语义学论文可选材料

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1、Deonticmodalityhastodowithinfluencingactions,statesoreventsandexpressingwhatSearlecalls“directives.”Epistemicmodalityisabouthowthespeakermakesajudgmentaboutthetruthoftheproposition.Modalityisdefinedas“semanticcategorywhichexpressestheattitudeofthespeakertowardsthatexpressedinthesen

2、tence(Bussmann,1996:307)”Evidentiality,asalinguisticphenomenon,ispervasiveinalllanguages.Thesemanticcategoriesofevidentialityarehypothesizedtobeuniversalandlanguage-independent.Theonlydifferenceliesinthefactthatevidentialmarkersarelanguage-specific.(房红梅2)insomelanguageslikeWintu,ev

3、identialityisgrammaticalizedinitsgrammaticalsystem;inotherslikeEnglishandChinese,evidentialityislexicallymarked,andtherearestillsomelanguageslikeJapanesethathavebothgrammaticalandlexicalevidentialmarkers.(16)asfarasthecurrentevidentialstudiesareconcerned,therearenounifiedagreements

4、onthedefinitions,scope,andclassificationsofevidentialityandevidentials.Scholarsofevidentialityshowgreatenthusiasmforthespecificdescriptionsofevidentialmarkersandevidentialsystemsinlanguages.Thissomehowhashinderedevidentialstudiesfromdevelopingontoamoretheoreticallevel.Wewillinvesti

5、gatetoseeifepistemicmeaningtendstobecomeincreasinglysituatedinthespeaker’ssubjectivebeliefstateorattitudetowardtheproposition.Theclassificationbetweenepistemicanddeonticmodalityisoneofthemostfundamentalissueindiscussionofmodality.deonticmodalityisinvolvedwiththenecessityorpossibili

6、tyofactsperformedbymorallyresponsibleagents,wherearsepistemicmodalityisconcernedwithmattersofknowledgeandbelief(Lyons1977).Palmer(1990)distinguishedthethreetypesofmodalitywiththefollowingdefinitions.Dynamicmodalityisrelatedwiththeabilityyourvolitionofthesubjectofthesentence.Deontic

7、modalityhastodowithinfluencingactions,statesoreventsandexpressingwhatSearlecalls“directives.”Epistemicmodalityisabouthowthespeakermakesajudgmentaboutthetruthoftheproposition.广义的情态范畴不仅指具有形态表现的各种语气（如直陈的、虚拟的或祈使的），还指不同的句子类型（如陈述句、疑问句和命令句等）。狭义的情态主要是用来指说话人对所述内容的态度。Lyons(1977:452)认为，情态是句中的

8、命题以外的成分或修饰命题的成分，是说话人对句子所表达