddictedtogambling“intentionallyworkedto“love"himtoaengageinconductagainsthiswill"well.(43)ThefourtheditionoftheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofmentalDisorderssaysapathologicalgambling“involvespresident,recurringanduncontrollablepursuitlossofmoneythanofthethrilloftakingrisksinquestofawindfall.(44),.Pushedbyscience,orwhatclaimstobescience,societyisreclassifying

13whatoncewereconsideredcharacterflawsormoralfailingsaspersonalitydisordersskintophysicaldisabilities(41)Forty-fourstateshavelotteries,29havecasinos,andmostofthesestatesaretovaryingdegreesdependenton_youmightsayaddictedto_revenuesfromwagering.AndsincethefirstInternetgamblingsitewascreatedin1995,competitionforgamblerJsdollarshasbecomeintense.TheOct.28issueofNewsweekreportedthat2milliongamblerspatronize1,800virtualcosineseveryweek,with$3.5billionbeinglostonInternetwagersthisyear,gamblinghas,passedpornographyastheweb'swebsmostprofitablebusiness.(A).Althoughnosuchevidencewaspreserved,thecasino'smarketingdepartmentcontinuedtopepperhimwithmailings.AndheenteredthecasinoadusedhisFunCardwithoutbeingdetected.(B)Itisunclearwhatluringwasrequired,givenhiscompulsivebehavior.Andinwhatsensewashiswilloperative?(C)Bythetimehehadlost$5,00,hesaidtohimselfthatifhecouldgetbacktoeven,hewouldquit,onenighthewon$5,500,buthedidnotquit.(D)GamblinghasbeenacommonfeatureofAmericanlifeforever,butforalongtimeitwasbroadlyconsideredasin,orasocialdisease.Nowitisasocialpolicy,themostimportantandaggressivepromoterofgamblinginAmericaisthegovernment.(E)DavidWilliamdssuitshouldtroublethisgamblingnation.Butdon,tbetonit.(F)Itisworrisomethatsocietyismedicalizingmoreandmorebehavioralproblems,oftendefiningasaddictionwhatearlier,sternergenerationsexplainedasweaknessofwill.(G)theanoymous,lonely,undistractednatureofonlinegamblingisespecailllyconductivetocompulsivebehavior.Butevenifthegovernmentknewhowtomore

14againstInternetgambling,whatwouldbeitsgroundsfordoingso?PartCIsittruethattheAmericanintellectualisrejectedandconsideredofnoaccountinhissociety?Iamgoingtosuggestthatitisnottrue.FatherBruckbergentoldpartofthestorywhenheobservedthatitistheintellectualswhohaverejectedAmerican.Buttheyhavedonemorethanthat.Theyhavegrowndissatisfiedwiththeroleofintellectual.Itisthey,notAmerican,whohavebecomeanti-intellectual.First,theobjectofourstudypleadsfordefinition.Whatisanintellectual?(46)IshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkinginSocratic(苏格拉底)wayaboutmoralproblems.Heexploressuchproblemconsciously,articulately,andfrankly,firstbyaskingfactualquestions,thenbyaskingmoralquestions,finallybysuggestingactionwhichseemsappropriateinthelightofthefactualandmoralinformationwhichhehasobtained.(47)Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamatteraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimtohisdecision.Thisdefinitionexcludesmanyindividualsusuallyreferredtoasintellectualstheaveragescientistforone.48)Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.Likeotherhumanbeings,heencountersmoralissuesevenineverydayperformanceofhisroutinedutiesheisnotsupposedtocookhisexperiments,manufactureevidence,ordoctorhisreports.49)Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode,whichgovernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.Duringmostofhiswalkinglifehewilltakehiscodeforgranted,asthebusinessmantakeshisethics.

15Thedefinitionalsoexcludesthemajorityoffactors,despitethefactthatteachinghastraditionallybeenthemethodwherebymanyintellectualsearntheirliving(50)Theymayteachverywell,andmorethanearntheirsalaries,butmostofthemmakelittleornoindependentreflectionsonhumanproblemswhichinvolvemoraljudgment.Thisdescriptionevenfitsthemajorityeminentscholars."Beinglearnedinsomebranchofhumanknowledgeinonething,livinginpublicandindustriousthoughtsv,asEmersionwouldsay,“issomethingelse.”PartA51Directions:YouwanttocontributetoProjectHopebyofferingfinancialaidtoachildinaremotearea,writealettertothedepartmentconcerned,askingthemtohelpfindacandidate.Youshouldspecifywhatkindofchildyouwanttohelpandhowyouwillcarryoutyouplan.Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;use“LiMing”instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)PartB52Directions:studythefollowingphotoscarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould:1)describethephotosbriefly2)interpretthesocialphenomenonreflectedbythem,and3)giveyoupointofviewYoushouldwrite160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2(20points)（图一Beckham图二把崇拜写在脸上，花300元做个“小贝头”注：Beckham（贝克汉姆）——英国足球明星）

16把崇拜号在臆上花300元做个“小贝釜.注:…贝克仪姆L英国是H明■.SectionIUseofEnglish(10points)I.A2,B3.D4.A5.D6.C7.B8.C9.A10.AII.C12.B13.D14.C15.C16.A17.B18.C19.A20.DSectionIIReadingComprehension(60points)

17PartA(40points)21.C22.A23.C24.D25.B26.A27.B28.C29.D30.D31.C32.A33.C34.D35.B36.D37.B38.D39.B40.APartB(10points)41.C42.A43.B44.F45.DPartC(10points)46.我将他定义为一个对道德问题进行苏格拉底式思考并将此作为自己人生首要责任和快乐的人。47.他的职责与法官相似，必须承担这样的责任：用尽可能明了的方式来展示自己做出决定的推理过程。48.我之所以将他(普通科学家)排除在外，是因为尽管他的成果可能会有助于解决道德问题，但他承担的任务只不过是研究这些问题的事实方面。49.但是，他的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行动的道德规范，就如同不能指望商人专注于探索行业规范一样。50.他们可以教得很好，而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水，但他们大多数人却很少或没有对需要进行道德判断的、人的问题进行独立思考。SectionIIIWriting(30points)51.(10points)(略)

1851.(10points)(略)2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2bird,ascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested.5he,however,mighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientists,heispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothers,butexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection.ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest,912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100,andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthe12oftheirelites,includingseveralwor1d-renownedscientists,13heyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts,14avepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15socialeffects,suchasastrongtraditionof16ucation.Thelatterwasseenasa(an)17geneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimatelyl8isargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19emtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20ateofaffairs.1.[A]selected[B]prepared[C]obliged[D]pleased2.[A]unique[B]particular[C]special[D]rare3.[A]of[B]with[C]in[D]against4.[A]subsequently[B]presently[C]previously[D]lately5.[A]Only[B]So[C]Even[D]Hence6.[A]thought[B]sight[C]cost[D]risk

191.[A]advises[B]suggests[C]protests[D]objects2.[A]progress[B]fact[C]need[D]question3.[A]attaining[B]scoring[C]reaching[D]calculating4.[A]normal[B]common[C]mean[D]total5.[A]unconsciously[B]disproportionately[C]indefinitely[D]unaccountably6.[A]missions[B]fortunes[C]interests[D]careers7.[A]affirm[B]witness[C]observe[D]approve8.[A]moreover[B]therefore[C]however[D]meanwhile9.[A]givenup[B]gotover[C]carriedon[D]putdown10.[A]assessing[B]supervising[C]administering[D]valuing11.[A]development[B]origin[C]consequence[D]instrument12.[A]linked[B]integrated[C]woven[D]combined13.[A]limited[B]subjected[C]converted[D]directed14.[A]paradoxical[B]incompatible[C]inevitable[D]continuousSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Whilestillcatching-uptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife,womenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory."Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen,〃accordingtoDr.Yehuda,chiefpsychiatristatNewYork，sVeteran，sAdministrationHospital.Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.

20Addingtoawoman，sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities"forstress.snotnecessarilythatwomendon，tcopeaswell.It'sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith,“saysDr.Yehuda."Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen，s,〃sheobserves,sjustthatthey'redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner.Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes.thinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedtomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunately,parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating.AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege."Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescape,togotoschool,andgetaheadanddobetter.〃Later,hermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother.sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.〃NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligations,withfewbreaks,andfeelingthestrain.Alvarez'sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.1.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?[A]Womenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletostress.[B]Womenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbymen.[C]Womenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincopingwithstress.[D]Menandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithstress.2.Dr.Yehuda，sresearchsuggeststhatwomen[A]needextradosesofchemicalstohandlestress.

21[A]havelimitedcapacityfortoleratingstress.EC]aremorecapableofavoidingstress.[D]areexposedtomorestress.1.AccordingtoParagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendstobe[A]domesticandtemporary.[B]irregularandviolent.[C]durableandfrequent.[D]trivialandrandom.2.Thesentence〃Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.z，(Line6,Para.5)showsthat[A]Alvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmakingmoney.[B]Alvarez，ssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdexpenses.[C]Alvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentjobs.[D]Alvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbycheck.3.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A]StrainofStress:NoWayOut?[B]ResponsestoStress:GenderDifferenceEC]StressAnalysis:WhatChemicalsSay[D]GenderInequality:WomenUnderStressText2Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors，namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.Nolonger.TheInternet-andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit-ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)hasjustissued

22areportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport，sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.1.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscusses[A]thebackgroundinformationofjournalediting.[B]thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports.[C]therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers.[D]thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication.2.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport?[A]Itcriticizesgovernment-fundedresearch.

23[A]Itintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.[B]Itupsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers.[C]Itbenefitsscientificresearchconsiderably.1.Accordingtothetext,onlinepublicationissignificantinthat[A]itprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificresults.[B]itbringshugeprofitstoscientificresearchers.[C]itemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificknowledge.[D]itfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificresearch.2.Withtheopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequiredto[A]coverthecostofitspublication.[B]subscribetothejournalpublishingit.[C]allowotheronlinejournalstouseitfreely.[D]completethepeer-reviewbeforesubmission.3.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainideaofthetext?[A]TheInternetisposingathreattopublishers.[B]Anewmodeofpublicationisemerging.[C]Authorswelcomethenewchannelforpublication.[D]Publicationisrenderedeasierbyonlineservice.Text3Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneofonlythreeplayersintheNationalBasketballAssociation(NBA)listedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseason,however,hewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyears,andmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbigger,longerframes.Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,today，speople-especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations一apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren，t1ikelytogetanytaller."Inthegeneralpopulationtoday,atthisgenetic,environmentallevel,we'veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango,“saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightState

24University.InthecaseofNBAplayers,theirincreaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingplayersfromallovertheworld.Growth,whichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20,demandscaloriesandnutrients-notably,protein-tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcentury,under-nutritionandchiIdhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthimproved,childrenandadolescentshave,onaverage,increasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20years,apatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.YetaccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,averageheight-5'9"formen,5'4"forwomen-hasn，treallychangedsince1960.Geneticallyspeaking,thereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.Duringchildbirth,largerbabieshavemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthcanal.Moreover,eventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyears,ourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs."Therearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganism,z，saysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity.Geneticmaximumscanchange,butdon，texpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.Gordon,senioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterinNatick,Mass.,ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithoutalteration.Shesaysthat,unlikethoseforbasketball,thelengthofmilitaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime.Andifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipment,Gordonsaysthatbyandlarge,“youcouldusetoday，sdataandfeelfairlyconfident.z，1.WiltChamberlainiscitedasanexampleto[A]illustratethechangeofheightofNBAplayers.[B]showthepopularityofNBAplayersintheU.S..[C]comparedifferentgenerationsofNBAplayers.[D]assesstheachievementsoffamousNBAplayers.2.Whichofthefollowingplaysakeyroleinbodygrowthaccordingtothetext?[A]Geneticmodification.[B]Naturalenvironment.EC]Livingstandards.

25[D]Dailyexercise.1.Onwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?[A]Non-Americansaddtotheaverageheightofthenation.[B]Humanheightisconditionedbytheuprightposture.[C]Americansarethetallestonaverageintheworld.[D]Largerbabiestendtobecometallerinadulthood.34.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthatinthenearfuture[A]thegarmentindustrywillreconsidertheuniformsize.[B]thedesignofmilitaryuniformswillremainunchanged.[C]genetictestingwillbeemployedinselectingsportsmen.[D]theexistingdataofhumanheightwillstillbeapplicable.35.Thetextintendstotellusthat[A]thechangeofhumanheightfollowsacyclicpattern.[B]humanheightisbecomingevenmorepredictable.[C]Americanshavereachedtheirgeneticgrowthlimit.[D]thegeneticpatternofAmericanshasaltered.Text4In1784,fiveyearsbeforehebecamepresidentoftheUnitedStates,GeorgeWashington,52,wasnearlytoothless.Sohehiredadentisttotransplantnineteethintohisjaw-havingextractedthemfromthemouthsofhisslaves.That'safardifferentimagefromthecherry-tree-choppingGeorgemostpeoplerememberfromtheirhistorybooks.Butrecently,manyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontherolesslaveryplayedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyFlemings.Andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.Worksofseveralhistoriansrevealthemoralcompromisesmadebythenation，searlyleadersandthefragilenatureofthecountry，sinfancy.Moresignificantly,theyarguethatmanyoftheFoundingFathersknewslaverywaswrong-andyetmostdidlittletofightit.Morethananything,thehistorianssay,thefounderswerehamperedbytheculture

26oftheirtime.WhileWashingtonandJeffersonprivatelyexpresseddistasteforslavery,theyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate.Foronething,theSouthcouldnotaffordtopartwithitsslaves.Owningslaveswas"likehavingalargebankaccount,saysWiencek,authorofAnImperfectGod:GeorgeWashington,HisSlaves,andtheCreationofAmerica.ThesouthernstateswouldnothavesignedtheConstitutionwithoutprotectionsforthe"peculiarinstitution,includingaclausethatcountedaslaveasthreefifthsofamanforpurposesofcongressionalrepresentation.Andthestatesmen，spoliticallivesdependedonslavery.Thethree-fifthsformulahandedJeffersonhisnarrowvictoryinthepresidentialelectionof1800byinflatingthevotesofthesouthernstatesintheElectoralCollege.Onceinoffice,JeffersonextendedslaverywiththeLouisianaPurchasein1803;thenewlandwascarvedinto13states,includingthreeslavestates.Still,JeffersonfreedHemings，schildren-thoughnotHemingsherselforhisapproximately150otherslaves.Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.Onlyadecadeearlier,suchanactwouldhaverequiredlegislativeapprovalinVirginia.35.GeorgeWashington，sdentalsurgeryismentionedto[A]showtheprimitivemedicalpracticeinthepast.[B]demonstratethecrueltyofslaveryinhisdays.[C]stresstheroleofslavesintheU.S.history.[D]revealsomeunknownaspectofhislife.36.Wemayinferfromthesecondparagraphthat[A]DNAtechnologyhasbeenwidelyappliedtohistoryresearch.[B]initsearlydaystheU.S.wasconfrontedwithdelicatesituations.[C]historiansdeliberatelymadeupsomestoriesofJefferson，slife.[D]politicalcompromisesareeasilyfoundthroughouttheU.S.history.38.WhatdowelearnaboutThomasJefferson?[A]Hispoliticalviewchangedhisattitudetowardsslavery.

