英语考研往年试题

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2012全国硕士硏究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuercccnlly.Thecourtcannot1itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw2justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet.inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat3thecourt'sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample*appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactiviiymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt'sdecisionswillbe4asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot5byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself6tothecodeofconductthat7totherestofthefederaljudiciary.Thisandothersimilarcases8thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla9betweenthecourtandpolitics.rheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw10havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions11theywouldbefreeto12thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto13politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely14.Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial15likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions9thelawit16isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily17asunjust.Thejusticesmust18doubtsaboutthecourt'slegitimacybymakingthemselves19tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,20,convincingaslaw.1.[A]emphasize[B]maintain[C]modify[D]recognize2.[A]when[B]lest[C]before[1)]unless3.[A]restored[B]weakened[C]established[D]eliminated4.[A]challenged[B]compromisedJsuspected[D]accepted5.[A]advanced[B]caughtPCIbound[Djfounded6.「A]resistant「B]subject|I]immunvfI)1prone7.[A]resorts[B]sticks[C]loads[I)Japplies8.[A]evade[B]raise[C]deny•1・「D]settle…9.[A]lineEB]barrierEC]similarityED]conflictio.CA]byEB]asEC]thoughED]towards11.EA]so[B]sinceEC]providedED]though12.EA]serveEB]satisfyEC]upsetED]replace13.EAJconfirmEBコexpressEC]cultivateED]offer

114.EA]guardedEBjfollowedEC]studiedED]tied15.[A]conceptsEB]theoriesEC]divisionsED]conceptions16.EA]excludesEB]questionsEC]shapesED]controls17.EA]dismissedEB]releasedEC]ranked[D]distorted18.EA]suppress[B]exploitEC]address[D]ignore19.EA]accessibleEB]amiableEC]agreeableED]accountable20.EA]byallmeansEB]atallcostsLC]inawordLD]asaresultSectionHReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(40points.)Text1Comeon——Everybodyfsdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheworld.Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize>offersahostofexamplesofthesocialcureinaction：InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica»anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.Theideaseemspromising,andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on：theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.wDaretobedifferent,pleasedon'Ismoke!npleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers^soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.BuionIhegeneraleffectivenessofihcsocialcure.Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithloomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit'spresentedhereisthat・2・

2itdoesn'tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.There'snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits——aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure：weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.,Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteeriheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It'sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat'stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside：intherealworld,asinschool,wcinsistonchoosingourownfriends.21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas[A]asupplementtothesocialcure[B]astimulustogroupdynamicsLしコanobstacletosocialprogress[D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould[A]recruitprofessionaladvertisers[B]learnfromadvertisersexperience[Cjstayawayfromcommercialadvertisers[D]recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements23.Intheauthor'sview,Rosenberg'sbookfailsto[A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors[B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcureLし]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding[_D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors[A]isharmfultoournetworksoffriends[B]willmisleadbehavioralstudies[C]occurswithoutourrealizingit[D]canproducenegativehealthhabits25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis[A]harmful[B]desirable「し」profound[D]questionableText2Adealisadeal-except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajorenergysupplierinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstanding

3commitmenttoabidebythestrictstate'snuclearregulations.Instead.thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionalityofVermont'srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It'sastunningmove.Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermont'sonlynuclearpowerplant,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionoftheplant'slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature'sapproval.Then,too,thecompanywentalong.EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oriisimplydidn'tforeseewhalwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin2007andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee'ssafetyandEntergymanagement-especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy'sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure：whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedentsettingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitswordthatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnothinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapublictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates»includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepinopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthecompany'sapplication,itshouldkeepinmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.2b.rhephrase“renegingon"(Line3.para.1)isclosestinmeaningto[A]condemning[B]reaffirming[C]dishonoring[D]securing27.Byenteringintothe2002agreement,Entergyintendedto[A」obtainprotectionfromVermontregulators[Bjseekfavorfromthefederallegislature[し]acquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicense[D]getpermissiontopurchaseapowerplant28.AccordingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveproblemswithits[A]managerialpractices[B]technicalinnovativeness

4[A]financialgoals[B]businessvision27.Intheauthor'sview,theVermontcasewilltest[AコEntergy'scapacitytofulfillallitspromises[B]thematureofstates'patchworkregulationsLC]thefederalauthorityovernuclearissues[D]thelimitsofstates'powerovernuclearissues28.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat[A]Entergyrsbusinesselsewheremightbeaffected[B]theauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied[C]EntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication[D]Vermont,sreputationmightbedamagedText3Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience>discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcherJsme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity'sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal*notthestartingpoint.•Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But*unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries；editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess；otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes।andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology,sadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboulthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividualdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity'scrediblediscovery.Iwoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First.scientificworklendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingknowledgethatisviewedasmcomplcieorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesduj)licationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnewsearch,notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers,econd,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief,belLaureateandphysiologistAlbertSzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas41seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought."Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobe

5acceptedandappreciated.Intheend,credibilityuhappenswtoadiscoveryclaim-aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind."Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother'sreasoningandeachother'sconceptionsofreason.27.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits[A]uncertaintyandcomplexity[B]misconceptionanddeceptiveness[C]logicalityandobjectivity[DJsystematicnessandregularity28.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires[A]strictinspection[B]sharedefforts[Cjindividualwisdom[D]persistentinnovation29.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit[A]hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic[B]hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity[C]hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers[Dコhasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists,30.AlbertSzent-Gy?rgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat[A]scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges[B]discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch[CJeffortstomakediscoveriesarejustified[Djscientificworkcallsforacriticalmind31.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetext?[A]NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment[B]CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery[CjEvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience[D]ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScienceText4IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffa'sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion；now36%do.In2009thenumberofunionistsinAmerica'spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.Therearethreereasonsforthepubliesectorunions'thriving.First,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmerica's

6public-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.Third,theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.Britain'slaborParty,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeenass(x:iatedwithtradeunionism.Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband*oweshisposiliontovotesfrompublioseclorunions.Al(hestaleleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkBaldassareofthePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestate'sbudgetispatrolledbyunions.Theteachers9unionskeepaneyeonschools,theCCPOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesintheslatesectorarchigherthaninihcprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedly**backloadedpublic-sectorpaydeals»keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingioholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregiouslyineducation,wherecharterschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,teachers9unionshavefoughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearer,politicianshavebegunioclampdown.In.WisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublicangovernor.Butmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem♦too.JohnDonahueatHarvard'sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandthepresidentoftheUnitedStates.Bankers'fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.-27.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraphthat[A]Teamstersstillhavealargebodyofmembers[B]JimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilservant[C]unionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sectormembership[D]lhegovcnimcnthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists28.WhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraph2?[A]Public-sectorunionsarcprudentintakingれぐlionsPBlEducationisrequiredforpublicscciorutiionmvmbcrship[C]LaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublicsectorunions[1)]Publicsectorunionsseldomgetininniblefortheiractions29.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4thattheincomeintheslatesectoris[A]illegallysecured[B]indirectlyaugmented[C]excessivelyincreased[D]fairlyadjusted30.TheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthatunions[A]oftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystem[B]canchangepeople'spoliticalattitudes[Cコmaybeabarriertopublic-sectorreforms

7[D]aredominantinthegovernmcnl27.JohnDonahue'saltitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystemisoneof[Aコdisapproval[B]appreciationLC]tolerance[D]indifferencePartBDirections：Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45»choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearctwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thinkofthosefleetingmomentswhenyoulookoutofanaeroplanewindowandrealizethatyouareflying,higherthanabird.Nowthinkofyourlaptop9thinnerthanabrown-paperenvelope,oryourcellphoneinthepalmofyourhand.Takeamomentortwotowonderalthosemarvels.Youaretheluckyinheritorofadreamcometrue.Thesecondhalfofthe20thcenturysawacollectionofgeniuses»warriors,entrepreneursandvisionarieslabourtocreateafabulousmachinethatcouldfunctionasatypewriterandprintingpress,studioandtheatre,paintbrushandgallery,pianoandradio,themailaswellasthemailcarrier.(41)...Thenetworkedcomputerisanamazingdevice*thefirstmediamachinethatservesasthemodeofproduction,meansofdistribution»siteofreception,andplaceofpraiseandcritique.Thecomputeristhe21stcentury'sculturemachine.Butforallthereasonstherearc1¢)celebrate(hecompuler.wcmustalsoaelwithcaution.(42).Icallilaseeretwarfortworeasons.First,mostpeopledonotrealizethattherearestrongcommercialagendasalworklokeeptheminpassiveconsumpiionmedぐ.Second.ihunuijorilyofpeoplewhousenelworkedcoinpulcrsh>uploadarenotevenawareofIhesignificanceolwhaltheyarcdoing.,Allanimalsdownload.buionlyafewupload.Beaversbuilddamsandbirdsmakenests.Yclforthemostpart,theanimalkingdommovesthroughtheworlddownloading.Humansareuniqueintheircapacitytonotonlymaketoolsbutthenturnaroundandusethemtocreatesuperfluousmaterialgoods-paintings,sculptureandarchitecture--andsuperfluousexperiencesmusic,literature,religionandphilosophy.(43).Forallthepossibilitiesofournewculturemachines,mostpeoplearestillstuckindownloadmode.Evenaftertheadventofwidespreadsocialmedia,apyramidofproductionremains,withasmallnumberofpeopleuploadingmaterial,aslightlylargergroupcommentingonormodifyingthatcontent,andahugepercentageremainingcontenttojustconsume.(44)Televisionisaone-waylapflowingintoourhomes.Thehardesttaskthattelevisionasksofanyoneistoturnthepoweroffafterhehasturnediton.(45).Whatcountsasmeaningfuluploading?Mydefinitionrevolvesaroundihcconceptof**stickincssM-creationsandexperiencestowhichothersadhere.[A]Ofcourse,itispreciselythesesuperfluousthingsthatdefinehumancultureandultimatelywhatitistobehuman.

8Downloadingandconsumingculturerequiresgreatskills,butfailingtomovebeyonddownloadingistostriponeselfofadefiningconstituentofhumanity.[A]Applicationslikelumblr.com,whichallowuserstocombinepicturestwordsandothermediaincreativewaysandthensharethem,havethepotentialtoaddstickincssbyamusing,entertainingandenlighteningothers.[CコNotonlydidtheydevelopsuchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillenniumtheyhadalsomanagedtoembeditinaworldwidesystemaccessedbybillionsofpeopleeveryday.—[D]Thisisbecausethenetworkedcomputerhassparkedasecretwarbetweendownloadinganduploading-betweenpassiveconsumptionandactivecreation-whoseoutcomewillshapeourcollectivefutureinwayswecanonlybegintoimagine.[EjThechallengethecomputermountstotelevisionthusbearslittlesimilaritytooneformatbeingreplacedbyanotherinthemannerofrecordplayersbeingreplacedbyCDplayers.[F]Onereasonforthepersistenceofthispyramidofproductionisthatforthepasthalf-centurytmuchoftheworld,smediaculturehasbeendefinedbyasinglemedium-television-andtelevisionisdefinedbydownloading.|_G]Thenetworkedcomputeroffersthefirstchancein50yearstoreversetheflow,toencouragethoughtfuldownloadingand,evenmoreimportantly,meaningfuluploading.PartCDirections；ReadIhefollowingirxicarefullyandthentranslatelheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldl)vwrittenclearlyonANSWERSilEET2.(10points)SincethedaysofAristotle*asearchforuniversalprincipleshascharaclerizvd1hescientificenterprise.Insomeways,this(|uestforcommonaliiies

9aninnalclanguage-acquisitioncapacitythatdictatesauniversalgrammar.Afewgenerativerulesarethensufficienttounfoldtheentirefundamentalstructureofalanguage,whichiswhychildrencanlearnitsoquickly.(49)Thcsecond,byJoshuaGreenberg,takesamoreempiricalapproachtouniversalityidentifyingIraits(particularlyinwordorder)sharedbymanylanguagewhicharcconsideredtorepresentbiasesthatresultfromcognitiveconstraints.(irayandhiscolleagueshaveputihcmtothetestbyexaminingfourfamilytreesthatbetweenthemrepresentmorethan2,000languages.(50)Chomsky9sgrammarshouldshowpatternsoflanguagechangethatareindependentofthefamilytreeorthepathwaytrackedthroughit,whereasGrecnbcrgianuniversalitypredictsstrongco-dependenciesbetweenparticulartypesofword-orderrelations.Neitherofthesepatternsisborneoutbytheanalysis,suggestingthatthestructuresofthelanguagesarclincagc-spccificandnotgovernedbyuniversals.Section皿WritingPartA5I.Directions：Someinternalionalsstudentsarccomingtoyouruniversity.WritethemanemailinthenameoftheSittdvnis,UniontoI)cxtriulyourwelcomeand2)providesonu^ugg<*s1ionsforth(*ircampuslife'ht're.YoushouldwriteahouiIunwordsonANSWERSHEE12.Donotsignyournamenpoints)PartB52.Directions：writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould1)describethedrawingbriefly2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcommentsYoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

