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非谓语动词的运用与比较不定式动名词分词非谓语动词1非谓语动词的词性及句法功能a.动词：Torunfast状语Tosmokeacigarette宾语Feelinghungry表语1。非谓语动词的词性及句法功能2。句法功能的区别：3。非谓语动词的形式4。非谓语动词的复合结构
b.其它词性：词性在句中成分名形副主宾表宾补定状不定式分词动名词√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√XXXX
2.句法功能的区别：1主语动名词不定式Inmanycountries,shakingone’sheadmeans“no”andnoddingmeans“yes”.Towriteasciencefictionishiswish.It’sdangeroustoplay/playingwithfire.1.两者作主语一般可以通用，意义没有多大差别。2.不定式一般表示特定的，具体的行为，特别是表将来的一次行为；动名词常表示抽象的，一般的行为。
Itisnouse_______(argue)withhimaboutthat.arguing3.在含有no,-less，常用动名词短语作主语。Eg.Itisnousedoing….;Itisuselessdoing…Itisnogooddoing…;Itisnohelpdoing…
2.表语不定式动名词分词Thestoryismoving.Awayofsaying“Iamhungry”ispattingthestomachbeforeameal.Mytaskthisclassistoteachyouhowtograspthegrammar.现在分词作表语表示主语的特征，相当于形容词，因此它前面可用very,quite或表示比较意义的more,most来修饰；动名词作表语说明主语的内容，可以与句中的主语交换位置。由于动名词具有明显的名词特征，故不能用以上表示程度或比较意义的词修饰。不定式则表示某一次具体的行为，类似于作主语。
Hishobbyisplayingfootball.Or:Playingfootballishishobby.Thevolleyballmatchwewatchedwasveryexciting.2.动名词作表语时，该句的主语有很大的局限性，主要是job,work,task,duty,wish,happiness,等；现在分词作表语时的主语范围广泛得多。HeTheThescientificnovelToreadanovelatthemomentWhathesaidisinteresting.
3.宾语动名词不定式根据习惯搭配和语义区分习惯接动名词作宾语的有：mind,finish,enjoy,avoid,risk,consider,practise,suggest,advise,miss,appreciate,imagine,putoff,keep(on),giveup,insist,beusedto,lookforwardto,stickto,devoteone’slifeto,bebusy,beworth,can’thelp,excuse,escape,admit(承认)，delay,keep,risk,objectto（反对）,payattentionto,etc.
习惯于后接动词不定式而不接动名词作宾语的动词有：want,wish,hope,expect,promise,pretend,decide,manage,refuse,learn,agree,plan,offer,long,demand,help,manage,prepare,learn,determine,prefer,intend,etc.
动名词与不定式的不同含义：beafraidtodo不敢、害怕、胆怯去做某事beafraidofdoing担心、恐怕出现Weareneverafraidtolaydownourlivesfortherightcause.为了正义的事业我们绝不怕牺牲自己的生命。Shewasafraidofwakingherhusbandup.
2)forgettodosth.忘记去做某事（未做）forgetdoingsth.忘记做过了某事（已做）Thelightintheofficeisoff.Itwasshewhoturneditoff,butsheherselfforgot_______(turn)itoff.Thelightintheofficeisstillon.Sheforgot______(turn)itoff.
3)remembertodosth.记着去做某事（未做）rememberdoingsth.记着做了某事（已做）Doyouremember______(meet)meatapartylastyear?Youmustremember______(leave)tomorrow.
4)regrettodosth.遗憾地说/告诉…regretdoingsth.后悔做了…Iregret_____(go)tohishometown.Iregret_____(tell)youthetruth.
5)stoptodosth.stopdoingsth.6)trytodosth.trydoingsth.Youmusttry_____(do)itagain.Let’stry_____(do)theworkinsomeotherway.
7)meantodosth.meandoingsth.Ifitmeans_____(delay)morethanaweek,I’llnotwait.Imean_____(go),andnothingcanstopme.8)goontodosth.goondoingsth.9）can’thelpdoingsth.情不自禁，不禁can’thelp(to)dosth.不能帮忙做…
10.permit/allow/advise+doingsth.+sb.todosth.11.start/begin/continue/like/love/hate+todosth.+doingsth.但有些动名词在句中是主动形式，却有被动含义Thehouserequires/needs/wantsrepairing.Thebookisworthreading.