27[A]Hisstatusasafathermadehimfreethechildslaves.[B]Hisattitudetowardsslaverywascomplex.[C]Hisaffairwithaslavestainedhisprestige.39.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?[A]SomeFoundingFathersbenefitpoliticallyfromslavery.[B]Slavesintheolddaysdidnothavetherighttovote.[C]Slaveownersusuallyhadlargesavingsaccounts.[D]Slaverywasregardedasapeculiarinstitution.40.Washington，sdecisiontofreeslavesoriginatedfromhis[A]moralconsiderations.[B]militaryexperience.EC]financialconditions.[D]politicalstand.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thetimeforsharpeningpencils,arrangingyourdesk,anddoingalmostanythingelseinsteadofwritinghasended.Thefirstdraftwillappearonthepageonlyifyoustopavoidingtheinevitableandsit,standup,orliedowntowrite.(41)Beflexible.Youroutlineshouldsmoothlyconductyoufromonepointtothenext,butdonotpermitittoraiIroadyou.Ifarelevantandimportantideaoccurstoyounow,workitintothedraft.(42)Grammar,punctuation,andspellingcanwaituntilyourevise.Concentrateonwhatyouaresaying.Goodwritingmostoftenoccurswhenyouareinhotpursuitofanidearatherthaninanervoussearchforerrors.(43)Yourpageswillbeeasiertokeeptrackofthatway,and,ifyouhavetoclipaparagraphtoplaceitelsewhere,youwillnotloseanywritingontheotherside.

28Ifyouareworkingonawordprocessor,youcantakeadvantageofitscapacitytomakeadditionsanddeletionsaswellasmoveentireparagraphsbymakingjustafewsimplekeyboardcommands.Somesoftwareprogramscanalsocheckspellingandcertaingrammaticalelementsinyourwriting.(44)Theseprintoutsarealsoeasiertoreadthanthescreenwhenyouworkonrevisions.Onceyouhaveafirstdraftonpaper,youcandeletematerialthatisunrelatedtoyourthesisandaddmaterialnecessarytoillustrateyourpointsandmakeyourpaperconvincing.Thestudentwhowrote"TheA&PasaStateofMind"wiselydroppedaparagraphthatquestionedwhetherSammydisplayschauvinisticattitudestowardwomen.(45)Rememberthatyourinitialdraftisonlythat.Youshouldgothroughthepapermanytimes-andthenagain-workingtosubstantiateandclarifyyourideas.Youmayevenendupwithseveralentireversionsofthepaper.Rewrite.Thesentenceswithineachparagraphshouldberelatedtoasingletopic.Transitionsshouldconnectoneparagraphtothenextsothattherearenoabruptorconfusingshifts.Awkwardorwordyphrasingorunclearsentencesandparagraphsshouldbemercilesslypokedandproddedintoshape.[A]Tomakerevisingeasier,leavewidemarginsandextraspacebetweenlinessothatyoucaneasilyaddwords,sentences,andcorrections.Writeononlyonesideofthepaper.[B]Afteryouhaveclearlyandadequatelydevelopedthebodyofyourpaper,payparticularattentiontotheintroductoryandconcludingparagraphs.It'sprobablybesttowritetheintroductionlast,afteryouknowpreciselywhatyouareintroducing.Concludingparagraphsdemandequalattentionbecausetheyleavethereaderwithafinalimpression.[C]It'sworthremembering,however,thatthoughacleancopyfreshoffaprintermaylookterrific,itwillreadonlyaswellasthethinkingandwritingthathavegoneintoit.Manywritersprudentlystoretheirdataondisksandprinttheirpageseachtimetheyfinishadrafttoavoidlosinganymaterialbecauseofpowerfailuresorotherproblems.[D]Itmakesnodifferencehowyouwrite,justsoyoudo.Nowthatyouhavedevelopedatopicintoatentativethesis,youcanassembleyournotesandbegin

29tofleshoutwhateveroutlineyouhavemade.[A]Althoughthisisaninterestingissue,ithasnothingtodowiththethesis,whichexplainshowthesettinginfluencesSammy'sdecisiontoquithisjob.Insteadofincludingthatparagraph,sheaddedonethatdescribedLengeTscrabbedresponsetothegirlssothatshecouldleaduptotheA&P"policy"heenforces.[B]Inthefinalparagraphaboutthesignificanceofthesettingin〃A&P,"thestudentbringstogetherthereasonsSammyquithisjobbyreferringtohisrefusaltoacceptLengeVsstorepolicies.[C]Byusingthefirstdraftasameansofthinkingaboutwhatyouwanttosay,youwillverylikelydiscovermorethanyournotesoriginallysuggested.Plentyofgoodwritersdon，tuseoutlinesatallbutdiscoverorderingprinciplesastheywrite.Donotattempttocomposeaperfectlycorrectdraftthefirsttimearound.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Inhisautobiography,Darwinhimselfspeaksofhisintellectualpowerswithextraordinarymodesty.Hepointsoutthathealwaysexperiencedmuchdifficultyinexpressinghimselfclearlyandconcisely,but(46)hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentence,andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.Hedisclaimedthepossessionofanygreatquicknessofapprehensionorwit,suchasdistinguishedHuxley.(47)Heasserted,also,thathispowertofollowalongandpurelyabstracttrainofthoughtwasverylimited,forwhichreasonhefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.Hismemory,too,hedescribedasextensive,buthazy.Sopoorinonesensewasitthathenevercouldrememberformorethanafewdaysasingledateoralineofpoetry.(48)Ontheotherhand,hedidnotacceptaswel1foundedthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsthat,whilehewasagoodobserver,hehadnopowerofreasoning.This,hethought,couldnotbetrue,becausethe"OriginofSpecies'isonelongargumentfromthebeginningtotheend,andhasconvincedmanyablemen.Noone,hesubmits,couldhavewrittenitwithoutpossessingsomepowerofreasoning.Hewaswillingtoassertthat"Ihaveafairshareofinvention,andofcommonsenseorjudgment,suchaseveryfairlysuccessfullawyerordoctormusthave,butnot,Ibelieve,inanyhigherdegree.〃(49)Headdshumblythatperhapshewas"superiortothecommonrunofmeninnoticingthingswhicheasilyescapeattention,andinobservingthemcarefully.〃Writinginthelastyearofhis1ife,heexpressedtheopinionthat

30intwoorthreerespectshismindhadchangedduringtheprecedingtwentyorthirtyyears.Uptotheageofthirtyorbeyonditpoetryofmanykindsgavehimgreatpleasure.Formerly,too,pictureshadgivenhimconsiderable,andmusicverygreat,delight.In1881,however,hesaid:“NowformanyyearsIcannotenduretoreadalineofpoetry.Ihavealsoalmostlostmytasteforpicturesormusic.〃(50)Darwinwasconvincedthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappiness,butmightpossiblybeinjurioustotheintellect,andmoreprobablytothemoralcharacter.SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions:YouhavejustcomebackfromCanadaandfoundamusicCDinyourluggagethatyouforgottoreturntoBob,yourlandlordthere.Writehimaletterto1)makeanapology,and2)suggestasolution.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use〃LiMing"instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)SectionIStructureandVocabularyPartADirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)

31Example:IhavebeentotheGreatWallthreetimes1979.[A]from[B]after[C]for[D]sinceThesentenceshouldread,havebeentotheGreatWallthreetimessince1979.“Therefore,youshouldchoose[D]SampleAnswer[A][B][C][■]1.Asr11beawayforatleastayear,I'dappreciatefromyounowandthentellingmehoweveryoneisgettingalong.[A]hearing[B]tohear[C]tobehearing[D]havingheard2.Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,tofinditlocked.[A]just[B]only[C]hence[D]thus3.Doctorsseeaconnectionbetweenincreaseamountsofleisuretimespentandtheincreasednumberofcasesofskincancer.[A]tosunbathe[B]tohavesunbathed[C]havingsunbathed[D]sunbathing4.Unlessyousignacontractwiththeinsurancecompanyforyourgoods,youarenotentitledarepaymentforthegoodsdamagedindelivery.[A]to[B]with[C]for

32[A]on1.OnarainydayIwasdrivingnorththroughVermontInoticedayoungmanholdingupasignreading"Boston”.[A]which[B]where[C]when[D]that2.Christiestaredangrilyatherbossandturnedaway,asthoughoutoftheoffice.[A]went[B]gone[C]togo[D]wouldgo3.Therolesexpectedoldpeopleinsuchasettinggivetoofewpsychologicalsatisfactionsfornormalhappiness.[A]of[B]on[C]to[D]with4.Talktoanyoneinthedrugindustry,you'11soondiscoverthatthescienceofgeneticsisthebiggestthingtohitdrugresearchsincepenicillinwasdiscovered.[A]or[B]and[C]for[D]so5.Itwasn，tsomuchthatIdislikedherthatIjustwasn'tinterestedinthewholebusiness.[A]rather[B]so[C]than[D]as

331.Countlessdivorcedpoliticianswouldhavebeenelectedoutofofficeyearsagohadtheyeventhoughtofadivorce,letaloneone.[A]getting[A]toget[B]gotten[C]getPartBDirections:Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)Example:Anumberof[A]foreignvisitorsweretaken[B]totheindustrialexhibition,which[C]theysaw[D]manynewproducts.Answer[C]iswrong.Thesentenceshouldread,“Anumberofforeignvisitorsweretakentotheindustrialexhibition,wheretheysawmanynewproducts.，zSoyoushouldchoose[C].SampleAnswer[A][B][■][D]11.HavingisolatedAonaremoteisland,withBlittleworktooccupyCthem,thesoldierssufferedfromboredomandlowspiritsD.12.IfthelettertobemailedAwasplacedBonthewritingtableanhourago,itisCcertainbeingDtherenow.13.TherulingApartycouldevenloseitsBmajorityinthelowerhouseofparliament,startedCaperiodofprolongedstrugglingD.14.ThemechanismsatAworkaremanifestBinthetendencyforsuchphysicalactivitytoCutilizethepotentialDharmfulconstituentsofthestressresponse.15.InAthelongrun,however,thishurrytoshedBfull-timestaffmaybemoreCharmfultoindustryasitistoDtheworkforce.16.SeetoitAthatyouincludeinBtheexaminationpaperwhateverCquestionstheydidn，tknowtheanswerDlasttime.17.Mostnewspapers,whiledevotingAthemajorpartofitsBspacetorecentevents,usuallymanagetofindroomContheinsidepagesforarticlesonDsomeinterestingtopics.18.OnesignbywhichAyouaremakingprogressinanartBsuchaspaintingor

34photographyisthatCyoubegintorealizehowmuchthereisDtolearn.11.TheideallistenerstaysbothinsideandoutsideAthemusicatthemomentitisplayedandenjoyingBitalmostasmuchasCthecomposeratthemomenthecomposesD.12.ContinuedAexposuretostresshasbeenlinkedtoworsenedBfunctioningoftheimmunesystem,leavingCapersonmoreliableforDinfection.PartCDirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Example:ThelostcaroftheLeeswasfoundinthewoodsoffthehighway.[A]vanished[B]scattered[C]abandoned[D]rejectedThesentenceshouldread,“ThelostcaroftheLeeswasfoundabandonedinthewoodsoffthehighway.〃Therefore,youshouldchoose[C].SampleAnswer[A][B]13.Hespokesothatevenhisopponentswerewonoverbyhisarguments.[A]bluntly[B]convincingly[C]emphatically[D]determinedly14.France，sofnucleartestingintheSouthPacificlastmonthtriggeredpoliticaldebatesandmassdemonstrations.[A]assumption[B]consumption[C]presumption[D]resumption15.The215-pagemanuscript,circulatedtopublisherslastOctober,anoutburstofinterest.