102012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题标准答案SectionIUseofEnglish1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A10.B11.A12.C13.D14.A15.C16.A17.A18.C19.D20.DSectionQReadingComprehensionPartA21.D22.B23.A24.025.D26.C27.D28.A29.D30.A31.A32.B33.B34.D35.036.C37.D38.B39.040.APartB41.C42.D43.A44.F45.GPartC.46.在物理学中,有一种理论将这种“万物归ー的冲动”推向了极致,它探寻ー种万有理论个关于我们能看到的一切的生成方程式.47.在这一点上,达尔文学说似乎给人们提供了准则,因为如果所有人种同宗同源,那么“文化多样性也能追溯到更为单一的源头”的假定也就不无道理了。48.把差异性和独特性从共性中过速出来也许能让我们理解复杂的文化行为是如何产生的,是什么从进化或认知领域指导着它.49.乔舒花•格林贝格提出的第二种理论采用了一种更具经验主义的方法来解释共性理论。他确认多种语言（尤其是在语序方面）都具有共同特征,这些特征被认为体现了由于认知局限性而带来的偏见。50.乔姆斯基的语法应该体现语言变化的模式,该模式独立于族谱或贯穿其中的路径，而格林贝格的共性理论预测了各种类型的语序关系中存在强烈的共存性。

11Section皿Writing（略）2007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindependentnations.Theroughly20million]ofthesenationslooked2tothefuture.BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberianColonialism,manyoftheleadersofindependence3theidealsofrepresentativegovernment,careers4totalent,freedomofcommerceandtrade,the5toprivateproperty,andabeliefintheindividualasthebasisofsociety.6therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstates,largeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbya7.setoflaws.Ontheissueof8ofreligionandthepositionofthechurch.9therewaslessagreement10theleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlyone11bytheSpanishcrown.12mostleaderssoughttomaintainCatholicism13theofficialreligionofthenewstates,somesoughttoendthe14ofotherfaiths.ThedefenseoftheChurchbecamearallying15fortheconservativeforces.Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarian,valuingequalityofeverything.BolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhad16inreturntoabolishslaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeenabolishedeverywhereexceptSpain's17colonies.EarlypromisestoendIndiantributeandtaxesonpeopleofmixedorigincamemuch18Becausethenewnationsstillneededtherevenuesuchpolicies19Egalitariansentimentswereoftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas20self-ruleanddemocracy.1.[A]natives[B]inhabitants[C]peoples[D]individuals2.[A]confusedly[B]cheerfully[C]worriedly[D]hopefully3.[A]shared[B]forgot[C]attained[D]rejected4.[A]related[B]close[C]open[D]devoted5.[A]access[Bjsuccession[C]right[Djreturn6.[A]Presumably[B]Incidentally[CjObviously[DコGenerally7.[A]unique[B]common[_C]particular[D]typical8.[A]freedom[Bjorigin[C一impact[D]reform9.[A]therefore[BjhoweverfC"indeed[Djmoreover10.[Aコwith[Bコabout[Cjamong[D]by

12fl11.[A]allowed[B]preached[C]gramed[D]funded12.[A]Since[B]If[C]UnlessED]While13.[A]as[B]forEC]underED]against14.[A]spread[B]interferenceEC]exclusionED]influence15.[A]support[B]cry[C]pleaED]wish16.[A]urged・[B]intendedECJexpectedED]promised17.[A]controlling[B」formerEC]remainingED]original18.[A]slower[B]fasterEC]easierED]tougher19.[A]created[B]producedLし]contributedED]preferred20.[A]puzzledby[B]hostiletoEC]pessimisticaboutED]unpreparedforSectionRReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[Dコ.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Ifyouweretoexaminethebirthcertificatesofeverysoccerplayerin20069sWorldCuptournament,youwouldmostlikelyfindanoteworthyquirk：elitesoccerplayersaremorelikelytohavebeenbornintheearliermonthsoftheyearthaninthelatermonths.IfyouthenexaminedtheEuropeannationalyouthteamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranks»youwouldfindthisstrangephenomenontobeevenmorepronounced.,Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?Hereareafewguesses：a)certainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccerskills；b)winter-bornbabiestendtohavehigheroxygencapacity；whichincreasessoccerstamina；c)soccer-madparentsaremorelikelytoconceivechildreninspringtime,attheannualpeakofsoccermania；d)noneoftheabove.AndersEricsson,a58-year-oldpsychologyprofessoratFloridaStateUniversity,sayshebelievesstronglyin“noneoftheabove."EricssongrewupinSweden,andstudiednuclearengineeringuntilherealizedhewouldhavemoreopportunitytoconducthisownresearchifheswitchedtopsychology.Hisfirstexperiment,nearly30yearsago,involvedmemory：trainingapersontohearandthenrepeatarandomseriesofnumbers.44Withthefirstsubject,afterabout20hoursoftraining,hisdigitspanhadrisenfrom7to20,“Ericssonrecalls."Hekeptimproving,andafterabout200hoursoftraininghehadrisentoover80numbers,MThissuccess,coupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgeneticallydetermined,ledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.Inotherwords-whateverinborndifferencestwopeoplemayexhibitintheirabilitiestomemorize,thosedifferencesareswampedbyhowwelleachperson<,encodesMtheinformation.Andthe•2•

13bestwaytolearnhowioencodeinformationmeaningfully,Ericssondetermined*wasaprocessknownasdeliberatepractice.Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethansimplyrepeatingatask.Rather»itinvolvessettingspecificgoalsfobtainingimmediatefeedbackandconcentratingasmuchontechniqueasonoutcome.Ericssonandhiscolleagueshavethustakentostudyingexpertperformersinawiderangeofpursuits,includingsoccer.Theygatherallthedatatheycan,notjustperformancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirownlaboratoryexperimentswithhighachievers.Theirworkmakesaratherstartlingassertion：thetraitwecommonlycalltalentishighlyoverrated.Or,putanotherway,expertperformers-whetherinmemoryorsurgery,balletorcomputerprogramming一arenearlyalwaysmade,notborn.21.Thebirthdayphenomenonfoundamongsoccerplayersismentionedto[A]stresstheimportanceofprofessionaltraining.[B]spotlightthesoccersuperstarsintheWorldCup.[C]introducethetopicofwhatmakesexpertperformance.EDjexplainwhysomesoccerteamsplaybetterthanothers.22.Theword“mania”(Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans[A]fun.[B]craze.[C]hysteria.[D]excitement.23.AccordingtoEricsson,goodmemory[A]dependsonmeaningfulprocessingofinformation.[B]resultsfromintuitiveratherthancognitiveexercises.[_しコisdeterminedbygeneticratherthanpsychologicalfactors..[D]requiresimmediatefeedbackandahighdegreeofconcentration.，24.Ericssonandhiscolleaguesbelievethat[A]talentisadominatingfactorforprofessionalsuccess.LB]biographicaldataprovidethekeytoexcellentperformance.[C]theroleoftalenttendstobeoverlooked.[D]highachieversowetheirsuccessmostlytonurture.25.Whichofthefollowingproverbsisclosesttothemessagethetexttriestoconvey?[A]"Faithwillmovemountains.[Bj“〇nereapswhatonesows.”[C]^Practicemakesperfect.w[D]"Likefatherlikeson."Text2Forthepastseveralyears,theSundaynewspapersupplementParadehasfeaturedacolumncalled**AskMarilyn.**PeoplearcinvitedioqueryMarilynvosSavani.whoalage10hadtestedatanutHallevelofsomeoneahoul23yearsold；ihalgaveheranIQof22sthehighestscoreeverr(*c(^r(lc(l.IQtestsaskyouio

14cotnpleieverbalandvisualanalogies,toenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcm.andiodeducenumericalsequences,amongothersimilartasks.SoitisabitconfusingwhenvosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoe(whoseIQis100)as«What9sthedijferencebrlweenloveandfondness7()rwhatisthenatureofluckandcoincidence?It'snotobvioushowthecapacityiovisualizeobjectsandtofigureoutnumericalpatternssuitsonetoanswer<|ueslionsthathaweludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers.Clearly•intelligenceencompassesmore(hanascoreonatest.Juslwhaidoesitmeantobesmart?Howmuchofiniclligencecanbespecified,andhowmuchcanwelearnaboutitfromneurology.genetics,computerscienceandotherfields?ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.Thetestcomesprimarilyintwoforms：theStanford-BinetIntelligenceScaleandtheWechslerIntelligenceScales(bothcomeinadultandchildrenJsversion).Generallycostingseveralhundreddollars,theyareusuallygivenonlybypsychologiststalthoughvariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.SuperhighscoreslikevosSavant'sarenolongerpossible,becausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepeerstratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.Otherstandardizedtests,suchastheScholasticAssessmentTest(SAT)andiheGraduateRecordExam(GRE),capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.Suchstandardizedtestsmaynotassessalltheimportantelementsnecessarytosucceedinschoolandinlife»arguesRobertJ.Sternberg.InhisarticleHowIntelligentIsIntelligenceTesting?”,Sternbergnotesthattraditionaltestsbestassessanalyticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasurecreativityandpracticalknowledge,componentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuepess.Moreover,IQtestsdonotnecessarilypredictsowelloncepopulationsorsituationschange.ResearchhasfoundthatIQpredictedleadershipskillswhenthetestsweregivenunderlow-stressconditions,butunderhigh-stressconditions,IQwasnegativelycorrelatedwithleadership——thatis,itpredictedtheopposite.AnyonewhohastoiledthroughSATwilltestifythattest-takingskillalsomatters,whetherit'sknowingwhentoguessorwhatquestionstoskip.21.Whichofthefollowingmayberequiredinanintelligencetest?[A]Answeringphilosophicalquestions.[B]Foldingorcuttingpaperintodifferentshapes.[C]Tellingthedifferencesbetweencertainconcepts.[DjChoosingwordsorgraj)hssimilartolhegivenones.22.1WhatcanbeinferredaboutintelligencetestingfromParagraph3?[AjPeoplenolongeruseIQscoresasanindicatorofintelligence.CBjMoreversionsofIQtestsannowavailableon(heInlvrnvl.[C]Thetestcontentsandformatsforadultsandchildrenmaybedifferent.[1)]ScientistshavedefinedtheimportantclcmcnisofhumanintelligciH(.23.l^coplenowadayscannolongerachieveIQscoresashighasvosSavani,Lvrausf[A]thescoresareobtainedthroughdifferentcomputationalprocedures.[B]creaiiviiyratherthananalyticalskillsisemphasizednow.[C]vosSavani1scaseisanextremeonethatwillnotrepeat.

15[A]ihedefiningcharacteristicofIQlustshaschanged.21.Wecanconcludefromthelastparagraphthat[AJlestscoresmaynotbereliableindicatorsofone,sability.LB]IQscoresandSATresultsarehighlycorrelated.LC]testinginvolvesalotofguesswork.[D]traditionaltestsareoutofdate.22.Whatistheaulhor'sattitudetowardsIQtests?[AコSupportive.[B]Skeptical.[C]Impartial.[D]Biased.Text3Duringthepastgeneration,theAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairplaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehasbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.Nowapinkslip,abaddiagnosis*oradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths.Injustonegeneration?millionsofmothershavegonetowork,transformingbasicfamilyeconomics.Scholars,policymakers,andcriticsofallstripeshavedebatedthesocialimplicationsofthesechanges,butfewhavelookedatthesideeffect：familyriskhasrisenaswell.Today9sfamilieshavebudgetedtothelimitsoftheirnewtwo-paycheckstatus.Asaresult,theyhavelost,theparachutetheyoncehadintimesoffinancialsetback-a-back-upearner(usuallyMom)whocouldgointotheworkforceiftheprimaryearnergotlaidofforfellsick.This**added-workereffect”eouldsupportthesafetynetofferedbyunemploymentinsuranceordisabilityinsurancetohelpfamiliesweatherbadtimes.Buttoday,adisruptiontofamilyfortunescannolongerbemadeupwithextraincomefromanotherwise-slay-at-homepartner.Duringthesameperiod»familieshavebeenaskedtoabsorbmuchmoreriskintheirretirementincome.Steelworkers,airlineemployees,andnowthoseintheautoindustryarejoiningmillionsoffamilieswhomustworryaboutinterestrates,stockmarkeifluctuation,andtheharshrealitythattheymayoutliveiheirretirementmoney.Formuchofthepastyear.PresidentBushcampaignedlomoveSocialSecuritytoasavings-accounlmodel•withretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteedpaymentsforpaymentsdependingoninvestmentreturns.Foryoungerfamilies•thepictureisnotanybetter.Boththeabsolutecostofhcallhcareandshareofitbornebyfamilieshaverisen—•andnewlyfashionablehealth-savingsplansarcspreadingfromlegislativehallsioWal-Martworkers,withmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenewdoseofinvcstnieniriskforfaiuilies*fulurvhca11heart.Evendemographicsareworkingagainstthemiddleclassfamily-astheoddsofhavingaweakelderly

16I)arcnt-andalltheattendantneedforphysicalandfinancialassisiancchavejumpedcighifoldinjustonegeneration.Fromthemiddle-classfamilyperspective,muchofthis,understandably,looksfarlesslikeanopportunitytoexercisemorefinancialresponsibility,andagooddealmorelikeafrighteningaccelerationofthewholesaleshiftoffinancialriskontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders.Thefinancialfallouthasbegun,andthepoliticalfalloutmaynotbefarbehind.21.Today'sdouble-incomefamiliesareatgreaterfinancialriskinthat[A]thesafetynettheyusedtoenjoyhasdisappeared.[B]theirchancesofbeinglaidoffhavegreatlyincreased.しし]theyaremorevulnerabletochangesinfamilyeconomics.|_D]theyaredeprivedofunemploymentordisabilityinsurance.22.AsaresultofPresidentBush'sreform,retiredpeoplemayhave[A]ahighersenseofsecurity.[B]lesssecuredpayments.[C]lesschancetoinvest.[D]aguaranteedfuture.23.Accordingtotheauthor,health-savingsplanswill[A]helpreducethecostofhealthcare.[B]popularizeamongthemiddleclass.|_C」compensateforthereducedpensions.[D]increasethefamilies'investmentrisk.24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat[A]financialriskstendtooutweighpoliticalrisks.'[_BJthemiddleclassmayfacegreaterpoliticalchallenges.*[C]financialproblemsmaybringaboutpoliticalproblems.[D]financialresponsibilityisanindicatorofpoliticalstatus.25.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthistext?[A]TheMiddleClassontheAlert.[B]TheMiddleClassontheCliff.[C]TheMiddleClassinConflict.[D]TheMiddleClassinRuins.Text4Itneverrainsbutitpours.Justasbossesandboardshavefinallysortedouttheirworstaccountingandcompliancetroubles,andimprovedtheirfeeblecorporationgovernance,anewproblemthreatenstoearnthem--especiallyinAmerica-thesortofnastyheadlinesthatinevitablyleadtoheadsrollingintheexecutivesuite：datainsecurity.Left,untilnow,ioodd,low-levelITstafftopulrighi,andseenasaconcernonlyofdata-richindustriessuchasbanking,telecomsandairtravel»information•6,

