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1、SECTIONSIXSOILMECHANICSANDFOUNDATIONSRobertW.DayChiefEngineer,AmericanGeotechnicalSanDiego,California6.1INTRODUCTION6.1.1SoilMechanicsSoilmechanicsisdefinedastheapplicationofthelawsandprinciplesofmechanicsandhydraulicstoengineeringproblemsdealingwithsoilasa
2、nengineeringmaterial.Soilhasmanydifferentmeanings,dependingonthefieldofstudy.Forexample,inagronomy(applicationofsciencetofarming),soilisdefinedasasurfacedepositthatcontainsmineralmatterthatoriginatedfromtheoriginalweatheringofrockandalsocontainsorganicmatter
3、thathasaccumulatedthroughthedecompositionofplantsandanimals.Toanagronomist,soilisthatmaterialthathasbeensuffi-cientlyalteredandsuppliedwithnutrientsthatitcansupportthegrowthofplantroots.Buttoageotechnicalengineer,soilhasamuchbroadermeaningandcanincludenoton
4、lyagronomicmaterial,butalsobroken-upfragmentsofrock,volcanicash,alluvium,aeoliansand,glacialmaterial,andanyotherresidualortransportedproductofrockweathering.Difficultiesnaturallyarisebecausethereisnotadistinctdividinglinebetweenrockandsoil.Forexample,toageo
5、logistagivenmaterialmaybeclassifiedasaformationalrockbecauseitbelongstoadefinitegeologicenvironment,buttoageotechnicalengineeritmaybesufficientlyweatheredorfriablethatitshouldbeclassifiedasasoil.6.1.2RockMechanicsRockmechanicsisdefinedastheapplicationoftheknowl
6、edgeofthemechanicalbehaviorofrocktoengineeringproblemsdealingwithrock.Tothegeotechnicalengineer,rockisarelativelysolidmassthathaspermanentandstrongbondsbe-tweentheminerals.Rockscanbeclassifiedasbeingeithersedimentary,igneous,ormetamorphic.Therearesignificant
7、differencesinthebehaviorofsoilversusrock,andthereisnotmuchoverlapbetweensoilmechanicsandrockmechanics.6.16.2SECTIONSIXTable6.1presentsalistofcommonsoilandrockconditionsthatrequirespecialconsiderationbythegeotechnicalengineer.6.1.3FoundationEngineeringAfoun
8、dationisdefinedasthatpartofthestructurethatsupportstheweightofthestructureandtransmitstheloadtounderlyingsoilorrock.Foundationengi-neeringappliestheknowledgeofsoilmechanics,rockmechanics,geology,andTABLE6.1Pro
