英语分类汇编：阅读理解之社会生活类

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1、6年模拟【2007-2012】英语汇编：阅读理解之社会生活类2012模拟题【2012·浙江调研】Bonus(奖金)culturehasbecomethesubjectofmanystudiesnowadays.Manypeoplehavebeenangeredbythewaysomebankersandhighofficialsseemtohavebeenrewardedforfailure.Othersfindtheideaofofferingmany-million-dollarbonusesmorallydisgusting.Butfewhaveaskedwhetherperfor

2、mance-relatedbonusesreallydoimproveperformance.Theanswerseemssoobviousthateventoaskthequestioncanappearridiculous.Indeed,inspiteofallthecomplaintsaboutthem,financialencouragementscontinuetobeintroducedinmoreandmoreareas,fromhealthcareandpublicservicestoteachinganduniversities.Soitmaycomeasashockt

3、omanytolearnthatpayingforresultscanactuallymakepeopleperformbadlyinmanycircumstances,andthatthemoreyoupay,theworsetheyperform.Nooneisarguingthatbonusescanhelpcompaniesandinstitutionsattractandkeepthebeststaff.Nordoesanyoneargueagainsttheideathatyoucanencouragepeopletodospecifictasksbylinkingpayme

4、ntstothosetasks.Rather,thepointisabouthowtogetthebestoutofpeople.Doemployeesreallyperformbetterifyoupromisetopaythemmoreforgettingresults?Therearesomeobviousreasonswhysuchpaymentscanfail.Ithasbeenargued,forinstance,thatcashbonusescontributedtothefinancialcrash,becausetradershadlittleenthusiasmtom

5、akesurethattheircompaniesenjoyedlong-termsurvival.Mostbonusprojectsarepoorlydesigned,saysProfessorMalcolmHiggs.Hethinksthereasonisthatorganisationstrytokeepbonusarrangementssimple.Nevertheless,hethinksbonusprojectscanworkaslongastheylinktheinterestsofindividualemployeeswiththelong-termgoalsofabus

6、iness.Bonusescanalsoencouragecheating.“Onceyoustartmakingpeople’srewardsdependentonoutcomesratherthanbehaviours,theevidenceispeoplewilldowhatevertheycantogetthoseoutcomes,”saysProfessorEdwardDeci.“Inmanycasesthehighofficialssimplyliedandcheatedtomakethestock(股票)pricegoupsotheygothugebonuses.”Butt

7、heworkofDeciandotherssuggeststheproblemwithbonusesrunsfardeeperthanpoordesignorcheating.In1971,heaskedstudentstosolvepuzzles,withsomereceivingcashprizesfordoingwellandothersgettingnothing.Decifoundthoseofferedcashwerel