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1、ChapterOptimization:ASpecialVarietyofEquilibriumAnalysisWhenwefirstintroducedthetermequilibriuminChap.3,wemadeabroaddistinctionbetweengoalandnongoalequilibrium.Inthelattertype,exemplifiedbyourstudyofmar•ketandnational·jncomemodels,theinterplay{)fcertainopposingfo
2、rcesinthemodel•e.g.,theforcesofdemandandsupplyinthemarketmodelsandtheforcesofleakagesandinjection:.intheincomemodels-dictatesanequilibriumstate,ifany,inwhichtheseopposinglorcesarejllHtbalancedagainsteachother,thusobviatinganyfurthertendencytochange.Theattainmento
3、fthistypeofequilibriumistheoutcomeoftheimpersonalbal~unclogortheseforcesanddoesnotrequiretheconsciouseffortonthepartofanyonetoaccomplishaspecifiedgoal.True,thecommminghouseholdsbehindtheforcesofdemandandthefirmsbehindtheforcc:s.ofsupplyareeachstrivingforanoptimal
4、positionunderthegivencircurnstanec~,butasfarasthemarketitselfisconcerned,nooneisaimingatanyparticulareqUllibriurnpriceorequilibriumquantity(unless,ofcourse,thegovern•menthappenstobetrying[0pegtheprice).Similarly,innatjonal~incomedetermination,theimpersonalbalanci
5、ngofleakagesandinjectionsiswhatbringsaboutanequilibriumstate,andnoconl'ciouseffortatreachmganyparticulargoal(suchasanattempttoalteranundesirableincomelevelbymeansofmcmetaryorfiscalpolicies)needstobeinv(llvcdatall.Inthepresentpartofthebook,howevcr,ourattentionwill
6、beturnedtothestudyofgoalrquilibrium.tnwhichtheequilibriumstateisdefinedastheoptimumpositionforagivcneconomicunit(ahousehold.abusinessfirm,orevenanentireeconomy)andinwhichthesaideconomicunitwillbedeliberatelystri'vingforattainmentofthatequilibrium.Asaresult.inthis
7、context~-butonlyinthiscontcxt'~-ourearlierwarningthatequilibriumdoe....notimplydesirabilitybecomesirrelevantandimmateriaLInthispartofthebook,ourpri•maryfocuswillbeontheclassicaltechniquesforlocatingoptimumpositions~thoseusingdifferentialcalCUlus.Moremoderndevclll
8、pments,knownasmathematkalprogramming,willbl;'disCllS~cdinChap.13.220Chapter9Oplimizorioll'4Sp