17protectionisnowhighonIheboss'sagendainbusinessesofeveryvariety.Severalmassiveleakagesofcustomerandemployeedatathisyear—fromorganizationsasdiverseas1inieWarner,theAmericandefensecontractorScienceApplicationsInternationalCorpandeventheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley-haveleftmanagershurriedlypeeringintotheirintricaicITsystemsandbusinessprocessesinsearchofpotentialvulnerabilities.**Dataisbecominganassetwhichneedstobeguardedasmuchasanyotherasset.MsaysHaimMendelsonofStanfordUniversity'sbusinessSchool."Theabilitytoguardcustomerdataisthekeytomarketvalue,whichtheboardisresponsibleforonbehalfofshareholders0.Indeed,justasihereistheconceptofGenerallyAcceptedAccountingPrinciples(GAAP)•perhapsitistimeforGASP.GenerallyAcceptedSecurityPractices,suggestedEliNoamofNewYork*sColumbiaBusinessSchool."Settingtheproperinvestmentlevelforsecurity•redundancy,andrecoveryisamanagementissue,notatechnicalone."hesays.rhemysteryisthatthisshouldcomeasasurprisetoanyboss.Surelyitshouldbeobvioustothedimmestexecutivethattrust,thatmostvaluableofeconomicassets,iseasilydestroyedandhugelyexpensivetorestore-andthatfewthingsarcmorelikelytodestroytrustthanacompanylettingsensitivepersonaldatagetintothewronghands.Thecurrentstateofaffairsmayhavebeenencouraged-thoughnotjustified-bythelackoflegalpenalty(inAmerica-butnotEurope)fordataleakage.UntilCaliforniarecentlypassedalaw.Americanfirmsdidnothavetotellanyone»eventhevictim.whendatawentastray.Thatmaychangefast：lotsofproposeddata-securitylegislationisnowdoingtheroundsinWashington,D.C.Meanwhile,thetheftofinformationaboutsome40millioncredit-cardaccountsinAmerica,disclosedonJune17th,overshadowedahugelyimportantdecisionadayearlierbyAmerica,sFederalTradeCommission(FTC)thatputscorporateAmericaonnoticethatregulatorswillactiffirmsfailtoprovideadequatedatasecurity.,36.ThestatementuItneverrainsbutitpours"isusedtointroduce,[A]thefiercebusinesscompetition.[Bjthefeebleboss-boardrelations.Lし]thethreatfromnewsreports.[D]theseverityofdataleakage.37.AccordingtoParagraph2,someorganizationschecktheirsystemstofindout[A]whetherthereisanyweakpoint.[B]whatsortofdatahasbeenstolen.[C]whoisresponsiblefortheleakage.[D]howthepotentialspiescanbelocated.38.InbringinguptheconceptofGASPtheauthorismakingthepointthatfA]shareholders,interestsshouldbeproperlyaltendedto.[_Bjinformationprotectionshouldbegivendurattention.：businessesshouldenhancetheirlevelofaccountingsecurity.II)ithenuirkclvalueofcustomerdatashouldbeunpluisized.39.AccordingioParagraphI.wluupuzzles(hvauthorisilvnsomebossesfailio

18[A]seethelinkbetweentrustanddataprolcclion.[B」perceiverhesensitivityofpersonaldella.[C]realizethehighcostofdatarestoration.[D]appreciatetheeconomicvalueofirust.36.hcanbeinferredfromParagraph5that[A」dataleakageismoresevereinEurope.[B]FTC'sdecisionisessentialtodatasecurity.[C]Californiatakestheleadinsecuritylegislation.[D]legalpenaltyisamajorsolutiontodataleakage.PartBDirections：Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutwhatparentsaresupposedtodotoguidetheirchildrenintoadulthood.ChooseaheadingfromthelistFA]-[G]thatbestfitsthemeaningofeachnumberedpartofthetext(4P45).Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Therearetwoextraheadingsthatyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)[A]SetaGoodExampleforYourKids[B]BuildYourKids,WorkSkills[C]PlaceTimeLimitsonLeisureActivities[D]TalkabouttheFutureonaRegularBasis[E]HelpKidsDevelopCopingStrategies'[F]HelpYourKidsFigureOutWhoTheyAre,[G]BuildYourKids'SenseofResponsibilityHowCanaParentHelp?Mothersandfatherscandoalottoensureasafelandinginearlyadulthoodfortheirkids.Evenifajob'sstartingsalaryseemstoosmalltosatisfyanemergingadult'sneedforrapidcontent,thetransitionfromschooltoworkcanbelessofasetbackifthestart-upadultisreadyforthemove.Hereareafewmeasures,drawnfrommybookReadyorNot•HereLifeComes.thatparentscantaketopreventwhatIcall"work-lifeunreadiness1*：Youcanstartthisprocesswhentheyare1]or12.Periodicallyreviewtheiremergingstrengthsandweaknesseswiththemandworktogetheronanyshortcomings»likedifficuhy.incommunicatingwellorcollaborating.Alsc・ulcinifythekindsofintereststheykeepcomingbackto.astheseoffercluesiothecareersthatwillfitthembest.Kidsneedarangeofauthenticrolemodels--asopposedlomembersofIheirclique»popstarsandvauntedathletes.Haveregulardinner-tablediscussionsaboutpeoplethefamilyknowsandhowtheygotwhereiheyare.Discussthejoysanddownsidesofyourowncarverandencourageyourkidstoformsomeideasabouttheirown

19future.Whenaskedwhattheywant(odo,theyshouldbediscouragedfromsaying**1havenoidea."Theycanchangetheirminds200times,buthavingonlyafoggyviewofthefutureisoflittlegood.43.Teachersarcresponsibleforteachingkidshowiolearn：parentsshouldberesponsibleforteachingthemhowtowork.Assignresponsibilitiesaroundthehouseandmakesurehomeworkdeadlinesarcmet.Encourageteenagerstotakeapart-timejob.Kidsneedplentyofpracticedelayinggratificationanddeployingeffectiveorganizationalskills,suchasmanagingtimeandsettingpriorities.44.Playingvideogamesencouragesimmediatecontent.AndhoursofwatchingTVshowswithcannedlaughteronlyteacheskidstoprocessinformationinapassiveway.Atthesametime,listeningthroughearphonestothesamemonotonousbeatsforlongstretchesencourageskidstostayinsidetheirbubbleinsteadofpursuingotherendeavors.Alltheseactivitiescanprevenithegrowthofimportantcommunicationandthinkingskillsandmakeitdifficultforkidstodevelopthekindofsustainedconcentrationtheywillneedformostjobs.45.Theyshouldknowhowtodealwithsetbacks-stressesandfeelingsofinadequacy.Theyshouldalsolearnhowtosolveproblemsandresolveconflicts»waystobrainstormandthinkcritically.Discussionsathomecanhelpkidspracticedoingthesethingsandhelpthemapplyjheseskillstoeverydaylifesituations.Whataboutthesonordaughterwhoisgrownbutseemstobestrugglingandwanderingaimlesslythroughearlyadulthood?Parentsstillhaveamajorroletoplay,butnowitismoredelicate.Theyhavetobecarefulnottocomeacrossasdisappointedintheirchild.Theyshouldexhibitstronginterestandrespectforwhateverintereststheirfledgingadult(asnaiveorillconceivedasitmayseem)whilebecomingapartnerinexploringoptionsforthefuture.Mostofall,thesenewadultsmustfeeltheyarerespectedandsupportedbyafamilythatappreciatesthem.PartCDirections：ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewriiienneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)ThestudyoflawhasbeenrecognizedforcenturiesasabasicintellectualdisciplineinEuropeanunivcrsilics.However,onlyinrcceniyearshasiibecomenfeaiurrofunderKradtiaicprogramsinCanadianuniversities.(4())radiiioncdlylegallearmnghasbeenviewedinsuchinslitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyers,ratherthananecessaryparioftheintcllcctualequiptneniofaneducatedperson.Happily,theolderandmorecontinentalviewoflegaleducationisesuiblishingilselfinanumberofCanadianuniversitiesandsomehaveevenbeguntoofferundergraduatedegreesinlaw.Ifthestudyoflawisbeginningtoestablishaspariandparcelofageneraleducation,itsaimsandmeihodsshouldappealdirectlytojournalisnicducators.Lawisadisciplinewhichencouragesresponsiblejudgment.Ontheonehand,itprovidesopportunitiestoanalyzesuchideasasjustice,democracyandfreedom.(47)Ontheother•iilinkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealitiesinamannerwhichisparalleltothelinks,journalistsforgeonadailybasisastheycoverandcommentonthenews.Forexample,notionsofevidenceandfact,ofbasicrightsandpublicinterestareatworkintheprocessofjournalisticjudgmentandproductionjustasincourtsoflaw.Sharpening

20judgmentbyabsorbingandreflectingonlawisadesirablecomponentofajournalistJsintellectualpreparationforhisorhercareer.(48)Buttheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenrestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.Politicsor,morebroadly,thefunctioningofthestate,isamajorsubjectforjournalists.Thebetterinformedtheyareaboutthewaythestateworks,thebettertheirreportingwillbe.(49)Infact,itisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.Furthermore,thelegalsystemandtheeventswhichoccurwithinitareprimarysubjectsforjournalists.Whilethequalityoflegaljournalismvariesgreatly,thereisanunduerelianceamongstmanyjournalistsoninterpretationssuppliedtothembylawyers.(50)Whilecommentandreactionfromlawyersmayenhancestories,itispreferableforjournaliststorelyontheirownnotionsofsignificanceandmaketheirownjudgments.Thesecanonlycomefromawell-groundedunderstandingofthelegalsystem..rSectionUIWritingPartA51.Directions：Writealettertoyouruniversitylibrary,makingsuggestionsforimprovingitsservice.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“LiMingvinstead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)PartB52.Directions：Writeanessayof160-20()wordsbasedonIh<*followingdrawing.Jnyouressay.ymishcnikl1)describexhedrawingbriefly.2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)supportyourviewwithanexample/examples.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

212007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题标准答案SectionIUseofEnglish1.B2.D3.A4.C5.C6.D7.B8.A9.B10.C11.A12.D13.A14.C15.B16.D17.C18.A19.B20.DSectionUReadingComprehensionPartA21.C22.B23.A24.D25.C26.D27.C28.A29.A30.B31.C32.B33.D34.C35.B36.D37.A38.B39.A40.DPartB41.F42.D43.B44.C45.*EPartC46.长久以来,法律知识在这类学校里一直被视为律师们所专有的,而不是ー个受教育者的知识素养的必要组成部分。47.另一方面,这一学科把这些概念结合到日常生活中,这与新闻记者每天报道和评论新闻时的做法是相同的。48.新闻记者应比普通公民更加透彻地了解法律,而这种看法是基于他们对新闻媒体业已确立的规约和特殊责任的理解。49.事实上,很难设想那些对加拿大宪法的基本要点缺乏清晰了解的新闻记者何以能胜任政治新闻的报道工作.5。.尽管律师的见解和反应会提高报道的质量,但新闻记者最好凭借他们自己对重要性的理解自行做出判断.

