升本英语基础(代发【延职】心星)

《升本英语基础(代发【延职】心星)》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在行业资料-天天文库。

专升本英语基础知识讲义第一部分基础知识第一章语法第一节时态一.一般现在时一般+s;在以ch,sh,s,x或o结尾的词后+es(teaches,goes,washes,fixes,guesses);在以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词后，变y为i后再加-es(studies,tries)1.表示现在反复发生的动作或存在的状态，常与everyday,onceaweek,often,always,usually,sometimes,seldom等时间状语连用：-Wegotheretwiceamonth.-Industrialbuyersareresponsibleforsupplyingthegoodsandservicesthatanorganizationrequiredforitsoperations,(d.required-requires)2.表示主语的特征、性格、能力等：-Hehasgreatconcernforothers.-Matterexistsinthreestates.3.表示客观事物或普遍真理：-Lighttravelsfasterthansound.-JapanliestotheeastofChina.4.表示安排或计划好的将来的动作：-Theplanetakesoffatfive.5.在时间或条件状语从句中表示将来的动作(when,after,before,assoonas,until;if,unless):-Ifitisfinetomorrow,wewillhaveafootballmatch.-Adesertareathathasbeenwithoutwaterforsixyearswillstillbloomwhen

1rainwillcome,(willcome-comes)二.现在进行时study-studying;come-coming;sit-sitting(forget-forgetting);die-dying通常不能用于现在进行时的常见动词如下：see,hear,smell,taste,know,find,forget,notice,suggest,be,love,like,want,hope,wish,prefer,hate,understand,remember,believe,have,consist,seem.1.表示此时此刻(说话时)正在进行的动作：-Thestudentsarerunningtothesports-field.2.表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但此刻不一定在进行：-Heiswritinganovelthisyear.3.可表示将来发生的动作，这一用法常用于go,come,leave,start等动词，后面也常用表示较近的将来时间状语，如tomorrow,tonight,thiscomingFriday等，表示安排或计划好的事情：-ThosevisitorsareleavingforWuhantomorrow.4.用来给习惯性动作加上赞赏或讨厌等感情色彩：-Theboywhoissittingbesidemeisalwaysaskingmealotofwhysandhows.-Hewasseeingsomebodycreepingintothehousethroughtheopenwindowlastnight.三.现在完成时1.表示动作现在刚完成：-Hissonhasfinishedhishomework.2.表示过去做的动作对现在仍有影响:-It*ssocoldinhere.Whohasbrokenthewindow?

21.过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在(这时常和since或for短语连用)-LihasstudiedEnglishfortwentyyears.-Collectingdollsasahobbybecomesincreasinglypopularduringthepastfiftyyears.b［注］1•副词用：just,before,already,often,never,ever,always,not...yet或now,today,thisweek等；不用过去的时间状语。2.-Hisgrandmotherforthirtyyears.a.diedb.haddiedc.hasbeendeadd.hasdied-Hehasbeeninthearmyfortwoyears.(不自自说Hehasjoinedthearmyfor...)-Iacollegestudentformorethanayear.a.becameb.havebecomec.wasd.havebeen-ItisthreeyearssincehesenttotheU.S.(不能说HehasgonetotheU.S.forthreeyears.)四.一般过去时时间状语有：yesterday,ago,in1978,once,lastweek(month,year),atthattime,justnow等，以及由when等引导的句子。1.表示某•确定的过去时间发生的动作或存在的状态：-OberlinCollegeawardsdegreestobothsexesin1837,butcoeducaioninAmericanacollegesdidnotspreaduntilthesecondhalfofthecentury,(awards-awarded)

31.表示过去某一段时间内经常发生或习惯的动作：-From1910to1927CorraHarrisoutanaverageofanovelayear.a.hasbroughtb.werebringingc.hadbroughtd.brought2.usedto:-Weusedtogetupatfiveeverymorningwhenwewereinthecountryside.五.过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某个阶段正在进行的动作或正发生的历史事件。-Billsaidthathehishomeworkathalfpastsevenyesterdayevening.a.didb.wasdoingc.isgoingtodod.hasdone六.过去完成时1.结束性动作一即“已完成”，表示在过去某一时间之前就已完成了的动作。常有by,before,until,assoonas,when,because等引导的短语或从句，表示过去的时间。-Bytheendoflastyear,hehadlearnedabout1,000words.Preposition(G)1.in,on,atyesterdaymorninginthemorningtomorrowmorningyesterdayafternoonintheafternoontomorrowafternoonyesterdayeveningintheeveningtomorroweveningthismorningthisafternoonatdawn

4thiseveningatnoonatnightBefore'day'weuse'on，:onSunday(Monday..)onSundaymorningafternoonofOct.1onOct.1ontheonthemorningofMayDayonMayDayeveningofNationalDayonNationalDayontheChristmaseveonChristmasonafternoon,etc.onacoldwintermorning,onahotJuneIntheconcept<□fspace:arriveinNewYork;arriveatthestationstopinLondon,Tokyo,etc.butatthebusoveronabove超过（或低于）某高度、标准。underbeneathbelowe.g.abovethesealevel(海拔)直上，直下（接触表面的）上下below0degreeexcept1.Theyallwenttosleepexceptthe?youngFrenchman.2.Herarelywentanywhereexcepttohisoffice.3.Thewindowswereneveropenedexcepttoairtheroomforafewminutes2.3.inthemorning.besidesBesidesEnglish,hehastostudyGermanandFrench.exceptfor1.Theroomwasbareoffurnitureexceptforafewchairs.