35[A]flared[B]glittered[C]sparked[D]flashed11.HiseffortstobringaboutareconciliationbetweenthetwoParties[A]cameoff[B]cameon[C]cameround[D]camedown12.Thesystemwasredesignedtoembracethenetworkandeventuallyitinaprofitabledirection.[A]adapt[B]control[C]install[D]steer13.Thecapitalintendedtobroadentheexportbaseandefficiencygainsfrominternationaltradewaschanneledinsteadintouneconomicimportsubstitution.[A]secure[B]extend[C]defend[D]possess14.Itisannouncedthatawallethasbeenfoundandcanbeatthemanager，soffice.[A]declared[B]obtained[C]reclaimed[D]recognized15.WhenImysenses,Ifoundmyselfwrappedupinbedinmylittleroom,withGrandmabendingoverme.[A]wokeup[B]tooktoEC]pickedup

36[D]cameto11.TheAmericansocietyisanexceedinglyshakyfoundationofnaturalresources,whichisconnectedwiththepossibilityofaworseningenvironment.[A]establishedon[B]affiliatedto[C]originatedfrom[D]incorporatedwith12.IamnotwithmyroommatebutIhavetosharetheroomwithher,becauseIhavenowhereelsetolive.[A]concerned[B]compatible[C]considerate[D]complied13.Atfirst,theofcolorpicturesoveralongdistanceseemedimpossible,but,withpainstakingeffortsandatgreatexpense,itbecameareality.[A]transaction[B]transmission[C]transformation[D]transition14.Whenthecommitteetodetails,theproposedplanseemedimpractical.[A]gotdown[B]setabout[C]wentoff[D]cameup15.tosomepartsofSouthAmericaisstilldifficult,becausepartsofthecontinentarestillcoveredwiththickforests.[A]Orientation[B]AccessEC]Procession[D]Voyage16.Mr.Smithhadanunusual:hewasfirstanofficeclerk,thenasailor,and

37endedupasaschoolteacher.[A]profession[B]occupation[C]position[D]career11.Themayorisawomanwithgreatandthereforedeservesourpoliticalandfinancialsupport.[A]intention[B]instinct[C]integrity[D]intensity12.TheEnglishweatherdefiesforecastandhenceisasourceofinteresttoeveryone.[A]speculation[B]attribution[C]utilization[D]proposition13.Thefactthatthegoldeneagleusuallybuildsitsnestonsomehighcliffsitalmostimpossibletoobtaintheeggsortheyoungbirds.[A]renders[B]reckons[C]regards[D]relates14.Toimpressafutureemployer,oneshoulddressneatly,be,anddisplayinterestinthejob.[A]swift[B]instant[C]timely[D]punctual15.Youdon，thavetoinstallthisradioinyournewcar,it'sanextra.[A]excessive[B]optional

38[A]additional[B]arbitrary11.Wewerepleasedtonotethattheearlymorningdeliverydidn'ttothetrafficjamofthebusycity.[A]aid[B]amount[C]add[D]attributeSectionIIClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinfollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Ifafarmerwishestosucceed,hemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain_41_consumingallhisgrainimmediately.Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily_42_heproducesasurplus.Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowing,asaninsurance_43_theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto_44_oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto_45_thesoi1.Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation_46_andimprovehisfarminotherways.Ifnosurplusisavailable,afarmercannotbe_47_.Hemusteithersei1someofhispropertyor_48_extrafundsintheformofloans.Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow_49_ofinterest,butloansofthiskindarenot_50_obtainable.12.[A]otherthan[B]aswellas[C]insteadof[D]morethan42.[A]onlyif[B]muchas[C]longbefore[D]eversince43.[A]for[B]against[C]of[D]towards44.[A]replace[B]purchase[C]supplement[D]dispose

3944.[A]enhance[B]mix[C]feed[D]raise45.[A]vessels[B]routes[C]paths[D]channels46.[A]self-confident[B]self-sufficient[C]self-satisfied[D]self-restrained47.[A]search[B]save[C]offer[D]seek48.[A]proportion[B]percentage[C]rate[D]ratio49.[A]genuinely[B]obviously[C]presumably[D]frequentlySectionIIIReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Text1

40Ahistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicap,but,ifproperlyhandled,itmaybecomeadrivingforce.WhentheUnitedStatesenteredjustsuchaglowingperiodaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,ithadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.Itsscientistsweretheworld，sbest,itsworkersthemostskilled.AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed.Itwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.Justasinevitably,theretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.Bythemid-1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness.SomehugeAmericanindustries,suchasconsumerelectronics,hadshrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.By1987therewasonlyoneAmericantelevisionmakerleft,Zenith.(Nowthereisnone:ZenithwasboughtbySouthKorea，sLGElectronicsinJuly.)Foreign-madecarsandtextilesweresweepingintothedomesticmarket.America，smachine-toolindustrywasontheropes.Forawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty.Allofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.Theybegantobelievethattheirwayofdoingbusinesswasfailing,andthattheirincomeswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.Themid-1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothecausesofAmerica，sindustrialdecline.Theirsometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas.Howthingshavechanged!In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.FewAmericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.Self-doubthasyieldedtoblindpride.''Americanindustryhaschangeditsstructure,hasgoneonadiet,haslearnttobemorequick-witted,accordingtoRichardCavanagh,executivedeanofHarvard，sKennedySchoolofGovernment."ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimprovingtheirproductivity,z，saysStephenMooreoftheCatoInstitute,a

41think-tankinWashington,DC.AndWilliamSahlmanoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodas"agoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates.”44.TheU.S.achieveditspredominanceafterWorldWarIIbecause[A]ithadmadepainstakingeffortstowardsthisgoal[B]itsdomesticmarketwaseighttimeslargerthanbefore[C]thewarhaddestroyedtheeconomiesofmostpotentialcompetitors[D]theunparalleledsizeofitsworkforcehadgivenanimpetustoitseconomy45.ThelossofU.S.predominanceintheworldeconomyinthe1980sismanifestedinthefactthattheAmerican.[A]TVindustryhadwithdrawntoitsdomesticmarket[B]semiconductorindustryhadbeentakenoverbyforeignenterprises[C]machine-toolindustryhadcollapsedaftersuicidalactions[D]autoindustryhadlostpartofitsdomesticmarket46.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?[A]Itishumannaturetoshiftbetweenself-doubtandblindpride.[B]Intensecompetitionmaycontributetoeconomicprogress.[C]Therevivaloftheeconomydependsoninternationalcooperation.[D]Alonghistoryofsuccessmaypavethewayforfurtherdevelopment.47.TheauthorseemstobelievetherevivaloftheU.S.economyinthe1990scanbeattributedtothe.LA]turningofthebusinesscycle[8]restructuringofindustry[C]improvedbusinessmanagement[D]successineducationText2Beingamanhasalwaysbeendangerous.Thereareabout105malesbornforevery100females,butthisratiodropstonearbalanceattheageofmaturity,andamong70-year-oldstherearetwiceasmanywomenasmen.Butthegreatuniversalofmalemortalityisbeingchanged.Now,boybabiessurvivealmostaswel1asgirlsdo.Thismeansthat,forthefirsttime,therewillbeanexcessofboysinthosecrucialyearswhentheyaresearchingforamate.Moreimportant,anotherchancefornaturalselectionhasbeenremoved.Fiftyyearsago,thechanceofababy(particularlyaboybaby)survivingdependedonitsweight.Akilogram

42too1ightortooheavymeantalmostcertaindeath.Todayitmakesalmostnodifference.Sincemuchofthevariationisduetogenes,onemoreagentofevolutionhasgone.Thereisanotherwaytocommitevolutionarysuicide:stayalive,buthavefewerchildren.Fewpeopleareasfertileasinthepast.Exceptinsomereligiouscommunities,veryfewwomenhave15children.Nowadaysthenumberofbirths,liketheageofdeath,hasbecomeaverage.Mostofushaveroughlythesamenumberofoffspring.Again,differencesbetweenpeopleandtheopportunityfornaturalselectiontotakeadvantageofithavediminished.Indiashowswhatishappening.Thecountryofferswealthforafewinthegreatcitiesandpovertyfortheremainingtribalpeoples.Thegrandmediocrityoftoday-everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring-meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middle-classIndiacomparedtothetribes.Forus,thismeansthatevolutionisover;thebiologicalUtopiahasarrived.Strangely,ithasinvolvedlittlephysicalchange.Nootherspeciesfillssomanyplacesinnature.Butinthepass100,000years一eventhepass100years一一ourliveshavebeentransformedbutourbodieshavenot.Wedidnotevolve,becausemachinesandsocietydiditforus.Darwinhadaphrasetodescribethoseignorantofevolution:they“lookatanorganicbeingasasavagelooksataship,asatsomethingwhollybeyondhiscomprehension.〃Nodoubtwewillremembera20thcenturywayoflifebeyondcomprehensionforitsugliness.ButhoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiawewere,theywilllookjustlikeus.44.Whatusedtobethedangerinbeingamanaccordingtothefirstparagraph?[A]Alackofmates.[B]Afiercecompetition.[C]Alowersurvivalrate.[D]Adefectivegene.45.WhatdoestheexampleofIndiaillustrate?[A]Wealthypeopletendtohavefewerchildrenthanpoorpeople.[B]Naturalselectionhardlyworksamongtherichandthepoor.[C]Themiddleclasspopulationis80%smallerthanthatofthetribes.[D]India

43isoneofthecountrieswithaveryhighbirthrate.44.Theauthorarguesthatourbodieshavestoppedevolvingbecause[A]lifehasbeenimprovedbytechnologicaladvance[B]thenumberoffemalebabieshasbeendeclining[C]ourspecieshasreachedthehigheststageofevolution[D]thedifferencebetweenwealthandpovertyisdisappearing45.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?[A]SexRationChangesinHumanEvolution[B]WaysofContinuingMan，sEvolution[C]TheEvolutionaryFutureofNature[D]HumanEvolutionGoingNowhereText3Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashion,itisadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingat,for,howeverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.WithregardtoFuturistpoetry,however,thecaseisratherdifficult,forwhateverFuturistpoetrymaybe一evenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight一一itcanhardlybeclassedasLiterature.This,inbrief,iswhattheFuturistsays:foracentury,pastconditionsof1ifehavebeenconditionallyspeedingup,tillnowwe1iveinaworldofnoiseandviolenceandspeed.Consequently,ourfeelings,thoughtsandemotionshaveundergoneacorrespondingchange.Thisspeedingupoflife,saystheFuturist,requiresanewformofexpression.Wemustspeedupourliteraturetoo,ifwewanttointerpretmodernstress.Wemustpouroutalargestreamofessentialwords,unhamperedbystops,orqualifyingadjectives,orfiniteverbs.Insteadofdescribingsoundswemustmakeupwordsthatimitatethem;wemustusemanysizesoftypeanddifferentcoloredinksonthesamepage,andshortenorlengthenwordsatwi11.Certainlytheirdescriptionsofbattlesareconfused.Butitisalittleupsettingtoreadintheexplanatorynotesthatacertain1inedescribesafightbetweenaTurkishandaBulgarianofficeronabridgeoffwhichtheybothfallintotheriver一andthentofindthatthelineconsistsofthenoiseof

44theirfallingandtheweightsoftheofficers:"Pluff!Pluff!Ahundredandeighty-fivekilograms.This,thoughitfulfillsthelawsandrequirementsofFuturistpoetry,canhardlybeclassedasLiterature.Al1thesame,nothinkingmancanrefusetoaccepttheirfirstproposition:thatagreatchangeinouremotionallifecallsforachangeofexpression.Thewholequestionisreallythis:haveweessentiallychanged?44.Thispassageismainly.[A]asurveyofnewapproachestoart[B]areviewofFuturistpoetry[C]aboutmeritsoftheFuturistmovement[D]aboutlawsandrequirementsofliterature45.Whenanovelliteraryideaappears,peopleshouldtryto.[A]determineitspurposes[B]ignoreitsflaws[C]followthenewfashions[D]accepttheprinciples46.Futuristsclaimthatwemust.[A]increasetheproductionofliterature[B]usepoetrytorelievemodernstress[C]developnewmodesofexpression[D]avoidusingadjectivesandverbs47.TheauthorbelievesthatFuturistpoetryis.[A]basedonreasonableprinciples[B]newandacceptabletoordinarypeopleEC]indicativeofbasicchangeinhumannature[D]moreofatransientphenomenonthanliteratureText4AimlessnesshashardlybeentypicalofthepostwarJapanwhoseproductivityandsocialharmonyaretheenvyoftheUnitedStatesandEurope.ButincreasinglytheJapaneseareseeingadeclineofthetraditionalwork-moralvalues.Tenyearsagoyoungpeoplewerehardworkingandsawtheirjobsastheirprimaryreasonforbeing,butnowJapanhaslargelyfulfilleditseconomicneeds,andyoungpeopledon，tknowwheretheyshouldgonext.Thecomingofageofthepostwarbabyboomandanentryofwomenintothemale-dominatedjobmarkethavelimitedtheopportunitiesofteenagerswhoare

45alreadyquestioningtheheavypersonalsacrificesinvolvedinclimbingJapan，srigidsocialladdertogoodschoolsandjobs.Inarecentsurvey,itwasfoundthatonly24.5percentofJapanesestudentswerefullysatisfiedwithschoollife,comparedwith67.2percentofstudentsintheUnitedStates.Inaddition,farmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterpartsinthe10othercountriessurveyed.Whileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthebasics,Japaneseeducationtendstostresstesttakingandmechanicallearningovercreativityandself-expression."Thosethingsthatdonotshowupinthetestscores—personality,ability,courageorhumanity一arecompletelyignored,〃saysToshikiKaifu,chairmanoftherulingLiberalDemocraticParty，seducationcommittee.^Frustrationagainstthiskindofthingleadskidstodropoutandrunwild.〃LastyearJapanexperienced2,125incidentsofschoolviolence,including929assaultsonteachers.Amidtheoutcry,manyconservativeleadersareseekingareturntotheprewaremphasisonmoraleducation.LastyearMitsuoSetoyama,whowastheneducationminister,raisedeyebrowswhenhearguedthatliberalreformsintroducedbytheAmericanoccupationauthoritiesafterWorldWar11hadweakenedthez，Japanesemoralityofrespectforparents.z，ButthatmayhavemoretodowithJapaneselife-styles."InJapan,〃sayseducatorYokoMuro,〃it'sneveraquestionofwhetheryouenjoyyourjobandyourlife,butonlyhowmuchyoucanendure."Witheconomicgrowthhascomecentralization;fully76percentofJapan,s119millioncitizensliveincitieswherecommunityandtheextendedfamilyhavebeenabandonedinfavorofisolated,twogenerationhouseholds.UrbanJapanesehavelongenduredlengthycommutes(travelstoandfromwork)andcrowdedlivingconditions,butastheoldgroupandfamilyvaluesweaken,thediscomfortisbeginningtotell.Inthepastdecade,theJapanesedivorcerate,whilestillwellbelowthatoftheUnitedStates,hasincreasedbymorethan50percent,andsuicideshaveincreasedbynearlyone-quarter.44.IntheWesterner'seyes,thepostwarJapanwas.[A]underaimlessdevelopment[B]apositiveexample[C]arivaltotheWest[D]onthedecline45.Accordingtotheauthor,whatmaychieflyberesponsibleforthemoraldecline

