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1、280RESEARCHREPORTNon-PredatoryShellDamageinNeogeneWesternAtlanticDeep-BurrowingBivalvesRICHARDR.ALEXANDERDepartmentofGeologicalandMarineSciences,RiderUniversity,Lawrenceville,NJ08648,E-mail:alexander@rider.eduGREGORYP.DIETL*CenterforMarineScience,UniversityofNorthCarolina±Wilmington,Wil
2、mington,NC28409PALAIOS,2005,V.20,p.280–295DOI10.2110/palo.2004.p04–29mentsurfacetoattackthedeepest-burrowingbivalves(Vermeij,1983;Checa,1993).Thus,ifphysicalcontactFewshell-crushingpredatorscanexcavatepreylivingdeepwithpredatorsistheprincipalagentofshellbreakagewithinthesediment.Despite
3、thisinfaunalrefugefrom(Vermeij,1987),theshellsofspecieslivingdeepwithinthepredators,manydeep-burrowingbivalvesdisplayastrik-sedimentshouldberelativelyfreeofrepairedshelldam-inglyhighincidenceofshelldamagewhencomparedwithage.Despitetheappealofthiskindofdeductivereason-specieslivingatshal
4、lowerdepths.Anon-predatoryoriginising,specieslivingatgreatdepthinthesedimentoftendonecessarytoexplainthishighincidenceofinjury.Toevalu-havehighfrequenciesofshellrepair(Checa,1993;butseeatethegeneralityofthishypothesis,repairfrequency(num-Vermeij,1987,p.305).berofrepairspershell),alongwi
5、thpositionandgeometry,Toexplaintheseanomalouslyhighfrequenciesofshellweredeterminedfor68NeogenebivalvespeciesfromtheUSdamage,Checa(1993)advancedtheideathattheyresult-AtlanticandGulfCoastalPlain,sevenofwhichareclassi-edfromtheprocessofburrowing.Insteadoftheclawsor®edasdeepburrowers(.20cm
6、depthofsedimentpenetra-jawsofapredatorbreakingtheshell,initiationofthetion).Panopeabitruncata,Panopea¯oridana,Panopeare-stress-inducingburrowingprocessledtosublethalshell¯exa,andPanopeaamericana,whichareamongthedeep-damage.Hesupportedhishypothesisthatscarswereat-estburrowers(upto100cm),
7、haverepairfrequencies(2.8±tributabletomechanicallyinducedshellbreakagewithre-6.2)thatarehigherthananyotherspecies,whilethevalueburrowingexperimentsonSolecurtusstrigilatus,whichforCyrtopleuracostata(0.76)isexceededonlybysemi-in-wasshowntodamageitsshellmarginsintheprocessoffaunal