51.Thecompositionisgoodexceptforafewspellingmistakes.exceptthat(when,after,etc.)1.Thissuitfitsmewellexceptthatthetrousersaretoolong.2.It'sasatisfactoryhat,exceptthatitdoesn'tfitme.3.Mr.Smithusedtogofishingeveryweekendexceptwhenhewasill.1.Theartexhibitionwaswelldesigned,thedisarrangementofafewpiecesofphotos.a.exceptb.besidesc.exceptford.inadditionto2.Shehurriedwhensheknewthateverybodywasreadyher.a.exceptb.exceptforc.besided.besides3.beingusedinindustry,lasercanbeappliedtooperationsinthehospital.a.Exceptforb.Exceptthatc.Inadditiontod.Beside4.coal,themostimportantnaturalfuelsaregasandoil.a.Exceptforb.Exceptc.Besidesd.Beside(Apartfrom)5.Atthefarsideoftheyardtherewasakitchengarden(菜园)，andthatwastheorchard（果园）.（再过去是果园）

6a.apartfromb.exceptc.exceptford.beyondb.Thecompositionsbythefreshmenclassarewell-writtenafewerrorsinspellingandgrammar.a.unlessb.exceptthatc.exceptford.besidesNouns（G）1.Uncountablenouns:advice,anger,applause,baggage（luggage）,cake,chalk,chocolate,cloth,clothing,bread,damage,equipment,evidence,food,fruit,furniture,gold,homework,housework,information,ink,jewellery,knowledge,machinery,mai1（邮件），money,music,news,paper,personnel,postage（邮资，邮费），protection,rice（salt,sugar,tea）,scenery,soap,sugar,toothpaste,traffic,transportation,weaponry,weather,work.2.有些不可数名词以复数形式出现时，其含义会发生变化。（81）Tenyearshadpassed,Ifoundshehad.a.alittlewhitehairc.muchwhitehairb.somewhitehaird.afewwhitehairs-Ifoundalongblackhairinmysoup.（多种水果）-Heboughtapples,orangesandotherfruits.communication（通讯）communications（通讯系统，通讯工具）；content（内容）一contents（目录）；necessity（需要）fnecessities（必需品）；ruin（毁灭）fruins（废墟，遗迹）；sand（沙子）fsands（沙地）；wood（木材）woods（树林）；work—works（工厂，著作）Fossils（化石）ofplantthathavebeenextinct（灭绝）forfiftymillionyearshavebeenfoundneartheBalticSea.ddeer,fish,sheep

7Agreement（G）一.1.在Therebe结构中：-Thereisaboxofmatchesinthekitchen.-Thereseemstobelittletimeleft.2.在主谓倒装结构中：-Aftertheexamsisthetimetorelax.-Herecometheninenoisychildrenfromnextdoor.-Herecomesthebus.但Heretheyare.-Hereisapen,afewenvelopsandsomepaperinthedrawer.（邻近一■致）二.主语与谓语之间有修饰语时，主语的数不受修饰语的影响：-Unemploymentaswellastaxesinfluencesvotes.以下均不影响主语的数：accompaniedby,alongwith,togetherwith,aswellas,but,except,inadditionto,including,insteadof,like,morethan,nolessthan,nottomention,ratherthan（而不是）.-John,togetherwithhisfamily,isflyingtoLondon.-Taxes,nottomentionunemployment,influencevotes.三.单数主语。1.不定式短语、动名词和名词从句作主语时，谓语用单数：-Tobecomedoctorsistheirambition.-Readingwithoutcomprehensionisnogood.-Whatthatcountryneedsismorejobsandlowertaxes.2.事件、国名、机构名称、书籍及其他作品的名称作主语时，谓语用单数：

8-TheUnitedNationswasformedin1945.-TheDailyNewssaysit*sgoingtorain.1.下列或限定词作主语或修饰主语时，谓语用单数：every,each(of),everyone(everybody),oneof(+复数)，either,neither.-Everysilverknife,fork,andspoonhastobecounted.-Eachbookandmagazineislistedinthecardcatalog.-Neither(one)issatisfactory.(-Manyacollegestudentwishestoreturntheeasydaysofhighschool.-Agreat/goodmanybookshavebeenwrittenonthesubject.)四.复数主语。下列不定代词作主语时，谓语用复数：both(of),few(of),many,several-Severaloftheregularmemberswereabsent.五.一些表示数量的短语作主语。1.alotof,allof,anyof,mostof,someof,noneof谓语取决于of后名词的数。-Thenumberofstudentsintheclassisfifteen.-Anumberofstudentswerelate.六.复合主语。1,由and或both.・.and.・.连接两个主语时，谓语一般用复数。但：Hisfriendandmanagerofthecompanywascooltohissuggestion.aFrenchandChinesedictionary;aFrenchandaChinesedictionaries单数名词前有两个并列的形容词修饰时，谓语常用复数。-Socialandpoliticalfreedomarelimitedthere.(=Socialfreedomandpolitical

9freedom)2.当or,either...or,neither...nor或notonly...butalso连接一■个单数主语和一个复数主语时，谓语用“毗邻一致”原则。-Neitherthequalitynorthepriceshavechanged.Neitherthepricesnorthequalityhaschanged.七.集体名词用作主语：-Thefamilyisthebasicunitofoursociety.Thefamilyarealwaysquarreling.常用的集体名词有：army,audience,band,board,class,club,committee,crew,crowd,family,firm,flock,gang,government,group,jury,majority,minority,orchestra,party,public,staff,swarm,team,troop等。八.在定语从句中的主谓语一致：-Thatisoneofthoseremarksthatareintendedtostartarguments.-Sheistheonlyoneofthosegirlswhoiswillingtotakeamake-upexam.九.表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、数字等以总量计时，谓语用单数：-Eighthoursofsleepisenough.-Fivehundredthousanddollarsisquitealargesumofmoney.-Threethousandmilesistofartotravel.Cf.-Theirlastfouryearshavebeenfullofsurprises.-Therearetwosilverdollarsineachofthestockings.十.以-ces或s结尾的名词作主语，谓语一般用单数。physics,economics,electronics,mathematics,civics(公民学)，ethics(伦理学)，

