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1、TheOxfordHandbookofPhilosophyofMathematicsandLogicStewartShapiro(editor)ContentsPhilosophyofMathematicsandItsLogic:Introduction1APriorityandApplication:PhilosophyofMathematicsintheModernPeriod29LaterEmpiricismandLogicalPositivism50WittgensteinonPhilosophyofLogicandMat
2、hematics75TheLogicismofFregeDedekindandRussell129LogicismintheTwenty-firstCentury166LogicismReconsidered203Formalism236IntuitionismandPhilosophy318IntuitionisminMathematics356IntuitionismReconsidered387QuineandtheWebofBelief412ThreeFormsofNaturalism437NaturalismRecons
3、idered460Nominalism483NominalismReconsidered515Structuralism536Predicativity590Mathematics—ApplicationandApplicability625LogicalConsequence,ProofTheory,andModelTheory651LogicalConsequence:AConstructivistView671RelevanceinReasoning696NoRequirementofRelevance727Higher-o
4、rderLogic751Higher-orderLogicReconsidered781PrefaceThisvolumeprovidescomprehensiveandaccessiblecoverageofthedisciplinesofphilosophyofmathematicsandphilosophyoflogic,includinganoverviewofthemajorproblems,positions,andbattlelines.Inlinewiththeunderlyingthemeoftheseries,
5、eachauthorwasgivenafreehandtodevelophisorherdistinctiveviewpoint.Thus,thevariouschaptersarenotneutral.Readersseeexpositionandcriticism,aswellassubstantialdevelopmentofphilosophicalpositions.Iampleasedtoreportthateachchapterbreaksnewground.Thevolumenotonlypresentsthedi
6、sciplinesofphilosophyofmathematicsandphilosophyoflogic,butadvancesthemaswell.Formanyofthemajorpositionsinthephilosophyofmathematicsandlogic,thebookcontainsatleasttwochapters,atleastonesympathetictotheviewandonecritical.Ofcourse,thisdoesnotguaranteethateverymajorviewpo
7、intisgivenasympathetictreatment.Forexample,oneofmyownpetpositions,anteremstructuralism,comesinforheavycriticismintwoofthechapters,andisnotdefendedanywhere(exceptbrieflyinchapter1).Inlightofthedepthandextentofthedisciplinestoday,nosinglevolume,orseriesofvolumes,canprov
8、ideextensiveandsympatheticcoverageofeventhemajorpositionsonoffer.Andtherewouldhardlybeapointtosuchanundertaking,sincethedisc
