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1、ELEMENTARYLOGICSecondEditionBENSONMATESDEPARTMENTOFPHILOSOPHYUNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIANewYorkOXFORDUNIVERSITYPRESS1972PREFACETOTHEFIRSTEDITIONElementarylogic,inthetechnicalsenseoftheterm,isthatpartofsym•bolicormathematicallogicinwhichthenotionsof'all'and'some'areap•pl
2、iedonlytoindividualsandnotalsotoclassesorattributesofindividuals.Itisatoncethemostsolidpartofthesubjectandthesimplestpartthatpermitsawidevarietyofnon-trivialapplications.Consequently,itseemsespeciallysuitableforstudybybeginners.Thepresenttextbookisintendedasanintro
3、ductiontoelementarylogic.Itscontent,structure,andmannerhavebeendeterminedinlargemeasure-perhaps'caused'isthebetterword-bycertaindesiderataaboutwhichthereadershouldbeinformedattheoutset.Theleadingideaisthatevenanintroductorytreatmentoflogicmayprofitablybefashionedar
4、oundarigorousframework.Studentscometothissubjectwiththelegitimateex•pectationthathere,ifanywhere,clarityandexactitudewillprevail.Whentheymeetsloppinessorvaguenessatcrucialplaces,theyunderstandablyfeelletdown.WhileofcourseIdonotimaginethatIamthefirsttext•bookwritert
5、ocherishrigor,orstilllessthatIhavesucceededingivingnooccasionforthesortofdisappointmentjustmentioned,myeffortsinthatdirectionwillaccountformanyofthebook'sdistinctivefeatures.Asafirststeptowardachievingthedesiredlevelofclarity,Ihaveen•deavoredintheformaldevelopments
6、tosupplyareasonablyexactdefini•tionforeachoftheprincipalconceptsinvolved,includingthoseofsentence,interpretation,truth(withrespecttoaninterpretation),conse•quence,validity,consistency,tautology,andderivation.ThepresenceofSecondprinting,1972thesedefinitionshassetthe
7、styleofthebook.TypicallythediscussionofIagiventopicconsistsofabriefintroduction,followedbydefinitions,fol•COPYRIGHT©1965;1972,BYOXFORDUNIVERSITYPRESS,INC.lowedbynumerousexamplesandexplanatorycomments.Atfirstread•LIBRARYOFCONGRESSCATALOGUECARDNUMBER:74-166004ing,nod
8、oubt,someofthedefinitionswillbefoundratheropaque,butitPRINTEDINTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICAishopedthatthesupplementarycommentsandexampleswillrenderth