10politics,statistics,etc.但用来表示“活动”或“个别、具体”事实时，谓语用复数：-Statisticsisafieldofstudy.Cf.Thestatisticsinthatreportarenotaccurate.H—\+the与不+the意义不同时：-Chineseisadifficultlanguage.TheChinesearekindandfriendly.-Frenchisspokeninmanycountries.TheFrencharefamousfortheirgoodwines.十二.“The+形容词/-ed分词"作主语时，谓语用复数：-Theinjuredweretakentohospital.代词一致：-NeitherLynnenorBesshasherkeyswithher.-NeithertheBrownsnortheGreensliketheircars.(邻近原则)somebody...,anyone...,something...,either(neither),each,one,noone作主语时，代词一般用单数。性：无法确定时用阳性.-Apersonneedstoseehisdentisttwiceayear.Comparison(G)(-y,ow,le,r,st+er,est:narrower,busier,noblest)一•排斥问题：Thisroomisinthebuilding.a.biggestthananyotheroneb.biggerthananyonec.biggerthananyotheroned.biggerasanyotheroneHerbertstudiesstudentintheclass.a.hardestthananyotherb.harderthananyc.harderthananyotherd.harderasanye.g.Heistallerthananyoneelseinourclass.二.替代问题：

11Theweatherofthisyearisbetterthanthatoflastyear,(that代不可数名词，指物)Anecklacemadeofglassisfarcheaperthanonemadeofdiamond.(one只可代可数名词，可指人、物)三.倍数问题：倍数后现不用morethan,要用asmuch(ormany)as1.Thenewmodelcoststwiceasmuchaslastyear*smodel.2.Stayinginhotelcostsrentingaroominadormitoryforaweek.a.twicemorethanb.asmuchtwiceasc.twiceasmuchasd.asmuchastwice四.同级比较：肯定用：as+原级+as否定用：notso(as)+原级+as五.修饰比较级的状语有：still,even;much,far,alot,agreatdeal;alittle,abit;fiveyears等。1.Mybrotheris5yearsolderthanI.2.Hestudiesfarbetterthanyou(do).六.Themorethemore1.Theharderyoustudy,thebetteryouwillservethepeople.2.Thebetterpeopleareabletocommunicate,thegreaterthechancesareofachievinganenduringpeaceintheworld.3.Thelongeryouwork,themoreyouwilllearn.七.限定词一数词f描述性形容词一大小、长短、形状的形容词f年龄、新旧f色彩形容词一类属形容词（国籍、地区、出处）一用途类别一表材料形容词一被修饰名词thefirsttwobooks;thetworatherbeautifulpictures;somebeautifullittleredflowers;anexpensiveblueChinesevase;aratherbeautifulgreenChinesewoolencarpetanexpensivenewJapanesesportscar（一辆昂贵的新型日本跑车）thatbeautifulslimyoungforeignlady（那位漂亮、苗条的年轻外国小姐）Mrs.Brownhascar.a.beautifulnewAmericanb.anewAmericanbeautifulc.anewbeautifulAmericand.anAmericanbeautifulnewThereis.

12a.agray,gloomyTooking（幽暗），woodenhouseb.awooden,gray,gloomy-lookinghousec.agloomy-looking,gray,woodenhoused.agloomy-looking,wooden,grayhouse八.某些源自拉丁语以-or结尾的形容词，没有原级，只有比较级。如：superiorto,inferiorto;senior（年长的、较高级的），junior（年幼的，较低级的）;prior（先于、更重要的），posterior（较后的、后于），全都跟"to"不用than（equal,similar）-Mr.Johnsonissuperiortohiminability.-Heisthreeyearsseniortome.九.准关系代词than的用法：1.Childrenshouldnothavemoremoneythanisneeded.2.Thereweremorecasualtiesthanwasreported.（than,notthatorwho）1.Thetaskwasfarmoredifficultthanhadbeenexpected.Infinitive（G）一.作主语-Togethighmarksintheentranceexamofpostgraduateinashorttimeisahardnut.fItisreallyahardnuttogethighmarksintheentranceexamofpostgraduateina-TolearnEnglishisveryimportant-*ItisveryimportanttolearnEnglish.-Whentostarthasn，tbeendecided.-*Ithasn'tbeendecidedwhentostart.-Itispossibleforustogettherebeforedark.-Itisquiteimportantforustoreadgoodbooksduringtheperiodofgeneralreview.在某些形容词（如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,sillywrong,right,foolish,stupidcareless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等）作表语时，不定式前常可加of引出逻辑主语。

