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1、托福TPO阅读34文本+答案解析IslamicArtandtheBookTheartsoftheIslamicbook,suchascalligraphyanddecorativedrawing,developedduringA.D.900to1500,andluxurybooksaresomeofthemostcharacteristicexamplesofIslamicartproducedinthisperiod.Thiscameaboutfromtwomajordevelopments:pape
2、rbecamecommon,replacingparchmentasthemajormediumforwriting,androundedscriptswereregularizedandperfectedsothattheyreplacedtheangularscriptsofthepreviousperiod,whichbecauseoftheirangularitywereuneveninheight.Booksbecamemajorvehiclesforartisticexpression,an
3、dtheartistswhoproducedthem,notablycalligraphersandpainters,enjoyedhighstatus,andtheirworkshopswereoftensponsoredbyprincesandtheircourts.BeforeA.D.900,manuscriptsoftheKoran(thebookcontainingtheteachingsoftheIslamicreligion)seemtohavebeenthemostcommontypeo
4、fbookproducedanddecorated,butafterthatdateawiderangeofbookswereproducedforabroadspectrumofpatrons.Thesecontinuedtoinclude,ofcourse,manuscriptsoftheKoran,whicheveryMuslimwantedtoread,butscientificworks,histories,romances,andepicandlyricpoetrywerealsocopie
5、dinfinehandwritinganddecoratedwithbeautifulillustrations.Mostweremadeforsaleontheopenmarket,andcitiesboastedspecialsouks(markets)wherebookswereboughtandsold.ThemosqueofMarrakechinMoroccoisknownastheKutubiyya,orBooksellers’Mosque,aftertheadjacentmarket.So
6、meofthemostluxuriousbookswerespecificcommissionsmadeattheorderofaparticularprinceandsignedbythecalligrapheranddecorator. PapermakinghadbeenintroducedtotheIslamiclandsfromChinaintheeighthcentury.IthasbeensaidthatChinesepapermakerswereamongtheprisonerscapt
7、uredinabattlefoughtnearSamarqandbetweentheChineseandtheMuslimsin751,andthetechniqueofpapermaking–inwhichcellulosepulpextractedfromanyofseveralplantsisfirstsuspendedinwater,caughtonafinescreen,andthendriedintoflexiblesheets–slowlyspreadwestward.Withinfift
8、yyears,thegovernmentinBaghdadwasusingpaperfordocuments.Writingininkonpaper,unlikeparchment,couldnoteasilybeerased,andthereforepaperhadtheadvantagethatitwasdifficulttoalterwhatwaswrittenonit.PapermakingspreadquicklytoEgypt–
