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1、•••28•••THENEO-CONFUCIANMETAPHYSICSANDETHICSINCHOUTUN-INEO-CONFUCIANISMmaybetracedtoearlierConfucianists,buttheonewhoreallyopeneditsvistaanddetermineditsdirectionwasChouTun-i(ChouLien-hsi,11017-1073),whoisgenerallycalledthepioneerofNeo-Confucianism.Intwoshorttreatises,theT'ai-chi-t'ushuo(A
2、nExplanationoftheDiagramoftheGreatUltimate)andtheT'ung-shu(PenetratingtheBookofChanges),helaidthepatternofmeta-physicsandethicsforlaterNeo-Confucianism.WhetherhegotthediagramfromaTaoistpriestisadebatablepoint,butthestrongTaoistinfluenceonhimisunmistakable.TheveryconceptoftheUltimateofNon-b
3、eing(Wu-chi)comesfromLaoTzu.2ButhisdiagramisnotexactlylikeanydiagramoftheTaoists,andinhisevolutionaryprocessofcreationfromtheGreatUltimatethroughthepassivecosmicforce,yin,andtheactivecosmicforce,yang,tothemyriadthings,hefaithfullyfollowedtheBookofChanges3ratherthanTaoism.Actuallywhathedidw
4、astoassimilatetheTaoistelementofnon-beingtoConfucianthought,butinsodoing,hediscardedthefantasyandmysticismofTaoism.ThediagramhadbeenusedbyTaoistsintheirattempttoobtainelixirforimmortallife,butChouTun-iuseditforrationalphilosophy.InthiswayherestoredChinesephilosophytoahealthierclimate.Thefa
5、ctthathereliesontheBookofChangesisimportant,foral-thoughmanyNeo-ConfucianistsbeforehimhadwrittencommentariesontheClassicandthusbroughtthebooktothefore,hebasedhisentirephilosophyonit.FromthenonthebookassumedunusualimportanceinNeo-Confucianism.Furthermore,hedevelopedtheideathat"themanyare[ul
6、timately]one,andtheoneisactuallydifferentiatedintothemany,"andthat"theoneandmanyeachhasitsowncorrectstateofbeing,"thusstartingan-otherfundamentalconceptofNeo-ConfucianismandanticipatingCh'engI(Ch'engI-ch'uan,1033-1107).4Healsospokeofprinciple(li),thenature,anddestinytogether,whicheventuall
7、ybecamethethreecardinalconceptsinNeo-Confucianthought.ButheneverexplainedthenatureoftheGreatUltimate,therelationbetweenitandprinciple,1AlsopronouncedChouLien-ch'i.2LaoTzu,ch.28;alsoChuangTzu,ch.11,NHCC,4:36a,Giles,trans.,ChuangTzu,1961ed.,p.112.3Forthisbook,se
