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1、8SPMEandEnvironmentalAnalysisGangfengOuyangSchoolofChemistryandChemicalEngineering,SunYat-senUniversity,Guangzhou,P.R.China8.1IntroductionTheSPMEtechniquehasbeenwidelyusedfortheanalysisofenvironmentalpollu-tantsinair,water,soilandsedimentsamples,usingon-siteoroff-siteanalytical1,2approaches.Hundr
2、edsofpapersaddressingenvironmentalanalysisbysolidphasemicroextraction(SPME)werepublishedinrecentyears.Withthedevelop-mentofSPMEtheory,severalcalibrationmethodshavebeenproposedforthequantificationofSPMEandseveralSPMEdeviceshavebeendevelopedforon-site3,4fastfieldsamplingorthelong-termmonitoringofen
3、vironmentalpollutants.AnumberoffibrecoatingshavebeendevelopedinthelaboratorytoextendtheapplicationsofSPMEforenvironmentalandotheranalyses(seealsoSection3.4).For5example,polypyrrole(PPY)coatingwasdevelopedtoextractpolaranalytesfrom56samples,andthiscoatingwasusedforbothfibreSPMEandin-tubeSPME.Sever
4、alcoatingsbasedonthesolgeltechnologyhavebeendevelopedforthedetermination7ofenvironmentalpollutantsinsamples,includingpolyethyleneglycol(PEG),8Carbowaxs20M-modifiedsilica,polydimethylsiloxanepolyvinylalcohol(PDMS/9,10PVA),phenyltrimethoxysilane(PTMOS)andmethyltrimethoxysilane1112,131417(MTMOS),L
5、ow-temperatureglassycarbon(LTGC),calix[4]arene,anda1822varietyofcrownethers.TheSPMEderivatisationtechniquehasbeenwidelyusedforthetreatmentofpolarcompoundsandtoenhancetherecovery,selectivityandsensitivityoftheSPMEmethod.Thisapproachmakesitispossibletoidentifysubstanceswithpoorchromatographicbehav
6、iour,highreactivityorthermalinstability23(seealsoSection7.2.8).In-tubeSPMEisaneffectivesamplepreparationtechniquethatisbasedonafused-silicacapillarycolumnfortheextractiondevice(seeSection5.2.1).Targetanalytesinaqueousmatricesaredirectlyextractedandconcentratedbythecoatinginthecapillarycolumnthrou
7、ghrepeateddrawingandejectionofthesamplesolu-tion,andcanbetransferreddirectlytoaliquidchromatograph(LC)orgaschro-matograph(GC)foranalysis.Theproceduresofin-tubeSPMEincludeextraction,concentration,desorptionandinjection,