22SectionI]Writing（略）2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A]，[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2bird,ascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested.5he,however*mighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientists,heispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothers,butexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection.ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest,912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100,andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthe12oftheirelites,includingseveralworld-renownedscientists,13*Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts»14,havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffects,suchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasa(an)17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs.1.[A]selected[B]prepared[C]obliged[D]pleased2.[A]unique[B]particularLし]special[D]rare3.[A]of[B]withLC]in[D]against4.[A]subsequently[BコpresentlyEC]previously[D]lately5.[A]Only[B]SoEC]Even[D]Hence6.[A]thought[B]sightEC]costED]risk7.[AJadvises[B]suggestsEC]protests[D]objects8.[A]progress[B]factEC]need「D]question9.[AJattaining[B]scoringEC]reaching「1)]calculating10.[A]normal[B]commonEC]mean[Dltotal

2311.[A]unconsciously[B]disproportionatcly[Cjindefinitely[D]unaccountably12.[A]missions[B]fortunes[CJinterests[D]careers13.[A]affirm[B]witness[C]observe[D]approve14.[A]moreover[B]therefore[C]however[D]meanwhile15.[A]givenup[B]gotover[C]carriedon[D]putdown16.[A]assessing[B]supervising[C]administering[D]valuing17.[A]development[Bjorigin[C]consequence[D]instruments18.[A]linked[B]integrated[C]woven[D]combined19.[A]limited[B]subjected[C]converted[D]directed20.[A]paradoxical[B]incompatible[C]inevitable[D]continuousSectionRReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Whilestillcatchinguptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife,womenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.44Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen,“accordingtoDr.Yehuda,chiefpsychiatristatNewYork'sVeteran'sAdministrationHospital.Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.Addingtoawoman'sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities”forstress."It'snotnecessarilythatwomendon'lcopeaswell.It'sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith,"saysDr.Yehuda."Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen's,"sheobserves,"it'sjustthatthey'redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner."Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes."1thinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedtomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtolendtobeindomesticsituations,by•unfortunately,parentsorotherfamilynwmbers.andtheytendnotl()hoonc-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating."AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason.butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege."Istruggledalot

24togetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescape,logotoschool»andgetaheadanddobetter.99Later,hermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother.“It'sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.1livedfrompaychecktopaycheck.MNoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligations,withfewbreaks»andfeelingthestrain.Alvarez'sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.•21.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothe，firsttwoparagraphs?[A]Womenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletostress.[B]Womenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbymen.[C]Womenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincopingwithstress.[D]Menandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithstress.22.Dr.Yehuda'sresearchsuggeststhatwomen[A]needextradosesofchemicalstohandlestress.[B]havelimitedcapacityfortoleratingstress.[C]aremorecapableofavoidingstress.[D]areexposedtomorestress.23.AccordingtoParagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendstobe[A]domesticandtemporary.[B]irregularandviolent.[Cコdurableandfrequent.[D]trivialandrandom.24.Thesentence“Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.99(Line5,Para.5)showsthat[A]Alvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmakingmoney.|_B_|Alvarez'ssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdexpenses.[C]Alvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentjobs.[D]Alvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbycheck.25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A]StrainofStress：NoWayOut?[B]ResponsesioStress：GenderDifference[C]StressAnalysis：WhatChemicalsSay[D]GenderInequality：WomenUnderStressText2Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors9namesandaffiliationsfrom

25thepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceivedttheeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.Nolonger.TheInternet-andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersarcmakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit-ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmerethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging；threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport'sauthors.,Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopenaccess,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeerreviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.21.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscusses[A]thebackgroundinformationofjournalediting.[B]thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports.[C]therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers.LDJthetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication.22.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEofiheOECDreport?[A]Itcriticizesgovernment-fundedresearch.[B]Itintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.|_(.」Itupsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers.LDJItbenefitsscientificresearchconsiderably.23.Accordingtoihetext,onlinepublicationissignificantinthat[A]itprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificresults.[B]itbringshugeprofitstoscientificresearchers,

26[A]itemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificknowledge.[B]itfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificresearch.21.Withtheopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequiredto[A]coverthecostofitspublication.[B]subscribetothejournalpublishingit.[C]allowotheronlinejournalstouseitfreely.[D]completethepeer-reviewbeforesubmission.22.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainideaofthetext?[A]TheInternetisposingathreattopublishers.[B]Anewmodeofpublicationisemerging.[C]Authorswelcomethenewchannelforpublication.[D]Publicationisrenderedeasierbyonlineservice.Text3Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneoftheonlythreeplayersintheNationalBasketballAssociation(NBA)listedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseason»however,hewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyears,andmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbigger,longerframes.Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality：Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,today'speople-especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations-apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren'tlikelytogetanytaller."Inthegeneralpopulationtoday,atthisgenetic,environmentallevel,we'veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango,“saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAplayers,theirincreaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingplayersfromallovertheworld.Growth,whichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20,demandscaloriesandnutrients——notably,protein-tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcentury,under-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthimproved,childrenandadolescentshave,onaverage,increasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20years?apatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.YetaccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,averageheight-5'9"formen»54"forwomen-hasn'lreallychangedsince1960.(jcnulica)lyspeaking.thereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheighl.Duringchildbirth,largerbabieshavemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthcanal.Moreover,eventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightfornnllionsofyears,ourfeetandbackcontinuetostruRglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstandrepealedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs.°Therearcsomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureofiheindividualorganism,MsaysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity.Geneticmaximumscanchange»butdon'texpectthistohappensoon,ClaireC.Gordon*senioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterinNatick,Mass.»ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruits

27withoutalteration.Shesaysthat»unlikethoseforbasketball,thelengthofmilitaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime.Andifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipment,Gordonsaysthatbyandlarge,“youcouldusetodaydataandfeelfairlyconfident.M21.WiltChamberlainiscitedasanexampleto[A]illustratethechangeofheightofNBAplayers.[B]showthepopularityofNBAplayersintheU.S.[C]comparedifferentgenerationsofNBAplayers.[D]assesstheachievementsoffamousNBAplayers.22.Whichofthefollowingplaysakeyroleinbodygrowthaccordingtothetext?[A]Geneticmodification.[B]Naturalenvironment.[C]Livingstandards.[D]Dailyexercise.23.Onwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?[A]Non-Americansaddtotheaverageheightofthenation.[B]Humanheightisconditionedbytheuprightposture.[C]Americansarethetallestonaverageintheworld.[D]Largerbabiestendtobecometallerinadulthood.24.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthatinthenearfuture[A]thegarmentindustrywillreconsidertheuniformsize.[B]thedesignofmilitaryuniformswillremainunchanged.[C]genetictestingwillbeemployedinselectingsportsmen.[D]theexistingdataofhumanheightwillstillbeapplicable.25.Thetextintendstotellusthat[Aコthechangeofhumanheightfollowsacyclicpattern.[B]humanheightisbecomingevenmorepredictable.[C]Americanshavereachedtheirgeneticgrowthlimit.[D]thegeneticpatternofAmericanshasaltered.Text4In1784.fiveyearsbeforehebecamepresidentoftheUnitedStates,GeorgeWashington,52,wasnearlytoothless.Sohehired

28thenation*searlyleadersand(hefragilenatureofthecountryJsinfancy.Moresignificantly•theyarguethatmanyoftheFoundingFathersknewslaverywaswrong-andyetmostdidlittletofightit.Morethananything,thehistorianssay,thefounderswerehamperedbythecultureoftheirtime.WhileWashingtonandJeffersonprivatelyexpresseddistasteforslavery,theyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate.Foronething,theSouthcouldnotaffordtopartwithitsslaves.Owningslaveswas“likehavingalargebankaccount»MsaysWiencek♦authorofAnImperfectGod：GeorgeWashington.HisSlaves,andtheCreationofAmerica.ThesouthernstateswouldnothavesignedtheConstitutionwithoutprotectionsfortheupeculiarinstitution,“includingaclausethatcountedaslaveasthreefifthsofamanforpurposesofcongressionalrepresentation.Andthestatesmen'spoliticallivesdependedonslavery.Thethree-fifthsformulahandedJeffersonhisnarrowvictoryinthepresidentialelectionof1800byinflatingthevotesofthesouthernstatesintheElectoralCollege.Onceinoffice,JeffersonextendedslaverywiththeLouisianaPurchasein1803；thenewlandwascarvedinto13states,includingthreeslavestates.Still,JeffersonfreedHemings'schildren-thoughnotHemingsherselforhisapproximately150otherslaves.Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.Onlyadecadeearlier,suchanactwouldhaverequiredlegislativeapprovalinVirginia.»21.GeorgeWashington'sdentalsurgeryismentionedto[A]showtheprimitivemedicalpracticeinthepasi.[B]demonstratethecrueltyofslaveryinhisdays.し]stresstheroleofslavesintheU.S.history.[D]revealsomeunknownaspectofhislife.22.Wemayinferfromthesecondparagraphthat[A]DNAtechnologyhasbeenwidelyappliedtohistoryresearch.[B]initsearlydaystheU.S.wasconfrontedvviihdelicatesituations.[CjhistorianstloliberalelymadeupsomestoriesofJefferson*slife.[D]politicalcompromisesareeasilyfoundthroughouttheS.history.23.Wha1dowelearnaboutThomasJefferson?[A]Hispoliticalviewchangedhisalliiudctowardsslavery.[B]Hisslaiusasafathermadehimfreethechildslaves.[C]Hisattitudetowardsslaverywascomplex.[D]Hisaffairwithaslavestainedhisprestige.24.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothetext?[A]SomeFoundingFathersbenefitpoliticallyfromslavery.[B]Slavesintheolddaysdidnothavetherightiovote.

29[A]Slaveownersusuallyhadlargesavingsaccounts.[B]Slaverywasregardedasapeculiarinstitution.10.WashingtonSdecisiontofreeslavesoriginatedfromhis[A]moralconsiderations.[B]militaryexperience.[C]financialconditions.[D]politicalstand.PartBDirections：Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelisttofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thetimeforsharpeningpencils,arrangingyourdesk,anddoingalmostanythingelseinsteadofwritinghasended.Thefirstdraftwillappearonthepageonlyifyoustopavoidingtheinevitableandsit,standup,orliedowntowrite.(41).,Beflexible.Youroutlineshouldsmoothlyconductyoufromonepointtothenext,butdonotpermitittorailroadyou.Ifarelevantandimportantideaoccurstoyounow,workitintothedraft.(42).Grammar,punctuation,andspellingcanwaituntilyourevise.Concentrateonwhatyouaresaying.Goodwritingmostoftenoccurswhenyouareinhotpursuitofanidearatherthaninanervoussearchforerrors.(43).Yourpageswillbeeasiertokeeptrackofthatway,and,ifyouhavetoclipaparagraphtoplaceitelsewhere,youwillnotloseanywritingontheotherside.Ifyouareworkingonawordprocessor,youcantakeadvantageofitscapacitylomakeadditionsanddeletionsaswellasmoveentireparagraphsbymakingjustafewsimplekeyboardcommands.Somesoftwareprogramscanalsocheckspellingandcertaingrammaticalelementsinyourwriting.(44).Thesepnnloulsarealsoeasierloreadihanihcscreenwhenyouworkonrevisions.()nccyouhavcafirstdrafionpaper,youcandeletematerialihalisunrelatedtoyourthesisandaddmaterialnecessarytoilluslr^icyourpointsandmakeyciirpaperconvincing.IhesiudentwhowrolePheA&PasaStaleofMind“wiselydroppedaparagraphthatqueslionedwhetherSammydisplayschauvinisticattitudestowardwomen.(45).Rememberthatyourinitialdraftisonlythat.Youshouldgothroughthepapermanytimes-andthenagain-workingtosubstantiateandclarifyyourideas.Youmayevenendupwithseveralentireversionsofthepaper.Rewrite.Thesentenceswithineachparagraphshouldberelatedtoasingletopic.Transitionsshouldconnectoneparagraphtothenextsothattherearcnoabruptorconfusingshifts.Awkwardorwordyphrasingorunclearsentencesandparagraphsshouldbemercilesslypokedandproddedintoshape.

30[AJPomakerevisingeasier,leavewidemarginsandextraspacebetweenlinessothatyoucaneasilyaddwords,sentences,andcorrections.Writeononlyonesideofthepaper.[B]Afteryouhaveclearlyandadequatelydevelopedthebodyofyourpaper,payparticularattentiontotheintroductoryandconcludingparagraphs.Il'sprobablybesttowritetheintroductionlast,afteryouknowpreciselywhatyouareintroducing.Concludingparagraphsdemandequalattentionbecausetheyleavethereaderwithafinalimpression.[C]It'sworthremembering,however,thatthoughacleancopyfreshoffaprintermaylookterrific,itwillreadonlyaswellasthethinkingandwritingthathavegoneintoit.Manywritersprudentlystoretheirdataondisksandprinttheirpageseachtimetheyfinishadrafttoavoidlosinganymaterialbecauseofpowerfailuresorotherproblems.[DjItmakesnodifferencehowyouwrite,justsoyoudo.Nowthatyouhavedevelopedatopicintoatentativethesis,youcanassembleyournotesandbegintofleshoutwhateveroutlineyouhavemade.[E]Althoughthisisaninterestingissue,ithasnothingtodowiththethesis,whichexplainshowthesettinginfluencesSammy'sdecisiontoquithisjob.Insteadofincludingthatparagraph,sheaddedonethatdescribedLengel'scrabbedresponsetothegirlssothatshecouldleaduptotheA&P“policy“heenforces.[F]Inthefinalparagraphaboutthesignificanceofthesettingin"A&P."thestudentbringstogetherthereasonsSammyquithisjobbyreferringtohisrefusaltoacceptLengel'sstorepolicies.[G]Byusingthefirstdraftasameansofthinkingaboutwhatyouwanttosay,youwillverylikelydiscovermorethanyournotesoriginallysuggested.Plentyofgoodwritersdon71useoutlinesatallbutdiscoverorderingprinciplesastheywrite.Donotattempttocomposeaperfectlycorrectdraftthefirsttimearound.PartCDirections：Readthefollowingtextcarefullyand1hentranslatetheunderlinedsegmenisinto('hinese.YouriranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(II)points)Inhisautobiography*Darwinhimselfspeaksofhisintellectualpowerswithextraordinaryinodesiy.liepointsoutthalhealwaysexperiencedmuchdifficultyinexpressinghimselfclearlyandconciselythul(46)hc^believesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentencetandthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.Hedisclaimedthepossessionofanygreat(|uicknessofapprehensionorwit,suchasdistinguishedHuxley.(47)Heasserted*also,thathispoweriofollowalongandpurelyabstracttrainofthoughtwasverylimited,forwhichreasonhefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.Hismemory,loo,hedescribedasextensive,buthazy.Sopoorinonesensewasitthathenevercouldrememberformorethanafewdaysasingledateoralineofpoetry.(48)Ontheotherhand,hedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsihat

31noticingthingswhicheasilyescapeattention,andinobservingthemcarefully.”Writinginthelastyearofhislife,heexpressedtheopinionthatintwoorthreerespectshismindhadchangedduringtheprecedingtwentyorthirtyyears.Uptotheageofthirtyorbeyonditpoetryofmanykindsgavehimgreatpleasure.Formerly.too,pictureshadgivenhimconsiderable,andmusicverygreat?delight.In1881,however,hesaid：”NowformanyyearsIcannotenduretoreadalineofpoetry.Ihavealsoalmostlostmytasteforpicturesormusic.99(50)Darwinwasconvincedthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappiness>butmightpossiblybeinjurioustotheintellect,andmoreprobablytothemoralcharacter.SectionUWritingPartA51.Directions：YouhavejustcomebackfromCanadaandfoundamusicCDinyourluggagethatyouforgottoreturntoBob.yourlandlordihere.Writehimaletterto1)makeanapology.and2)suggestasolution.Youshouklwriieaboui100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendofiheletter.Use“LiMingMinstead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)PartB52.Directions：Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)你一条腿,我一条腿;你我ー起,走南闯北。

322008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题标准答案SectionIUseofEnglish1.B2.D3.A4.C5.C6.A7.B8.D9.B10.C11.B12.D13.A14.C15.D16.D17.C18.A19.B20.ASectionロReadingComprehensionPartA21.A22.D23.C24.B25.D26.D27.C28.A29.A30.B31.A32.C33.B34.D35.C36.D37.B38.C39.A40.BPartB41.D42.G43.A44.C45.EPartC46.他认为,或许正因为（语言表达上的）这种困难,他不祥不对自己要说的每句话都经过时间的认真思考,从而能发现自己在推理和观察中的错误,结果反而成为他的优势。47.他还坚持认为自己进行长时间纯抽象思维的能力十分有限,由此他也认定自己在数学方面根本不可能有大的作为。48.另一方面,某些人批评他虽然善于观察,却不具备推理能力,而他认为这种说法也是缺乏根据的。49.他又自读地说,或许自己“在注意到容易被忽视的事情,并对其加以仔细观察方面优于常人”。50.达尔文确信,没有了这些爱好不只是少了乐趣,而且可能会有损于ー个人的思维能力.更有可能导致ー个人道德品质的下降。Section皿Writing（0

332009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section]UseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A].[Bl.]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesuswonderjusihowsmarthumansarc.1thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedbyCarlZimmerintheScienceTi?7ies.Fruil-flicswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruit-fly2toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat3bulbsburnlonger,thatthereisa(n)4innotbeingtoobright.Intelligence,it5，isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeep,burnsmorefuelanditisslow6thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning-a(n)7process-insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearn,andoneofthethingsihey'veapparentlylearnediswhento8.Isthereanadaptivevalueto9intelligence?That*srhequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10atallthespecieswe*veleftinthedustintelligence-wise,itimplicitlyaskswhatthereal11ofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis12themindofeveryanimalwe'veevermet.Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesuswonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould13onhumansiftheyhadthechancetEverycatwithanowner.14»isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.Webelievethat15animalsranthelabs,theywouldtestusto16thelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,ourmemoryforlocations.Theywouldtryt6decidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally17notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.18theywouldhopetostudya(n)19question：Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?20theresultsareinconclusive.1.[AコSuppose[B」Consider[C]ObserveED]Imagine2.[A]tended[B]feared[C]happened[D]threatened3.[A]thinner[B]stabler[C]lighter[D]dimmer4.しA]tendency[B]advantage[C]inclinationED]priority5.[A]insistson[B]sumsup[C]turnsoutCD]putsforward6.[A]off[Bコbehind[C]overED]along7.[A]incredible[Bjspontaneous「C]inevitable「D]gradual8.[A]fight[B]doubtsloplI)Jthink9.[A]invisible[B]limitedEC]indefinite}•ED]different10.1A二upwardLBjforwardLC]afterward[D]backward11.[AコfeaturesLB]influencesLC]results[D]costs12.[A]outsideLB]onLC]by[D]across

3413.[A]deliverLB]carryLC]perform[D]apply14.[A]bychanceLB]incontrastLC]asusual[D]forinstance15.[A]ifLB]unlessLC]as[D]lest16.[A]moderateLB]overcomeLC]determineQD]reach17.LA]atLB]for©after[D]with18.LA]AboveallLB]AfterallLC]However[D]Otherwise19.LA]fundamentalLB]comprehensiveLC]equivalent[D]hostile20.LAjByaccidentLB]IntimeLC]SofarCD]BetterstillSectionflReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly*settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine."Notchoice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,“WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword“habit“carriesanegativeimplication.Soitseemsparadoxicaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreateparallelpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.Ratherthandismissingourselvesasunchangeablecreaturesofhabit,wecaninsteaddirectourownchangebyconsciouslydevelopingnewhabits.Infact,themorenewthingswetry-themorewestepoutsideourcomfortzone-themoreinherentlycreativewebecome,bothintheworkplaceandinourpersonallives.Butdon91bothertryingtokilloffoldhabits；oncethoserutsofprocedurearewornintothebrain,they'retheretostay.Instead«thenewhabitswedeliberatelypressintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.**Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinaiionwithwonder.saysDawnaMarkova.authorof''TheOfienMindM."Butwvarctaughtinsteadto*decide.,justasourpresidentcallshimself*theDecider.Sheadds.however,that"todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.Agood

35imiovaiionalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities."Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe,reunawaretshesays.Researchersinthelate1960sdiscoveredthathumansarcbornwiththecapacitytoapproachchallengesinfourprimaryways：analytically»procedurally»relationally(orcollaboratively)andinnovatively.Attheendofadolescence,however,thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure,meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesofthought."ThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem-thatanyonecandoanything/1explainsM.J.Ryan,authorofthe2006bookMThisYearIWill,..wandMs.Markovafsbusinesspartner*"That'saliethatwehaveperpetuated,anditfosterscommonness.Knowingwhatyoufregoodalanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence.w*Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.21.InWordsworth'sview,“habit“ischaracterizedbybeing[A]casual.[B]familiar.|_C]mechanical.[D]changeable.22.Brainresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofnewhabitscanbe[A]predicted.[B]regulated.[C]traced.[D」guided.23.Theword"ruts"(Line1»Paragraph4)isclosestinmeaningtoLA]tracks.,[8]series.|_C]characteristics.[D]connections.24.DawnaMarkovawouldmostprobablyagreethat[A]ideasarebornofarelaxingmind.[B]innovativenesscouldbetaught.[し」decisivenessderivesfromfantasticideas.[D]curiosityactivatescreativeminds.25.Ryan'scommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardizedtesting[A]preventsnewhabitsfrombeingformed.[B]nolongeremphasizescommonness.[CjmaintainsthvinherentAmericanthinkingmode.[D]complieswiththeAmericanbeliefsystem.

36Text2Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal(fatherly)wisdom-oratleastconfirmthathe'sthekid'sdad.Allheneedslodoisshellout$30forapaternitytestingkit(PTK)athislocaldrugstore-andanother$120togeltheresults.Morethan60,000peoplehavepurchasedthePTKssincetheyfirstbecameavailablewithoutprescriptionslastyear,accordingtoDougFogg,chiefoperatingofficerofIdentigene,whichmakestheover-the-counterkits.MorethantwodozencompaniessellDNAtestsdirectlytothepublic,ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2,500.Amongthemostpopular：paternityandkinshiptesting,whichadoptedchildrencanusetofindtheirbiologicalrelativesandfamiliescanusetotrackdownkidsputupforadoption.DNAtestingisalsothelatestrageamongpassionategenealogists-andsupportsbusinessesthatoffertosearchforafamily'sgeographicroots.Mosttestsrequirecollectingcellsbyswabbingsalivainthemouthandsendingittothecompanyfortesting.AlltestsrequireapotentialcandidatewithwhomiocompareDNA.Butsomeobserversareskeptical."There'sakindoffalseprecisionbeinghawkedbypeopleclaimingtheyaredoingancestrytesting,MsaysTroyDuster,aNewYorkUniversitysociologist.Henotesthateachindividualhasmanyancestors-numberinginthehundredsjustafewcenturiesback.Yetmostancestrytestingonlyconsidersasinglelineage,eithertheYchromosomeinheritedthroughmeninafather'slineormitochondrialDNA(mtDNA),whichispasseddownonlyfrommothers.ThisDNAcanrevealgeneticinformationaboutonlyoneortwoancestors,eventhough,forexample,justthreegenerationsbackpeoplealsohavesixothergreat-grandparentsorffourgenerationsback,14othergreat-great-grandparents.Criticsalsoarguethatcommercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionstowhichasampleiscompared.Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdon'trelyondata,collectedsystematicallybutratherlumptogetherinformationfromdifferentresearchprojects.ThismeansthataDNAdatabasemayhavealotofdatafromsomeregionsandnotothers,soaperson'stestresultsmaydifferdependingonthecompanythatprocessestheresults.Inaddition,thecomputerprogramsacompanyusestoestimaterelationshipsmaybepatentedandnotsubjecttopeerrevieworoutsideevaluation.21.InParagraphs1and2,thetextshowsPTK's[A]easyavailability.[B]flexibilityinpricing.[C]successfulpromotion.[D]popularitywithhouseholds.22.PTKisused(o[A]locateone'sbirthplace.[Bjpromotegeneticresearch.[C]identifyparent-childkinship.

37[C]choosechildrenforadoption.21.Skepticalobserversbelievethatancestrytestingfailsto[A]tracedistantancestors.[B]rebuildreliablebloodlines.[C]fullyusegeneticinformation.[D]achievetheclaimedaccuracy.22.Inthelastparagraph,aproblemcommercialgenetictestingfacesis[A]disorganizeddatacollection.[B]overlappingdatabasebuilding.[C]excessivesamplecomparison.[D]lackofpatentevaluation.23.Anappropriatetitleforthetextismostlikelytobe[A]ForsandAgainstsofDNATesting.[BコDNATestingandItsProblems..[C]DNATestingOutsidetheLab.[D]LiesBehindDNATesting.Text3Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalike.Progressinbothareasisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial,political,andintellectualdevelopmentoftheseandallothersocieties；however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.Wearefortunatethatitis,becausebuildingneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemtoimproveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.Thefindingsofaresearchinstitutionhaveconsistentlyshownthatworkersinallcountriescanbetrainedonthejobtoachieveradicallyhigherproductivityand,asaresult,radicallyhigherstandardsofliving.Ironically,thefirstevidenceforthisideaappearedintheUnitedStates.Notlongago,withthecountryenteringarecessionandJapanatitspre-bubblepeak,theU.S.workforcewasderidedaspoorlyeducatedandoneoftheprimarycausesofthepoorU.S.economicperformance.Japanwas,andremains,thegloballeaderinautomotive-assemblyproductivity.YettheresearchrevealedthattheU.S.factoriesofHonda*Nissan,andToyotaachievedabout95percentoftheproductiviiyoftheirJapanesecounterparts,aresultofthetrainingthatU.S.workersreceivedonthejob.Morerecently,whileexamininghousingconstruction,theresearchersdiscoveredthatilliterate,non-English-speakingMexicanworkersinIlouston.Texas,consistentlymetbestpracticelaborproductivitystandardsdespitethecomplexityofthebuildingindustry*swork.Whaiistherealrelationshipbetweeneducationandeconomicdcvclopmcnl?Wehavebeguniosuspectihatcontinuingeconomicgrowthpromotesthedevelopmentofeducationevenwhengovernmentsdon91forceit.Afterall,that'showeducationgotstarted.Whenourancestorswerehuntersandgatherers10,000yearsago,theydidn't

38havetimetowondermuchaboutanythingbesidesfindingfood.Onlywhenhumanitybegantogetitsfoodinamoreproductivewaywastherelimeforotherthings.Aseducationimproved,humanity'sproductivitypotentialincreasedaswell.Whenthecompctiliveenvironmentpushedourancestorstoachievethatpotential,theycouldinturnaffordmoreeducation.Thisincreasinglyhighlevelofeducationisprobablyanecessary,butnotasufficient,conditionforthecomplexpoliticalsystemsrequiredbyadvancedeconomicperformance.Thuspoorcountriesmightnotbeabletoescapetheirpovertytrapswithoutpoliticalchangesthatmaybepossibleonlywithbroaderformaleducation.Alackofformaleducation,however,doesn'tconstraintheabilityofthedevelopingworld'sworkforcetosubstantiallyimproveproductivityfortheforeseeablefuture.Onthecontrary,constraintsonimprovingproductivityexplainwhyeducationisn'tdevelopingmorequicklytherethanitis.21.TheauthorholdsinParagraph1thattheimportanceofeducationinpoorcountries[A]issubjecttogroundlessdoubts.[_B]hasfallenvictimtobias.[C]isconventionallydowngraded.[D]hasbeenoverestimated.22.ItisstatedinParagraph1thattheconstructionofaneweducationsystem[A]challengeseconomistsandpoliticians.[B]takeseffortsofgenerations.[C]demandspriorityfromthegovernment.[D]requiressufficientlaborforce.23.AmajordifferencebetweentheJapaneseandU.S.workforcesisthatEA]theJapaneseworkforceisbetterdisciplinedEB]theJapaneseworkforceismoreproductiveEC]theU.S.workforcehasabettereducationED]theU.S.workforceismoreorganized24.TheauthorquotestheexampleofourancestorstoshowthateducationemergedEA]whenpeoplehadenoughtime.EB]priortobetterwaysoffindingfood.[C]whenpeoplenolongerwenthungry.[D]asaresultofpressureongovernment.25.Accordingtothelastparagraph,developmentofeducation[A]resultsdirectlyfromcompelitivcenvironments.[B]doesnotdependoneconomicperformance.[C]followsimprovedproduciiviiy.[D]cannotaffordpoliticalchanges.

