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1、14HumanRightsPragmatismandHumanDignityDavid LubanI.HumanRightsFoundationalismandHumanRightsPragmatismThereisalineofargumentthatI willlabelhumanrightsfoundationalismthatrunsasfollows: humanrightsare,firstandforemost,rightsthatflowfromthefactthatwearehuman.Ca
2、llthem,asAllenBuchanandoes,“moralhumanrights.”1Whateverfea-turesofourhumanitygiverisetomoralhumanrightslieatthefoundationofhumanrights.Therefore,philosophicalinquiryintothosefeaturesisaninvestigationintothemoralandphilosophicalfoundationsofhumanrights.Becau
3、sepeopleofallnationssharetheirhumanity,moralhumanrightsareuniversalhumanrights,exactlyasthetitleoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights(UDHR)implies.Andthereasontheyareinternationalisstraightforward: they’reuniversal.Animportantpartofhumanrightsfoundationali
4、smistheclaimthatlegalhumanrightsshouldtrackmoralhumanrights.ThisiswhatBuchanancallsthe“MirroringView,”whichherejects.AccordingtotheMirroringView,universalhumanrightsflowingfrommoralrightsshouldbecodifiedinlegalhumanrightsinstruments;con-versely,codifiedhuma
5、nrightsdisconnectedfrommoralrightsdon’tbelonginthecanon.Thecodifiersgotitwrong;theyincludedmorerightsintheirproposalsthanfoundationalinquirycanjustify.Suchoverinclusivenessisnotharmlesserror,becauserightsinflationdevaluesthecurrencyofhumanrights.Buchanan,as
6、I readhim,hasnoobjectiontophilosophicalinquiryintouniversalmoralrights.ButherejectstheMirroringView.SodoI. Further,Buchananimplicitlydisagreeswithanotherimportantstepinthefoundationalistargument: theseeminglyobviousmovefromuniversalhumanrightstointernationa
7、lhumanrights.Makinghumanrightsinternationalisnotsimplyarecognitionoftheiruniversality.Buchananoffersseveralcogentreasonswhyinternationalizinghumanrightscanbeanexcellentideawhetherornottheymirrormoralhumanrights;andtheiruniversality(or,asheputsit,theirnon-pa
8、rochialism)isonlyoneofthereasonshedetails.I agreewiththispointas well.IwouldputBuchanan’spointthisway.Makinghumanrightsinternationalisapoliticaldecisiontomakethemthebusinessoftheinternationalcommunity.