46ofJapanesesociety?[A]Women'sparticipationinsocialactivitiesislimited.[B]Moreworkersaredissatisfiedwiththeirjobs.[C]Excessiveemphasishisbeenplacedonthebasics.[D]Thelife-stylehasbeeninfluencedbyWesternvalues.44.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheauthor?[A]Japaneseeducationispraisedforhelpingtheyoungclimbthesocialladder.[B]Japaneseeducationischaracterizedbymechanicallearningaswellascreativity.[C]Morestressshouldbeplacedonthecultivationofcreativity.[D]Droppingoutleadstofrustrationagainsttesttaking.45.ThechangeinJapaneseLife-styleisrevealedinthefactthat.[A]theyoungarelesstolerantofdiscomfortsinlife[B]thedivorcerateinJapanexceedsthatintheU.S.EC]theJapaneseenduremorethaneverbefore[D]theJapaneseappreciatetheirpresentlifeText5Ifambitionistobewellregarded,therewardsofambition一wealth,distinction,controloverone'sdestiny—mustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition，sbehalf.Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitality,itmustbewidelyshared;anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,theeducatednotleastamongthem.Inanoddway,however,itistheeducatedwhohaveclaimedtohavegivenuponambitionasanideal.Whatisoddisthattheyhaveperhapsmostbenefitedfromambition一一ifnotalwaystheirownthenthatoftheirparentsandgrandparents.Thereisheavynoteofhypocrisyinthis,acaseofclosingthebarndoorafterthehorseshaveescaped-withtheeducatedthemselvesridingonthem.Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditssignsnowthanformerly.Summerhomes,Europeantravel,BMWs-thelocations,placenamesandnamebrandsmaychange,butsuchitemsdonotseemlessindemandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago.Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams,aseasilyandopenlyasoncetheycould,lesttheybethoughtpushing,acquisitiveandvulgar.Instead,wearetreatedtofinehypocriticalspectacles,whichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply:thecriticofAmerican

47materialismwithaSouthamptonsummerhome;thepublisherofradicalbookswhotakeshismealsinthree-starrestaurants;thejournalistadvocatingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesoflife,whoseownchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools.Forsuchpeopleandmanymoreperhapsnotsoexceptional,theproperformulationis,z，Succeedatallcostsbutavoidappearingambitious.”Theattacksonambitionaremanyandcomefromvariousangles;itspublicdefendersarefewandunimpressive,wheretheyarenotextremelyunattractive.Asaresult,thesupportforambitionasahealthyimpulse,aqualitytobeadmiredandfixedinthemindoftheyoung,isprobablylowerthanithaseverbeenintheUnitedStates.Thisdoesnotmeanthatambitionisatanend,thatpeoplenolongerfeelitsstirringsandpromptings,butonlythat,nolongeropenlyhonored,itislessopenlyprofessed.Consequencesfollowfromthis,ofcourse,someofwhicharethatambitionisdrivenunderground,ormadesly.Such,then,isthewaythingsstand:ontheleftangrycritics,ontherightstupidsupporters,andinthemiddle,asusual,themajorityofearnestpeopletryingtogetoninlife.44.Itisgenerallybelievedthatambitionmaybewellregardedif«[A]itsreturnswellcompensateforthesacrifices[8]itisrewardedwithmoney,fameandpower[C]itsgoalsarespiritualratherthanmaterial[D]itissharedbytherichandthefamous45.Thelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablyimpliesthatitis.[A]customaryoftheeducatedtodiscardambitioninwords[B]toolatetocheckambitiononceithasbeenletout[C]dishonesttodenyambitionafterthefulfillmentofthegoal[D]impracticalfortheeducatedtoenjoybenefitsfromambition69.Somepeopledonotopenlyadmittheyhaveambitionbecause.LA]theythinkofitasimmoral[B]theirpursuitsarenotfameorwealth[C]ambitionisnotcloselyrelatedtomaterialbenefits[D]theydonotwanttoappeargreedyandcontemptible70.Fromthelastparagraphtheconclusioncanbedrawnthatambitionshouldbemaintained.[A]secretlyandvigorously[B]openlyandenthusiastically[C]easilyandmomentarily[D]verballyandspiritually

48SectionIVEnglish-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslateunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Governmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatthewelfareoftheirpeopledependslargelyontheeconomicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.71)Undermodernconditions,thisrequiresvaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandhencethehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.72)Furthermore,itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry，seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.Italsomeansthatgovernmentsareincreasinglycompelledtointerfereinthesesectorsinordertostepupproductionandensurethatitisutilizedtothebestadvantage.Forexample,themayencourageresearchinvariousways,includingthesettingupoftheirownresearchcenters;theymayalterthestructureofeducation,orinterfereinordertoreducethewastageofnaturalresourcesortapresourceshithertounexploited;ortheymaycooperatedirectlyinthegrowingnumberofinternationalprojectsrelatedtoscience,economicsandindustry.Inanycase,allsuchinterventionsareheavilydependentonscientificadviceandalsoscientificandtechnologicalmanpowerofallkinds.73)Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmass-communications,peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas,whilegovernmentsareoftenforcedtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.Atthesametime,thenormalrateofsocialchangethroughouttheworldistakingplaceatavastlyacceleratedspeedcomparedwiththepast.Forexample,74)intheearlyindustrializedcountriesofEuropetheprocessofindustrialization一withal1thefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowed一一wasspreadovernearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysadevelopingnationmayundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.Allthishastheeffectofbuildingupunusualpressuresandtensionswithinthecommunityandconsequentlypresentsseriousproblemsforthegovernmentsconcerned.75)Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovements-themselvesmaderelatively

49easynowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.Asaresultofallthesefactors,governmentsarebecomingincreasinglydependentonbiologistsandsocialscientistsforplanningtheappropriateprogramsandputtingthemintoeffect.SectionVWriting76.Directions:[A]Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefullyandwriteanessayofatleast150words.[B]YouressaymustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)[C]Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow:1.Describethepictures.

502.Deducethepurposeofthedrawerofthepictures.3.Suggestcounter-measures.2000年考研英语真题答案SectionI:StructureandVocabulary(20points)PartA(5points)1.[A]2.[B]3.[D]6.[C]7.[A]8.[B]PartB(5points)11.[A]12.[D]13.16.[D]17.[B]18.PartC(5points)21.[B]22.[D]23.26.[A]27.[C]28.31.[B]32.[A]33.36.[A]37.[A]38.PartII:ClozeTest41.[C]42.[A]43.46.[D]47.[B]48.4.[A]5.[C]9.ED]10.[C][C]14.[D]15.[C][A]19.[B]20.[D][C]24.[A]25.[D][D]29.[A]30.[B][B]34.[D]35.[C][D]39.[B]40.[C](10points)[B]44.[A]45.[C][D]49.[C]50.[D]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(40points)51.[C]52.56.[B]57.[A]58.61.[C]62.[D]63.66.[A]67.[A]68.ED]53.[B]54.[A]55.[C][D]59.[B]60.[A][B]64.[D]65.[C][C]69.[D]70.[B]SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)71.在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助。72.再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。73.大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求，不断接触到新的习俗的思想，由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。74.在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革，持续了大约一个世纪之久，而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程。

5171.由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。SectionV:Writing(15points)76.参考范文Thesetwopicturesdisplayasharpcontrast:therewerealotoffishwithonefishingboatintheseain1900whilethesituationwasjusttheoppositein1995.obviously,thefishingindustrywasfacingamajorproblem,withalltheoceanresourcesbeingexhaustedsoquickly.Thedrawerisnotexaggeratingorjokingaboutcommercialfishing.Onthecontrary,heisseriouslywarningusthatourwayofthinkingandwaysofdoingthingsareunreasonableanddangerous.Ourresourcesarelimitedandourecosystemneedscarefulconsiderationandprotection.Ifweonlycareaboutthepresent,wewillsufferinthefuture.It'sjustlikebuildingfriendshipandsavingmoney:themoreyouputintoit,themoreyoucanget;themoreyoutakeout,thelessitisleft.Measuresshouldbetakenifsuchdisappointingsituationistobeavoided.Isuggestthatgovernmentmakelawsandregulationstoguideandsupervisepeople*sfishingactivity,punishingthosewhoonlycareabouttheirowninterestandbringharmtoothersandtheenvironment.Ialsoappealtothepublicthatmoneyisnottheonlythingwecanpursueandfishisnottheonlyfoodwecaneat.Whetherforthebenefitofthehumanraceorfortheinterestofourown,weshouldshowconcernforothersandmakeplansforthefuture.Onlyinthiswaycanwelivehappilyandaffluently.SectionIUseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,C,andDonANSWERSHEET1(10points)By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindependentnations.Theroughly20million_1_ofthesenationslooked_2_tothefuture.BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberianColonialism,manyoftheleadersofindependence_3_theideasofrepresentativegovernment,careers_4_totalent,freedomofcommerceandtrade,the_5_toprivateproperty,andabeliefinthe

52individualasthebasisofsociety,―6_therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstates,largeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbya_7_setoflaws.Ontheissueof_8_ofreligionandthepositionofthechurch,_9_,therewaslessagreement_10_theleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlyone_11_bytheSpanishcrown,_12_mostleaderssoughttomaintainCatholicism_13_theofficialreligionofthenewstates,somesoughttoendthe_14_ofotherfaiths.ThedefenseoftheChurchbecamearallying_15_fortheconservativeforces.Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarian,valuingequalityofeverything.BolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhad_16_inreturntoabolishslaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeenabolishedeverywhereexceptSpain，s_17_colonies.EarlypromisestoendIndiantributeandtaxesonpeopleofmixedorigincamemuch_18_becausethenewnationsstillneededtherevenuesuchpolicies_19_Egalitariansentimentswereoftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas_20_self-ruleanddemocracy.1.[A]natives[B]inhabitants[C]peoples[D]individuals2.[A]confusedly[B]cheerfully[C]worriedly[D]hopefully3.[A]shared[B]forgot[C]attained[D]rejected4.[A]related[B]close[C]open[D]devoted5.[A]access[B]succession[C]right[D]return6.[A]Presumably[B]Incidentally[C]Obviously[D]Generally7.[A]unique[B]common[C]particular[D]typical8.[A]freedom[B]origin[C]impact[D]reform9.[A]therefore[B]however[C]indeed[D]moreover10.[A]with[B]about[C]among[D]by11.[A]allowed[B]preached[C]granted[D]funded12.[A]Since[B]If[C]Unless[D]While13.[A]as[B]for[C]under[D]against14.[A]spread[B]interference[C]exclusion[D]influence15.[A]support[B]cry[C]plea[D]wish

538.[A]urged[B]intended[C]expected[D]promised9.[A]controlling[B]former[C]remaining[D]original10.[A]slower[B]faster[C]easier[D]tougher11.[A]created[B]produced[C]contributed[D]preferred12.[A]puzzledby[B]hostileto[C]pessimisticabout[D]unpreparedforSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1[410words]Ifyouweretoexaminethebirthcertificatesofeverysoccerplayerin2006'sWorldCuptournamentyouwouldmostlikelyfindanoteworthyquirkelitesoccerlatermonths.IfyouthenexaminedtheEuropeannationalyouthteamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranks,youwouldfindthisstrangephenomenontobeevenmorepronounced.Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?Hereareafewguesses：a)certainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccerskills,b)winter-bornbathestendtohavehigheroxygencapacitywhichincreasessoccerstamina,c)soccermadparentsaremore1ikelytoconceivechildreninspringtimeattheannualpeakofsoccermania,d)noneoftheabove.AndersEricsson,a58-year-oldpsychologyprofessoratFloridaStateUniversity,sayshebelievesstronglyin“noneoftheabove.”EricssongrewupinSweden,andstudiednuclearengineeringuntilherealizedherealizedhewouldhavemoreopportunitytoconducthisownresearchifheswitchedtopsychology.Hisfirstexperimentnearlyyearsago,involvedmemory：trainingapersontohearandthenrepeatarandomseriesofnumbers."Withthefirstsubject,afterabout20hours

54oftraininghisdigitspanhadrisenfrom7to20,“Ericssonrecalls."Hekeptimproving,andafterabout200hoursoftraininghehadrisentoover80numbers.”Thissuccesscoupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfasnotgeneticallydetermined,ledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.Inotherwords,whateverinborndifferencestwopeoplemayexhibitintheirabilitiestomemorizethosedifferencesareswampedbyhowwelleachperson“encodes”theinformation.Andthebestwaytolearnhowtoencodeinformationmeaningfully,Ericssondetermined,wasaprocessknownasdeliberatepractice.Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethansimplyrepeatingatask.Rather,itinvolvessettingspecificgoals,obtainingimmediatefeedbackandconcentratingasmuchontechniqueasonoutcome.Ericssonandhiscolleagueshavethustakentostudyingexpertperformersinawiderangeofpursuits,includingsoccer.Theygatherallthedatatheycan,notjustpredominancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirownlavatoryexperimentswithhighachievers.Theirworkmakesaratherstartlingassertion：thetraitwecommonlycalltalentishighlyoverrated.Or,putanotherway,expertperformerswhetherinmemoryorsurgery,balletorcomputerprogrammingarenearlyalwaysmade,notborn.8.Thebirthdayphenomenonfoundamongsoccerplayersismentionedto[A]stresstheimportanceofprofessionaltraining.[B]spotlightthesoccersuperstarsintheWorldCup.[C]introducethetopicofwhatmalesexpertperformance.[D]explainwhysomesoccerteamsplaybetterthanothers.9.Theword“mania”(Line4,Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans[A]fun.[B]craze.[C]hysteria.[D]excitement.10.AccordingtoEricssongoodmemory[A]dependsonmeaningfulprocessingofinformation.

