(philosophy of language) jerrold j. katz the metaphysics of meaningchpt1外语英文电子书

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1、1Introduction1Morethananyotherphilosopherofthecentury,Wittgensteinwasresponsibleforitscelebratedlinguisticturn.Inhishandsthelinguisticturnbecameapowerfulnewformofcriticalphilosophywhichsoughttoeliminatemetaphysicsratherthanreconstructit.Unlike'Kantsreformistcriticalphilosophy,whichaimedasmuchtopr

2、ovideasolidfoundationforlargepartsoftraditionalmetaphysicsastoexpose'improperlyformulatedmetaphysicalquestions,Wittgensteinsradicalcriticalphilosophyaimedatexposingallmetaphysicalquestionsasimproperlyformulated.Kantisliketheliberalwhoistryingtoimprovethepoliticalsystemfromwithin;Wittgensteinislike

3、therevolutionarywhoistryingtobringitdown.Fregeprovidedmanyoftheessentialideasforthelinguisticturn,particularlyinitsearliestphases.Heintroduced-orprovidedinfluentialformulationsof-suchideasasthatcertainphilosophicalproblemsarepseudo-problemsarisingfromimperfectionsofnaturallanguage,thatsuchproblems

4、canbesolvedbyconstructinganideallanguagetoreplacenaturallanguageforthepurposeofprecisereasoning,andthattheconstructionoftheideallanguagecanbebasedontechnicalnotionsfromwithinlogic.FregesuppliedsomethingofablueprintforanideallanguageinhisBegriftsschrift,aswellasmanyofitstechnicalnotions,includingth

5、atofalogicalfunction,quanti-fiers,thefunctionalcalculus,thesense/referencedistinction,andthegrammaticalform/logicalformdistinction.ButatheartFregewasatraditionalphilosopher,highlysympathetic'toKantsmetaphysicsandastaunchPlatonistinthephiloso-phyoflogicandmathematics.Fregewouldhavebeenthelastperson

6、tousehisideastolaunchacritiqueofmetaphysicsdesignedtorefuteitsclaimtoprovidegenuineknowledgeofthemostabstractaspectsofreality.LikeLeibnizbeforehim,Fregesawhislogico-linguisticideasasintheserviceofthemetaphysicalenterprise,ashelpingittomakegoodonsomeofitstraditionalclaims.2Chapter1'TheearlyWittgens

7、teinsawFregesideasinaquitedifferentlight.'WittgensteinsawFregeswork,togetherwiththeworkofWhiteheadandRussell,asthelogico-linguisticbasisforathroughgoingcritiquethatwouldexposethepretensionsofmetaphysicalphilosoph