13Tt'sunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.（他们拒绝采纳这个建议是不明智的.）二.作表语：-Hiswishistobuyaluxuriouscarinthenearfuture.-Thepurposeofinductive（归纳）logicistoinfergenerallawsfromparticularoccurrences.三.作定语：-Sheusuallyhasalotofmeetingstoattendintheevenings.-Theteacherassignedustwoexercisestodoathome.-Shewasthefirstpersontothinkoftheidea.-Thatgirlhasnothingtoworryabout.-Hehasalotoftriflestodealwith.-Let'sfirstfindaroomtoputthethingsin..一些表示企图、努力、倾向的名词后面需接不定式作定语:ability,ambition,attempt,determination,decision,effort,intention,need,opportunity,reason,right,tendency,way,wish,etc.-ThisbookisanattemptEnglishandrecognizehowitisused.（82）a.helpingyoutouseb.helpingyouusec.tohelpyouused.tohelpyouusing四.作宾语：1.用不定式做宾语的动词有：agree,aim,appear,arrange,ask,attempt,choose,claim,continue,decide,decline（谢绝），demand,desire,determine,endeavor（努力，竭力），expect,fail,hesitate,hope,intend,learn,long,manage,offer,plan,pretend,promise,refuse,seek,swear（发誓），threaten,undertake（从事，着手），wish等。-Ican,taffordtobuythatluxurypieceoffurniture.2.动词+疑问代（付）词+不定式。

14这类动词常见的有：advise,decide,discuss,findout,forget,inquire,know,learn,regard,remember,see,settle,teach,tell,think（=consider）,understand,wonder等。疑问代（付）词有what,when,where,which,how,whether等，但不包括why:whentostart.-Hedoesnotknowwho（m）tovisit.whichonetochoose.2.形式宾语：-Wefinditdifficulttogeteverythingreadybeforethetimeyourequire.-Idon'tthinkitnecessarytoarguewiththeonthisproblem.-Allthesenoiseswiththework.a.mademeimpossibletogoonb.mademeimpossiblegoingonc.madeitimpossibleformetogoond.makesitimpossibleformetogoon五.作宾补：1.-Iexpectyoutocomeearly.-Theteacherleftustosolvethehardproblems.-Heaskedusnottogotheretomorrow.可以跟不定式作宾补的动词有:advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,command,drive,encourage,expect,forbid,force,hate,get,intend,invite,1ike,order,permit,persuade,remind,teach,tell,trust,urge,want,warn等表示“致使”等意义。2.表示感觉的动词see,hear,feel,watch,notice,observe,listento,lookat和have,let,make后的宾语可接不带to的不定式。-Ioftenhearthemsingthissong.-Weheardsomeonecomeupthestairs.(Someonewasheardtocomeupthestairs.)六.作状语：1.表示目的：

15-Thousandsofpeoplegotosouthtoearnmoney,(orinorderto...)-Tosavetimeandlabor,cartoonistsgenerallydrawthehandsofthecharacterswithonlythreefingersandathumb.1.表示结果：so...(+a・)...asto;such...(+n.)asto;enoughto...;too...to...;onlyto・・・・-Wehavegotsoplentyoffoodastotreatourguests.-Isthatroombigenoughtoseatallofus?{-Heistooangrytospeak.-Oneisnottoooldtolearn.-Heistooangrynottosothat.他在盛怒之下才说出这样的话来。}3.表中原因：一I'msorrytointerruptyou.-Iamprettypleasedtohearthenewsthatyouareelectedasthepresidentoftheclub.Gerund(G)1.作主语:Tellingliesiswrong.Thereisnoaccountingfortastes.(嗜好是说不出道理的.人各有所好。)Thereisnojokingabutsuchmatters.(这种事开不得玩笑。)nouseItis{nogood+doingworth(while)wastee.g.1.It*snousecryingoverspiltmilk.

162.It'sawasteoftimearguingaboutit.*只有当表语为nouse,nogood,worth(while)时作主语的动名词才可后置，前用形式主语it.2•作表语:1.Seeingisbelieving.2.HisaimismasteringEnglishintheshortesttimepossible.*动名词和不定式都可作主语或表语。一般说来，表示比较抽象的一般行为时多用动名词；表示具体某次动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。Smokingisprohibitedhere.Itisquitenecessarytoreaditmanytimes.Theirjobisbuildinghouses.Ourtasknowistoincreasefoodproduction.3.作宾语：在admit,advise,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,include,keep（on）,mind,miss,postpone,practise,quit,resist,risk,suggest,understand,以及beaccustomedto,approveof,beopposedto,beusedto,can，thelp,giveup,goon,insiston,lookforwardto,objectto,putoff,succeedin,thinkabout（of）,feellike,等动词或动词短语后，用动名词作宾语。e.g.1.Doyouenjoyplayingtennis?2.Wouldyoumindfillingoutthisform?（请填一下这份表格好吗？）3.Shehasbeenlookingforwardtomeetingherparents.4.动名词的逻辑主语用名词所有格（或物主代词）表示。e.g.1.Idonttlikeyourbeinglate.2.John,sgoingtherehimselfsavedusagooddealoftrouble.当名词所有格不在句首时，可用“名词通格（或人称代词宾格）+动名词”的结构来表示。

171.ThereisnohopeofTombecominganarchitect.2.Ishouldthankyouinsteadofyouthankingme.

185.bebusy;feellike;What(How)about;spend+time+(in)-ing;havedifficulty(trouble,agoodtime,fun)+(in)+-ing1.remember:IrememberseeingJohnyesterday.(Irememberpostingthelettertoday.)Pleaseremembertopostthelettertoday.2.forget:Iforgottopostyourletters.F11neverforgetfindingthatrareoldcoininthegarden.3.regret:IregrettosayIhaven，tgivenyouenoughhelp.Heneverregretteddoingit.(Heregretsnothavingworkedharderatschool.)4.try:Theywilltrytofinishtheworkwithinaweek.Trycleaningitwithpetrol.5.need(want,require)Thehouseneedsrepairing.Thehouseneedstoberepaired.(Cf.Youdon'tneedtoanswerthequestion.)6.mean:Failingthisexammeanswaitingforayear.Imeantoleavetomorrow.7.stopStopsmoking,please.Theystoppedworking.(leaveoff)Let'sstoptochatawhile.Theystop(talking)towork.8.goonTheywentondiscussingtheproblem.Goonreading.HavingreadLessonOne,IwentontoreadLessonTwo.Participle(G)brokenglasse.g.aninterestingbookanexcitingnews(story)theexcitedaudience一.作定语:Barkingdogsseldombite.［谚］爱叫的狗很少咬人。Thegirldrivingthecarishissister.HaveyoureadtheletterwrittenbyMr.John?Wemustkeepasecretofthethingsbeingdiscussedhere.Thepenbelongstome.