39Text4ThemostthoroughlystudiedintellectualsinthehistoryoftheNewWorldarctheministersandpoliticalleadersofseventeenth-centuryNewEngland.AccordingtothestandardhistoryofAmericanphilosophy,nowhereelseincolonialAmericawas**somuchimportancealtachcdtoiincllectualpursuits,*.Accordingtomanyotherbooksandarticles-NewEngland?sleadersestablishedthebasicthemesandpreoccupationsofanunfolding,dominantPuritaniraditioninAmericanintcllectucillife.TotakethisapproachiotheNewEnglandersnormallymeanstostartwiththePuritans'theologicalinnovationsandtheirdistinctiveideasaboutthechurch-importantsubjectsthatwemaynotneglect.Butinkeepingwithourexaminationofsouthernintellectuallife,wemayconsidertheoriginalPuritansascarriersofEuropeancultureadjustingtoNewWorldcircumstances.TheNewEnglandcolonieswerethescenesofimportantepisodesinthepursuitofwidelyunderstoodidealsofcivilityandvirtuosity.TheearlysettlersofMassachusettsBayincludedmenofimpressiveeducationandinfluenceinEngland.BesidestheninetyorsolearnedministerswhocametoMassachusettschurchesinthedecadeafter1629.therewerepoliticalleaderslikeJohnWinthrop,aneducatedgentleman,lawyer,andofficialoftheCrownbeforehejourneyedtoBoston.Thesemenwroteandpublishedextensively,reachingbothNewWorldandOldWorldaudiences?andgivingNewEnglandanatmosphereofintellectualearnestness.Weshouldnotforget,however,thatmostNewEnglanderswerelesswelleducated.Whilefewcraftsmenorfarmers,letalonedependentsandservants,leftliterarycompositionstobeanalyzed,itisobviousthattheirviewswerelessfullyintellectualized.Theirthinkingoftenhadatraditionalsuperstitiousquality.AtailornamedJohnDane,whoemigratedinthelate1630s,leftanaccountofhisreasonsforleavingEnglandthatisfilledwithsigns.Sexualconfusion,economicfrustrations,andreligioushope-allcametogetherinadecisivemomentwhenheopenedtheBible,toldhisfatherthatthefirstlinehesawwouldsettlehisfate,andreadthemagicalwords：**Comeoutfromamongthem,touchnouncleanthing,andIwillbeyourGodandyoushallbemypeople.ifOnewonderswhatDanethoughtofthecarefulsermonsexplainingtheBiblethatheheardinPuritanchurches.Meanwhile,manysettlershadslighterreligiouscommitmentsthanDane's,asoneclergymanlearnedinconfrontingfolkalongthecoastwhomockedthattheyhadnotcometotheNewWorldforreligion."Ourmainendwastocatchfish.M21.Theauthorholdsthatintheseventeenth-centuryNewEngland[A]PuritanIradiiiondominatedpoliticallife,intellcclualinterestswere(•neouraged.[C]politicsbenefitedmuchfromintellectualendeavors.：l)JiiHvlleclualpursuiisenjoyedaliberalenvironmeni.22.1(issuggusledinParagraph2thatNewEnglanders[A]experiencedacomparativelypeacefulearlyhistory.LB]broughtwiththemthecultureoftheOldWorld.[C]paidlittleatleniiontosouthernintellectuallife.[D]wereobsessedwithreligionsinnovations.

4021.fheearlyministersandpoliticalleadersinMassachusettsBay[A]werefamousintheNewWorldfortheirwritings.[B]gainedincreasingimportanceinreligiousaffairs.|_C」abandonedhighpositionsbeforecomingtotheNewWorld.[D]createdanewintellectualatmosphereinNewEngland.22.ThestoryofJohnDaneshowsthatlesswell-educatedNewEnglanderswereoften[Alinfluencedbysuperstitions.[B]troubledwithreligiousbeliefs.[C]puzzledbychurchsermons.[D]frustratedwithfamilyearnings.23.ThetextsuggeststhatearlysettlersinNewEngland[A]weremostlyengagedinpoliticalactivities.[B]weremotivatedbyanillusoryprospect.[C]camefromdifferentintellectualbackgrounds.(_D[leftfewformalrecordsforlaterreference.PartBDirections：Inthefollowingtext9somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45>choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistし」tofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)CoincidingwiththegroundbreakingtheoryofbiologicalevolutionproposedbyBritishnaturalistCharlesDarwininthe1860s,BritishsocialphilosopherHerbertSpencerputforwardhisowntheoryofbiologicalandculturalevolution.Spencerarguedthatallworldlyphenomena,includinghumansocieties,changedovertime,advancingtowardperfection.(41).AmericansocialscientistLewisHenryMorganintroducedanothertheoryofculturalevolutioninthelate1800s.Morganhelpedfoundmodernanthropology-thescienlificsludyofhumansocieties,customsandbeliefs-thusbecomingoneoftheearliestanthropologists.Inhiswork,heattemptedtoshowhowallaspectsofculturechangedtogetherintheevolutionofsocieties.(12).Intheearly1900sinNorthAmerica,German-bornAmericananthropologistFranzBoasdevelopedanewtheoryofcullurcknownashistoricalparticularism.Historicalparticularism.whichemphasizedtheuniquenessofallcultures,gavenewdirectiontoanthropology.(43).Boasfeltthatthecultureofanysocietymustbeunderstoodastheresultofauniquehistoryandnotasoneofmanyculturesbelongingtoabroaderevolutionarystageortypeofculture.(44).HistoricalparticularismbecameadominantapproachtothestudyofcultureinAmericananthropology,largelythroughtheinfluenceofmanystudentsofBoas.Butanumberofanthropologistsintheearly1900salsorejectedtheparticularisttheoryofcultureinfavorofdiffusionism.Sonicattributedvirtuallyeveryimportantculturalachievementtotheinventionsofafew,especiallygiftedpeoplesthat,accordingtodiffusionists,thenspreadtoother

41cultures.(45).Alsointheearly1900s,FrenchsociologistEmileDurkheimdevelopedatheoryofculturethatwouldgreatlyinfluenceanthropology.Durkheimproposedthatreligiousbeliefsfunctionedtoreinforcesocialsolidarity.AninterestintherelationshipbetweenthefunctionofsocietyandculturebecameamajorthemeinEuropean,andespeciallyBritish,anthropology.[A]Otheranthropologistsbelievedthatculturalinnovations,suchasinventions,hadasingleoriginandpassedfromsocietytosociety.Thistheorywasknownasdiffusionism.[B]Inordertostudyparticularculturesascompletelyaspossible?hebecameskilledinlinguistics,thestudyoflanguages,andinphysicalanthropology,thestudyofhumanbiologyandanatomy.[C]HearguedthathumanevolutionwascharacterizedbyastrugglehecalledtheMsurvivalofthefittest.Minwhichweakerracesandsocietiesmusteventuallybereplacedbystronger,moreadvancedracesandsocieties.[D]Theyalsofocusedonimportantritualsthatappearedtopreserveapeople'ssocialstructure,suchasinitiationceremoniesthatformallysignifychildren'sentranceintoadulthood.[E]Thus,inhisview,diverseaspectsofculture,suchasthestructureoffamilies,formsofmarriage*categoriesofkinship,ownershipofproperty?formsofgovernment,technology.*andsystemsoffoodproduction,allchangedassocietiesevolved.[FjSupportersofthetheoryviewedcultureasacollectionofintegratedpartsthatworktogethertokeepasocietyfunctioning.[G]Forexample,BritishanthropologistsGraftonElliotSmithandW.J.Perryincorrectlysuggested,onthebasisofinadequateinformation,thatfarming,potterymaking,andmetallurgyalloriginatedinancientEgyptanddiffusedthroughouttheworld.Infact.alloftheseculturaldevelopmentsoccurredseparatelyatdifferenttimesinmanypartsoftheworld.PartCDirections：Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandtheniranslaieth?underlinedsegmentsinto(Chinese.Youitranslationshouldl)cwrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(1()points)Thereisamarkedcliffercncvbciwecntheeducationwhicheveryonegelsfromlivingwithothers,andihedeliberateeducatingofilx-young.Iniheformereasetheeducaiionisincidental；itisnaturalandimportant,butitisnoitheexpressreasonofiheassociation.(46)Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinsiiiuiionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovingexperience；butthiseffectisnotapartofitsoriginalmoiivc.Religiousassociaiionsbegan.forexample,inthedesiretosecurethefavorofoverrulingpowersandiowardoffevilinfluences；familylifeinthedesiretogratifyappetitesandsecurefamilyperpetuity；systematiclabor,(orthemostpari,becauseofenslavementioothers,etc.(47)Onjygraduallywasiheby-productoftheinstituiionnoted♦andonlymoregraduallystillwasthiseffectconsideredasadirectivefactorintheconductoftheinstitution.Eventoday,inourindustriallife,apartfromcertainvaluesofindustriousnessandthrift,theintelleclualandemotionalreactionoftheformsofhumanassociationunderwhichtheworld'sworkiscarriedonreceiveslittleattentionascomparedwithphysicaloutput.

42Butindealingwiththeyoung,thefactofassociaiionitselfasanimmediatehumanfact,gainsinimportance.(48)Whileitiseasytoignoreinourcontactwiththemtheeffectofouractsupontheirdisposition,itisnotsoeasyasindealingwithadults.Theneedoftrainingistooevident；thepressuretoaccomplishachangeintheirattitudeandhabitsistoourgenttoleavetheseconsequenceswhollyoutofaccount.(49)Sinceourchiefbusinesswiththemistoenablethemtoshareinacommonlifewecannothelpconsideringwhetherornotweareformingthepowerswhichwillsecurethisability.Ifhumanityhasmadesomeheadwayinrealizingthattheultimatevalueofeveryinstitutionisitsdistinctivelyhumaneffectwemaywellbelievethatthislessonhasbeenlearnedlargelythroughdealingswiththeyoung.(50)Wearethusledtodistinguish*withinihebroadeducationalprocesswhichwehavebeensofarconsidering,amoreformalkindofeducation-thatofdirecttuitionorschooling.Inundevelopedsocialgroups*wefindverylittleformalteachingandtraining.Thesegroupsmainlyrelyforinstillingneededdispositionsintotheyounguponthesamesortofassociationwhichkeepsadultsloyaltotheirgroup.*SectionmWritingPartA51.Directions：Restrictionsontheuseofplasticbagshavenotbeensosuccessfulinsomeregions.°Whitepollutionisstillgoingon.Writealettertotheeditor(s)ofyourlocalnewspaperto1)giveyouropinionsbriefly,and2)maketwoorthreesuggestions.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnamealtheendoftheletter.Use"LiMingMinstead.Donotwriteiheaddress.(Iopoints>PartB52.Directions：Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)网络的“近”与“远”

432009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题标准答案SectionIUseofEnglish1.B2.A3.D4.B5.C6.A7.D8.C9.B10.D11.D12.B13.C14.D15.A16.C17.B18.A19.A20.CSectionHReadingComprehensionPartA21.C22.D23.A24.D25.A26.A27.C28.D29.A30.B31.D32.B33.B34.A35.C36.B37.B38.D39.A40.CPartB41.C42.E43.A44.B45.GPartC46.虽然我们可以说衡量任何ー个社会机构价值的标准是其丰富和完善人生方面所起的作用,但这种作用并不是我们最初动机的组成部分.47.人们只是逐渐地才注意到机构的这ー副产品,而人们把这种作用视为机构运作的指导性因素的过程则更为缓慢。48.尽管在与年轻人的接触中我们容易忽视自己的行为对他们的性情所产生的影响,但仍比不上与成年人打交道时那样容易。49.由于我们对年轻人所做的首要工作在于使他们能够在生活中彼此相融,因此我们不禁要考虑自己是否在形成让他们获得这种能力的力量。50.这就使我们得以在一直讨论的广义的教育过程中进ー步区分出ー种更为正式的教育彬式,即直接讲授或学校教育.

44Sectionfl]Writing（略）2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section1UseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[Aj.[B,[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)In1924America'sNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofexperimentsatatelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowshop-floorlighting]workers'productivity.Instead,thestudiesended2givingtheirnametotheuHawthorneeffect,ntheextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery3ofbeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects'behavior.Theideaarosebecauseofthe4behaviorofthewomenintheplant.Accordingto5oftheexperiments,theirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot6whatwasdoneintheexperiment；7somethingwaschanged,productivityrose.A(n)8thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe&toalterworkers'behavior10itself.Afterseveraldecades,thesamedatawere11ioeconometricanalysis.Hawthorneexperimentshadanothersurpriseinstore.12thedescriptionsonrecord,nosystematic13wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.Itturnsoutthatthepeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmayhaveledto14interpretationsofwhathappened.15,lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output16rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand17toriseforthenextcoupleofdays,18,acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMonday.Workers19tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase,before20aplateauandthenslackeningoff.ThissuggeststhattheallegedMHawthorneeffectMishardtopindown.[Aコaffected[B]achieved[Cjextracted|_D]restored[A]at[B]up[CJwith[DコoffEA]truth[B]sight[Cjact[D]proof[A]controversialFB]perplexing[Cコmischievous[D]ambiguous[A!requirements[B]explanationsFC]accounts!L)iassesstneniconclude[Bjinaucr[(、]!ndicau*し1)jwork[Ajasfaras[B]forfearthat[C」incasethat1•；I)1solongas8.[Ajawareness[B]expcclalion[(]scniiment[Djillusion9.[A]suitable[B]excessive[C]enough[D]abundant

4510.[A]about[B]for[Cコon[D]by11.[A]compared[B]shown[C]subjected[D]conveyed12.[A]Contraryto[BjConsistentwith[C]Parallelwith[D]Peculiarto13.[A]evidence[B]guidance[Cjimplication[D]source14.[A]disputable[B]enlightening[Cjreliable[D」misleading15.[A]Incontrast[B]Forexample[CコInconsequence[D]Asusual16.[A]duly[B]accidentally[_C]unpredictably[D]suddenly17.[A]failed[B]ceased[C]started[D]continued18.[A]Therefore[B]Furthermore[C]However[D]Meanwhile19.[A]attempted[B]tended[C]chose[D]intended20.[A]breaking[B]climbing[C]surpassing[D]hittingSectionロReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquartercentury,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWar[],atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenitothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays9itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness>andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.**Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism/*Newmanwrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefine'journalism'as'atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarcnotreadtowriterswhoare

46Unfortunately#thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardur,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland'sforemostclassical-musiccritics,andastylistsowidely

47admiredthathisAutobiography（1947）becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccriticiobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.IsthereanychanceihatCardus*scriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospectseemsremote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that[A]artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.[B]English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.[C]high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.[D]youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarロwerecharacterizedby[A]freethemes.[B]casualstyle.[C]elaboratelayout.[D]radicalviewpoints.23.WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?[A]Itiswriters'dutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.[B]Itiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.[C]Writersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.[D]Notallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.24.1WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?[A]Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.[B]Hisreputationasmusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.EC]Hisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.[D]Hiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.25.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A]NewspapersofGoodOldDays.[BjThelostHorizoninNewspapers.し]MournfuldeclineofJournalism.[D]ProminentCriticsinMemory.Text2Overthepastdecade»thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Amazon,comreceivedoneforits*'onc-clickMonlinepaynienlsystem.MerrillLynchgoilegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.Nowthenation9stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,which

48havebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzz,theU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheFederalCircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal”,saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.wCurbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseitwastheFederalCircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithits1998decisionintheso-calledStateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusiverightstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moreestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly?someWallStreetinvestmentfirmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts>evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalCircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourtfsjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould“reconsider”itsstatestreetBankruling.TheFederalCircuit'sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbytheSupremeCourtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexample,thejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions“thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalCircuitarea

49[A]areoftenunnecessarilyissued.[CJlowertheesteemforpatentholders.[D]increasetheincidenceofrisks.21.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?[A]Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents.[BコProtectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders.[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents.[DコAprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatents.Text3InhisbookTheTippingPoint,MalcolmGladwellarguesthatusocialepidemics“aredriveninlargepartbytheactionsofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluential,whoareunusuallyinformed*persuasive,orwellconnected.Theideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesn,texplainhowideasactuallyspread.Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausible-soundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthewtwo-stepflowofcommunicationM：Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertainlooks,brandsandneighborhoods.Inmanysuchcases*acursorysearchforcausesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearing,promotingordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends.Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infact,theydon'tseemtoberequiredatall.Theresearchersfargumentstemsfromasimpleobservationaboutsocialinfluence：WiththeexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey-whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,influence-eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon91interactwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-cclcbrityinfluentialswho,accordingtotheiwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemics,byinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemiciooccur,however,eachpersonsoaffected♦musttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances*whomustinturninfluencetheirs,andsoon；andjusthow

50manyotherspayaitentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslitlleiodowithiheinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant•forexample•ihccascadeofchangewon'tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence#theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofsocialinfluencebyconductingthousandsofcomputersimulationsofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople'sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtobeinfluenced.TheyfoundthattheprincipalrequirementforwhatiscalledMglobalcascadesM-thewidespreadpropagationofinfluencethroughnetworks-isthepresencenotofafewinfluentialbut,rather,ofacriticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeople.21.BycitingthebookTheTippingPoint,theauthorintendsto[A]analyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemics.[B]discussinfluentialsJfunctioninspreadingideas.[C]exemplifypeople'sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemics.[D]describetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials.22.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe4

51forcedthemtorcporienormouslosses•andit'sjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.Unfortunately»banks'lobbyingnowseemsiol)cworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialioihcproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.And,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatprices(hatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress.America'sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmorefreedomiousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheirincomestatements.BobHerz,theFASB'schairman,criedoutagainstthosewho“questionourmotives.vYetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbyinggrouppolitelycalls'Theuseofjudgmentbymanagement.EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)dolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitsreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong.CharlieMcCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedtheIASBthatitdid**nolliveinapoliticalvacuum"but"intherealworld”andthatEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules.Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheylargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.Butbank'ssharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains.Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.America'snewplantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensions»forexample,againsthostilityfromspecialinterests.Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemoreconcessions.35.Bankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedto[A]followunfavorableassetevaluationrules.[B]collectpaymentsfromthirdparties.[C]cooperatewiththepricemanagers.[D]reevaluatesomeoftheirassets.36.Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesofihcFASBmayresultin[A]thediminishingroleofmanagement.[B]therevivalofthebankingsystem.[_(]thebanks*loiig-icrinasscilosses.[D]theweakeningofitsindependence.

5235.AccordingtoParagraph4.McCrecvyobjectsiothelASB,satiemptioLAjkeepawayfrompoliticalinfluences.[8]evadethepressurefromtheirpeers.[。」actontheirowninrule-setting.[D]takegradualmeasuresinreform.36.Theauthorthinksthebankswere**onthewrongplanet"inthatthey[A]misinterpretedmarketpriceindicators.|_B]exaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassets.[C」neglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebts.[D]deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassets.37.Theauthorysattitudetowardsstandard-settersisoneof[Ajsatisfaction.[B]skepticism.[C]objectiveness.[D]sympathy.PartBDirections：ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromihefirstandfillthemintothenumberedboxestofromacoherenttext.ParagraphEhasbeencorrectlyplaced.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdosenotfitinwiththetext.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)[A]Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer,sgrowingpreferenceforeatingout：theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2005.Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearacrossEurope»comparedwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent.Meanwhile,astherecessionisloominglarge,peoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative.[BjRetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope1slargestmarketsareatastandstill,leavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleadingretailershavealreadytriede-commcrce,withlimitedsuccess,andexpansionabroad.Butalmostallhaveignoredthebig,profitableopportunityintheirownbackyard：thewholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whichappearstobejustthekindofmarketretailersneed.[C]Willsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodanddrinkmarket?Definitelynot.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexibletrendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers.Inotherwords.itisuptothebuyer,ratherthanIheseller,todecidewhattobuy.Atanyrate,thischangewilluliinialvlybeacclaimedbyanevergrowingnumberofbothdomesticandinternationalconsumer，,regardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwilltakehold.・8•[D]Allinall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailerscouldprofitablyapplytheirgiganticscale,existinginfrastructure,andprovenskillsinthemanagenicntofproductranges,logistics,andmarketing

53intelligence.RetailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakeinsubstantialprofitsthereby.Arleast,thatishowitlooksasawhole.Closerinspectionrevealsimportantdifferencesamongthebiggestnationalmarkets,especiallyintheircustomersegmentsandwholesalestructures,aswellasihecompetilivcdynamicsofindividualfoodanddrinkcategories.BigretailersmustunderslandthosedifferencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropeanwholesalinginwhichparticularabilitiesmightunsealsmallerbutentrenchedcompetitors.Newskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo.[C]Despitevariationsindetail

54absenceofeconomicadvantagetous.Aparallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatorymammalsandfish-eatingbirds.(18)Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverworkedtheevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweak,orthattheypreyonlyon“wonhlcss”species.Hereagain,theevidencehadtobeeconomicinordertobevalid.Itisonlyinrecentyearsthatwehearthemorehonestargumentthatpredatorsaremembersofthecommunity,andthatnospecialinteresthastherighttoexterminatethemforthesakeofabenefit,realorfancied,ioitself.Somespeciesoftreehavebeen"readoutofthepartywbyeconomics-mindedforestersbecausetheygrowtooslowly,orhavetoolowasalevaluetopayastimbercrops.(49)InEurope,whereforestryisecologicallymoreadvanced,thenoncommercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativeforestcommunity,tobepreservedassuch,withinreason.Moreover,somehavebeenfoundtohaveavaluablefunctioninbuildingupsoilfertility.Theinterdependenceoftheforestanditsconstituenttreespecies,groundflora,andfaunaistakenforgranted.Tosumup：asystemofconservationbasedsolelyoneconomicself-interestishopelesslylopsided.(50)Ittendstoignoreyandthuseventuallytoeliminate,manyelementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercialvalue»butthatarcessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning.Itassumes,falsely,thateconomicpartsofthebioticclockwillfunctionwithouttheuneconomicparts.Section[QWritingPartA51.Directions：YouaresupposedtowriteforthePostgraduateAssociationanoticetorecruitvolunteersforaninternationalconferenceonglobalization.Thenoticeshouldincludethebasicqualificationsforapplicantsandtheotherinformationwhichyouthinkisrelative.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“PostgraduateAssociation"instead.(10points)PartB52.Directions：Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay»youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly♦2)explainitsiniundcclniぐれning・andihvn3)giveyourcomments.

55YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)文化“火锅”,既美味又营养

562010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题标准答案SectionIUseofEnglish21.A22.B23.C24.B25.C26.B27.D28.A29.C30.D31.C32.A33.A34.D35.B36.A37.D38.C39.B40.DSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartA21.B22.A23.D24.A25.B26.C27.D28.C29.B30.A3LB32.D33.A34.C35.C36.A37.D38.C39.B40.DPartB41.B42.F43.D44.G45.APartC46.科学家们急忙介入,但提出的证据显然站不住脚,其大意是:如果鸟类不能控制昆虫的数量,昆虫便会呑噬我们人类。47.但是我们至少近乎承认,无论鸟类能否带给我们经济价值,它们自有生存下去的权利。48.曽经有一段时间,生物学家或多或少滥用了一种证据,即这些生物通过杀死体弱者来保持种群的健康,或者说它们仅仅捕食没有价值的物种。49.在林业生态更为发达的欧洲,没有商业价值的树种被合理地看成是当地森林群落的成员,并得到相应的保护。50.这种保护体系往往忽视陆地群落中诸多缺乏商业价值、但对其健康运行至关重要的物种,而最终导致它们的灭绝。

57Section[]]Writing(02011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A].[Bコ,[(」or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth."But1someclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitness.Laughterdoes2short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels»3heartrateandoxygenconsumption.Butbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto4,agoodlaughisunlikelyiohave5benefitstheway.say,walkingorjoggingdoes.6,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem*asexercisedoes*laughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe7,Studiesdatingbacktothe1930sindicatethatlaughter8muscles,decreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown.Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp9theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anyway,theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof10feedbackthatimproveanindividual9semotionalstate.11oneclassicaltheoryofemotion,ourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted12physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry13theyaresadbutthattheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow.Althoughsadnessalso14tears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow15muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988,socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofWurzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto16apeneitherwiththeirteeth——therebycreatinganartificialsmile——orwiththeirlips,whichwouldproducea(n)17expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirsmilingmuscles18moreenthusiasticallytofunnycartoonsthandidthosewhosemouthswerecontractedinafrown,19thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround.20,thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood.1.[A]among[B]exceptLし]despite[D]like2.[A]reflect[B]demand[C]indicate[D]produce3.[A」stabilizing[13」boosting[C]impairing[Djdetermining4.[A]transmit[Bコsustain[C'Jevaluate[D]observe5.[A]measurable[Bjmanageable[Cコaffordable[D]renewable6,[A]Inturn[B]Infact[C]Inaddition[D]Inbrief7.[A]opposite[B]impossible[C]average・1•[D]expected

588.[Ajhardens\B]weakens[C]Lightens[D]relaxes9.[A]aggravate[Bjgenerait[C3moderate[D]enhance10.[A]physicalLB]mental[C]subconscious[D]internal11.[A]Exceptfor[B]Accordinglo[C]Dueto[D]Asfor12.[A]with[B]on[C]inED]at13.[A]unless[B]until[C]if[_D]because14.[A]exhausis[B]follows[Cコprecedes[D]suppresses15.[A]intoCB]from[C」towards[D]beyond16.[A]fetch[B]bite[CJpick[D]hold17.[A]disappointed[B]excited[C]joyful[D]indifferent18.[A]adapted[B]catered[C]turnedED]reacted19.[A]suggesting[B]requiring[_C]mentioning[D]supposing20.[AコEventually[B]Consequently[C]Similarly[D]ConverselySectionHReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast.**Hooray!Atlast!wwroteAnthonyTommasini,asober-sidedclassical-musiccritic.Oneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise,however,isthatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasini,whohadadvocatedGilbert'sappointmentintheTimescallshim“anunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim."AsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulez,thatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintpraise.Formypart,1havenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.Tobesure,heperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcompositions,butitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHall,oranywhereelse，tohearinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelf,orboolupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes.Devotedconccrtgocrswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubslilutcforliveperformancearcmissingthepoint.Forthetime,attention,andmoneyoftheart-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmust•2•

59competenotonlywithoperahouses,dancetroupes,theatercompanies,andmuseums,butalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Theserecordingsarecheap,availableeverywhere,andveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythantoday9sliveperformances；moreover,theycanbe“consumed“atatimeandplaceofthelistener'schoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbroughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert.Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbert'sowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted：AlexRoss,aclassical-musiccriticthasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicinto“amarkedlydifferent,morevibrantorganization.MButwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?Merelyexpandingtheorchestra'srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicarctosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica'soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopestoattract.21.WelearnfromParagraph1thatGilbert,sappointmenthas[A]incurredcriticism.[B]raisedsuspicion.[C]receivedacclaim.[Djarousedcuriosity.22.TommasiniregardsGilbertasanartistwhois[Ajinfluential.[8]modest.[_し」respectable.[D]talented.23.Theauthorbelievesthatthedevotedconcertgoers[A]ignoretheexpensesofliveperformances.[B]rejectmostkindsofrecordedperformances.[C]exaggeratethevarietyofliveperformances.[D]overestimatethevalueofliveperformances.24.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingistrueofrecordings?[A]Theyareofteninferiortoliveconcertsinquality.[B]Theyareeasilyaccessibletothegeneralpublic.[C]Theyhelpimprovethequalityofmusic.[D]Theyhaveonlycoveredmasterpieces.25.RegardingGilbert'sroleinrevitalizingthePhilharmonic,theauthorfeels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text2WhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugust,hisexplanationwassurprisingly