4.定语动名词分词不定式Doyouknowthemantalkingwithablackthere?Thecarryingpoleremindsmeofourbitterdaysinthepast.Therewillbemanypeopletohelpyou.=whoistalking…Thepoleforcarryingthings
1所含时态意义thelaughingaudienceHaveyoureadthebook20,000LeaguesUndertheSeawrittenbyJulesVerne?Thenextboytoplaywenttothepiano.Heisalwaysthefirstonetogetup.分词－正在进行或发生了的动作不定式－尚未实现的将来的行为或表示一般性叙述而无一定的时间性。动名词－表示被修饰词的目的或用途
2逻辑关系：分词－主谓关系（可改成定语从句）动名词－表示被修饰词的目的或用途不定式－多种逻辑关系Thelabtobebuiltbeingbuiltbuiltlastyear
Therisingsun---thesunthatisrisingAbrokenglass---aglassthatisbrokenThelightisoff.Pleasegivemesomecandlestogivelight.(somecandlesthatgivelight)主谓关系Ahardjobtodo---ahardjobthatonemustdo动宾关系Aplacetorest---aplacewhereonecanrest动状关系Theplantoopenupricefields同谓关系
3.现在分词和过去分词fallingleavesfallenleavesexitingnewsexitedstudents-ing令人…;-ed表示所修饰词本身的特征adisappointingvoice;adisappointedvoice
注意：1。现在分词作定语时，表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词的表示的动作几乎同时发生。如两个动作有先有后，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而要用定语从句。1.Theteachercriticizedthestudentwhohadbrokenthewindow.2.Yesterday,mothertoldmeaneventwhichhappenedfiveyearsago.
2.不定式作定语Changethefollowingintoinfinitives.Hewasthefirstpersonthatcametotheclassroomthismorning.Doyouhaveanythingthatyouwanttosay?Herearesomebooksthatyoucanread.Hethoughtoutaplan_____(punish)Tom.Heisalwaysthelast_____(come)toofficePleasegivemeaknife_____(cut)with.作定语的不定式如是不及物动词，不定式后面须有相应的介词。
5。宾语补足语不定式分词使役动词：make,have,let,hear,listento,see,watch,notice,observe,lookat,etc.感觉动词：find,see,watch,notice,hear,feel,etc.It’scoldoutside,wehadthefireburningallnight.Mumhadhimwashtheplates.Isawhimgoupstairs.Isawhimgoingupstairs（已经上去了，全过程）（此刻的行为）
6。状语不定式分词1.Everydayheclimbedtoahighrocknearhiscavetokeepwatch.2.Twoyearslater,herfatherdisappeared,nevertoreturn.3.I’mverygladtohavethisstampagain.4.Itistoodarkforustoseeanythingintheroom.5.Heisoldenoughtolookafterhimself.目的结果原因程度程度不定式主要作目的，结果和程度状语
1.OncefleeingGermany,EinsteinwentfirsttoFrance,thentoBelgium…2.Beingashyman,Einsteindidn’tattendthegreatcelebration.3.Thetrainerappeared,followedbysixlittledog.4.Givenmoretime,Icandoitbetter.5.Weighingalmost100jin,thestonewasmovedbyhimalone.6.Theboystoodup,obligingmetorise,too.时间原因方式，伴随条件让步结果1。分词在句中主要作时间，原因，方式或伴随，条件，让步，结果状语。
分词和不定式作结果状语MygrandfatherlivedtoseetheliberationofChina.Tony’sfatherdied,leavinghimalotofmoney.Hewenthome,onlytofindhismoneystolen.（动作行为）（状态）2。不定式强调动作发生的过程或未曾料到的不愉快的结果；分词主要表示动作发生后所引起的结果状态或必然产生的结果。
现在分词和过去分词作状语Manypeoplecometothemeparks,lookingforthrillsandentertainment.Oncepublished,hisworkbecamefamousfortheabsenceofrhymeattheendofeachline.主语是分词所表示动作的执行者分词用doing/havingdone，如果是分词所表示动作的承受者，分词用done/havingbeendone。
注意：1。状态动词或相当于状态动词的一些词。Shesatthere,lostinthought.Afteraday’swork,hewenthome,tiredout.2.一些使役性动词，如：disappoint/excite/surprise/move/interest/puzzle…。
Thegame________(interest)theboys.Theboysare________________thegame.Thegameis__________.Iwonderwhyfootball_____boys.A.hasinterestedB.isinterestedinC.interestingD.interested_______(excite)atthenews,theboysrushedtowatchthegame.________(Fill)withjoy,Istartedoff.interestsinterestedininterestingAExcitedFilled
3不定式在作表语/补语的形容词后面作状语，用主动形式表被动意思。Thisquestionisdifficult_______(answer).Doyouthinkhimeasy______(work)with?Wefindthisrulehard_____(remember).4有些分词已经转变为独立成分，含有“泛指”意义，在句中常作插入语。如：generallyspeaking,judgingfrom…,talkingof…,supposing,considering…Judgingfromhisaccent,heisasoutherner.toanswerto/to/
注1：分词作状语时，其逻辑主语须与句子的主语一致，构成主动或被动的关系。注2：表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词while或when引导。注3：有时，”with+名词（或代词宾格）+分词”的结构表示伴随状况。注4:当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词须有自己的主语，构成独立主格结构。（见后）WhilewatchingTV,heheardsomeoneshoutingshoutforhelp.Withtheworkdone,hewenthome.Weatherpermitting,we’llgooutingtomorrow.Movedbyhiswords,tearscametomyeyes.