55[A]resultsfromintuitiveratherthancognitiveexercises.[B]isdeterminedbygeneticratherthanpsychologicalfactors.[C]requiresimmediatefeedbackandahighdegreeofconcentration.8.Ericssonandhiscolleaguesbelievethat[A]talentisadominatingfactorforprofessionalsuccess.[B]biographicaldataprovidethekeytoexcellentperformance.[C]theroleoftalenttendstobeoverlooked.[D]highachieversowetheirsuccessmostlytonurture.9.Whichofthefollowingproverbsisclosesttothemessagethetexttriestoconvey?[A]aFaithwillmovemountains.”[B]uOnereapswhatonesows.”[C]aPracticemakesperfect.[D]"Likefather,likeson"Text2[451words]Forthepastseveralyears,theSundaynewspapersupplementParadehasfeaturedacolumncalled“AskMarilyn."PeopleareinvitedtoqueryMarilynvosSavant,whoatage10hadtestedatamentallevelofsomeoneabout23yearsold；thatgaveheranIQof228-thehighestscoreeverrecorded.IQtestsaskyoutocompleteverbalandvisualanalogies,toenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcut,andtodeducenumericalsequences,amongothersimilartasks.SoitisabitconfusingwhenvosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoe(whoseIQis100)as,What，sthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?Orwhatisthenatureofluckandcoincidence?It'snotobvioushowthecapacitytovisualizeobjectsandtofigureoutnumericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionsthathaveeludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers.Clearly,intelligenceencompassesmorethanascoreonatest.Justwhatdoesitmeanstobesmart?Howmuchofintelligencecanbespecified,andhowmuchcanwelearnaboutitfromneurology,genetics,computerscienceandotherfields?ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,even

56thoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.Thetestcomesprimarilyintwoforms：theStanford-BinetIntelligenceScaleandtheWechslerIntelligenceScales(bothcomeinadultandchildren，sversion)。Generallycostingseveralhundreddollars,theyareusuallygivenonlybypsychologists,althoughvariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.SuperhighscoreslikevosSavantysarenolongerpossible,becausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepecks,rathertansimplydividingthementalarebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.Otherstandardizedtests,suchastheScholasticAssessmentTest(SAT)andtheGraduateRecordExam(GRE),capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.Suchstandardizedtestsmaynotassessal1theimportantelementsnecessarytosucceedinschoolandinlife,arguesRobertJ.Sternberg.InhisarticleaHowIntelligentIsIntelligenceTesting?”.Sternbergnotesthattraditionaltestsbestassessanalyticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasurecreativityandpracticalknowledge,componentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.Moreover,IQtestsdonotnecessarilypredictsowelloncepopulationsorsituationschange.ResearchhasfoundthatIQpredictedleadershipsillswhenthetestsweregivenunderlow-stressconditions,butunderhigh-stressconditions.IQwasnegativelycorrelatedwithleadership-thatisitpredictedtheopposite.AnyonewhobastoiledthroughSATwilltestifythattest-takingskillalsomatters,whetherit'sknowingwhentoguessorwhatquestionsofskip.anintelligencetest?8.Whichofthefollowingmayberequiredin[A]Answeringphilosophicalquestions.[B]Foldingorcuttingpaperintodifferentshapes.[C]Tellingthedifferencesbetweencertainconcepts.[D]Choosingwordsorgraphssimilartothegivenones.9.WhatcanbeinferredaboutintelligencetestingfromParagraph3?[A]PeoplenolongeruseIQscoresasanindicatorofintelligence.[B]MoreversionsofIQtestsarenowavailableontheInternet.EC]Thetestcontentsandformatsforadultsandchildrenmaybedifferent.

57[D]Scientistshavedefinedtheimportantelementsofhumanintelligence.8.PeoplenowadayscannolongerachieveIQscoresashighasvosSavant，sbecause[A]thescoresareobtainedthroughdifferentcomputationalprocedures.[B]creativityratherthananalyticalskillsisemphasizednow.[C]vosSavant1scaseisanextremeonethatwillnotrepeat.[D]thedefiningcharacteristicofIQtestshaschanged.9.Wecanconcludefromthelastparagraphthat[A]testscoresmaynotbereliableindicatorsofonesability[B]IQscoresandSATresultsarehighlycorrelated.[C]testinginvolvesalotofguesswork.[D]traditionaltestsareoutofdate.10.Whatistheauthor，sattitudetowardsIQtests?[A]Supportive.[B]Skeptical.[C]Impartial.[D]Biased.Text3[421words]Duringthepastgeneration,theAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairplaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehasbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.Nowapinkslip,abaddiagnosis,oradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths.Injustonegeneration,millionsofmothershavegonetowork,transformingbasicfamilyeconomics.Scholars,policymakers,andcriticsofallstripeshavedebatedthesocialimplicationsofthesechanges,butfewhavelookedatthesideeffectfamilyriskhasrisenaswell.Today,sfamilieshavebudgetedtothelimitsoftheirnewtwo-paycheckstatus.Asaresulttheyhavelosttheparachutetheyoncehadintimesoffinancialsetback-aback-upearner(usuallyMom)whocouldgo

58intotheworkforceiftheprimaryearnergotlaidofforfellsick.This"added-workereffectwcouldsupportthesafetynetofferedbyunemploymentinsuranceordisabilityinsurancetohelpfamiliesweatherbadtimes.Buttoday,adisruptiontofamilyfortunescannotlongerbemadeupwithextraincomefromanotherwise-stay-at-homepartner.Duringthesameperiod,familieshavebeenaskedtoabsorbmuchmoreriskintheirretirementincome.Steelworkers,airlineemployees,andnowthoseintheautoindustryarejoiningmillionsoffamilieswhomustworryaboutinterestrates,stockmarketfluctuation,andtheharshrealitythattheymayoutlivetheirretirementmoney.Formuchofthepastyear.PresidentBushcampaignedtomoveSocialSecuritytoasavings-accountmodel,withretireestradingmuchoral1oftheirguaranteedpaymentsforpaymentsdependingoninvestmentreturns.Foryoungerfamilies,thepictureisnotanybetter.Boththeabsolutecostofhealthcareandtheshareofitbornebyfamilieshaverisen-andnewlyfashionablehealth-savingsplansarespreadingfromlegislativehallstoWal-Martworkers,withmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenewdoesofinvestmentriskforfamilies'futurehealthcare.Evendemographicsareworkingagainstthemiddleclassfamily,astheoddsofhavingaweakelderlyparent-andalltheattendantneedforphysicalandfinancialassistancehavejumpedeightfoldinjustonegeneration.Fromthemiddle-classfamilyperspective,muchofthis,understandably,looksfarlesslikeanopportunitytoexercisemorefinancialresponsibility,andagooddealmorelikeafrighteningaccelerationofthewholesaleshiftoffinancialriskontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders.Thefinancialfallouthasbegun,andthepoliticalfalloutmaynotbefarbehind.8.Today*sdouble-incomefamiliesareatgreaterfinancialriskinthat[A]thesafetynettheyusedtoenjoyhasdisappeared.[B]theirchancesofbeinglaidoffhavegreatlyincreased.[C]theyaremorevulnerabletochangesinfamilyeconomics.[D]theyaredeprivedofunemploymentordisabilityinsurance.

598.AsaresultofPresidentBush，sreform,retiredpeoplemayhave[A]ahighersenseofsecurity.[B]lesssecuredpayments.EC]lesschancetoinvest.[D]aguaranteedfuture.9.Accordinggotheauthor,health-savingsplanswill[A]helpreducethecostofhealthcare.[B]popularizeamongthemiddleclass.EC]compensateforthereducedpensions.[D]increasethefamiliesinvestmentrisk.10.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat[A]financialriskstendtooutweighpoliticalrisks.[B]themiddleclassmayfacegreaterpoliticalchallenges.[C]financialproblemsmaybringaboutpoliticalproblems.[D]financialresponsibilityisanindicatorofpoliticalstatus.11.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthistext?LA]TheMiddleClassontheAlert[B]TheMiddleClassontheCliff[C]TheMiddleClassinConflict[D]TheMiddleClassinRuinsText4[416words]Itneverrainsbutitpours.Justasbossesandboardshavefinallysortedouttheirworstaccountingandcompliancetroubles,andimprovedtheirfeeblecorporationgovernance,anewproblemthreatenstoearnthem-especiallyinAmerica-thesortofnastyheadlinesthatinevitablyleadtoheadsrollingintheexecutivesuite：datainsecurity.Left,untilnow,toodd,low-levelITstafftoputright,andseenasaconcernonlyofdata-richindustriessuchasbanking,telecomsandairtravel,informationprotectionisnowhighontheboss'sagendainbusinessesofeveryvariety.

60Severalmassiveleakagesofcustomerandemployeedatathisyear-fromorganizationsasdiverseasTimeWarner,theAmericandefensecontractorScienceApplicationsInternationalCorpandeventheUniversityofCalifornia.Berkeley-haveleftmanagershurriedlypeeringintotheirintricate11systemsandbusinessprocessesinsearchofpotentialvulnerabilities.“Dataisbecominganassetwhichneedsnobeguardedasmuchasanyotherasset."saysIamMendelsonofStanfordUniversity，sbusinessschool“Theabilityguardcustomerdataisthekeytomarketvalue,whichtheboardisresponsibleforonbehalfofshareholdersnIndeed,justasthereistheconceptofGenerallyAcceptedAccountingPrinciples(GAAP)0perhapsitistimeforGASP.GenerallyAcceptedSecurityPractices,suggestedEliNoamofNewYork，sColumbiaBusinessSchool."Settingtheproperinvestmentlevelforsecurity,redundancy,andrecoveryisamanagementissue,notatechnicalone."hesays.Themysteryisthatthisshouldcomeasasurprisetoanyboss.Surelyitshouldbeobvioustothedimmestexecutivethattrust,thatmostvaluableofeconomicassets,iseasilydestroyedandhugelyexpensivetorestore-andthatfewthingsaremorelikelytodestroytrustthanacompanylettingsensitivepersonaldatagetintothewronghands.Thecurrentstateofaffairsmayhavebeenencouraged-thoughnotjustified-bythelackoflegalpenalty(inAmerica,butnotEurope)fordataleakage.UntilCaliforniarecentlypassedalaw.Americanfirmsdidnothavetotellanyone,eventhevictim,whendatawentastray,Ihatmaychangefastlotsofproposeddata-securitylegislationnowdoingtheroundsinWashington.D.C.Meanwhile,thetheftofinformationaboutsome40millioncredit-cardaccountsinAmerica,disclosedonJune17th.overshadowedahugelyimportantdecisionadayearlierbyAmerica，sFederalTradeCommission(FTC)thatputscorporateAmericaonnoticethatregulatorswillactiffirmsfailtoprovideadequatedatasecurity.8.Thestatement：”Itneverrainsbutitpours”isusedtointroduce

61[A]thefiercebusinesscompetition.[B]thefeebleboss-boardrelationsEC]thethreatfromnewsreports.[D]theseverityofdataleakage.8.AccordingtoParagraph2,someorganizationschecktheirsystemstofindout[A]whetherthereisanyweakpoint.[B]whatsortofdatahasbeenstolen.[C]whoisresponsiblefortheleakage.[D]howthepotentialspiescanbelocated.9.InbringinguptheconceptofGASPtheauthorismakingthepointthat[A]shareholdersinterestsshouldbeproperlyattendedto.[B]informationprotectionshouldbegivendueattention.[C]businessesshouldenhancetheirlevelofaccountingsecurity.[D]themarketvalueofcustomerdatashouldbeemphasized.10.AccordingtoParagraph4,whatpuzzlestheauthoristhatsomebossesfailto[A]seethelinkbetweentrustanddataprotection.[B]perceivethesensitivityofpersonaldata.[C]realizethehighcostofdatarestoration.[D]appreciatetheeconomicvaoftrust.11.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5that[A]dataleakageismoresevereinEurope.[B]FTC'sdecisionisessentialtodatasecurity.[C]Californiatakestheleadinsecuritylegislation.[D]legalpenaltyisamajorSolomontodataleakage.PartBDirections：Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutwhatparentsaresupposedtodotoguidetheirchildrenintoadulthood.ChooseaheadingfromthelistAGthatbestfitsthemeaningofeach

62numberedpartofthetext(4145)。Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Therearetwoextraheadingsthatyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)A.SetaGoodExampleforYourKidsB.BuildYourKid，sWorkSkillsC.PlaceTimeLimitsonLeisureActivitiesD.TalkabouttheFutureonaRegularBasisE.HelpKidsDevelopCopingStrategiesF.HelpYourKidsFigureOutWhoTheyAreG.BuildYourKidsSenseofResponsibilityHowCanaParentHelp?Mothersandfatherscandoalottoensureasafelandinginearlyadulthoodfortheirkids.Evenifajob'sstartingsalaryseemstoosmalltosatisfyanemergingadult，sneedforrapidcontent,thetransitionfromschooltoworkcanbelessofasetbackifthestart-upadultisreadyforthemove.Hereareafewmeasures,drawnfrommybookReadyorNot,HereLifeComes,thatparentscantaketopreventwhatIcallawork-lifeunreadness”。8.Youcanstartthisprocesswhentheyare11or12.Periodicallyreviewtheiremergingstrengthsandweaknesseswiththemandworktogetheronanyshortcomings,likedifficultyincommunicatingwellorcollaborating.Also,identifythekindsofintereststheykeepcomingbackto,astheseoffercluestothecareersthatwillfitthembest.9.Kidsneedarangeofauthenticrolemodels-asopposedtomembersoftheirclique,popstarsandvauntedathletes.Haveregulardinner-tablediscussionsaboutpeoplethefamilyknowsandhowtheygotwheretheyare.Discussthejoysanddownsidesofyourowncareerandencourageyourkidstoformsomeideasabout

63theirownfuture.Whenaskedwhattheywanttodo,theyshouldbediscouragedfromsaying“Ihavenoidea."Theycanchangetheirminds200times,buthavingonlyafoggyviewofthefutureisoflittlegood.8.Teachersareresponsibleforteachingkidshowtolearn；parentsshoulderesponsibleforteachingthemhowtowork.Assignresponsibilitiesaroundthehouseandmakesurehomeworkdeadlinesaremet.Encourageteenagerstotakeapart-timejobKidsneedplentyofpracticedelayinggratificationanddeployingeffectiveorganizationalskills,suchasmanagingtimeandsettingpriorities.9.Payingvideogamesencouragesimmediatecontent.AndhoursofwatchingTVshowswithcannedlaughteronlyteacheskidstoprocessinformationinapassiveway.Atthesametime,listeningthroughearphonestothesamemonotonousbeatsforlongstretchesencourageskidstostayinsidetheirbubbleinsteadofpursuingotherendeavors.Alltheseactivitiescanpreventthegrowthofimportantcommunicationandthinkingskillsandmakeitdifficultforkidstodevelopthekindofsustainedconcentrationtheywillneedformostjods.10.Theyshouldknowhowtodealwithsetbacks,stressesandfeelingsofinadequacy.Theyshouldalsolearnhowtosolveproblemsandresolveconflicts,waystobrainstormandthinkcritically.Discussionsathomecanhelpkidspracticedoingthesethingsandhelpthemapplytheseskillstoeverydaylifesituations.Whataboutthesonordaughterwhoisgrownbutseemstobestrugglingandwanderingaimlesslythroughearlyadulthood?Parentsstillhaveamajorroletoplay,butnowitismoredelicate.Theyhavetobecarefulnottocomeacrossasdisappointedintheirchild.Theyshouldexhibitstronginterestandrespectforwhatevercurrentlyintereststheirfledgingadult(asna?veorillconceivedasitmayseem)whilebecomingapartnerinexploringoptionsforthefuture.Mostofall,thesenewadultsmustfellthattheyarerespectedandsupportedbyafamilythat