19a.whichitisonthetableb.lyingonthetablec.isonthetabled.thatonthetableManythingsimpossibleinthepastarecommontoday.a.consideredb.toconsiderc.consideringd.beingconsideredWeappreciateyoureffortsbringingaboutacomprehensive（全面的、全部的）absolutionoftheexistingproblems.（82）cd注：表示企图，努力，倾向等名词，e.g.ability,ambition,attempt,effort等后面需接不定式，以及表示能力、愿望、倾向等语义的形容词后面也要接不定式，例：able（但其同义词capable+of+动名词），anxious,eager,glad,inclined（倾向于），1iable,likely,pleased,ready等。Cf.与动名词作定语作比较：awaitingcarawaiting-roomasleepingchildasleeping-carflyingfishflying-suit（飞行服）awritingtable,aswimmingpool

20workingpeopleworkingmethod二.作表语：e.g.Thesituationisencouraging.Thecupisbroken.Thefoodsmellsinviting.（这个菜香味怡人.）Shelooksdisappointed.三.作宾补：e.g.I*msorrythavekeptyouwaiting.WhenIenteredtheroom,Ifoundhimreadingsomethingaloud.Shewasgladtoseeherchildrenwelltakencareofinthenursery.-Doyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor?-Yes,Idid.Iheardhimknockthreetimes.Theywantthejobbytheendoftheweek.a.todob.donec.didd.tobedoingHewishes.a.tohavecuthishairb.tocuthairc.tohavehishaircutd.hishairtocutYou'dbetter.a.tohaveyourTVsetrepairedb.tohaveyourTVsetrepairc.haveyourTVsetrepairedd.haveyourTVsetrepairingWhydoyoustandandwatchthemilkover?a.boilingb.boiledc.fromboilingd.beingboiled四.作状语：可作时间、条件、原因、让步、结果、伴随等。Walkingthroughtheforest,wefoundmanystrangeanimals.

21Walkingthroughtheforest,alotofanimalsarethere,(wrong)Givenbetterconditions,everystudentinthisschoolcouldgotocollege.Exhaustedbythehardwork,heslept18hourswithouthavinganyfood.NothavinghadanyletterfromTom,Marywasworried.Havingbeencaughtintherain,hewaswettotheskin.(80)Percapita(首，人均)incomeisanation，sentireincomedividingbythenumberofabpeopleinthatnation.cdbythedecision,thelawyerquicklyleftthecourtroom.a.Angeringb.Havingangeredc.Beingangeredd・AngeredAfterseeingthemovie,.a.thebookwasreadbyhimb.thebookmadehimwanttoreaditc.hewantedtoreadthebookd.thereadingofthebookinterestedhim五.分词独立结构：Thestoryexciting,wewereallabsorbedinittoldbytheoldman.Weatherpermitting,wewillgotoSummerPalacetomorrow.Lastyear,theworkfinished,hewenttoQingdaoaboutamonthforaholiday.Hereyesfilledwithtears,shedidnotnoticehiscoming.ModelVerb(G)12

22CanHecanspeakEnglishwithoutmuchdifficulty.Hecan*tbeworkingatthishour.MayMayIsmokehere?Shemaybeinthedormitory.MustWemuststudyhard.Theymustbeplayingbasketball.Mustwehandinourexercisebookstoday?No,youneedn*t.“Thatmustbeamistake.，z"No,itamistake.a.mustnotbeb.needn*tbec.cannotbed.wou1dnotbeShall用在问句中征求对方的意见和指示，可用于第一和第三人称。Whatshallwedrink?Shallhecometoseyou?你说要不要他来看你？Shallthosebooksbesentovertoyouatonce?那些书要不要马上给你送来。Will表示意愿Amanwhowon'tworkisnogood.Nonesoblindasthosewhowon*tsee.［谚］不愿看的人眼最瞎。Ifyouwillallowme,F11seeyouhome.如果你愿意的话,我可以送你回家。Should表示劝告或建议。Youshouldgeteverythingreadybeforetheexamination.Oughtto表示责任、义务。Youarehisfather.Yououghttotakecareofhim.Must表示必要、必须要做的事。Wemustdoeverythingstepbystep.我们一切都必须按部就班做。Must>oughtto>shouldMust（主观想法）-Imusttidyuptheroom.（Cf.Ihavetotidyuptheroom.）Haveto（客观需要）-Youbemorecarefulnexttime.a.havetob.mayc.mustd.hadto

23-Hehadtodoeverythingal1byhimselfduringthosedays.Need需要。主要用于否定句及疑问句。Youneedn'tthinkofanythingelse...不必・・Cf.Thechildneedstobetakengoodcareof.（实义动词）-Youtothemeetingthisafternoonifyouhavesomethingimportanttodo.a.needn'ttocomeb.don，tneedcomec.won'tneedcomed.needn，tcome-Hetothefarmyesterday.a.needsgob.neededgoc.needtogod.needn，ttogo-Youafraidofanydifficulties.a.neednottobeb.neednotc.don'tneedbed.neednotbeDareHegothere.a.darenotb.daresc.daresnottod.doesnotdareUsedtoLuXunusedtowriteatnight.Cf.Theyareusedtohardwork.Usedhealwaystowalkinthegardenafterdinner?Didhealwaysusetowalkinthegardenafterdinner?Heusedn*ttoanswerimpolitely.他过去回答别人总是很有礼貌的。Hedidn'tusetoanswerimpolitely.Wegotothemoviesquitefrequently.a.usenottob.usedtoc.wereusedtod.areusedtoHadbetterYouhadbetterstarttodoitrightnow.

