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1、30TheFaceofCognitionHilaryPutnamDummettianantirealismMichaelDummettseestheproblemofrealismashavingtodowiththe"recognitiontranscendence"oftruth.Eithertruthissimplythestateofbeingverified,orittranscendswhatthespeakercanverify,heargues,andifittranscendswhatthespeaker
2、canverify,itisnotapropertywhosepresencethespeakercan"recognize."Andiftruthisapropertywhosepresence(insomecases,atleast)thespeakercannotrecognize,thenthespeaker'salleged"grasp"ofthenotionoftruthbecomesamystery.Ineffect,Dummettistellingus,iftruthisnotverifiable,then
3、,shortofpostulatingmagicalpowersofmind,weshallnotbeabletoexplainhowweunderstandthenotion.Therejectionofmagicalpowersofmindrequirestheacceptanceofaveryradicalformofverificationism,accordingtoDummett'sllineofthinking-onesoradicalthatitrequiresustoreviseanumberofthel
4、awsofclassicallogic,beginningwiththeprincipleofbivalence.ThereisarejoindertoDummett'sargumentwhichhehimselfantici-patedfromthebeginning,andwhichhediscussesatlengthinTheLogi-calBasisofMetaphysics.Thatrejoinder,whichinessencegoesbacktoAlfredTarski's2celebratedessayo
5、ntheconceptoftruth,runsasfollows.Whatisyourproblem?Takeanysentenceyoulike-takeasentencewhosetruthvaluewemaynotbeabletofindout,ifyouplease.Forexample,takethesentence:(1)LizzieBordenkilledherparentswithanaxe.Evenifthetruthofthissentenceis'recognition-transcendent',s
6、urelyyouunder-standwhatitmeanstosaythat(1)istrue.Foryouunderstand(1)itself,andthechieflogicalprinciplegoverningtheuseoftheword'true'is:706HilaryPutnam[Tarski'sConventionT:]IfSisthenameofanysentence,andwewritethatsentence3intheblankin:(2)Sistrueifandonlyifthenthere
7、sultingsentencewillbetrue.[Lessformally:asentencethatsaysofanothersentenceSthatSistrueisequiv-alenttoSitself.Tarski'sfamousexamplewas:'Snowiswhite'istrueifandonlyifsnowiswhite.]Inshort,youunderstand'LizzieBordenkilledherparentswithanaxe'andyouknowthat'LizzieBorden
8、killedherparentswithanaxe'istrueifandonlyifLizzieBordenkilledherparentswithanaxe.Soyoudounderstandwhatismeanstosaythat(1)istrue;itmeansthatLizzieBordenk