64appreciatesthem.PartCDirections：ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)ThestudyoflawhasbeenrecognizedforcenturiesasabasicintellectualdisciplineinEuropeanuniversities.However,onlyinrecentyearshasitbecomeafeatureofundergraduateprogramsinCanadianuniversities.(46)Traditionally,legallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyersratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.Happily,theolderandmorecontinentalviewoflegaleducationisestablishingitselfinanumberofCanadianuniversitiesandsomehaveevenbeguntoofferundergraduatedegreesinlaw.Ifthestudyoflawisbeginningtoestablishitselfaspartandparcelofageneraleducation,itsaimsandmethodsshouldappealdirectlytojournalismeducators.Lawisadisciplinewhichencouragesresponsiblejudgment.Ontheonehand,itprovidesopportunitiestoanalyzesuchideasasjustice,democracyandfreedom.(47)Ontheother,itlinkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealitiesinamannerwhichisparalleltothelinksjournalistsforgeonadailybasisastheycoverandcommentonthenews.Forexample,notionsofevidenceandfact,ofbasicrightsandpublicinterestareatworkintheprocessofjournalisticjudgmentandproductionjustasincourtsoflaw.Sharpeningjudgmentbyabsorbingandreflectingonlawisadesirablecomponentofajournalist'sintellectualpreparationforhisorhercareer.(48)Buttheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenrestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.Politicsor,morebroadly,thefunctioningofthestate,isamajorsubjectforjournalists.Thebetterinformedtheyareaboutthewaythestateworks,thebettertheirreportingwillbe.(49)

65Infact,itisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveaclearprepsofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.Furthermore,thelegalsystemandtheeventswhichoccurwithinitareprimarysubjectsforjournalists.Whilethequalityoflegaljournalismvariesgreatly,thereisanunduerelianceamongstmanyjournalistsoninterpretationssuppliedtothembylawyers.(50)Whilecommentandreactionfromlawyersmayenhancestories,itispreferableforjournaliststorelyontheirownnotionsofsignificanceandmaketheirownjudgments.Thesecanonlycomefromawell-groundedunderstandingofthelegalsystem.SectionIIIWriting

6651.Directions：Writealettertoyouruniversitylibrary,makingsuggestionsforimprovingitsservice.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing”instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)PartB52.Directions：Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)supportyourviewwithanexample/examples.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)2007年考研英语试题参考答案SectionIUseofEnglish1.B2,D3.C4.A5.C6.D7,C8.C9.B10.C11.C12.D13.A14.D15.C16.D17.B18.D19.C20.DSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartA21.C26.D31.C36.D22.B27.C32.B37.A23.D28.A33.D38.B24.D29.A34.C39.A25.C30.B35.B40.DPart41.F42.D43.B44.C45.E

67PartC（仅供参考）46、一直以来，在这些大学里，法律知识的学习看作是律师的专属，而不是受教育人士必备知识的一部分。47、另一方面，以类似记者在每天采访和评论新闻时炮制联系的方式，法律把这些概念（公正、民主和自由）和日常实践联系在一起。48、但是，记者必须比普通公民更为深刻地理解法律，这种说法是基于对新闻媒体的既定常规和特殊职责的理解。49、事实上，我们很难想象，对加拿大宪法的基本特征缺乏清楚把握的记者如何能胜任政治方面的报道。50、尽管律师的意见和态度可能会增加报道的深度，但记者最好还是应该依靠自己的理解并做出自己的判断。SectionIIWriting（仅供参考）PartAJanuary20th,2007DearSirorMadam,I'mastudentintheuniversityandaloyalreaderofthislibrary.I'mwritingtotellsomeofmyideas,whichIhopetobehelpfulforyou.Inoticethatmanymagazinesinourlibraryareoutofdate.Itwouldbebeneficialtousstudentsiftheycouldbeupdatedintime.AndIsuggestintroducingsomenewjournalssoastobringnewfreshairtothelibrary.Furthermore,sincewehaveahugenumberofbooks,itisnoteasytofindtherightoneeasily.However,ifwecanintroducesomenewsearchingmeans,suchasimplementingnewinformationmanagementsystemthatwouldbeuseful.ThankyoufortakingtimereadingthisletterandI'mlookingforwardtoseeing

68somenewchangessoon.SincerelyYours,LiMingPartBAscanbeseenfromthecartoon,differentideasmaycomefromthesamething.Inthepicture,whiletryingtocatchtheupcomingsoccer,thegoal-keepersaystohimselfwhyitissobig.And,thestrikersimplythinksinadifferentway,thatiswhyitissosmall?!Whatmakessuchabigcontraryonthesametournamentatthesamemoment?Itisnodoubtthattheyarefacingtheverysamegoalandexperiencingtheverysamemoment.However,thesubjectiveviewsresultindifferentimpressiononthesameobject.Manyofusmaystillrememberthestoryofaponycrossingtheriver,whichwelearnedfromthetextbookinprimaryschool.Thesquirreltellshim,theriverisdeep;andthecowtellshim,theriverisnotdeepatall.However,intheend,hetellshimselfathirdanswer.Therefore,itisnotexaggeratingtosaythatmostofusarelookingintotheworldwithpersonalideas.Subjectivementalstatusmayresultinareallybigdifferenceinpersonalviews,justlikethegoal-keeperandthestrikerinthedrawing.Apossiblesolutionmightbetofaceanysituationasobjectivelyaspossible.Ifwerealizethisinanobjectiveway,itwouldbegoodforustodealwithwhatweencounterinlife,especiallywhenweareinsetbacksorfacingdifficulties.SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1(10points)Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals,1thisislargelybecause,2animals

69,westandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare3toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair,4themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact5,weareextremelysensitivetosmells,6wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof7humansmellsevenwhentheseare8tofarbelowonepartinonemillion.Strangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother,9othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate10smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend11tothebrain.However,ithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell12cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen13toitoftenenough.Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatbrainfindsit14tokeepallsmel1receptorsworkingal1thetimebutcan15newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay16explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmellswesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot17oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe18newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse，s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors19forunfamiliarandemergencysignals20thesmellofsmoke,whichmightindicatethedangeroffire.1.[A]although[B]as[C]but[D]while2.[A]above[B]unlike[C]excluding[D]besides3.[A]limited[B]committed[C]dedicated[D]confined4.[A]catching[B]ignoring[C]missing[D]tracking5.[A]anyway[B]though[C]instead[D]therefore6.[A]evenif[B]ifonly[C]onlyif[D]asif7.[A]distinguishing[B]discovering[C]determining[D]detecting

701.[A]diluted[B]dissolved[C]determining[D]diffused2.[A]when[B]since[C]for[D]whereas3.[A]unusual[B]particular[C]unique[D]typical4.[A]signs[B]stimuli[C]messages[D]impulses5.[A]atfirst[B]atall[C]atlarge[D]attimes6.[A]subjected[B]left[C]drawn[D]exposed7.[A]ineffective[B]incompetent[C]inefficient[D]insufficient8.[A]introduce[B]summon[C]trigger[D]create9.[A]still[B]also[C]otherwise[D]nevertheless10.[A]sure[B]sick[C]aware[D]tired11.[A]tolerate[B]repel[C]neglect[D]notice12.[A]availabe[B]reliable[C]identifiable[D]suitable13.[A]similarto[B]suchas[C]alongwith[D]asidefromSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1(40points)passage1Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedas,alltoohuman”,withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublished

71inNature,suggeststhatital1toomonkey,aswell.Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natured,co-operativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodtardily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodsandservicesvthanmales.SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan，sandDr.dewaaTs;study.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.However,whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent.Intheworldofcapuchinsgrapesareluxurygoods(andmuchpreferabletocucumbers)Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertoken,thesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatall,theothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamber,orrefusedto;acceptthesliceofcucumberIndeed,themerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamber(withoutanactualmonkeytoeatit)wasenoughtoreduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin.Theresearchessuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions,inthewiId,theyareaco-operative,grouplivingspecies,Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone,Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsformthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.21.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicby[A].posingacontrast.[B].justifyinganassumption.[C].makingacomparison.[D]・explainingaphenomenon.

7222.Thestatement“itisalltoomonkeyv(Last1ine,paragraph1)impliesthat[A].monkeysarealsooutragedbyslackrivals.[B].resentingunfairnessisalsomonkeys，nature.[C].monkeys,likehumans,tendtobejealousofeachother.[D].noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions.23.Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyare[A].moreinclinedtoweighwhattheyget.[B].attentivetoresearchers，instructions.[C].niceinbothappearanceandtemperament.[D].moregenerousthantheirmalecompanions24.Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaalhaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthemonkeys[A],prefergrapestocucumbers.[B]・canbetaughttoexchangethings.[C]・willnotbeco-operativeiffeelingcheated.[D].areunhappywhenseparatedfromothers.25.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?[A].Monkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions.[B].Humanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource.[C].Animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo.[D].CooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyinthewiId.passage2Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn，tknowforsure?Thattheevidencewasinconclusive,thescienceuncertain?Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutoftheway?LotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves.Thereareupsettingparallelstoday,asscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofSciences,enlistedbytheWhiteHouse,totellusthattheEarth，satmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthatthe

73problemislargelyman-made.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademy,BruceAlberts,addedthiskeypointintheprefacetothepaneTsreportuScienceneverhasalltheanswers.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture,anditiscriticalthatoutnationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions."Justasonsmoking,voicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarmingisincomplete,thatit'sOktokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure.Thisisadangerousgame:bythe100percentoftheevidenceisin,itmaybetoolate.Withtherisksobviousandgrowing,aprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow.Fortunately,theWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit'sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident，sadvisersstilldon，ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressformoreresearch-aclassiccaseofaparalysisbyanalysis”.Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanet,wemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearchButresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwon，ttakethelegislativeinitiative,Congressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.AbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginia,whichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustryisapromisingstartManyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphere,itiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound.26.Anargumentmadebysupportersofsmokingwasthat[A].therewasnoscientificevidenceofthecorrelationbetweensmokinganddeath.[B].thenumberofearlydeathsofsmokersinthepastdecadeswasinsignificant.[C].peoplehadthefreedomtochoosetheirownwayoflife.[D].antismokingpeoplewereusuallytalkingnonsense.27.AccordingtoBruceAlberts,sciencecanserveas[A].aprotector.[B]・ajudge.

74[C].acritic.[D]・aguide.28.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“paralysisbyanalysisv(Last1ine,paragraph4)[A].Endlessstudieskillaction.[B].Carefulinvestigationrevealstruth.[C]・prudentplanninghinders.[C]・Extensiveresearchhelpsdecision-making.29.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldtheAdministrationdoabout[A].Offeraidtobuildcleanerpowerplants.[B]・Raisepublicawarenessofconservation.[C].Pressforfurtherscientificresearch.[D].Takesomelegislativemeasures.30.Theauthorassociatestheissueofglobalwarmingwiththatofsmokingbecause[A].theybothsufferedfromthegovernment，snegligence.[B].alessonfromthelatterisapplicabletotheformer.[C].theoutcomeofthelatteraggravatestheformer.[D].bothofthemhaveturnedfrombadtoworse,passage3Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight'ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandrears,bythelate1970s.neurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjustamentalnoise“therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind，semotionalthermostat,regulatingmoodswhilethebrainis“off-line“Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontrol,tohelpussleepandfeelbetter,"It'syourdreamnsaysRosalindCartwright,chairofpsychologyatChicago,sMedicalCenter."Ifyoudon，tlikeit,changeit.”Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREM(rapideyemovement)sleep-whenmostvividdreamsoccur-asitiswhenfully

75awake,saysDr,EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved,thelimbicsystem(theuemotionalbrain,,)isespeciallyactive,whiletheprefrontalcortex(thecenterofintellectandreasoning)isrelativelyquiet."Wewakeupfromdreamshappyofdepressed,andthosefeelingscanstaywithusallday”saysStanfordsleepresearcherDr,WilliamDement.ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwrightJsclinic.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenight,progressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakening,suggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon,talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday'sevents-unti1,itappears,webegintodream.Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.CartwrightbelievesonecanexerciseconsciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreamsAssoonasyouawaken,identifywhatisupsettingaboutthedream.Visualizehowyouwouldlikeittoendinstead,thenexttimeisoccurs,trytowakeupjustenoughtocontrolitscourse.Withmuchpracticepeoplecanlearnto,literally,doitintheirsleep.Attheendoftheday,there，sprobablylittlereasontopayattentiontoourdreamsatallunlesstheykeepusfromsleepingof“wewakeuinapanic,“CartwrightsaysTerrorism,economicuncertaintiesandgeneralfeelingsofinsecurityhaveincreasedpeople*sanxiety.ThosesufferingfrompersistentnightmaresshouldseekhelpfromatherapistFortherestofus,thebrainhasitswaysofworkingthroughbadfeelings.Sleep-orratherdream-onitandyou'11feelbetterinthemorning.31.Researchershavecometobelievethatdreams[A].canbemodifiedintheircourses.[B]・aresusceptibletoemotionalchanges.[C].reflectourinnermostdesiresandfears.[D].arearandomoutcomeofneuralrepairs.32.Byreferringtothelimbicsystem,theauthorintendstoshow[A],itsfunctioninourdreams.[B]・themechanismofREMsleep.

76[C]・therelationofdreamstoemotions.[D].itsdifferencefromtheprefrontalcortex.31.Thenegativefeelingsgeneratedduringthedaytendto[A],aggravateinourunconsciousmind.[B].developintohappydreams.[C].persisttillthetimewefallasleep.[D].showupindreamsearlyatnight.32.Cartwrightseemstosuggestthat[A].wakingupintimeisessentialtotheriddingofbaddreams.[B].visualizingbaddreamshelpsbringthemundercontroll.[C]・dreamsshouldbelefttotheirnaturalprogression.[D].dreamingmaynotentirelybelongtotheunconscious.33.WhatadvicemightCartwrightgivetothosewhosometimeshavehaddreams?[A].leadyourlifeasusual.[B].Seekprofessionalhelp.[C].Exerciseconsciouscontrol.[D].Avoidanxietyinthedaytime.passage4Americannolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.Inhislatestbook,DoingOurOwnThing.TheDegradationoflanguageandMusicandwhyweshouldlike,care,JohnMcWhorter,alinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviews,seesthetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish.Blamingthepermissive1960sisnothingnew,butthisisnotyetanothercriticismagainstthedeciineineducation.Mr.McWhortersacademicspecialityislanguagehistoryandchange,andheseesgradualdisappearanceof"whom”,forexample,tobenaturalandnomoreregranttablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglishButthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal,adoingourownthing,,,hasspelt

77thedeathofformalspeech,writing,poetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwel1regardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equally,inpoetry,thehighlypersonal,performativegenreistheonlyformthatcouldclaimrealliveliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.Illustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculture,thetrendthatMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislessclear,totakethequestionofhissubtitle,whyweshould,likecare.Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive-thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.Heisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper.Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms-heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglish”onpaperplatesinsteadofchina,,.Ashame,perhaps,butprobablyaninevitableone.31.AccordingtoMeWhorter,thedeclineofformalEnglish[A],isinevitableinradicaleducationreforms.[B].isbutalltoonaturalinlanguagedevelopment.[C].hascausedthecontroversyoverthecounter-culture.[D].broughtaboutchangesinpublicattitudesinthe1960s.32.ThewordatalkingM(Linge6,paragraphs)denotes[A],modesty.[B]・personality.[C]・liveliness.[D].informality.33.TowhichofthefollowingstatementswouldMeWhortermostlikelyagree?

