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1、TechnologicalInnovationinthePharmaceuticalIndustry:TheUseofOrganizationalControlinManagingResearchandDevelopmentLauraB.CardinalKenan-FlaglerSchoolofBusiness,McCollBuilding,CB#3490,TheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHill,ChapelHill,NorthCarolina275993490laura_car
2、dinal@unc.eduAbstractcompetitiveadvantage.Trendssuchasglobalization,fastTheliteratureonthemanagementofR&Dprofessionalsproduct-cycletimes,greatercompetition,productcom-stronglyadvocatesmanagingR&Dprojectsonaproject-by-moditization,andtechnologyfusionhaveonlyaddedt
3、oprojectbasis.Thisliteraturesuggeststhatprojectsshouldbethisimportance.Closeexaminationofthepharmaceuticalmanageddifferentlydependinguponprojectcharacteristicsindustryshowsthatthisindustry,whileconsistentlyprof-suchasrisk,ambiguity,andnonroutineness.Whiletheprima
4、ryitable,hasnotbeenimmunefromthesesameforces.emphasisoftheR&DprofessionalliteraturehasbeenonprojectFewerdrugintroductionsandincreasedR&Dexpendi-teams,thepurposeofthisstudyistoexaminetheimpactoftures,increasedpopularityofgenericsubstitutes,in-organization-widecont
5、rolsoninnovativenessatthefirmlevel.creasedforeigncompetition,anincreasednumberofsig-Inasampleof57pharmaceuticalfirms,thisstudyinvesti-nificantdrugscomingoffpatentprotection,andincreasedgatestheinfluenceoforganizationalcontrolsontheresearchhealthcarereformhavesimultan
6、eouslysqueezedprofitanddevelopmentactivitiesofR&Dprofessionals.Thisstudyismarginsandlimitedtheselectionofdrugsmadeavailableoneofahandfulofstudiesthatsimultaneouslyexplorestheuseofinput,behavior,andoutputcontrols.Twocategoriesofin-toconsumersthroughhealthplans(Rave
7、nscraftandLongnovationareconsideredasdependentvariables:incrementalin-1999,Taggart1993).Alltheseelementshaveputapre-novationsintheformofdrugenhancementsandradicalinno-miumonmanagingR&Dprocessesinaneffectiveandvationsintheformofnewdrugs.Contrarytoexistingtheoryeffi
8、cientmanner.andhypothesesdevelopedinthisstudy,theresultsshowthatInsightsintounderstandingthemanagementoftech-input,behavior,andoutputcontrolenhancedradicalinno