3非谓语动词的各种形式：（以动词do为例）主动被动一般完成进行完成进行一般完成不定式分词TodoTobedoneTohavedoneTohavebeendoneTobedoingTohavebeendoingdoingBeingdoneHavingdoneHavingbeendone
1。不定式的时态与语态：1）一般式：不定式表示的动作常与谓语的动作同时（或几乎同时）发生，或在它之后发生。Isawhimgoout.Iplantoattendthemeetingtobeheldtomorrow.2）进行式：不定式表示的动作正在进行。I’mverygladtobeworkingwithyou.3）完成式：不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.Thearticleissaidtohavebeenreadbymanypeople.
2。动名词的时态和语态1）动名词的时态：一般式和完成式如G.的动作没明确表示出时间是与谓语同时发生或在谓语之前发生，用一般式。Weareinterestedin_____(play)chess.如G.的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常用完成式。I’msorryfornot_____(keep)mypromise.但在某些词后，常用一般式，尽管其动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生。Onhearingthebadnews,shecried.I’llneverforgetseeingthatfilmforthefirsttime.
2）动名词的语态doingbeingdonehavingdonehavingbeendoneHewasafraidof_____(leave)athome.Thehouseshowednosignof_____(damage).XuBenyuinsistedonbeingsenttothemountainareatoservethechildrenthere.
3现在分词的时态及语态：分词的动作如发生在谓语动词之后doing，用一般式，如发生在谓语动词之前，用完成式havingdone。HavingenjoyedtheridesattheHeadland,visitorscantakeashuttletotheLowland.Butthemeparksalsotrytomakesurethatvisitorsleaveknowingmoreabouttheirtheme.
4非谓语动词的复合结构逻辑主语能发出该动作（发）逻辑主语不能发出该动作（收）不发不收用结构：动词不定式：用独立结构。动名词：用复合结构。分词：用独立主格结构
如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个由for/of引起的短语。Itiseasyforthestudentstoread.Itwillbeamistakeforustohelpyou.1不定式的复合结构:for/ofsb.todosth.It’swrongofhimtospeakbadbehindothers.
2动名词的复合结构：名词所有格(Mary’s)/形容性物主代词（my）+动名逻辑主语是有生命的名词：作主语时，须用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词；作宾语时，也可用普通格或人称代词宾格。Tom’s(His)comingiswhatwehaveexpected.Shedidn’tmindJack/Jack’s(him/his)cominghere.
2.逻辑主语是无生命的名词：只用名词普格。Isthereanyhopeofourteamwinningthematch?3.逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this,that,somebody,someone,nobody,none,anybody,anyone时，只有普通格。Shewasdisturbedbysomebodyshoutingoutside.
3分词的独立主格结构：名词/代词＋分词Weatherpermitting,we’llgooutingtomorrow.Therebeingnointerestingprograms,heturnedofftheTVset.Swordinhand,theboyrushedout.独立主格结构在句中作状语，相当于状语从句。
不定式作独立成分。Totell(you)thetruth,hedoesn’tagreewithyou.Tobeginwith,Beijingisaverybeautifulcity.
不定式中作结果状语的注意点：1）某些形容词在“too…to…”结构中表示肯定，这类词是：anxious,eager,glad,ready,surprised,willing…Shewastoosurprisedtoseehowangryherfatherwas.2）在not,never,only,all,but等后的”too…to…”结构中，”too”的含义为”very”，不定式没有否定含义。I’monlytoogladtostayathome.It’snevertoooldtolearn.
不定式一般不能作介词的宾语，只有在极少数介词如：but,except等后才行，此时不定式可带to或不带to.Heseldomcomesexcepttolookatmypictures.Wehavenochoicebuttowaitoutside.Theycoulddonothingbutaskforhelp.