78[A].Logicalthinkingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtothewaywetalk.[B].BlackEnglishcanbemoreexpressivethanstandardEnglish.[C].Non-standardvarietiesofhumanlanguagearejustasentertaining.[D].Ofal1thevarieties,standardEnglishCanbestconveycomplexideas.31.ThedescriptionofRussians，loveofmemorizingpoetryshowstheauthor，s[A].interestintheirlanguage.[B].appreciationoftheirefforts.[C].admirationfortheirmemory.[D].contemptfortheirold-fashionedness.32.Accordingtothelastparagraph,apaperplates"isto"china”as[A].atemporaryvistoupermanentv.[B].aradicalvistouconservative99.[C]."functional"isto"artistic”.[D]."humble"isto"noble”PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshaveremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoofthenumberedblanktherearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Canada，spremiers(theleadersofprovincialgovernments),iftheyhaveanybreathleftaftercomplainingaboutOttawaattheirlateJulyannualmeeting,mightspareamomenttodosomething,toreducehealth-carecosts.They'reallgroaningaboutsoaringhealthbudgets,thefastest-growingcomponentofwhicharepharmaceuticalcosts.41.Whattodo?BoththeRomanowcommissionandtheKirbycommitteeonhealthcare-tosaynothingofreportsfromotherexpertsrecommendedthecreationofanationaldrugagency.Insteadofeachprovincehavingitsownlistofapproveddrugs,bureaucracy,proceduresandlimitedbargainingpower,allwouldpool

79resources,workwithOttawa,andcreateanationalinstitution.42.But“national”doesn，thavetomeanthat."National"couldmeaninterprovincial-provincescombiningeffortstocreateonebody.Eitherway,onebenefitofa“national“organizationwouldbetonegotiatebetterprices,ifpossible,withdrugmanufacturers.Insteadofhavingoneprovince-oraseriesofhospitalswithinaprovince-negotiateapriceforagivendrugontheprovinciallist,thenationalagencywouldnegotiateonbehalfofallprovinces.Ratherthan,say,Quebec,negotiatingonbehalfofsevenmiIlionpeople,thenationalagencywouldnegotiateonbehalf31millionpeople.Basiceconomicssuggeststhegreaterthepotentialconsumers,thehigherthelikelihoodofabetterprice.43.AsmallstephasbeentakeninthedirectionofanationalagencywiththecreationoftheCanadianCo-ordinatingOfficeforHealthTechnologyAssessment,fundedbyOttawaandtheprovinces.Underit,aCommonDrugReviewrecommendstoprovinciallistswhichnewdrugsshouldbeincluded,predictablyandregrettablyQuebecrefusedtojoin.Afewpremiersaresuspiciousofanyfederal-provincialdeal-making.They(particularlyQuebecandAlberta)justwantOttawatoforkoveradditionalbillionswithfew,ifany,stringsattached.That'sonereasonwhytheideaofanationalisthasn，tgoneanywherewhiledrugcostskeeprisingfast.44.PremierslovetoquoteMr.Romanow，sreportselectively,especiallythepartsaboutmorefederalmoneyperhapstheyshouldreadwhathehadtosayaboutdrugs.

80“Anationaldrugagencywouldprovidegovernmentsmoreinfluenceonpharmaceuticalcompaniesinordertoconstraintheever-increasingcostofdrugs.”42.SowhenthepremiersgatherinNiagaraFallstoassembletheirusualcomplaintlist,theyshouldalsogetcrackingaboutsomethingintheirjurisdictionthatwouldhelptheirbudgetsandpatients.A.Quebec，sresistancetoanationalagencyisprovincialistideology.OneofthefirstadvocatesforanationallistwasaresearcheratLavalUniversity.Quebec，sDrugInsuranceFundhasseenitscostsskyrocketwithannualincreasesfrom14.3percentto26.8percent!B.OrtheycouldreadMr.Kirby，sreport:"thesubstantialbuyingpowerofsuchanagencywouldstrengthenthepublicprescription-druginsuranceplanstonegotiatethelowestpossiblepurchasepricesfromdrugcompanies”C.WhatdoesanationalMmean?RoyRomanowandSenatorMichaelKirbyrecommendedafederal-provincialbodymuchliketherecentlycreatedNationalHealthCouncil.D.Theproblemissimpleandstark:health-carecostshavebeen,are,andwillcontinuetoincreasefasterthangovernmentrevenues.E.AccordingtotheCanadianInstituteforHealthInformation,prescriptiondrugcostshaverisensince1997attwicetherateofoverallhealth-carespending.Partoftheincreasecomesfromdrugsbeingusedtoreplaceotherkindsoftreatmentspartofitarisesfromnewdrugscostingmorethanolderkinds.Partofitishigherprices.F.So,iftheprovinceswanttorunthehealth-careshow,theyshouldprovetheycanrunit,startingwithaninterprovincialhealthlistthatwouldendduplication,saveadministrativecosts,preventoneprovincefrombeingplayedoffagainstanother,andbargainforbetterdrugprices.

81A.Ofcoursethepharmaceuticalcompanieswillscream.Theylikedividedbuyers,theycanlobbybetterthatway.Theycanusethethreatofremovingjobsfromoneprovincetoanother.Theycanhopethat,ifoneprovinceincludesadrugonits,listthepressurewillcauseotherstoincludeitontheirs.Theywouldn，tlikeanationalagencyagency,butself-interestwouldleadthemtodealwithit.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(1Opoints)ItisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglysignificantphaseinEuropeanhistory.Historyandnewsbecomeconfused,andone，simpressionstendtobeamixtureofskepticismandoptimism.(46)Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed-andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedtomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasistherecenteventsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbeanythingotherthanitspeoples,theirculturesandnationalidentities.WiththisinmindwecanbegintoanalyzetheEuropeantelevisionscene.(47)InEurope,aselsewheremulti-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessfulgroupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radionewspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.OneItalianexamplewouldbetheBerlusconigroupwhileabroadMaxwellandMurdochcometomind.Clearly,onlythebiggestandmostflexibletelevisioncompaniesaregoingtobeabletocompetecompleteinsucharichandhotly-contestedmarket.(48)ThisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurviveinafactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworksnolessthan50%tookalossin1989.Moreover,theintegrationoftheEuropeancommunitywillobligetelevisioncompaniestocooperatemorecloselyintermsofbothproductionanddistribution.

82(49)CreatingauEuropeanidentity“thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldcontinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice-thatofproducingprogramsinEuropeforEurope.ThisentailsreducingourdependenceontheNorthAmericanmarket,whoseprogramsrelatetoexperiencesandculturaltraditionswhicharedifferentfromourown.Inordertoachievetheseobjectives,wemustconcentratemoreonco-productions,theexchangeofnews,documentaryservicesandtraining.ThisalsoinvolvestheagreementsbetweenEuropeancountriesforthecreationofaEuropeanbankwillhandlethefinancesnecessaryforproductioncosts.(50)Indealingwithachallengeonsuchascale,itisnoexaggerationtosay“Unitywestand,dividedwefall”-andifIhadtochooseasloganitwouldbe“Unityinourdiversity."Aunityofobjectivesthatnonethelessrespectthevariedpeculiaritiesofeachcountry.SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions:TwomonthsagoyougotajobasaneditorforthemagazineDesigns&fashions.Butnowyoufindthatthewordisnotwhatyouexpected.Youdecidetoquit.Writealettertoyourboss,Mr.Wang,tellinghimyourdecisionstatingyourreason(s),andmakinganapology.Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter,use“LiMing”instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.(10points)PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay

83,youshouldfirstdescribethedrawingtheinterpretitsmeaning,andgiveyourcommentonit.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions:TwomonthsagoyougotajobasaneditorforthemagazineDesigns&fashions.Butnowyoufindthatthewordisnotwhatyouexpected.Youdecidetoquit.Writealettertoyourboss,Mr.Wang,tellinghimyourdecisionstatingyourreason(s),andmakinganapology.

84Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter,use“LiMing“instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.(10points)PartB51.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshouldfirstdescribethedrawingtheinterpretitsmeaning,andgiveyourcommentonit.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)二儿子杀走“足球•赛”2005年考研英语真题答案SectionI:UseofEnglish(10points)1.[C]2.[B]3.[A]4,[C]5.[B]6.[A]7.[D]8.[A]9.[D]10.[B]11.[C]12.[A]13.16.[B]17.[C]18.[D]14.[C]15.[D][D]19.[A]20.[B]SectionII:ReadingComprehension(60points)

85PartA(40points)21.[C]22.[B]23.26.[C]27.[D]28.31.[A]32.[C]33.36.[B]37.[D]38.PartB(10points)41.[E]42.[C]43.PartC(10points)[A]24.[C]25.[B][A]29.[D]30.[B][D]34.[D]35.[A][A]39.[B]40.[C][G]44.[F]45.[B]46.电视是创造和传递感情的手段之一。也许在此之前，就加强不同的民族和国家之间的联系而言，电视还从来没有像在最近的欧洲事件中起过如此大的作用。47.多媒体集团在欧洲就像在其他地方一样越来越成功了。这些集团把相互关系密切的电视台、电台、报纸、杂志、出版社整合到了一起。48.仅这一点就表明在电视行业不是一个容易生存的领域。这个事实通过统计数字一目了然，统计表明在80家欧洲电视网中1989年出现亏损的不少于50机49.创造一个尊重不同文化和传统的"欧洲统一体"绝非易事，需要战略性选择。正是这些文化和传统组成了连接欧洲大陆的纽带。50.在应付一个如此规模的挑战过程中，我们可以毫不夸张地说，"团结，我们就会站起来；分裂，我们就会倒下去。”SectionI:Writing(30points)PartA(10points)51.参考范文ALetter,toQuitJun22,2005DearMr.Wang,Firstofall,pleaseallowmetoexpressmydeepsorrytoyouformyresignation.IdoknowthatthiswillbringaboutmuchtroubletoyousothatIwritetoyouformyexplanation.Idecidedtoquitforsomereasonsasfollows.Tobeginwith,thejobasaneditorforthemagazineDesigns&Fashionsisnotsuitabletome.What'smore,IampreparingforanotherdegreeandIprefertofurthermystudy.Again,Iapologizeformyresignationtoyou!Iamlookingforwardtoyourearlyreply.

86Sincerelyyours,LiMingPartB(20points)51.参考范文AHelplessFatherThepictureironicallyshowsthatapitiableoldmaninragsisbeinghelplesslykickedoffbyhisthreesonsandadaughter,whoallweardecentclothes.Thefather，snegligentchiIdrenareal1guardingtheirhomegateslesttheiroldfather"rollinto"theirhouseholds.Inotherwords,theyfourignoretheirmoralsenseofassumingtheresponsibilityfortheiroldfathereventhoughtheymaybealllivingasatisfyinglife.Thatisapainfulsceneweoftenencounterinourdailylife.Sadtosay,themoraldeclineoftheyoungergenerationsmaybearatherexplosivesituationinourmodernsociety.Peopledefinitelyhavetheirlivingconditionsimprovedbywiderandwidermargins,asevidencedbythefourchildren，sdecentdressing,buttheirmoralsensestillremainssadlyunchangedorinsomecasesbecomesdramaticallydowngrading.Mostpeoplemighthavebecometoomuchself-centered,andevenworse,theydiscardthetraditionofgivingrespecttotheelderly.Theynolongercarefortheirelders,letalonetheirneighborsorthedisadvantaged;insteadtheytryeverymeanstoavoidresponsibilityforothercitizens.Whenonecaresforothers,onemightevenappearstupidormayevenbedistrusted.Therefore,wehavetotakesomeusefulmeasurestoavoidthescenethatismentionedabove.Wemustlaunchavarietyofcampaignsaboutthereturntothegoodtraditionofgivinghelpandlovetheelderly.Moreover,wemustappealtoourgovernmenttoestablishsomerelevantlawstopunishthosewhoavoidtheirduties.Thelastbutnottheleast,ourrespectforageisanindicationoftheprogressofhumansociety,asimperativesoftraditionsrequire.Wesincerelywishthattheoldmancouldbewelcometoanyofthefourhouseholds,elegantlydressed,andasmileontheface.SectionIListeningComprehensionPartA(每题1分，共5分)Directions:ThissectionisdesignedtotestyourabilitytounderstandspokenEnglish.Youwillhearaselectionofrecordedmaterialsandyoumustanswerthequestionsthat

87accompanythem.Therearethreepartsinthissection,PartA,PartBandPartC.Remember,whileyouaredoingthetest,youshouldfirstputdownyouranswersinyourtestbooklet.Attheendofthelisteningcomprehensionsection,youwillhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.NowlookatPartAinyourtestbooklet.PartADirections:ForQuestions1-5,youwillhearanintroductionaboutthelifeofMargaretWelch.Whileyoulisten,filloutthetablewiththeinformationyouveheard.Someoftheinformationhasbeengiventoyouinthetable.Writeonly1wordornumberineachnumberedbox.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthetablebelow.(5points)1、MajoratUniversity2^GrowingUpInNewGuineaPublished(Year)3、FieldStudyintheSouthPacific(Age)4、MainInterest5^ProfessorshipatColumbiaStarted(Year)SectionIPartB(每题1分，共5分)Directions:Forquestions6-10,youwillhearatalkbyawell-knownU.S.journalist.Whileyoulisten,completethesentencesoranswerthequestions.Usenotmorethan3wordsforeachanswer.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthesentencesandquestionsbelow.(5points)6、Besidesreporters,whoelsewerecampedoutfordaysoutsidethespeakershome?7^Onereportergottothespeakersapartmentpretendingtopay8、Thespeakerbelievedthereporterwantedapictureofherlooking9、Whereisacorrectiontoafalsestoryusuallyplaced?10、Accordingtothespeaker,thepresswilllosereadersunlesstheeditorsandthenewsdirectorsSectionIPartC(共三节，满分10分)Directions:Youwillhearthreepiecesof

88recordedmaterial.Beforelisteningtoeachone,youwillhavetimetoreadthequestionsrelatedtoit.Whilelistening,answereachquestionbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Afterlistening,youwillhavetimetocheckyouranswers.Youwillheareachpieceonceonly.(10points)Questions11-13arebasedonareportaboutchiIdrenshealthydevelopment.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions11-13.11、Whatunusualquestionmaydoctorsaskwhengivingkidsacheckupnexttime?[A]Howmuchexercisetheygeteveryday.[B]Whattheyaremostworriedabout.[C]Howlongtheirparentsaccompanythemdaily.[D]Whatentertainmenttheyareinterestedin.12、Theacademysuggeststhatchildrenunderagetwo[A]getenoughentertainment.[B]havemoreactivities.[C]receiveearlyeducation.[D]haveregularcheckups.13、Accordingtothereport,childrensbedroomsshould[A]benoplaceforplay.[B]benearacommomarea.[C]havenoTVsets.[D]haveacomputerforstudy.Questions14-16arebasedonthefollowingtalkabouthowtosavemoney.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions14-16.14、Accordingtothespeaker,whatshouldonepayspecialattentiontoifhewantstosaveup?[A]Familydebts.[B]Banksavings.[C]Monthlybills.

