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1、Environmental,Health,andSafetyRegulationandTechnologicalInnovationNicholasA.AshfordGeorgeR.Heaton,Jr.W.CurtissPriestAFRAMEWORKFORVIEWINGTHEEFFECTOFREGULATIONONTECHNOLOGICALCHANGEThischapteroffersanoverviewoftheimportantandcom-plexrelationshipbetweene
2、nvironmental,health,andsafetyregulation,andtechnologicalinnovation.Intheauthors'view,thisrelationshipisoftenmisperceivedandgenerallyoversimplified.Ourintentistocriticallyreviewtheexist-ingevidenceonthistopicandtoprovideananalyticalframe-workwithinwhi
3、chdiscussionsoftheissuecanoccurandfromwhichnewpolicyinitiativesmayproceed.Itshouldbeempha-sizedthatourconclusionsconcerningenvironmental,health,andsafetyregulationmaynotbegeneralizabletootherregu-latoryareas.Technologicalinnovationisparticularlyrelev
4、anttoen-vironmental,health,andsafetyregulationinthreedifferentways:1.Technologicalchangeinthepasthasbeenasourceofenvironmental,health,andsafetyproblemsthatcreatedthedemandfortheexistingregulatoryef-forts.(Forexample,therapidpostwargrowthofthepetroche
5、micalindustrychangedboththeamountandthetoxicnatureofchemicalsproduced.)[1]Simi-larly,inthefuture,newtechnologymayrequireadditionalornewregulatoryresponses.2.Technologicalinnovationisanimportantdeterminantofeconomicgrowthandwelfare.Regulationmayaf-fec
6、tthefuturerate,direction,andnatureofthatinnovation.1618.trp·~It~I·162TECHNOLOGICALINNOVATIONFORADYNAMICECONOMYREGUIATIONMNDTNnVA1PtnN1633.Technologicalinnovationcanbeanimportantpathwayelucidatingargumentsontheotherside.tosolvingenvironmental,health,a
7、ndsafetyprob-Althoughthereisanextensivecommentaryontheeffectslems,i.e.,innovationisonewaytosaveourselvesofregulationoninnovation,onlyafewstudieshaveactuallyfromourselves.Innovativesolutionscanbestimu-attemptedtomeasuretheseeffects,oreventomodeltherel
8、a-latedbyregulationorbyotherdemandsforsolutiontionshipbetweenregulationandinnovation.Thisconclusionoftheseproblems.Thelimitedabilityofregulatorstodealwithproblemsonacase-by-casebasismeanswasreachedbyoneresearchgroupin1975,anditisstilltruetoday.[3]Ina
