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1、1.CanWeKnowtheUniverse?-ReflectionsonaGrainofSaltCarlSaganScienceisawayofthinkingmuchmorethanitisabodyofknowledge.Itsgoalistofindouthowtheworldworks,toseekwhatregularitiestheremaybe,topenetratetotheconnectionsofthings-fromsub-nuclearparticles,whichmaybethecon
2、stituentsofallmatter,tolivingorganisms,thehumansocialcommunity,andthencetothecosmosasawhole.Ourintuitionisbynomeansaninfallibleguide.Ourperceptionsmaybedistortedbytrainingandprejudiceormerelybecauseofthelimitationsofoursenseorgans,which,ofcourse,perceivedirec
3、tlybutasmallfractionofthephenomenaoftheworld.与其说科学是一套知识体系倒不如说是一种思维方式。其目标是弄清世界如何运转,探求可能存在的规律,洞察事物之间的联系---从可能是构成万物的基本单位的亚核粒子到生命有机体及人类社会乃至整个宇宙之间的联系。我们的直觉是一点也不可靠的。由于教育和偏见,或者由于我们感觉器官的局限,我们的认知会出现偏差,我们的感觉器官只能直接感知世界上的一小部分现象。Evensostraightforwardaquestionaswhetherinth
4、eabsenceoffrictionapoundofleadfallsfasterthanagrainoffluffwasansweredincorrectlybyAristotleandalmosteveryoneelsebeforethetimeofGalileo.Scienceisbasedonexperiment,onawillingnesstochallengeolddogma,onanopennesstoseetheuniverseasitreallyis.Accordingly,sciencesom
5、etimesrequirescourage-attheveryleast,thecouragetoquestiontheconventionalwisdom.甚至像“在没有摩擦力的情况下,一磅铅是否要比一点绒毛下落得快”这样简单的问题,在伽利略之前的亚里士多德和几乎所有的人都回答错了。科学基于实验,基于勇于怀疑古训,基于渴求探索宇宙真理。因此,科学有时需要勇气,至少需要有敢于怀疑传统知识的勇气。Buttowhatextentcanwereallyknowtheuniversearoundus?Sometimest
6、hisquestionisposedbypeoplewhohopetheanswerwillbeinthenegative,whoarefearfulofauniverseinwhicheverythingmightonedaybeknown.Andsometimeswehearpronouncementsfromscientistswhoconfidentlystatethateverythingworthknowingwillsoonbeknown-orevenisalreadyknown.我们对周围的世界能
7、认识多少呢?有时那些提出这样问题的人希望得到否定的答案,他们害怕一个终将可能被完全认识的世界。有时这样的问题是一些科学家提出的,他们自信地宣称,一切值得我们认识的事物很快就会被认识,甚至已经被认识了。Letusapproachamuchmoremodestquestion:notwhetherwecanknowtheuniverseortheMilkyWayGalaxyorastaroraworld.Canweknowultimatelyandindetail,agrainofsalt?Consideronemi
8、crogramoftablesalt,aspeckjustbarelylargeenoughforsomeonewithkeeneyesighttomakeoutwithoutamicroscope.Inthatgrainofsaltthereareabout1016sodiumandchlorineatoms.Thisisa1followedby16zeros,10mi