24Would(had)ratherIwouldrathergoatonce.Shehadratherdiethanyield.Iwouldratherhewasnothere.SubjunctiveMood(G)L与现在相反Iftherewerenoair,theskywouldblack.(..animalsandplantswoulddie.)Whatwouldyoudoabouttheproblemifyouwereinmyshoes?与过去相反Ifwehadhadenoughmoney,wewouldhaveboughtit.Ifthesunhadbeenintherightdirection,thephotoswouldhavecomeoutverywell.如果太阳光在适当的方位，照片会照得很好。与将来相反Theweatherforecastsaysitwillturnfine.Iftherainweretogoon,thecropswouldbeindanger.Ifsheshouldcomehere,wewould(not)discussthismatterwithher.-Ifyouhadcomeafewminutesearlier,youhim.a.wouldmeetb.canmeetc.wouldhavemetd.met-Ifyouhadspokenclearly,you.a.wouldunderstandb.wouldbeunderstoodc.wouldhavebeenunderstoodd.wouldhaveunderstood

25时间不一致IfIhadabike,Iwouldhavelentittoyouyesterday.Ifithadnotrainedlastnight,thegroundwouldnotbesomuddythismorning.通过介短或Butforyourhelp,Iwouldhavebeendrowned.上下文Withoutyourhelp,wecouldnothavesucceeded.Tomgivesupeverythingforher.Henrywouldnotbethatsilly.Wecouldhavedonebetterundermorefavorableconditions.Youarelateagain;youshouldhavearrivedtenminutesearlier.2.asifTheforeignexpertspeaksChineseasifhewereaChinese.Shetoldthestoryasifithadhappenedther.3.wishIwishIcouldspeakseverallanguages.Iwishyouhadtoldmebefore.4.IfonlyIfonlywehadlistenedtotheiradvice!IfIcouldonlyseehimonce!5.用在由lest,or,forfear(that)(BritishEnglish口语中多用incase)引出的目的状语从句中，表示忧虑。从句中的谓语动词用should+动词原形或单用动词原形。Johnhadtogetadegreeforfearthathe（should）havelittlechanceofgettingajob.约翰得弄个学位，不然很少有机会找到职业。PleaseremindmeofittomorrowlestI（should）forget.6.Itistimethat动词用过去式样（如与过去相反，也有用过去完成式。）Itishigh（about）timechiIdrenwenttobed.

262.wouldrather从句用过去式。3.a.suggest,propose,recommend（建议）,move（建议），advise（建议），insist,urge（极力主张），ask,require,request（提议、要求），demand,desire,order,command,decide,intend（意欲，打算），prefer,arrange;a.Itisnecessary（essential（必要，重要的）,vital（极重要，不可缺少的）,important,imperative（必须的）,urgent,advisable（应该的,适当的），proper,obligatory（必须的），desirable（令人满意的,值得的）,appropriate,fitting（合适的）;b.order,request,suggestion,command,necessity,importance,idea,plan,motion（提议），proposal,recommendation（建议），understanding（协议），resolution（决定，决议），这些名词的同位语从句。d.在expect,believe,think,suspect等的否定或疑问式后的宾从中，常用should+原形（或完成式），表示惊奇、怀疑、不满等。e.g.Ineverthoughtthatheshouldbesuchabraveyoungsoldier.manyhave+p.p.Don'tworry,yourhusbandmaynothavebeenhurtseriously.musthave+p.p.Youlooksosleepy.Youmusthavesatuplatelastnight.can't(couldn*t)have+p.p.Thispoemcan*thavebeenwrittenbyher.Sheisonlyfive.should(oughtto)have+p.p.Sallyshouldn'thaveboughtthathat.Itlooksterrible.(…真难看死了。)needn'thave+p.p.Youneedn'thavewakenhimup.It'sonlyfive.(你其实不必叫醒他。)Sincethegroundiswhite,itlastnight.a.shouldhavesnowedb.musthavesnowedc.mayhavesnowedd.wouldhavesnowed

27“Wedidn，tseehimatthelectureyesterday."Heit.”a.mustn,thaveattendedb.shouldn，thaveattendedc.can'thaveattendedd.needn，thaveattendedClauses(G)名词性从句：主、表、宾、同位语从句的连接词均为：从属连词：that,whether,if(在从句中不担任任何语法作用)连接代词：who,whom,whose,which,what连接付词：when,where,why,how1.主语从句：-Thatweshouldraisetheproductionisimportant.-WhatIaminterestediniscollectingstampsandplayingchess.

