最新语用学—合作原则教学讲义PPT.ppt

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1、语用学—合作原则Contents:123ViolationofCPExercisesandHomeworkTheCooperativePrincipleMeaningsof“Meaning”“含义”的含义是什么呢？Discussion:Warming-upQuestionTheCooperativePrinciple(合作原则)Grice(1975):在所有的语言交际活动中，为了达到一定的目标，说话人和听话人之间存在着一种默契，一种双方都遵守的原则，即合作原则。说话者和听话者很有默契地合作着，一次交谈、甚至是一场吵

2、架，都是语言合作的结果。TheCooperativePrinciple(合作原则)2.ContentsofCP(合作原则的内容)Quality质Quantity量Relation相关Manner方式TheCooperativePrinciple(合作原则)1)Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired.2)Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.Quantity量不多说，也不少说。TheCoopera

3、tivePrinciple(合作原则)Trytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue:1)Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.2)Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.Quality质说真话TheCooperativePrinciple(合作原则)Berelevant.话题要相关。Relation相关说话要相关，贴切。TheCooperativePrinciple(合作原则)Beperspicuous,a

4、ndspecifically:1)avoidobscurityofexpression.避免晦涩2)avoidambiguity.避免歧义3)bebrief.简单明了4)beorderly.井井有条Manner方式Inshort:Sub-consciouslyorevenunconsciously,whenwespeak,wegenerallyhavesomethingliketheCPinourmind.说话者在无意识地遵守着合作原则。Wewilltrytosaythingswhicharetrue,relevan

5、t,aswellasinformativeenough,andinaclearmanner.Thatis:Humanbeingstrytospeaksincerely,relevantlyandclearly,whileprovidingsufficientinformation.说话者试图真诚地、贴切地、清楚地表达足够的信息，交流才得以顺利进行。But:Theviewmaydescribeaphilosopher’sparadise,butnooneactuallyspeakslikethatthewholetim

6、e.但是，现实中人们并非总按照规则说话。甚至，有时候人们在故意违反规则。ViolationofCPViolationofQuantity(量的违反)A:Wouldyoumindtellingmeyouraddress?(您介意告诉我您的住址吗？)B:SomewhereInthesouthofHandan.(我住在邯郸的南边。)ViolationofCPViolationofQuantity(量的违反)2.A:WhereisJohn?(约翰在哪呢？)B:He’sgonetothelibrary.Hesaidsowhen

7、heleft.(他去图书馆了。他走时是这么说的。)ViolationofCPViolationofQuantity(量的违反)3.Boysareboys！男孩毕竟是男孩！4.Wariswar.战争就是战争。ViolationofCPViolationofQuality(质的违反)1.Sheismadeofiron.她是铁娘子。2.“用了xx产品，今年20，明年18。”3.“皇上万岁万岁万万岁！”ViolationofCPViolationofRelation(相关性的违反)(一个宴会上)1.A:Youknow?Pro

8、fessorLi’swifeisabald.(知道吗？李教授的妻子是个光头。)B:Oh!Whataniceday!Isn’tit?(哦，今天的天气可真不错，是吧？)ViolationofCPViolationofRelation(相关性的违反)2.A:How’shertermpaper?(她学期论文写得怎样？)B:Herhandwritingi