60straightup.Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuses,hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleaving“topursuemygoalofrunningacompany."Broadcastinghisambitionwas4

61[A]attendedto.[B]huntedfor.[C]guardedagainst.21.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat[A]topperformersusedtoclingtotheirposts.[B]loyaltyoftopperformersisgettingout-dated.[C]topperformerscaremoreaboutreputations.[D]it'ssafertosticktothetraditionalrules.22.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?[A]CEOs：WheretoGo?[B]CEOs：AlltheWayUp?[C]TopManagersJumpwithoutaNet.[DjTheOnlyWayOutforTopPerformers.Text3Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.Nolonger.Whiletraditionalpaid“media一suchastelevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisements-stillplayamajorrole,companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate“earned“mediabywillinglypromotingittofriends,andacompanymayleverage“owned“mediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachtheprocessofmakingpurchasedecisionsmeansthatmarketing'simpactstemsfromabroadrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia.Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorforusers?responses.Butinsomecases»onemarketer'sownedmediabecomeanothermarketer'spaidmedia一forinstance,whenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrend,whichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancy♦effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.Johnson&Johnson,forexample,hascreatedBabyCenter,astand-alonemediapropertythatpromotescomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgeneratingincome,thepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjcctivc.givescornpaniesupportuniueslolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompanies"marketing.andmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompaniesconcerned.Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswill)more(andnu>rcdiverse)communicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuchmoredamagingways.Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia：anassetorcampaignbecomeshostagetoconsumers,otherstakeholders,oractivistswhomakenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsocialnetworks,forinstance*arelearningthattheycanhijackmediaroapplypressure

62onthebusinessesthatoriginallycreatedthem.Ifthathappens,passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycottproducts,puttingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.Insuchacase,thecompany9sresponsemaynoibesufficientlyquickorthoughtfuliandthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotor,forexample,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsecampaign,whichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlyonsitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssiteDigg.21.Consumersmaycreate“earned“mediawhentheyare[A]obsessedwithonlineshoppingatcertainWebsites.[B]inspiredbyproduct-promotinge-mailssenttothem.[C]eagertohelptheirfriendspromotequalityproducts.[D]enthusiasticaboutrecommendingtheirfavoriteproducts.22.AccordingtoParagraph2,soldmediafeature[A]asafebusinessenvironment.[B]randomcompetition.[C]strongusertraffic.[D]flexibilityinorganization.23.TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedmedia[A]inviteconstantconflictswithpassionateconsumers.[B]canbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsinmarketing.[C]mayberesponsibleforfiercercompetition.[D]deserveallthenegativecommentsaboutthem.24.ToyotaMotor'sexperienceiscitedasanexampleof[A]respondingeffectivelytohijackedmedia.[B]persuadingcustomersintoboycottingproducts.[C]cooperatingwithsupportiveconsumers.LDJtakingadvantageofhijackedmedia.25.Whichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyabout?[A]Alternativestoconventionalpaidmedia.[B]Conflictbetweenhijackedandearnedmedia.[C]Dominanceofhijackedmedia.[DJPopularityofownedmedia.Text4h'snosurprisethatJenniferSenior'rinsightful.provocativemagazinecoverstory.**1LoveMyChildren.IHaleMyLife,“isarousingmuchchatter-noihinggelspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthatchildrearingisanythinglessthanacompletelyfulfilling,life-enrichingexperience.RatherthanconcludingIhatchildrenmake|)arenlseitherhappyormiserable.Seniorsuggestswcneedloredefinehappiness：insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcan

63bemeasuredbyniomcnt-io-monienijoy.weshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tensecondition.Eventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhard,Seniorwritesthat**lhcverythingsthatinihcniornvntdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight.”ThemagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonlyMadonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.Therearealsostoriesaboutnewlyadoptive-andnewlysingle-momSandraBullock,aswellastheusual°JenniferAnistonispregnant*'news.Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonecelebritymom,ormom-to-be♦smilingonthenewsstands.Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreation,isitanywonderthatadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten-killing?Itdoesn'tseemquitefair,then,tocomparetheregretsofparentstotheregretsofthechildless.Unhappyparentsrarelyarcprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldn'thavehadkids,butunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld：obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegapingbaby-sizeholesintheirlives.Ofcourse,theimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyunrealistic»especiallywhentheparentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatparentsarelesshappythanchildlesscouples,singleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshockthere,consideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon?yettohearSandraandBritneytellit,raisingakidontheir“own”(read：withround-the-clockhelp)isapieceofcake.h'shardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous：mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butit1sinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-free,happiness-enhancingparenthoodaren'tinsomesmall,subconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperience,inthesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgettingMtheRache「'mightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAniston.21.JenniferSeniorsuggestsinherarticlethatraisingachildcanbring[A]temporarydelight.[B]enjoymentinprogress.[_C」happinessinrclrospccl.[D]lastingreward.22.WelearnfromParagraph2that[A]celebritymomsarcapermanentsourceforgossip.[B]singlemo;herswithbabiesdeservegreaterattention.[C]newsaboutpregnantcelebritiesisentertaining.[D]havingchildrenishighlyvaluedbythepublic.23.JlissuggestedinParagraph3Ihatchildlessfolks[A]areconstantlyexposedtocrilicism.[B]arelargelyignoredbythemedia.[C]failiofulfilltheirsocialresponsibilities.[D]arelesslikelytobesatisfiedwiththeirlife.

6421.AccordingtoParagraph4.themessageconveyedbycelebritymagazinesis[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.22.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?[A]Havingchildrencontributeslittletotheglamourofcelebritymoms.[B]Celebritymomshaveinfluencedourattitudetowardschildrearing.[C]Havingchildrenintensifiesourdissatisfactionwithlife.[D]Wesometimesneglectthehappinessfromchildrearing.PartBDirections：Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsEandGhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)[A]Nodisciplineshaveseizedonprofessionalismwithasmuchenthusiasmasthehumanities.Youcan,MrMenandpointsout,becomealawyerinthreeyearsandamedicaldoctorinfour.Buttheregulartimeittakestogetadoctoraldegreeinthehumanitiesisnineyears.Notsurprisingly,uptohalfofalldoctoralstudenlsinEnglishdropoutbeforegettingtheirdegrees.[B]Hisconcernismainlywiththehumanities：literature,languages,philosophyandsoon.Thesearedisciplinesthataregoingoutofstyle：22%ofAmericancollegegraduatesnowmajorinbusinesscomparedwithonly2%inhisioryand4%inEnglish.However,manyleadingAmericanuniversitieswarntheirundergraduatestohaveagroundinginihebasiccanonofideasthateveryeducatedpersonshouldpossess.Buimosifindiidifficulttoagreeonwhata"generaleducalionMshouldlooklike.AtHarvard.MrMenandnotes.uthegroatbooksarereadbecausetheyhave

65beenread”-theyformasortofsocialglue.[CコEquallyunsurprisingly,onlyabouthalfendupwithprofessorshipsforwhichtheyenteredgradual3school.Therearesimplytoofewposts.ThisispartlybecauseuniversitiescontinuetoproduceevermorePhDs.Butfewerstudentswanttostudyhumanitiessubjects：Englishdeparimcntsawardedmorebachelorfsdegreesin1970-71thantheydid20yearslater.Fewerstudentsrequirefewerteachers.So,attheendofadecadeofthesis-writing,manyhumanitiesstudentsleave(heprofessiontodosomethingforwhichtheyhavenotbeentrained.[D]OnereasonwhyitishardtodesignandteachsuchcoursesisthattheycutacrosstheinsistencebytopAmericanuniversitiesthatliberal-artseducationandprofessionaleducationshouldbekeptseparate,taughtindifferentschools.Manystudentsexperiencebothvarieties.AlthoughmorethanhalfofHarvardundergraduatesendupinlaw,medicineorbusiness,futuredoctorsandlawyersmuststudyanon-specialistliberal-artsdegreebeforeembarkingonaprofessionalqualification.[E]Besidesprofessionalisingtheprofessionsbythisseparation,topAmericanuniversitieshaveprofessionalisedtheprofessor.Thegrowthinpublicmoneyforacademicresearchhasspeededtheprocess：federalresearchgrantsrosefourfoldbetween1960and1990,butfacultyteachinghoursfellbyhalfasresearchtookitstoll.Professionalismhasturnedtheacquisitionofadoctoraldegreeintoaprerequisiteforasuccessfulacademiccareer：aslateas1969athirdofAmericanprofessorsdidnotpossessone.Butthekeyideabehindprofessionalisation,arguesMrMenandtisthat“theknowledgeandskillsneededforaparticularspecialisationaretransmissiblebutnottransferable.wSodisciplinesacquireamonopolynotjustovertheproductionofknowledge,butalsoovertheproductionoftheproducersofknowledge.[F]Thekeytoreforminghighereducation,concludesMrMenand,istoalterthewayinwhich**theproducersofknowledgeareproduced.MOtherwise,academicswillcontinuetothinkdangerouslyalike,increasinglydetachedfromthesocietieswhichtheystudy,investigateandcriticise.1Academicinquiry,atleastinsomefields,mayneedtobecomelessexclusionaryandmoreholistic.Yetquitehowthathappens,MrMenanddoesnotsay.[G]ThesubtleandintelligentlittlebookTheMarketplaceofIdeas：ReformandResistanceintheAmericanUniversityshouldbereadbyeverystudentthinkingofapplyingtotakeadoctoraldegree.Theymaythendecidetogoelsewhere.ForsomethingcurioushasbeenhappeninginAmericanuniversities,andLouisMenand,aprofessorofEnglisharHarvardUniversity,captureditskillfully.41.Order：45.f42・E_>43.I-►44.jPartCDirections：ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Withitsthemethat"Mindisthemasterweaver/*creatingourinnercharacterandoutercircumstances.ihcbookAsuManThinkefhbyJamesAllenisanin-depthexplorationofthecentralideaofself-helpwriting.(46)Allenescontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare-thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts-andrevealitserroneousnature.Becausemostofusbelievethatmindisseparatefrommatter,

66wethinkthatthoughtscanbehiddenandmadepowerless；thisallowsustothinkonewayandactanother.However.Allenbelievedthattheunconsciousmindgeneratesasmuchactionastheconsciousmind,and(47)whilewemaybeabletosustaintheillusionofcontrolthroughtheconsciousmindalone,inrealitywearecontinuallyfacedwithaquestion：**WhycannotImakemyselfdothisorachievethat?vSincedesireandwillaredamagedbythepresenceofthoughtsthatdonotaccordwithdesire♦Allenconcluded：”Wcdonotattractwhatwewant,butwhatweare."Achievementhappensbecauseyouasapersonembodytheexternalachievement；youdon't"get”successbutbecomeit.Fhereisnogapbetweenmindandmatter.PartofthefameofAllen'sbookisitscontentionthat^Circumstancesdonotmakeaperson,theyrevealhim.”(48)Thisseemsajustificationforneglectofthoseinneed>andarationalizationofexploitation,ofthesuperiorityofthoseatthetopandtheinferiorityofthoseatthebottom.This,however,wouldbeaknee-jerkreactiontoasubtleargument.Eachsetofcircumstances,howeverbad,offersauniqueopportunityforgrowth.Ifcircumstancesalwaysdeterminedthelifeandprospectsofpeople,thenhumanitywouldneverhaveprogressed.Infact,(49)circumstancesseemtobedesignedtobringoutthebestinus»andifwefeelthatwehavebeen“wronged“thenweareunlikelytobeginaconsciousefforttoescapefromoursituation.Nevertheless*asanybiographerknows,aperson'searlylifeanditsconditionsareoftenthegreatestgifttoanindividual.ThesoberingaspectofAllen'sbookisthatwehavenooneelsetoblameforourpresentconditionexceptourselves.(50)Theupsideisthepossibilitiescontainedinknowingthateverythingisuptous；wherebeforewcwereexpertsinthearrayoflimitations»nowwebecomeauthoritiesofwhatispossible>Section|UWritingPartA5LDirections：Wriiu；iliiitrU)afriviiclofyoursto1)recommendoneofyourfavoritemoviesand2)givereasonsforyourrecommendation.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing“instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)PartB52.Directions：Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay»youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

67YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)旅程之“余”

682011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题标准答案SectionIUseofEnglish21.C22.D23.B24.B25.A26.B27.A28.D29.C30.A31.B32.C33.D34.C35.B36.D37.A38.D39.A40.CSectionJ]ReadingComprehensionPartA21.C22.B23.D24.B25.A26.B27.D28.C29.A30.C31.D32.C33.B34.A35.A36.C37.D38.A39.D40.BPartB41.B42.D43.A44.C45.FPartC46.艾伦的贡献在于,他拿出“我们并非机器人,因此能掌控自己的思想’’这一公认的假设,并揭示了其谬误所在.47.尽管我们或许可以仅凭意识来维系“控制”这种错觉,现实中我们还是不断要面对ー个问题:“我为什么不能让自己做这个或实现那个?”48.这似乎是在为忽视贫困者的行为作辩护,为剥削、为社会上层人群的优越及社会底层人群的卑微找理由。49.环境仿佛就是为了激发我们的最大港•能而设,如果我们觉得自己遭受了“不公”,就不太可能有意识地去努力摆脱自己的处境.50.其正面意义在于,了解了一切都取决于我们自己,即有了诸多可能;此前我们是谙熟各种局限的专家,现在我们成了驾取各种可能性的权威。SectionHIWriting（略）