28-Howsomeanimalsfindtheirwayhomeisnotknown.a.becauseshewillbedisappointmentb.thatshewillbedisappointed-Whenmanfirstmadeuseofelectricityisnotexactlyknown.Itis(was)+a.(p.p.orn.)+主从-Itisimportantthatweshouldraisetheproduction.-Itisnecessary(essential,vital,etc.)that...-Itisapitythat...-Itissaid(reported,recorded)that-Ithasbeenprovedthat...-Itisknowtoallthatisquiteclear.a.Whereisthefightingb.Whyisthefightingc.WhatwarisIneedisadrink.a.Thethingwhatb.WhichdoC・Whatd.Whenistheward.That2.表语从句：-Thequestioniswhetheritisworthdoing.-Itlookedasifitwasgoingtosnow.Isthislookingfor?a.youwereb.thatyouwerec.whatwereyoud.whatyouwereThereasonIplantogoisifIdon't.

29c.becauseshewillhaveadisappointmentdisappointedd.onaccountofshewillbe3.同位语从句:isnoreasonfordischargingher.a.Becauseshewasafewminuteslateb.Owingtoafewminutesbeinglated.Beafewminuteslatec.Thefactthatshewasafewminuteslate4.宾语从句：-Wecanlearnwhatwedidnotknow.-Shealwaysthinksofhowshecandomoreforthepeople.-Wethinkitnecessarythatyoushouldjoinusinthework.Shesaidthatshetherefortwoyears.a.hasworkedb.hadworkedc.wasworkingd.workedNowwehavelearnt.a.thatisheatb.whetherheatisc.whenisheatd.whatheatisIwonder.a.howmuchcosttheseshoesb.howmuchdotheseshoescostc.howmuchtheseshoescostd.howmucharetheseshoescostCanyoutellus?a.whothatmanisb.whoisthatmanc.whatisthatmand.whomthatmanisIdon'tthink«

30a.hecameyesterdayistrueb.thathecameyesterdaytruec.ittruethathecameyesterdayd.itthathecameyesterdaytrue定语从句：1.限制性定语从句：关系代词：who,whom,whose,which,that,as关系付词：when,where,why-Theprofessor(whom)youwishtoseehascome.-Nobodywantsthehousewhoseroofhasfallenin.-Waterisaliquidwhichismadeupoftwoelements.-Doyouknowtherighttimewhenthemeetingbegins?-ShanghaiisthelacewheretheCommunistPartyofChinawasborn.［注］先行词是all,something,anything,nothing,little等,或先行词有first,only,no,very或形容词最高级修饰时，定从连词只能用that,不能用which.-IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?-Tomwasthefirstboythatreachedthemountaintopthatday.-ThisisthebestbookthatIhaveeverread.Itisthethirdtimethathere.a.hadbeenb.wasc.havebeend.willbeThisisthefirsttime.b.thatIcameherea.whenIcameherec.Ihaveeverbeenhered.whichIhaveeverbeenhere

31,thecompasswasfirstmadeinChina.a.Itisknowntoallb.Weal1knowc.Itisknownthatd.Asisknowntoall2.非限制性定语从句：-Mr.Smith,whocametoseemeyesterday,isarelativeofmywife,s.-Theproblem,whichiscomplicated,hasbeensolved.-Thesunheatstheearth,whichmakesitpossibleforplantstogrow.3.连接词在定语从句中作介词的宾语：-Theworldinwhichweliveisinconstantmotionandinconstantchange.-Greatchangesaretakingplaceinthecityinwhichtheylive.-ThefilmofwhichI'mspeakingistobeshownatthePeople,sCinemanestweek.-ThepolicemanwithwhomMr.Henryistalkingintheofficeisafriendofmine.4.名词、代词或数词+of+连接词+定从-Wehavetwospareroomsupstairs,neitherofwhichhasbeenmuchusedinthepasttwoyears.-Chinahasthousandsofislands,thelargestofwhichisTaiwan.-Thehousethewindowsofwhichweredamagedhasnowbeenrepaired.5.thesameas-Wedothesameworkasthey(do).-Heisnotthesamemanashewassuch.・・as(Cf.such...that・・.引导结果状从；suchas例如)-Wehopetogetsuchatoolasheisusing.

32状语从句分为时间、地点、原因、条件、方式、让步、目的、结果、比较状从。1.时［'问状从：从属连i司有：when,while,as,after,before,since,until,assoonas,instantly(immediately,directly),theday,everytime,theminute(second,moment).-GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinBeijingsinceitwas1iberated.-Tomdidn'tgetupuntil12o*clock.-T11tellyouassoonasIknow.-We,11waituntilthedoctorcomes.-Pleasereturnthebooktomewhenyouhavefinishedreadingit.-Aswewerehavingthemeeting,themanagercamein.,theplayersbeganthegame.a.Havingtakenourseatsb.Afterwehadtakenourseatsc.Beingtakentheseatsd.Takingtheseats2.地点状从：连接付词为：where,wherever-Juststaywhereyouare.-Whereveryougo,youcanseenewfactoriesandstores,newschoolsandhospitals.3.原因状从：从属连词为：because,as,since,nowthat,-Astheweatherwasfine,Iopenedallthewindows.-Sincewelivenearthesea,wecanoftengoswimming.4•条件状从：从属连词有：if,unless,as(so)longas,providingthat,provided,supposingthat,supposethat,-Youcan'tlearnalanguagewellunlessyouworkhard.-Aslongaswerelyonthebroadmasses,wecanovercomeanydifficulties.-We'11comeovertoseeyouonWednesdayifwehavetime.

