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时间:2021-04-19
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1、无机化学B族知识点:一特征价电子构型:ns2np1缺电子元素:价电子数<价层轨道数缺电子化合物:成键电子对数<价层轨道数例如:BF3,H3BO3。注意:HBF4不是缺电子化合物。氟硼酸HBF4是一种强酸,仅以离子状态存在于水溶液中缺电子化合物特点:1易形成配位化合物HFBF32易形成双聚物Al2Cl62.发生水解,而不是与Cl-配位:BCl3(g)+3H2O(l)→H3BO3(aq)+3HCl(aq)3.BBr3发生质子转移形成B—N键:BBr3(g)+3NH(CH3)2B(N(CH3)2)3+3HBr(g)四硼的含氧化合物硼酸少见的固体酸.不像分子式B(OH)
2、3所暗示的那样,H3BO3在水中是一元酸.其质子转移平衡与B原子的缺电子性质密切相关:注意:H3BO3的酸性极弱,不能直接用NaOH滴定.多羟基化合物(如甘露醇、甘油等)与H3BO3反应生成稳定的配合物并使显示强酸性,从而使滴定法可用于测定硼含量:OHHO—CH2O—CH2HO—B+HO—CHOBC(OH)H+H3O++3H2OOHHO—CH2O—CH2硼砂Na2B4O7·10H2O,实际上结构为Na2B4O5(OH)4·8H2O易溶于水,水解呈碱性性质:[B4O5(OH)4]2-+5H2O4H3BO3+2OH-2H3BO3+2B(OH)3构成缓冲溶液pH=9.
3、24(20℃)铝的化合物氧化铝:Al2O3α-Al2O3:刚玉,硬度大,不溶于水、酸、碱。γ-Al2O3:活性氧化铝,可溶于酸、碱,可作为催化剂载体。铝的卤化物AlF3AlCl3AlBr3AlI3离子键共价键离子晶体分子晶体分子晶体:熔点低,易挥发,易溶于有机溶剂,易形成双聚物。关系副词引导的定语从句1.when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool.Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived.October1,1949wasthedaywhe
4、nthePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfounded.Doyouremembertheyearswhenhelivedinthecountrysidewithhisgrandparents.2.where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.Ivisitedthefarmwherealotofcowswereraised.ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.Isthistheplacewheretheyfoughttheene
5、my?3.why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.Thereasonwhyhewaspunishedisunknowntous.Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.Kunmingisabeautifulplace______flowersareseenalltheyearround.Kunmingisabeautifulplace______iscalledtheCityofSpring.Kunmingisabeautifulplac
6、e______manywritersmentionedintheirbook.注意:关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。when=on(in,at,during…)+which;where=in(at,on…)+which;why=forwhich.如:IwasinBeijingonthedaywhen(=onwhich)hearrived.Theofficewhere(=inwhich)heworksisonthethirdfloor.Thisisthechiefreasonwhy(=forwhich)wedidit.-17
7、-定语从句关系词的判断方法①ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear.Thisisthemountainvillage(which)Ivisitedlastyear.②I’llneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.I’llneverforgetthedays(which)Ispentwithyou.-18-Thereason__________youexplainedtotheteacherisgroundless.Thereason__________hedid
8、n’tshowupwas
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