89[D]Spendinghabits.15、Howmuchcanapersonsavebyretirementifhegivesuphispackadayhabit?[A]$190,000[B]$330,000[C]$500,000[D]$l,000,00016、Whatshouldonedobeforepayingmonthlybills,ifhewantstoaccumulatewealth?[A]Investintoamutualfund.[B]Usethediscounttickets.[C]Quithiseatingouthabit.[D]Useonlypaperbillsandsavecoins.Questions17-20arebasedonaninterviewwithHerbertA.Gliederman,adomesticrelationslawyer.Younowhave20secondstoreadQuestions17-20.17、Whichwordbestdescribesthelawyerspredictionofthechangeindivorcerate?[A]Fall.[B]Rise.[C]Vshape.[D]Tshape.18、Whatdopeoplenowadaysdesiretodoconcerningtheirmarriage?[A]Toembracechangesofthought.[B]Toadapttothedisintegratedfamilylife.[C]Toreturntothepracticeinthe60sand70s.[D]Tocreatestabilityintheirlives.

9016、Whydidsomepeoplechoosenottodivorce20yearsago?[A]Theyfearedthecomplicatedprocedures.[B]Theywantedtogoagainstthetrend.[C]Theywereafraidoflosingface.[D]Theywerewillingtostaytogether.17、Yearsagoadivorcedmaninacompanywouldhave.[A]beenshiftedaroundthecountry.[Bjhaddifficultybeingpromoted.[C]enjoyedahappierlife.[D]tastedlittlebitternessofdisgrace.SectionIIUseofEnglish(满分10分)Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened(21)[].Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot(22)[]the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpreelectronic(23)[],followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe(24)口oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution(25)[]up,beginningwithtransport,therailway,andleading(26)[]throughthetelegraph,thetelephone,radio,andmotionpictures(27)[]the20thcenturyworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseestheprocessin(28)[].Itisimportanttodoso.Itisgenerallyrecognized,(29)[],thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury,(30)[]bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,radicallychangedtheprocess,(31)口itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately(32)[].Astimewentby,computersbecamesmallerandmorepowerful,andtheybecame“personal”too.aswellas(33)[],withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage(34)[]increasing.Theywerethoughtof,likepeople,(35)[]generations,withthedistancebetweengenerationsmuch(36)[].Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterm“informationsocietyvbeganto

91bewidelyusedtodescribethe(37)[]withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas(38)[]bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtime,buttherehavebeen(39)[]viewsaboutitseconomic,political,socialandculturalimplications."Benefits“havebeenweighed(40)[]aharmfulnoutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.16、[A]between[B]before[C]since[D]later17、[A]after[B]by[C]during[D]until18、[A]means[B]method[C]medium[D]measure19、[A]process[B]company[C]light[D]form20、[A]gathered[B]speeded[C]worked[D]picked21、[A]on

92[B]out[C]over[Djoff27、[A]of[B]for[C]beyond[D]into28、[A]concept[B]dimension[Cjeffect[Diperspective29、[A]indeed[B]hence[C]however[D]therefore30、[A]broughtEB]followed[C]stimulated[D]characterized31、[Ajunless[B]since[C]lest[D]although

9332、[A]apparent[B]desirable[C]negative[D]plausible33、[A]institutional[B]universal[C]fundamental[D]instrumental34、[A]ability[B]capability[C]capacity[D]faculty35[A]bymeansof[B]intermsof[C]withregardtoED]inlinewith36.[A]deeper[B]fewer[C]nearer[D]smaller37.[A]context[B]range[C]scope[D]territory38.[A]regarded[B]impressed[C]influenced[D]effected

9436.[A]competitive[B]controversial[C]distracting[D]irrational37.[A]above[B]upon[C]against[DjwithSectionIIIReadingComprehensionPartA(满分40分)Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A][B][C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)PassagelIfyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmile,youmustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses.Hereisanexample,whichIheardatanurses*convention,ofastorywhichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderfulaccommodations,beautifulgardens,sunnyweather,andsoon.Everyoneisverypeaceful,politeandfriendlyuntil,waitinginalineforlunch,thenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoat,whorushestotheheadoftheline,grabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself."Whoisthat?”thenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter.“Oh,that'sGod,〃camethereply,“butsometimeshethinkshe'sadoctor.z，Ifyouarepartofthegroupwhichyouareaddressing,youwillbeinaposition

95toknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit'11beappropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairman，snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn，tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.YouwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeorthetelephonesystem.Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothatitbecomesmorenatural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucandeliverinarelaxedandunforcedmanner.Oftenit'sthedeliverywhichcausestheaudiencetosmile,sospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebroworanunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakinga1ight-heartedremark.Lookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.Atwistonafamiliarquote"Ifatfirstyoudon，tsucceed,giveup"oraplayonwordsoronasituation.Searchforexaggerationandunderstatements.Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor.36.Tomakeyourhumorwork,youshould.[A]takeadvantageofdifferentkindsofaudience[B]makefunofthedisorganizedpeople[C]addressdifferentproblemstodifferentpeople[D]showsympathyforyourlisteners37.Thejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat,intheeyesofnurses,theyare[A]impolitetonewarrivals[B]veryconsciousoftheirgodlikerole[C]entitledtosomeprivileges[D]verybusyevenduringlunchhours38.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublicservices.[A]havebenefitedmanypeople[B]arethefocusofpublicattention[C]areaninappropriatesubjectforhumor[D]haveoftenbeenthelaughingstock39.Toachievethedesiredresult,humorousstoriesshouldbedelivered

96[A]inwel1-wordedlanguage[B]asawkwardlyaspossible[C]inexaggeratedstatements[D]ascasuallyaspossible36.Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe.[A]UseHumorEffectively[B]VariousKindsofHumor[C]AddHumortoSpeech[D]DifferentHumorStrategiespassage2Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics—thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobo-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy一fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves—goalsthatposearealchallenge.“Whileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerror,〃saysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA,can，tyetgivearobotenough'commonsense，toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld.〃Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixed

97results.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010,researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain，sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented—andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated—thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan，tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon'tknowquitehowwedoit.36.Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedin.[A]theuseofmachinestoproducesciencefiction[B]thewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingindustry[C]theinventionoftoolsfordifficultanddangerouswork[D]theelite，scunningtacklingofdangerousandboringwork37.Theword"gizmos”(line1,paragraph2)mostprobablymeans.[A]programs[B]experts[C]devices[D]creatures38.Accordingtothetext,whatisbeyondman，sabilitynowistodesignarobotthatcan.[A]fulfilldelicatetaskslikeperformingbrainsurgery[B]interactwithhumanbeingsverbally[C]havealittlecommonsense[D]respondindependentlytoachangingworld39.Besidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanalso.[A]makeafewdecisionsforthemselves

98[A]dealwithsomeerrorswithhumanintervention[B]improvefactoryenvironments[C]cultivatehumancreativity36.Theauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare[Ajexpectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalstructure[B]abletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediately[C]farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantinformation[D]bestusedinacontrolledenvironmentpassage3Couldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel,upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,and1979-1980,whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime?Theoi1pricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoi1exports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoi1nowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope,taxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretai1price,soevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,andsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservation,ashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavy,energy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Software,consultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDP(inconstantprices)rich

99economiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthat,ifoi1pricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoi1importbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25~0.5%ofGDP・Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhand,oil-importingemergingeconomies—towhichheavyindustryhasshifted—havebecomemoreenergy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unliketherisesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist，scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%,andin1979byalmost30%.51.Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis.[A]globalinflation[B]reductioninsupply[C]fastgrowthineconomy[D]Iraq,ssuspensionofexports52.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoupdramaticallyif.[A]priceofcruderises[B]commoditypricesrise[C]consumptionrises[D]oiltaxesrise53.TheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrichcountries.[A]heavyindustrybecomesmoreenergy-intensive[B]incomelossmainlyresultsfromfluctuatingcrudeoi1prices[C]manufacturingindustryhasbeenseriouslysqueezed[D]oilpricechangeshavenosignificantimpactonGDP54.Wecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthat.[A]oil-priceshocksarelessshockingnow[B]inflationseemsirrelevanttooil-priceshocks

100[A]energyconservationcankeepdowntheoilprices[B]thepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinkingofheavyindustry55.Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems.[A]optimistic[B]sensitive[C]gloomy[D]scaredpassage4TheSupremeCourt'sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleofz，doubleeffect,〃acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects—agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen—ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients，pain,eventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.NancyDub1er,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho"untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath.z，GeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,maintainsthat,aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath."It'slikesurgery,，zhesays.〃Wedon，tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn，tintendtokilltheirpatients,althoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou'reaphysician,youcanriskyourpatient，ssuicideaslongasyoudon，tintendtheirsuicide.〃Onanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsfor

101whommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt,srulingonphysician-assistedsuicide,theNationalAcademyofScience(NAS)releasedatwo-volumereport,ApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof^ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying"asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare.Theprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospices,totestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcare,andtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare."Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering,“totheextentthatitconstitutes''systematicpatientabuse.z，Hesaysmedicallicensingboards"mustmakeitclear...thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension.〃56.Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthat.[A]doctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatients，pain[B]itisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirlives[C]theSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedsuicide[D]patientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitsuicide57.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext?[A]Doctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirpatients，death.[B]Modernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessrecovery.[C]TheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeprescribed.[D]Adoctor*smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisintentions.58.AccordingtotheNAS'sreport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareIS.[A]prolongedmedicalprocedures[B]inadequatetreatmentofpain[C]systematicdrugabuse

102[A]insufficienthospitalcare59.Whichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword"aggressive”(line1,paragraph7)?[A]Bold.[B]Harmful.[C]Careless.[D]Desperate.60.GeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedifthey.[A]managetheirpatientsincompetently[B]givepatientsmoremedicinethanneeded[C]reducedrugdosagesfortheirpatients[D]prolongtheneedlesssufferingofthepatientsSectionIIIPartB(每题2分,共10分)Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehavior,andtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehavior,butwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn.(61)Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,humannature,andsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.(62)Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportant,butitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpull,itselects,andthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.(63)Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsago,andtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstood,however,effectsonceassignedtostatesofmind,

103feelings,andtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditions,andatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblems,however,untilitreplacestraditionalprescientificviews,andthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.(64)Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomous(seif-governing)manoftraditionaltheory,andtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestionsconcerning“values”.Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends?(65)Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.SectionIVWriting66.Directions:StudythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayentitleduCultures―NationalandInternational^.Intheessayyoushould1)describethepictureandinterpretitsmeaning,and2)giveyourcommentonthephenomenon.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

1042002年考研英语真题答案SectionI:ListeningComprehension(20points)PartA(5points)1.sociology2.19303.234.religions5.1954PartB(5points)6.cameramen/cameramen7.apersonalvisit8.depressed9.amongadvertisements10.takefirmactionPartC(10points)11.[D]12.[B]13.[C]14.[D]15.[B]16.[A]17.[A]18.LD]19.[C]20.[B]SectionII:UseofEnglish(10points)21.[A]22.[D]23.[C]24.[B]25.[B]26.[A]27.[D]28.[D]29.[C]30.[B]31.[D]32.[A]33.[A]34.[C]35.[B]

10536.[D]37.[A]38.[C]39.[B]40.[C]SectionII:ReadingComprehension(50points)PartA(40points)41.[C]42.[B]43.46.[C]47.[C]48.51.[B]52.[D]53.[D]54.[D]44.[D]45.[A][D]49.[B]50.[C][A]55.[A]56.[B]57.[C]58.PartB(10points)[B]59.[A]60.[D]61.难题这一大于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。62.行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。63.自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。64.自由和尊严（它们）是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。65.（如果）这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。SectionIII:Writing(20points)66.参考范文Cultures——nationalandinternationalAsisshowninthepicture,ayoungAmericangirliswearingtraditionalChinesedressandornamentsandissmilingsweetly.Itmaybeanordinarypicture,butitconveysdeepandprofoundmeaning:nationalcultureisalsointernationalculture.Eversinceweopenedourdoortotheworld,wehaveattractedandinfluencedbythingsfromothercultures,suchasjeans,countrymusicandfastfood.Wehaveshownsuchinterestinthemthatsomepeople,especiallytheyoungergeneration,becomecrazyaboutthem.Themoreexotictheyare,themorefashionabletheyseemtobe.Now,beguntoshowitscharmandgainpopularityallovertheworld.Ournationalcostume,justasshowninthepicture,BeijingOpera,CrossTalk,forexample,havewonfavorwithalotofforeigners.Asnationalculturebecomesinternationalculture,peopleintheworldbetter

106understandeachother.Weareallvillagersinthisglobalvillage.Mutualrespectandunderstandingmakethisworldabetterplacetolivein.