英语分类汇编：阅读理解之社会生活类

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1、6年模拟【2007-2012】英语汇编：阅读理解之社会生活类2012模拟题【2012·浙江调研】Bonus(奖金)culturehasbecomethesubjectofmanystudiesnowadays.Manypeoplehavebeenangeredbythewaysomebankersandhighofficialsseemtohavebeenrewardedforfailure.Othersfindtheideaofofferingmany-million-dollarbonusesmorallyd

2、isgusting.Butfewhaveaskedwhetherperformance-relatedbonusesreallydoimproveperformance.Theanswerseemssoobviousthateventoaskthequestioncanappearridiculous.Indeed,inspiteofallthecomplaintsaboutthem,financialencouragementscontinuetobeintroducedinmoreandmoreareas,f

3、romhealthcareandpublicservicestoteachinganduniversities.Soitmaycomeasashocktomanytolearnthatpayingforresultscanactuallymakepeopleperformbadlyinmanycircumstances,andthatthemoreyoupay,theworsetheyperform.Nooneisarguingthatbonusescanhelpcompaniesandinstitutionsa

4、ttractandkeepthebeststaff.Nordoesanyoneargueagainsttheideathatyoucanencouragepeopletodospecifictasksbylinkingpaymentstothosetasks.Rather,thepointisabouthowtogetthebestoutofpeople.Doemployeesreallyperformbetterifyoupromisetopaythemmoreforgettingresults?Therear

5、esomeobviousreasonswhysuchpaymentscanfail.Ithasbeenargued,forinstance,thatcashbonusescontributedtothefinancialcrash,becausetradershadlittleenthusiasmtomakesurethattheircompaniesenjoyedlong-termsurvival.Mostbonusprojectsarepoorlydesigned,saysProfessorMalcolmHi

6、ggs.Hethinksthereasonisthatorganisationstrytokeepbonusarrangementssimple.Nevertheless,hethinksbonusprojectscanworkaslongastheylinktheinterestsofindividualemployeeswiththelong-termgoalsofabusiness.Bonusescanalsoencouragecheating.“Onceyoustartmakingpeople’srewa

7、rdsdependentonoutcomesratherthanbehaviours,theevidenceispeoplewilldowhatevertheycantogetthoseoutcomes,”saysProfessorEdwardDeci.“Inmanycasesthehighofficialssimplyliedandcheatedtomakethestock(股票)pricegoupsotheygothugebonuses.”ButtheworkofDeciandotherssuggeststh

8、eproblemwithbonusesrunsfardeeperthanpoordesignorcheating.In1971,heaskedstudentstosolvepuzzles,withsomereceivingcashprizesfordoingwellandothersgettingnothing.Decifoundthoseofferedcashwerel