33-Hewillnotleaveunlessitisfinetomorrow.5.方式状从：从属连词有：as,justas,asif.-Theboysjumpedontheirblanketsastheyweretold.-Dojustassyoulike.6.让步状从：连接词有：though,although,evenif(eventhough),as,whether...or...nomatter...,despitethefactthat,inspiteofthefactthat,while.-Whetheritshinesorrains,1willgotomorrow.-Evenifshedidn，tcome,shewouldsendapresent.-Youngashewas(=Thoughhewasyoung),hefulfilledthedifficulttask.-HoweverhardItried,Icouldnotmemorizethetext.7.目的状从：连接词为：that,sothat,inorderthat(谓语动词用can,could,may,might);forfearthat,lest,incase(inBritain)(谓语动词用should+动词原形)-Theycameherethat(sothat,inorderthat)theycouldseetheexhibition.-Jimdidnotanswerbacklest(forfearthat,incase)hismothershouldbeangrywithhim.8.结果状从：连接词为：sothat,so...that,such...that...(so..asto+不定式)-Ididn,tgoearlythatdaysothatIdidn*tgetagoodseat.-Airissolightthatweseldomnoticeit.-Weleftinsuchahurrythatweforgottolockthedoor.(Cf.We'11makesuchcomputersasareneededindifferentbranchesofscience.Emphasis(G)强调结构为：Itis(was)....that....o如强调主语或宾语，则that可用who,whom(指人)或which(指物)来代替；如强调的是状语，则不能用when,where等代替，只能用that。注意，强调结构不能用来强调谓语动词和表语。

34Mr.SmithmetyoursisterintheZooyesterday.ItwasMr.Smiththat(orwho)metyoursisterintheZooyesterday.Itwasyoursisterthat(orwhom)Mr.SmithmetintheZooyesterday.ItwasintheZoothat(不能用where)Mr.Smithmetyoursisteryesterday.Itwasyesterdaythat(不能用when)Mr.SmithmetyoursisterintheZoo.Theywerelatebecausetheircarbrokedown.Itwasbecausetheircarbrokedownthattheywerelate.Hedidn'trealizetheserioussituationuntilhereadtheletter.Itwasnotuntilhereadtheletterthatherealizedtheserioussituation.Inversion(G)-Whatdoesyourbrotherdoforaliving?-HaveyoueverbeentotheSummerPalace?（部分倒装）-Therehavebeenmanyaccidentslately.-Theregoesthebell!-Herecomethevolleybal1winners.（凯旋而归的・・）-Herecomesthebus!（全倒装）Cf.Hereyouare!一.用于省略if的非真实条件状语从句中。-ShouldyouhappentoseeGeorge,wouldyoupleaseaskhimtoringme?-Weretherenoair,animalsandplantsontheearthwoulddie.-Hadyoucomeoneminutelater,youshouldhavemissedthetrain.二.用于由as引导的让步状语从句中。-AnxiousasIwastofinishtheworkbeforedark,Istilldiditcarefully.-Muchashewantedtogofurther,CaptainOatscouldn，tforhisbadlyfront-bittenfeet.

35-Tryasyouwill,youwon,tbeabletosucceed.你愿意就尽管试，但不会成功。三.用于以否定词not,never,little,seldom,rarely;hardly,scarcely,barely,nosooner,notonly等开头的句子中（不开头则不必倒装），以及含no的介词短语（e.g.bynomeans,undernocircumstances,innoway,atnotime,nowhere,atnopoint,atnotime,onnoaccount,innosense＜都表示，决不，＞）开头的句子中。1.-NeverhaveIseensuchamagnificentsight.-Littledoessheknowaboutfootball.[hardly,no,not修饰主语，则不倒装。-Nosurvivorhasyetbeenfound.Cf.Nowhereontheglobecanyoufindabetterplace.-Allthatglittersisnotgold.（Notallthatglittersisgold.）-Hardlyanyonehasseenamanwhoeatsants.]-NotuntilyesterdaydidIrealizewhathadhappened.-Notonlywasheafirst-ratemathematician,buthealsoexcelledatchess.(精通棋艺)2.-Undernocircumstancesweshoulddoanythingthatwewillbenefitourselvesbutabcharmtheinterestsofthestate.(85)d-Innowaycanpassengerssmokeintheair-conditionedbus.-Onnoaccountmayreferencebooksberemovedfromthelibrary.barely/hardly/scarcelywhen/before&nosoonerthan:Hardlyhadhegottotheplantwhenhestartedtowork..Nosoonerhadhegottotheplantthanhestartedtowork.-Scarcelyhadtheysettledthemselvesintheirseatsinthetheaterthanthecurtain

36abcwentup.dtospeakwhentheaudienceinterruptedhim.(91)a.Hardlyhadhebegunb.Nosoonerhadhebegunc.Notuntilhebegand.Scarcelydidhebegin3.often:-Oftendidweaskhernottobelateforschool.(83)四.用于以only开头的句中。-Onlyinrecentyearsbeguntorealizethatwilddogs,keptwithinbounds,oftendomoregoodthanharm.a.peoplehaveb.sincepeoplec.havepeopled.peoplewhohave-OnlyinFrancewillyoufindthekindoffoodyouneed.-Onlywhenyouhaveacquiredagoodknowledgeofgrammarwritecorrectly.a.youwillb.youcanc.canyoud.can'tyou(82)五.用于以so,nor,neither开头的句中，以说明与前面一句中的谓语所表示的内容相类同。-Ienjoyedthefootballmatch.Sodidmyfriends.-Theydon'tlikefishsoup.NeitherdoI.六・-Heworkssodiligentlythatheoftenforgetstoeatandsleep.一Sodiligentlydoesheworkthatheoftenforgetstoeatandsleep.-Shefeltsoembarrassedthatshecouldnotsayaword.Soembarrasseddidshefeelthatshecouldnotsayaword.

37-Themeasureourcompanytooktopreventlosswasabsurd(荒谬可笑的).Absurdwasthemeasureourcompanytooktopreventloss.